Search

The grass is mowed uniformly using a solar-powered grass cutter. Future power usage will be substantial. With it, lawns at parks, colleges, schools, and other locations are maintained and taken care of. The highly fine and uniform surface appearance of the lawn is easily operated and maintained by untrained individuals. Modern grass-cutting equipment is becoming increasingly widespread. Our daily lives show us how man-made pollution works. Older lawn cutter models had IC engines, which were bad for the environment and increased pollutants. An IC engine-driven cutter is more expensive. Such commonplace machinery needs considerable upkeep. We plan to develop a new type of solar-powered lawn cutter that is more affordable than the one now in use to get past these problems. Solar energy is the term used to describe the heat and light radiations that we receive from the sun. It is among the most widely used and diverse non-conventional renewable energy sources available on a global scale. It is devoid of contaminants, enters the market right away, and has no value. The use of equipment like star panels, which are constructed of electrical phenomenon cells, to produce electricity and power from solar energy. This year, solar system has drawn more attention because of its advantages over other renewable energy sources. The demand for and requests for green energy technology derived from renewable energy sources are increasing. The Solar Grass Cutter is a mechanical device that cuts grass with the usage of electricity. Its body is first constructed from PVC pipe, square shape plywood and caster wheels are then positioned under the body of the square plywood. Then, an inclined fibre plate is set on a body with a solar panel attached to it. That transmits solar energy, which is changed into electrical energy, which is changed into mechanical energy at the end of electric motor shaft, which contain the blade setup to cut the grass.

Biological wastewater treatment with the use of algae-bacteria consortia for the uptake of nutrient and recovery of resource is considered as the ‘paradigm shift’ from the process of mainstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) so as to mitigate the pollution and thus promoting the circular economy. In this regard, the application of machine learning algorithms (MLAs) was found to be effectual and beneficial for the prediction of uncertain performances in the process of treatment and it shows a satisfactory result for the effective optimization, monitoring, uncertainty prediction and so on in the environment systems. The proposed approach aims at modelling the treatment of wastewater, growth of micro algae and flocculation harvesting at the photobioreactor (PBR) along with the utilization of machine learning techniques. Initially, the raw data from the PBR was taken and is pre-processed using z-score normalization technique followed by extraction and selection of features that are more appropriate. The Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model is built along with the modified Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (MFCM) so as to cluster the huge amount of data. ANFIS is employed for the estimation of controller output parameters and for controlling the temperature inside the reactor. The output controller parameter performance can be enhanced by the use of optimization approach. The discrete Multilayer perceptron (DMLP) with the hyper tuning parameters of Iterative Levi’s Flight Dependent Cuckoo search optimization algorithm (ILF-CSO) is employed for the prediction purpose of attained cultivation growth rate and the pH of treated wastewater. The optimization technique based on machine learning model in turn offers the best possible solution needed for the estimation of output parameters. Thus, the removal rate of effluent T-N concentrations from the wastewater treatment is predicted with some intervals of day. At last, the performance is estimated in terms of growth rate, temperature variations, biomass, nitrate and phosphate concentrations, and error rates (RMSE, APE), and determination coefficient (R2). The attained outcome shows that the presented model is effectual and has the potential to apply for controlling and predicting the biological wastewater treatment plants.

Vampire attacks on mobile nodes are considered as the potential threat since they influence the extent of connectivity maintained between them and they induce higher energy drain in the network. Vampire attack is also identified as the significant misbehaviour of mobile nodes as they are extensively exploiting the features of the incorporated routing protocol. The Fuzzy Rough Set (FRS) is the best option for quantifying uncertain behaviour of mobile nodes and thus this FRS based probabilistic variable precision is used in detecting vampire attacks. Fuzzy Rough Set Derived Probabilistic Variable Precision-based Mitigation Technique (FRS-PV-MT) is contributed in this paper for resolving the issues that could arise due to the stretch attack which is a noteworthy kind of vampire attack that needs to be addressed for reducing the latency of packet delivery due to the unnecessary elongation of the path in the network. FRS-PV-MT is better in detecting vampire attacks as they formulate greater and lower bounds of probabilistic decision variable based on the estimation of crisp factor determined using fuzzy membership grades. Simulation studies of FRS-PV-MT confirm its efficacy by exceptionally improving the throughput percentage rate by 12% and remarkably reducing the total overhead by 10% under varying data rate. The results also prove that FRS-PV-MT is remarkable over the compared baseline attack detection schemes by sustaining its performance by enhancing PDR by 12% and minimizing average end-to-end delay by 17%.

In the present work, we deployed a novel orthorhombic germanane nanosheet (ortho-GeNS) as a sensing material to detect camphene and eucalyptol molecules, the indoor air pollutants in the ambient environment. In the beginning, the structural and dynamical permanency of ortho-GeNS is confirmed with cohesive energy (-4.164eV/atom) and phonon-band maps. Successively, the electronic features of ortho-GeNS are conferred using band structure along with the projected density of states maps. The energy gap of ortho-GeNS at the hybrid GGA/B3LYP level of theory is computed to be 3.948 eV. Mainly, the adsorption properties of terpinene molecules, namely camphene and eucalyptol on ortho-GeNS are investigated via ascertaining adsorption energy, Mulliken population analysis, and relative band gap variations. Besides, the scope of adsorption energy values (-0.405eVto-0.669eV) exemplifies that the target molecules are physisorbed on ortho-GeNS. Overall results suggested that the ortho-GeNS can be deployed as a worthy chemiresistive sensor to sense indoor air pollutants for monitoring indoor air quality.

