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In this work, using the methods of X-ray phase analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, the features of the impact of annealing in air within the temperature range of t = 200÷÷550 °C on the morphology, elemental and phase composition, chemical state and structure of primary particles of nanopowders obtained by grinding natural diamond and the method of detonation synthesis are studied. It is shown that heat treatment in air at given values of temperature and heating time does not affect the elemental composition and atomic structure of primary particles of nanopowders obtained both by the methods of detonation synthesis (DND) and natural diamond grinding (PND). Using XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, it has been found that annealing in air within the temperature range of 400–550 °C results in the effective removal of amorphous and graphite-like carbon atoms in the sp2- and sp3-states from diamond nanopowders by oxidation with atmospheric oxygen. In the original DND nanopowder, containing about 33.2 % of non-diamond carbon atoms of the total number of carbon atoms, after annealing for 5 h at a temperature of 550 °C, the relative number of nondiamond carbon atoms in the sp2-state decreased to ~21.4 %. In this case, the increase in the relative number of carbon atoms in the sp3-state (in the lattice of the diamond core) and in the composition of oxygen-containing functional groups ranged from ~39.8 % to ~46.5 % and from ~27 % to ~32.1 %, respectively. In the PND nanopowder, which prior to annealing contains about 10.6 % of non-diamond carbon atoms in the sp2-state of the total number of carbon atoms, after annealing under the same conditions as the DND nanopowder, their relative number decreased to 7.1 %. The relative number of carbon atoms in the sp3-state increased from 72.9 % to 82.1 %, and the proportion of carbon atoms in the composition of oxygen-containing functional groups also slightly increased from 10.2 % to 10.8 %. It is demonstrated that the annealing of PND and DND nanopowders in air leads to a change in their color, they become lighter as a result of oxidation of non-diamond carbon by atmospheric oxygen. The maximum effect is observed at a temperature of 550 °C and an annealing time of 5 h. In this case, the weight loss of PND and DND nanopowders after annealing was 5.37 % and 21.09 %, respectively. The significant weight loss of DND nanopowder compared to PND is primarily caused by the high content of non-diamond carbon in the initial state and the high surface energy of primary particles due to their small size.

The experience of the General Surgery Clinic of the Military Medical Academy showed that the function of an artificial esophagus created from the large intestine is quite satisfactory. For six years in the General Surgery Clinic of the Military Medical Academy, colonic esophagoplasty for diseases of various parts of the esophagus was performed in 85 patients. For cicatricial (10 patients) or tumor (4 patients) lesions of the cervical esophagus, the large intestine on the vascular pedicle was used as a plastic material in 14 patients.

Aim: To study associations between the duration of the use of mobile electronic devices by schoolchildren and students and functional state of the eyes. Methods: The study was performed from September-May 2017-2020. Altogether 805 schoolchildren and students in Moscow and the Moscow region participated in the study. The pattern of mobile electronic device use was assessed by a questionnaire. Continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired t-tests. Associations between visual acuity and duration of the use of mobile devices were assessed using non-parametic correlation analysis. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: Almost 100 % of students reported using use mobile electronic devices. The device of choice was a smartphone. The total time of use of mobile electronic devices by middle and senior schoolchildren during school hours, on weekends and during vacation time significantly exceeded the daily total time of use by primary school students. Students spent more hours with mobile devices than schoolchildren. Students who had a day without a mobile device had a significantly higher volume of accommodation (ACV) (0.54 diopters) than those who used it daily (0.45 diopters; p < 0.05). Conduisons: Hygienic recommendations for the use of mobile electronic devices by students and schoolchildren should include organizing a day off during the week in which the smartphone is not used.

The article presents the materials of systematization and scientific study of the main international and Russian normative documents in the field of healthcare and rights of children and adolescents aged 0-17, and of the practical implementation of an intersectoral/interdepartmental approach in relevant programs. A set of modern methods of socio-hygienic and medical-organizational research, including statistical, historical insights, expert evaluation, study of departments experience, and others was applied, with an emphasis on analysis. Based on the model of the younger generation, the authors consider the current problems of implementing an interdepartmental approach to healthcare and protection of the rights of children and adolescents, recommended in recent years by leading international organizations, primarily The United Nations (UN): and the World Health Organization (WHO). The authors analyze the leading Russian normative documents based on international policy and illustrates the state of the approach in the Russian Federation, which is considered to be the leading, most effective mechanism for achieving the goals of strategies and integrated programs in this area, with an emphasis on preventive measures and the organization of primary healthcare as the most accessible and affordable to the public. The results of a comprehensive analysis of federal and international official documents actualized the need for intersectoral activities in healthcare, education, social protection and other systems to strengthen the health promotion of the younger generation, which is considered to be the less protected group of population from the perspective of health and social well-being. The article shows the importance of further improvement of comprehensive research on the scientific justification of optimal, real and effective for the federal and territorial levels of organizational methods for interdepartmental healthcare of the younger generation in Russia.

