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Psoriasis is a chronic papulosquamous dermatosis with recurrent episodes of remission and relapse. Current available therapies are successful in managing clinical features at initial phases indeed; later found difficult in long term due to disruption of other systems. In Ayurveda, skin disorders are categorized on the basis of their doshic imbalance and aim to correct the same to cure the pathological condition by the intervention of dietary restrictions and medicines. In the presented study, we discuss two cases of psoriasis; one 23 years old male patient treated with cow urine distillate (CUD) and other 72 years old male with CUD after therapeutic purgation (Virechana). Dietary restriction of milk products was advised during the treatment period. Both cases showed significant clinical improvement which were assessed on the basis of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). The management was done for short duration of 2 months and requires more follow ups for the strong conclusion about the therapy options. The alone use of CUD for treating psoriasis is not yet tested and hence the presented case reports seem to be unique after the use of the same. It would direct the futuristic clinical studies to strengthen the hypothesis of clinical efficacy of CUD in aforesaid condition.

Aims: The present investigation entitled “Effect of delayed time of planting on Yield and Agro-morphological traits of different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties” was conducted to estimate the grain yield performance of different rice varieties under delayed planting conditions in Varanasi region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Study Design: The experiment was laid in a Split plot design with three replications, consists of four elite rice varieties (HUR-3022, DRR-44, HUR-4-3, and HUR-105) as sub plot factor and three dates of planting (05/09/2018, 13/08/2018 and 20/08/2018) as main plot factor. Hence a total number of 12 treatments were allotted in the whole design. Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was conducted during Kharif-2018 at Agricultural research farm under Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Methodology: Materials for the studies consist of four elite rice varieties (V1- HUR-3022, V2- DRR-44, V3- HUR-4-3, and V4- HUR-105) as sub plot factor and three dates of planting (D1- 05/09/2018, D2- 13/08/2018 and D3- 20/08/2018) as main plot factor. The biometric observations were taken from the field at a regular interval of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP) and during crop harvest. The yield attributes were recorded before, during and after harvest of the crop as per the need. Results: The variety DRR-44 was found to be a best performer on planting date 06.08.2018 and recorded significantly higher yield of 3.8 t/ha followed by HUR-3022 (2.4 t/ha) and HUR-105 (1.64 t/ha). Conclusion: Rice varieties sown in the field showed highest grain yield when sown on 6th August as compared to 13th and 20th August. As the dates of planting delayed crop yield subsequently decreased. Higher yield level in rice can be confirmed by adjusting the planting dates with the proper climatic conditions. So that the crop phenology can coincide with the suitable weather condition to boost the photosynthetic efficiency and ultimately increase the grain yield.

Virechana is one kind of Shodhana Karma. The act of expelling Doshas through “Adhobhaga” is known as Virechana. Virechana is a therapeutic medicated purgative therapy that is meant for expelling out vitiated Dosha and Mala (waste material) through the anal route. This therapy is indicated for bio-purification and detoxification of body in many diseased conditions as well as for healthy individuals too as preventive measure. It is worth mentioning that Virechana Karma, in contrast to modern purgatives, is not merely an act to open the bowel, however a complete therapeutic measure which has systemic as well as local effects. This reality is additionally supported by the etymological consideration of the word "Virechana", its wide range of indications the specific classical method, and mode of action given in Ayurvedic literature. In addition to the adequacy and popularity, the Virechana Karma, is considered as the best treatment for morbid and increased Pitta Dosha and it is more useful in eliminating the diseases originated from the vitiated Pitta. It is less complex procedure than Vamana, has less probability of complications and should be possible effectively, so it is widely utilised as Sodhana therapy in routine.