5G network plays a vital role in each field. Recently, the number of 5G users are increasing due to their vast merits. But, these users require various resources to operate effectively. Recently, t...

In this proposed work, we examined the interaction properties of alcohol viz. methanol and ethanol molecules on stair phosphorene nanosheet (stair-PNS) based on the first-principles study. Moreover, the adsorption property of chief molecules on the stair-PNS base substrate is explored based on the binding energy, average energy gap variation, and Bader charge transfer. The methanol and ethanol molecules are physisorbed on stair-PNS, which is validated with regard to the lower scale of binding energy. Besides, the band gap of stair-PNS gets changed upon the adsorption of alcohol vapors. Thus, we suggest from the results that stair-PNS can be facilitated as the chemi-resistive sensor to probe alcohol vapors.

The volatile organic compound, nitrobenzene (NB) is made to interact with the primary material, Red-Tricycle-Arsenene (red-T-As) nanoring at four global minima sites (bridge, hollow, valley and ring-sites) by employing density functional theory method. The structural sturdiness of the primary material is evidenced with the cohesive conformation energy of – 3.462 eV/atom. Furthermore, the electronic fingerprints of the pristine and NB surface-assimilated red-T-As nanoring like the energy-gap based Band-Structure and Projected Density of States (PDOS) spectrum along with electron difference density are reckoned. In addition, the adsorption features of NB on red-T-As nanoring, namely, the Bader charge transfer, binding energy, and average energy gap variation are determined. The ciphered attributes articulate the utility of red-tricycle-arsenene nanoring as an efficient chemi-resistor to detect nitrobenzene.

Body channel communications (BCCs) were investigated, to enhance requirements for low power and high-reconfiguration power within permitting technology of wireless measurement systems for wireless communication applications. Standard options for BCC are targeted totally toward channel modeling with a potency measuring technique, a transmission technique, and a wireless transceiver style. Wireless digital transmission designed as a personalized methodology meant for the body channel offers significantly the necessary pathway to implement versatile and low-power BCC systems. In addition to the developing level of wearable communication protocol and applications, there is also an increasing reliability on a flexible BCC transmitter which helps to reconfigure power and meet power reduction conditions. This paper proposes an ultra-low-power, Hamming encoding-based, and body channel communication receiver for wireless body area network applications. Proposed BCC transmitter uses a channel of 1–100 MHz frequency to enhance the transmitter frequency and time domain properties. Hamming-based BCC transmitter makes use of a two-stage low-power analog processing circuit and digital information restoration circuit. Analog processing circuit consists of a dual op-amp adjustable preamplifier. Proposed BCC transceiver has higher data reliability because of the orthogonal characteristic of the Hamming codes. Moreover, the proposed Hamming code concatenated method strengthens the jitter tolerance and improves the code rate. Proposed BCC transceiver was verified using a field-programmable gate array board. Proposed data transceiver achieves a data speed rate of 20 Mbps. Bit error reduction values achieved were

The present report brings out the interaction between the black phospherene nanosheet and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from jackfruit using the first-principles calculation. Using the cohesive formation energy, the stable nature of the phospherene nanosheet is confirmed. The energy band structure provides the insights on the electronic properties of phospherene nanosheet and the energy gap is detected to be 0.59 eV, showing semiconductor nature. Besides, present results reveal the interaction of VOC compounds emitted from jackfruit (during various ripening stages). The adsorption of VOCs on phospherene nanosheet is in the following order isopentyl isovalerate > butyl isovalerate > isopentyl acetate > butyl acetate. The adsorption energy including energy gap, Bader charge transfer, and average energy gap variation clearly signifies the adsorption property of VOC compounds from jackfruit on phospherene nanosheet, which serves as the fingerprint to estimate the jackfruit freshness. Also, by using energy band structure, electron density, and density of states (DOS) maps, the adsorption property of VOC compounds have been explored. The result suggests that phospherene sheets can be used as a sensing material to estimate the quality of jackfruit.

A novel printed rectangular shape, multi-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with defected ground structure (FRDGS) for multi standard wireless communication systems is designed in this article. The ground plane is modified by embedding U shaped slots with open ends and I shaped slot in short ends to realize the multi band frequency of the antenna and to improve the parameters of the antenna design. The two U shape slots are etched symmetrical to each other to reduce the cross polarization of the antenna. The DGS in the ground plane altered the modeling characteristics of transmission lines with the equivalent values of inductance, capacitance and resistance. Three PIN diodes are inserted in the ground plane to acquire the switching characteristics of multi-resonance frequency. Simulated and measured output clearly depict that the antenna proposed is efficient to change between twelve dissimilar resonant frequency bands centered at 1.36, 1.8, 3.0, 3.9, 5.0, 6.2, 6.4, 7.4, 7.9, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6 GHz through different states of modes over the frequency spectrum from 1.33 to 8.7 GHz. The parameters such as reflection coefficient, VSWR, 2D and 3D radiation pattern, bandwidth, peak gain, peak directivity, gain and directivity are simulated using Ansoft HFSS 17.0v. The proposed antenna finds application in various wireless communication system such as Wi-Fi (5 GHz), WLAN (5 GHz), WI-MAX, UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) system, fixed mobile and satellite communication systems.