The study covers the structure, elemental and phase composition of products formed in the contact interaction between diamond and low-carbon steel in vacuum at the Fe–C eutectic melting temperature. Cylindrical tablets made of low carbon steel with a maximum carbon content of 0.1 wt.% and natural diamond crystals in the form of a pyramid (or truncated pyramid) were used as contact pairs. The flat bases of diamond crystals were mounted on the horizontal surface of steel tablets with the load applied to the top of diamond crystals. Contact samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace at a maximum heating temperature of ~1165 °C. After holding at this temperature for 5 minutes, the furnace was turned off and the temperature in its chamber decreased in free cooling mode. Sintered diamond/steel tablet samples were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the Fe–C eutectic melt forms in the diamond/steel tablet contact zone, a thin layer of which, when solidified, welds a diamond crystal to the steel tablet under the temperature-time heating mode specified in the experiment. Their bonding strength is such that welded samples without separation can withstand intense cyclic loads during grinding and polishing when making longitudinal sections of samples necessary for metallographic studies. It was shown that the Fe–C eutectic alloy is a gray cast iron with a ferrite-perlite metal base and lamellar graphite inclusions. The microhardness of the solidified Fe–C eutectic was ~1714 MPa. The initial steel tablet with a ferrite-perlite structure was subjected to cementation during sintering in contact with diamond. The most intensive cementation occurred in the ~110 μm thick unmelted upper layer of the steel tablet, which adjoined the Fe–C eutectic during sintering. The microhardness of this layer was ~4945 MPa. As it deepens into the steel tablet there is a gradual transition of the perlite-cementite structure to a perlite one and further to the initial ferrite-perlite microstructure inwards the steel tablet. At the same time, the microhardness changes from ~ 4945 to 1570 MPa.

The initial composition and chemical state of nanopowder primary particles obtained by grinding natural diamond and detonation synthesis have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been shown that the primary particles of both nanopowders contain mainly carbon and oxygen atoms. The signals from nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and metal atoms in the photoelectronic spectrum do not exceed the noise level. It has been discovered that the proportions of carbon atoms are ∼46.5 and ∼67.8% in the state of the sp3 hybridization, ∼26.8 and ∼17.4% in the state of the sp2-hybridization, and ∼26.7 and ∼14.7% in the composition of the oxygen-containing functional groups in the primary particles of the nanopowders obtained by detonation synthesis and by grinding natural diamond, respectively.

Diet therapy for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains one of the most popular alternative therapies. despite conflicting opinions regarding the effectiveness of the dietary approach. According to the theory of exorphin intoxication, gluten and casein peptides enter the bloodstream through the mucous membrane of the small intestine, penetrate the blood-brain barrier and affect the neurons of the cerebral cortex. The wellknown hypothesis of the relationship between autism and gluten intolerance is based on this theory. The aim of this work was to study the correlation between the blood concentration of intestinal fatty acid - binding protein (I-FABP) and gliadomorphin and casomorphin as markers of opioid intoxication, depending on the use of diet therapy in children with ASD. Material and methods. The study included 85 patients aged 3 to 15 years with an established diagnosis of ASD. The first group consisted of 36 children who followed a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 6 months, 3 of them also followed a casein-free diet (CFD), the second group included 49 patients with ASD who had no dietary restrictions. The concentration of I-FABP, gliadomorphin, and casomorphin in the blood serum was determined by enzyme immunoassay in all patients. Results. In children with ASD who followed GDD, the average values of the studied parameters were significantly lower than in patients with ASD who have no dietary restrictions: gliadomorphine - 0.98±1.27 vs 1.68±0.97 ng/ml, casomorphine - 1.62± 0.76 vs 2.37±0.53 pg/ml, I-FABP - 156.2±102.16 vs 528.26±255.95 pg/ml (p0.01). In patients with ASD using diet therapy, there was a significant increase in gliadomorifin (r=0.64, p=0.0001) and casomorphin (r=0.53, p=0.001) with an increase in I-FABP. In children with ASD, not adhering GFD, there was also an increase in blood gliadomorphin (r=0.30, p=0.036) with an increase in I-FABP level; this trend was not observed relative to casomorphin (r=-0.0050, p=0.973). Perhaps, with the expansion of the sample, this pattern will also be observed in children who are on a regular diet. Conclusion. When including diet therapy in the therapeutic treatment of autism, it is necessary to take into account the individual intolerance to gluten and casein, conduct additional examinations in order to specify the nature of the intolerance and the need to prescribe a diet.