In this study, we report for the first time, the occurrence of pothole features and the processes of their development on the bedrocks of Ghaghghar River, Son valley, India. Pothole geometries were identified and measured from the middle reaches of Ghaghghar River, where it is flowing exclusively over the Rohtas limestone (a Meso-Proterozoic age) of Vindhyan Supergroup, near to the Gurma village. On the basis of field survey and remote sensing study, it has been ascertained that potholes developed in the river bed were only related to local geological and geomorphological conditions of a stream. They are mainly developed due to abrupt slope change along the river course and usually associated with intersect fractures, joints, and veins in the bedrock. The knick point of the river profile also confirms the abrupt slope change of the river in Gurma region. The river changes its course from E-W to N-S due to Markundi fault (ENE-WSW) occurring in the study area and causes the tectonic disturbances to support the development of potholes. The formations of potholes on bedrock of Ghaghghar River were generally governed by abrasion of rock fragments during high-flow regime. The geometrical dimensions of the potholes are controlled by the joints, fractures, and veins developed in bedrock of the river. The veins are typically calcitic in nature and the orientations of long axis of potholes are analogous to the trend direction of the vein. The collapse bedrocks suggest that a pothole can be formed within a short period, but cannot be fully developed and maintained for a long time in a strong incision of riverbed.

The current study describes the land use and land cover dynamics in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh from 1985 to 2005 using remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS). Landsat-MSS, IRS-LISS-I and LISS-III data for the period 1985, 1995 and 2005 were used to prepare the land use/land cover (LULC) map at 1:250K for different periods. Post-classification change detection technique for quantifying the changes for twelve major land use and land cover types was analyzed. The study signifies that the region experiences expansion in crop land and built-up area and decline in forest area. Crop land and built-up area has increased by 665.41 km2 and 16.72 km2, respectively, from 1985 to 2005. On the other hand, forest area has declined by 699.37 km2 during the period. The study showed that topography and increasing population play an important role in shaping the LULC pattern. The study further revealed the importance of satellite remote sensing and GIS as an effective approach for analyzing the direction, rate and spatial pattern of land use dynamics. It is believed that this type of study will help to contribute towards sustainable land-use planning and management in this part of the North East India in the near future.

Background: The present investigation was concentrated to determine the nutrient uptake capacity of different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under delayed planting condition. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the nutrient content in straw and grain in different varieties of rice to understand the nutrient acquisition capacity. Methods: The experiment was conducted during kharif-2018 in a split plot design with three replications at Agricultural Research Farm, BHU, Varanasi with a combination of four rice varieties (HUR-3022, DRR-44, HUR-4-3 and HUR-105) as subplot factor and three dates of planting (06/09/2018, 13/08/2018 and 20/08/2018) as main-plot factor. Result: Among the varieties, DRR-44 was observed efficient for N, P and K absorption under timely planting conditions and recorded higher N content (1.01%) than HUR-3022 (0.91%) and HUR-105 (0.86%). The P (0.45%) and K (0.29%) content were observed highest for the variety DRR-44 on the first date of planting (06/08/2018). Maximum N, P and K uptake by grain and straw were recorded in DRR-44 followed by HUR-3022 and HUR-105. DRR-44 was also the highest grain and straw yielder. Thus, improved varieties of rice with higher nutrient use efficiency should be the priority for quality and higher yield of straw and grain of the crop.

Sustainable food production through integrating knowledge of indigenous and local communities has significance for meeting the UN-SDGs (sustainable development goals). The majority of the food supply comes from cereal crops, which are exceptionally delicate to changing weather and climate conditions. Therefore, climate-resilient underutilized local crops may be a good option to be considered as potential crops for dietary diversification. The present review on Portulaca oleracea L. commonly called Purslane, having remarkable nutritional, medicinal, and pharmacological, and phytoremediation properties show significance. It is highly nutritious and has all essential minerals, vitamins, and proteins. About 93% of water, 3% of carbohydrates, and 2% of protein are present in raw Purslane. It contains dietary minerals like potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc. Potassium is the most abundant electrolyte present in Purslane. It contains the highest content of vitamin among green leafy vegetables. There are four different types of omega-3 fatty acids found in Purslane. This is required for typical wellbeing, improvement and anticipation of various cardiovascular illnesses, and upkeep of a sound resistant framework. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) species is highly nutritious and can be easily grown with high production efficiency in tropical, subtropical, and underdeveloped districts of the world. The species can be easily cultivated and act as an ideal substitute for resource-poor farmers in the developing region. Considering immense nourishing benefits, this species has great potential for its utilization in the future under changing climate. Further, the species has a huge scope that can be advantageous for accomplishing the food and health benefits at the local and regional levels and may preserve agro-biodiversity for sustainable development.