Silicane nanosheet (SiNS-hydrogenated version of silicene nanosheet) is employed as a base component in the current study to determine the presence of the halomethanes like fluoromethane, chloromethane, bromomethane, and iodomethane in the environment. The feasibility of the base component to sustain the physical modifications (upon the adsorption of the target vapors) is examined with the help of formation energy. In order to validate our suggestion of utilizing SiNS as a base component to detect halomethanes, electronic characteristics namely the band structure, electron density and projected density of states spectrum and surface assimilating features like the average energy gap variation, surface assimilation energy and Bader charge transfer are computed for pristine and halomethane adsorbed SiNS. The indispensable parameters estimated are compared, and the validity of our suggestion is confirmed in the current report.

The monitoring of toxic vapours such as M-cymene and m-xylene from industries is a significant task using a solid-state chemical sensor. We report the structurally stable hex-star arsenene sheets (hex-star AsNS) as a base material to perceive the presence of M-cymene and m-xylene molecules. Initially, we examined the formation energy of hex-star AsNS and ensured the geometric stability. Besides, hex-star AsNS possesses an energy band gap of 1.033 eV indicating the semiconductor state. We explored the changes in the band structure and PDOS (projected density of states) spectrum of hex-star AsNS upon adsorption of M-cymene and m-xylene molecules. Also, concerning charge transfer and electron density difference studies, the electronic properties of hex-star AsNS are reconnoitered. The adsorption energy upon M-cymene and m-xylene adsorption show the physisorption of target molecules on hex-star AsNS. The outcome reveals the hex-star AsNS as an emerging material for the detection of M-cymene and m-xylene molecules.

Primary care settings are ideal for initiating advance care planning (ACP) conversations and assessing palliative and supportive care needs. However, time constraints and a lack of confidence to sensitively and efficiently initiate such discussions are noted barriers. The Advance Project implemented a national multicomponent training package to support Australian general practice nurses (GPNs) to work with GPs to initiate ACP and palliative care conversations in their practice. This paper reports on semistructured interviews conducted with 20 GPNs to explore barriers and facilitators to implementing the Advance Project model. Participants identified a range of factors that affected implementation, including lack of time, limited support from colleagues, lack of knowledge about systems and funding processes in general practice and a need for better alignment of the Advance Project resources and practices with general practice information management platforms. Barriers related to professional roles, particularly the lack of clarity and/or limitations in the scope of practice of GPNs, highlighted the importance of defining and supporting the roles that different primary health practice staff could play to support implementation of the model. The findings underline the need for complementary training in the Advance Project model for GPs and practice managers to enable a team-based approach to implementation.

The increasing demand for high data rate services necessitates technology advancement and adoption of beyond fourth generation (4G) termed as 5G cellular standards. The capacity of multi-carrier code-division multiple access (MCCDMA) systems is limited by multiple access interference (MAI), further the near–far effects and the time-varying fading instigated by variations in the received power at the base station. However, the most significant problem that needs to be addressed is to contest profound fades, arising frequently, but for a very brief time. To further attain capacity enrichment of a multiple-input–multiple-output MCCDMA system, a dispersed power control game with pricing system with various modulation schemes are deliberated. This study shows that the proposed pricing scheme prove to be powerful techniques for attaining an enhanced performance as it results in growth in minimal power utilisation in an MCCDMA system.

Currently, the elemental monolayer materials attracted great interest among the research communities due to their stability, selectivity, and sensitivity towards hazardous vapour or gas molecules. In this research work, we deployed an orthorhombic silicane nanosheet (Ortho-SiNS) as a sensing element to detect acrolein and propanol at ambient conditions. Initially, the structural firmness of Ortho-SiNS is verified with the support of formation energy. Subsequently, the electronic features of the base substrate are discussed using band structure along with projected density of states maps. The estimated energy gap of Ortho-SiNS is found to be 4.179 eV. The interaction behaviour of target air pollutants on Ortho-SiNS is investigated by ascertaining Bader charge transfer, relative band gap changes, and adsorption energy. In the present work, the adsorption energy is calculated in the scope of −0.305 eV to −1.039 eV, which validates the physisorption of acrolein and propanol on Ortho-SiNS. The outcomes recommended that the Ortho-SiNS can be employed as a promising chemical sensor to sense acrolein and propanol molecules from cigarette smoke.

Phosphorene, the phosphorus analogue of graphene exhibits various allotropes. One of the next-generation semiconductors is ϕ-phosphorene sheets (ϕ-PNS) with an energy band gap of 1.128 eV. We used ...