Specific features of the morphological and structural characteristics of nanopowder particles fabricated by grinding bulk natural diamond and by detonation synthesis are investigated. It is shown by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and low-angle X-ray scattering that, in contrast with the detonation synthesis nanopowder, which consists of similar in size and isometrically primary particles, natural diamond particles fabricated by grinding have a broader spread in regards to size and a preferentially platelet form. It is established by the X-ray structural phase analysis and Raman spectroscopy used in addition to above-listed methods that the structure of particles of nanodiamond formed from natural diamond is similar to the structure of detonation-synthesis nanodiamond. Each particle of natural nanopowder, similarly to detonation-synthesis nanodiamond, consists of a diamond core having a crystal lattice of the cubic crystal system and a shell containing mainly nondiamond forms of carbon with sp2 hybridization with a complex structure. The data on the evaluation of the average particle size of nanopowders of natural diamond and detonation synthesis by three methods, including BET, show results that satisfactorily agree with each other. Herewith, an average particle size of natural powder nanoparticles is close to 24 nm, while that of detonation-synthesis nanodiamonds of the UDA-S-GO brand produced by FRPC Altai is close to 5.6 nm. An insignificant increase in interatomic distances in diamond nanocrystals is revealed when compared with the bulk diamond crystal. The investigation and analysis of numerous images of natural diamond nanocrystals and detonation synthesis nanocrystals formed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy show that the dislocations and point defects are most often defects in nanodiamonds.

The results of studying fundamental and applied problems regarding the formation of boundary layers between diamond and carbide matrix are presented with the goal to develop a highly resistant diamond tool. The new approaches to the synthesis of diamond-carbide materials combining diamond metallization and sintering in a single-stage technology are presented. The developed technology eliminates the re-heating of a metallized coatings which results in their destruction and enhanced graphitization of diamond (these phenomena restrict using metallization procedure to improve diamond retention and synthesis of high-functional composites for diamond tools). The goal of the study is analysis the structural and phase state of the «diamond – carbide matrix» interface in a diamond tool obtained by the new technology and the main factors determining the level of diamond retention in the presence of a metallized coating. Unique opportunities provided by modern high-resolution methods of research were used in the study. The elemental composition and morphological features of the diamond-matrix interface were studied using the methods of scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. Identification of the reaction products, including non-diamond carbon was performed. It is shown that the introduction of the powder-metallizer significantly modified the contact boundaries and provide conditions for improving the chemical and mechanical adhesion of the diamond-matrix system. The formation of the well-developed nano- and sub-microscale roughness of the diamond surface and dense filling of the existing voids with nanoscale layers of metal-infiltrate was revealed. The multilevel organization of highly structured elements of the transition zone with the minimal graphitization ensured the monolithic character and strength of the diamond-matrix bond. Comparative service tests of preproduction and control samples of diamond dressers proved the efficiency of developed hybrid technology (the specific performance of diamond tools increased by 39 – 45%). New fundamental and applied results have been obtained in the field of studying interface zones in crystalline multiphase systems that can be used to regulate adhesion phenomena at the interphase boundaries and develop highly efficient composite materials.

An array of high-resolution methods were used to demonstrate that nanopowder particles produced by milling of natural diamond are primarily of a platelet shape and have a more significant size range than do detonation nanodiamonds, the majority of which are close in size and isometric. Just as detonation nanodiamonds do, the primary particles of the nanopowder prepared by milling consist of diamond cores with cubic lattices and complex shells formed by sp2 carbon atoms and impurities. The interatomic distances in nanodisperse diamond crystals were found to be significantly larger than those in bulk diamond crystals.