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has an ongoing program to develop 650 MHz, 5-cell elliptical superconducting RF (SCRF) cavities under the Indian Institutes and Fermilab Collaboration. The elliptical multi-cell SCRF cavity fabrication process involves forming of half-cells and their precise machining and joining by electron beam welding to form end groups and dumbbells, which are then joined to make the final cavity. To ensure that the final welded cavity achieves physical lengths and resonant frequencies within design tolerance and has good field flatness, the measurement and correction of resonant frequency are carried out for dumbbells and end groups. A novel method to identify the frequency of individual half-cells in a dumbbell cavity and a dedicated tuning fixture to correct them had been developed. The paper details the RF characterization and correction procedure employed during fabrication of the first six 650 MHz cavities at RRCAT.

The major unit of Internet of things or IoT is data, and it is being used by IoT sharing system. It is necessary to develop a trust between sensor owner and sensor user. This research paper aims to provide solution to the following burning problems by providing the “dual” re-encryption methods: (i) scalability, (ii) trust, and (iii) digital payments. This method saves the data in a distributed cloud, when the encryption process is finished. A bridge has been developed in this work between the sensor owner and sensor user without any intervention.

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the dynamic fracture toughness behaviors of CFRP-Foam-CFRP sandwich composite of V-notched through -thickness, surface, and un-notched specimens under Izod, and Charpy impact tests. The sandwich composite structures are made of cross-plied carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite faces with polyurethane foam core. CFRP composites are used to combine the upper face and the lower face through the core in stitched sandwich structures. Compressive strength of weight drop impact perforated and un-perforated sandwich composite specimens are measured from a universal testing machine. Also, particles (Al2O3, CNTs, and cement) filled glass fiber cloth and graphene nanoplates coated glass fiber strands reinforced polymer hybrid composite are fabricated for V-notched, un-notched Izod impact and Charpy impact tests. The results show that weight drop impact energy is lower than the Izod impact energy but higher than the Charpy impact energy, whereas the dynamic fracture toughness of Izod impact energy is more than the Charpy and weight drop impact energy due to geometry of impactor and sandwich specimen. However energy and dynamic fracture toughness of Al2O3, CNTs, and Cement filled un-notched hybrid composites higher than the notched hybrid composites under Izod Impact. The dynamic fracture toughness and energy of CNTs filled hybrid composites is higher than the sandwich composites, Al2O3, and Cement filled hybrid composites under Charpy Impact.

The 8.5 m thick, 1.4 km long and 0.35 km wide, ESE–WNW oriented cliff section (N 23°31′32″ E 68°41′00″) exposed across Harudi–Baranda road is extensively studied for its facies characteristics and based on that depositional environments of the middle Eocene (Lutetian) Harudi Formation are deciphered in the present study. Two cycles of grey mudstone alongwith nodular limestone–coquina limestone-gypsiferous mudstone facies in the lower part of the succession suggest sedimentation in coastal quiet-water lagoonal to tidal flat environments, while glauconitic shale, bioclastic packstone and gypsiferous foraminiferal packstone facies in the upper part suggest sedimentation on middle- to inner-shelf and tidal flat depositional environments. In all, three shallowing upward cycles have been identified in the studied outcrops and based on that lagoonal-middle shelf-inner shelf-tidal flat depositional environments are suggested for the middle Eocene Harudi Formation.

Late Paleocene sedimentation in the pericratonic Kachchh Basin marks the initial marine transgression during the Cenozoic era. A 17 m thick sandstone-dominated succession, known as the clastic member (CM) of the Matanomadh Formation (MF), is exposed sporadically in the basin. Three facies associations are reconstructed in the succession in three different sections. Facies association-1 contains matrix-supported pebbly conglomerate facies, horizontally-laminated sandstone-mudstone alternation facies, hummocky- and swaley cross-bedded sandstone facies, wave-rippled sandstone facies and climbing ripple cross-laminated sandstone facies. This facies association developed between shoreface and foreshore zone under the influence of storms on a barrier ridge. Facies association-2 contains sigmoidal cross-bedded sandstone facies, sandstone-mudstone alternation facies, flaser-bedded sandstone facies, herringbone cross-bedded sandstone facies and tangential cross-bedded sandstone facies. This facies association possessing tidal bundles and herringbone cross-beds developed on a tidal flat with strong tidal influence. Facies association-3 comprises pebbly sandstone facies, horizontally-bedded sandstone facies, tangential cross-bedded sandstone facies exhibiting reactivation surfaces and tabular cross-bedded sandstone facies. This facies association represents sedimentation in a river-dominated estuary and reactivation surfaces and herringbone cross-beds indicating tidal influence. The bipolar paleocurrent pattern changes to unipolar up-section because of the change in the depositional currents from tidal to fluvial. The sedimentation took place in an open coast similar to the Korean coast. The presence of neap-spring tidal rhythmites further suggests that a semidiurnal system similar to the modern day Indian Ocean was responsible for the sedimentation. Here, the overall sequence developed during the transgressive phase where barrier ridge succession is succeeded by the tidal flat succession and the latter, in turn, is succeeded by the estuarine succession. This study resolves the most debated issue of initial marine transgression in the Kachchh Basin during the Cenozoic.