The presence of a large number of a medical professional standards requires a careful and meaningful approach to the development of educational standards for bachelors and specialists, including all sections of preventive, sanitary and sanitary-educational work in medical organizations. On the basis of educational standards, work programs and educational and methodical complexes are created for all disciplines taught. Modern achievements of science and technology allow to build the educational process on a new, fundamentally different level, increasing motivation, stimulating students’ self-study, expanding the possibilities of distance learning and providing adequate assessment of knowledge at all stages of training (interim assessment). However, despite the high potential, there are still problems in student teaching, which can be resolved by open interaction and cooperation between professionals of scientific and educational medical clusters.

The study covers specific features of morphological and structural characteristics exhibited by nanopowder particles obtained by grinding a massive natural diamond and the method of detonation synthesis. High-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering demonstrated that natural diamond nanopowder particles obtained by grinding have a wider range of sizes and a plated appearance, unlike detonation synthesis nanopowders consisting of similar in size and isometric particles. X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy used in addition to the methods mentioned above showed that the structure of nanodiamond particles obtained from natural diamond is similar to the structure of a detonation synthesis nanodiamond. Each particle of natural nanopowder, as well as detonation synthesis nanodiamond, consists of a diamond core with a crystal lattice related to the cubic system and a shell containing mainly non-diamond carbon forms with sp 2 hybridization having a complex structure. The average particle size of nanopowders obtained from natural diamond and using detonation synthesis studied by three methods including BET showed results that are in satisfactory agreement with each other. The average nanoparticle size is about 24 nm for natural diamond powder and close to 5.6 nm for UDA-S-GO detonation synthesis nanodiamonds produced by the Federal Research and Production Center «Altai». An insignificant increase in the interatomic distances in diamond nanocrystals compared with a massive diamond crystal was shown experimentally. The study and analysis of a numerous images of natural and detonation synthesis diamond nanocrystals obtained by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy made it possible to establish that the most frequent defects in nanodiamonds are dislocations and point defects.

The intermediate layer formed when diamond is in contact with metals that are active with respect to carbon—such as iron and titanium—is investigated in a vacuum furnace. The conditions in the furnace match those employed in sintering with copper impregnation of the hard-alloy matrix of diamond tools. The results may be used in developing compositions and technologies such that tool materials based on tungsten–cobalt hard-alloy powder have a high diamond content in the matrix.

The influence of the characteristics of external and intravolumetric combustion on the time of burning-out of the particles of solid fuel of polymetric microstructure has been investigated. In the kinetic, diffusional–relaxational, and transient regimes of intravolumetric combustion, the mutual influence of the activation energy, temperature factor, sizes of particles, and of the relaxation time on the time of burning-out of fuel particles of polymeric microstructure has been analyzed.

The structure, as well as the elemental and phase compositions of the diamond–matrix interface of a diamond tool for abrasive wheel dressing, manufactured using a new hybrid technology, are studied. This technology combines the thermodiffusion metallization of diamond with chromium and sintering of a matrix based on a WC–6%Co carbide powder mixture with copper impregnation in a single cycle of the vacuum furnace operation. During matrix sintering, the compact arrangement of chromium powder particles around the diamond grains and the screening effect of the copper foil form favorable conditions that ensure the thermodiffusion metallization of diamond. Scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray phase analysis, and Raman spectroscopy show that a metallized coating chemically bound with diamond is formed on the diamond surface in temperature-temporal modes and sintering conditions. The coating consists of chromium carbide and a solid solution of cobalt in chromium, which provides durable diamond retention in the copper-impregnated carbide matrix. Herewith, the matrix structure and microhardness, excluding the regions adjoining the diamond–matrix interface, remain the same as a matrix of a carbide powder mixture sintered in the absence of chromium. Comparative tests of similar diamond dressers show the high efficiency of the hybrid technology of formation of diamond-containing composites for tool application. It is shown that the specific productivity of a dresser prototype fabricated using the hybrid technology was 51.50 cm3/mg when dressing a grinding wheel made of green silicon carbide, which is 44.66% larger than a similar indicator of the same type of check dresser formed using the traditional method.