The present study focuses on the presence of gypsiferous foraminiferal packstone (GFP) facies which defines the top of the Lutetian aged Harudi Formation and separates it from the overlying Bartonian aged Fulra Limestone Formation. This facies has been reported from Harudi and Lakhpat areas of Kachchh District and may serve as a regressive stratigraphic boundary between the Harudi and Fulra Limestone Formations that had been previously considered as conformable succession. Here, the gypsum, halite and iron oxide minerals (hematite and/or goethite) are precipitated as secondary minerals in the desiccation cracks developed in the foraminiferal packstone facies. The precipitation of gypsum, halite and hematite/goethite along with desiccation cracks is suggestive of the oxidizing condition and would have been possible in supratidal environment under warm and dry semi-arid to arid climatic conditions. Thus, it is inferred that the cracks would have been formed during subaerial exposure of the foraminiferal packstone facies during relative sea-level fall.

The early Eocene Naredi Formation in the southwestern Kutch represents the initial marine sedimentation in Kutch area during Tertiary period. The 22 m thick succession of Naredi Formation, exposed along cliffs (N 23°34′36.8″, E 68°38′38.1″ and N 23°34′3.1″, E 68°39′7.8″) of the tributary of the Kakdi River in and around Nareda village, is dominantly composed of argillaceous member (also known as gypseous shale member) in the lower part and dominantly biochemically precipitated carbonate member, including newly identified algal and coral reef facies, in the upper part. A total of eight lithofacies have been identified based on sedimentological and micropaleontological attributes; those are alternate green- and brown shale facies, comprising the argillaceous member followed by bioclastic wackestone, Assilina packstone, organically bounded framestone (bioherm), clayey limestone, bioclastic packstone–wackestone alternation and ferruginous coralline limestone in ascending order, which constitute the upper carbonate member. The green as well as brown shale facies are splintery in nature and show horizontal interlamination with gypsum layers. Both these facies contain glauconites with circular to elliptical outline and radial fractures, thus suggesting deposition on a mid- to outer-shelf or restricted lagoonal depositional setting. The overlying horizontally bedded wackestone facies and sparitic packstone facies containing fossil shells of larger benthonic foraminifera, including Assilina spinosa, Assilina and Nummulites burdigalensis with some planktonic forms such as Globigerina and Globorotalia in association to rotalids, ostracods, bivalve and gastropod shells, whose presence depict their deposition in mid- to inner-shelf marine realm under normal seawater salinity. The abundance of peloids, calcispheres and limestone fragments are the major non-biogenic allochems in these facies. Replacement of the ostracods, bivalve and gastropod shells by sparry calcite is also the common feature. The overlying organically bounded algal framestone (bioherm) is characterized by slightly undulatory tabular form in the lower part to concentric undulatory mounds in the upper part showing reef growth at outcrop section whereas framework of curvi-radial concentric growth of carbonate layers under thin section indicates reef formation on shallow marine depositional setting in warm and clear tropical water under normal seawater salinity. The thinly bedded brownish white clayey limestone indicates deposition during deepening of the lagoon. The overlying bioclastic packstone–wackestone alternation facies studded with fragments of algal reef and stromatolitic limestone along with various fossil shells like bivalves, echinoids and gastropods, most of them are micritized, resembles its deposition under back-reef lagoonal environments during storm condition which is overlain by an intertidal coralline limestone deposit showing colonial growth and partial to complete replacement of some of the coral shells by ferruginous mineral along with secondary precipitation of the same within the pores during shallowing of the sea and/or due to late diagenetic changes. Based on shale-carbonate wackestone-packstone-reefal-coralline facies association along with the presence of some key minerals such as glauconite, pyrite, siderite and anhydrite and their genetic link to characteristic depositional milieu, authors have proposed fluctuating depositional environments from lagoonal-barrier ridge to lagoonal-tidal flat for the Naredi Formation.

A trial was conducted both in field and pot during the kharif season of 2015 at Banaras Hindu University, India to study the effect of hydrogel in combination with bio-agent on the performance of rice under rainfed condition. The field trial consisting of IR64 and DRR42 and Trichoderma and hydrogel making 10 treatments altogether was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) while in case of pot it was a factorial experiment. DRR42 + hydrogel (seed coating)+Trichoderma (seed treatment @ 12 g/kg) recorded higher yield (2.83 t ha-1) which was 43.76% higher than control but it remained at par with IR64. In the pot experiment hydrogel (seed coating)+Trichoderma (seed treatment) and hydrogel soil application registered higher RGR, CGR, root length, root weight. Survival of plants after imposition of drought at 60 days after sowing (DAS) was also found to be longer under the same treatments.

Background: In heavy-ion induced reactions, the sub-barrier fusion cross sections are found to be higher as compared to the predictions of the one-dimensional barrier penetration model. Attempts have been made to explain sub-barrier fusion enhancement by including the static deformations, the couplings to inelastic excitations, and non-fusion channels.Purpose: To investigate factors which influence the sub-barrier fusion in the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}+^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ system and to understand the interplay of couplings, the fusion excitation function was measured at energies from $10%$ below to $15%$ above the Bass barrier.Method: The fusion excitation function was measured by employing a recoil mass spectrometer, the Heavy-Ion Reaction Analyser (HIRA), at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi. To study the behavior of the fusion excitation function and the effect of couplings at sub-barrier energies, the excitation function was analyzed in the framework of the coupled-channels code ccfull.Results: In the present work, the fusion cross section was measured down to 1 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$ at the lowest measured energy, i.e., $10%$ below the barrier. It was found that the inclusion of couplings of low-lying excited states along with the modified barrier between interacting nuclei satisfactorily reproduces the fusion excitation function of the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}+^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ system. For better insight into the sub-barrier fusion, the fusion barrier distribution, the logarithmic derivative L(E) factor, and the astrophysical S factor were extracted from the analysis of the experimentally measured fusion excitation function.Conclusions: The analysis of the fusion excitation function in terms of the astrophysical S factor and the L(E) factor suggests the absence of fusion hindrance in the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}+^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ system down to a 1 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$ cross section achieved at the lowest measured energy. The excitation function of the present system is compared with the existing measurements in which $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ has been used as a projectile to understand the interplay of entrance-channel parameters in sub-barrier fusion enhancement.

Climate change is a global threat. The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere are blamed for the changing global climate. The greenhouse gases play a key role in causing climate change, and the biosphere can contribute positively as well as negatively to the atmospheric GHG concentrations through feedback processes. Knowledge of the feedback processes and their interactions with climate change and human activities is necessary if we are to understand to what impact feedback processes will have on climate change and to what extent manipulation of the biosphere will actually have the desired beneficial effects. In this context, a significant amount of scientific research work has been done and is continuing across different parts of the world to characterize the sources and sinks of GHGs. Thus, the book entitled, ‘Greenhouse Gas Emissions,’ is a compilation of select case studies on the topic authored by international scientists from different parts of the world.

The demand for energy is rising continuously, and the reasons are—economic development, urbanization, rising standard of living and increasing population. In India, 65% of the energy demand is currently met through power generated from fossil fuels, especially from coal-based power plants. These power plants are the highest contributor to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the country. The share of renewable energy is only 15%, excluding the hydropower. There are many countries in the developed world, which are aiming to become 100% reliant on renewable energy. Indian government is aiming to increase the contribution of renewable energy to honour the country’s commitment to reducing intensity of greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy is being considered as one of the main components of the renewable energy basket as the country receives 300 days of good solar radiation. This chapter focusses on the global discussion to reduce greenhouse gas emissions followed by the policies of the central government and the state governments in India to promote renewable energy, especially solar energy, to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. There are some states, which have actively engaged in renewable energy initiatives, and an analysis of the policies of these states is highlighted. The country-specific policy initiatives for those having a major share of renewable energy have been included in the chapter.

Solar energy is being promoted in India as one of the main components of renewable energy as the country receives good solar radiation over 300 days a year. It has emerged as a potential green alternative to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel-based energy. The government has taken many policy initiatives to promote solar power generation and aims to produce 100 GW of solar power by the year 2022, out of which 40 GW is planned from solar rooftops. The land requirement for solar power generation systems is large, and in urban areas, acts as a major constraint. Rooftop solar power generation systems are an option and opportunity under such circumstances. This chapter focusses on the opportunities available to adopt rooftop solar power generation in the residential sector. The constraints in adopting these systems and the factors influencing decision of the household for installation of such systems are discussed. The primary data for the study has been collected through interviews with the households and discussions with the stakeholders—policy makers, distribution companies, consultants and the households with access and ownership rights to rooftops. The secondary data analysed includes published as well as unpublished data. The analysis highlights that there are numerous opportunities available to adopt rooftop solar power generation systems. These are mainly in the form of favourable policy instruments leading to economic gains. The reduction in the energy bill is the most important factor influencing decision of the household to adopt rooftop solar power generation. The system becomes attractive if government subsidies are available. The positive recommendation from friends and family who have already installed these systems drive the final decision of the household. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint from adoption of rooftop solar power generation systems have been discussed in the chapter. The findings lead to policy recommendations to promote rooftop solar power generation and making it more attractive.

The majority of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture for livelihood. While agricultural activities are a source of income for around 70% of the Indian population and cater to the food and nutritional needs of the vast nation, the practice of burning residue of crops has devastating impacts on the environment. Burning the biomass residue is the easiest and most time-efficient mode of ensuring that the field is ready for the next cropping season in time. Needless to say that this practice is not environmentally sustainable. The emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is one such consequence which has resulted in multiple environmentally degrading phenomena such as air pollution, global warming, smog and climate change. In order to cater to the food requirements of the 1.2 billion Indians and continue the dependence of the majority of them on agriculture, a balance needs to be struck so that the activity is sustainable and does not cause irreparable harm to the planet. A few such solutions are using the crop biomass as fodder for livestock, utilising the residue for power generation and converting the waste material to natural fuels. Not only will this reduce the plight of the already fragile and sensitive environment, but it would also lead to an increase in the income of the farmers. This would also be an effective waste management solution.

Neurological manifestations of brucellosis are rare. Twelve cases of brucellosis with neurological involvement are being presented. The underlying mechanism has been discussed.

For a linear regression model with first-order autocorrelated disturbances, a variety of estimators for the regression coefficients have been proposed in the literature. One of the most commonly used estimators for this situation has been the Cochrane-Orcutt (1949) estimator (CO) due to its intuitive and computational simplicity. Since its introduction, several alternative estimators have also been proposed and their efficiency properties have been investigated. For example, Kadiyala (1968) showed that ordinary least squares (OLS) is a better estimator than CO for known autocorrelation coefficient g in 0 < ϱ ≤ 1 for the model containing only an intercept. 1 , 2 Maeshiro (1976), then showed that OLS is better than CO with known ϱ for all ϱ > 0 in a similar model where the matrix of explanatory variables contains an intercept and a strongly trended variable, even for sample sizes of t = 100. In addition, OLS is vindicated by Harvey and McAvinchey (1978), who suggest that it performs acceptably when the variable is trended; by Spitzer (1979), who recommends its use when the absolute value of the autocorrelation coefficient is ≤ 0.2; and by Kramer (1980), who proves that the efficiency (when measured by the trace of the variancecovariance matrix) of OLS with respect to the generalized least squares (GLS) approaches one as ϱ approaches one when the model includes a constant term. However, recently Taylor (1981) has pointed out that Maeshiro’s result only applies to a special case: very strong trends in the explanatory variable, and where this variable is fixed, as opposed to the Monte Carlo studies of Griliches and Rao (1969) and Spitzer (1979) in which the explanatory variable is drawn from a prespecified stochastic process. In this latter case, the first observation no longer remains as important for large t, hence the improved performance of CO.