The article describes a new method for determining the biological age (BV) of a person, developed by a team of authors: A. Skrebneva, V. Popov, A. Buslova. The goal and objectives are to develop a new method for assessing BV with determining its validity and usefulness for predicting the rate of aging in the framework of a large national sample of people. Material and methods. For the work, anonymous results of blood tests of patients from 2014 to 2016 were taken from the laboratory of the Voronezh Regional Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center, Russia. At the first stage, data was divided into two sets: the first included the parameters of healthypatients, the second set was consisted from patients who had abnormal results.Afterwards significant for prediction biomarkers were determined by methods of statistical analysis on the initial data set of healthy patients. At the second stage, a statistical model was built. When calendar age (CA) were considered unknown, it was calculated by Klemera and Doubal method. Results. The proposed method provides improved accuracy of determining BV compared to traditional methods based on the linear regression method, since it takes into account the complexity of the relationship between biomarkers and the change in the degree of influence of various biomarkers in the process of age-related changes in the body. This made it possible, with a known CV, to reduce the confidence interval in determining BV ± 10 years to ± 4 years, and with an unknown CV of the patient - from ± 25 years to ± 10.9 years. Discussion. The proposed method allows to increase the accuracy of determining BV is not less than 2.29 times. Conclusion. The proposed method allows to assess the degree of influence of adverse environmental factors, chronic diseases on life expectancy and the effectiveness of recreational physical culture for dynamic medical monitoring in various medical institutions.

There are presented results of the study of the hygienic assessment of actual nutrition of students. On the basis of obtained results there was established the imbalance of the consumption of essential chemical elements - essential macronutrients and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). There is considered the problem of the attitude of contemporary students to nutrition and nutrition peculiarities of students. The results allow make a conclusion that the nutrition of students at the medical University cannot be considered as satisfactory. There were revealed serious violations in the diet regime and nutrition ration. Against background of these violations there was noted the high level of overall morbidity rate, including nutrition-related diseases. This leads to the relevance of the development and implementation of the program to optimize the nutrition in the system of higher education.

The conditions of the origination and evolution of elastic turbulence in polymeric flows have been studied. It has been established that the origination and evolution of elastic turbulence for a polymeric system depend on the ratio between dissipative and elastic forces in a strained flow.

The results of numerical simulations of the electron temperature (Te) are compared with measurement data provided by the CHAMP satellite to show the possibility of the formation of a ring-shaped region of temperature increase in the subauroral ionosphere surrounding the auroral oval in the range of 04–07 h (UT) when the high-latitude ionosphere is on the night (shaded) side.

Currently, many studies dedicated to the elaboration of new methods of the production of functional alimentary products, including bread made of bioactivated wheat, are being carried out. The application of frozen semi-processed goods will allow one to reduce the labour input in the technological process of grain bread production, conditioned by the introduction of the bioactivation stage. It is acknowledged that the quality of products can change due to the process of freezing. That is why this paper investigates the impact of the process of freezing on organoleptic and physical-chemical quality indicators of grain bread, its microstructure and protein digestibility. The results of the conducted experiment have demonstrated that grain bread baked with the use of frozen semi-processed goods made of bioactivated wheat has slightly lower physical-chemical indicators than those for the bread made without the application of the freezing technology. The data received via electron microscopy has proved the fact of the presence of larger pores in the sourdough of products made of frozen dough if compared to bread baked without frozen raw materials. It is explained by the appearance of large air gaps around the surface of gelatinised starch grains in the samples. The application of frozen dough in the grain bread technology contributed to the increase of protein digestibility that resulted from more active protein destruction at low temperatures, which increases its digestibility. However, the application of the deep freezing technology of dough will help to stop and restart the production process quickly and will shorten the duration of the process of preparation of grain bread. Moreover, this technology will allow one to provide consumers with functional bread made of bioactivated wheat grains in numerous country regions.

The paper studies structure and phase characteristics of the interphase zone diamond/matrix in dressers made by thermal diffusion metallization of a diamond combined with matrix sintering based on WC–Co and Cu impregnation. The compact arrangement of chromium powder particles around diamond grains and the shielding effect of copper foil create favorable conditions for thermal diffusion metallization of diamond at matrix sintering. A metallized coating chemically bonded with diamond and consisting of chromium carbide and solid solution of cobalt in chromium phases provides a strong diamond retention in the carbide matrix. It was shown that it is formed on the surface of the diamond under the conditions specified in the experiment and the temperature – time sintering mode. The specific productivity of experimental dresser made by hybrid technology at straightening green silicon carbide grinding wheel equaled 51.50 cm3/mg exceeding that of the control dresser made without metallization of diamonds by sintering with copper impregnation by 44.66%.

The problem of off-label therapy of addictive disorders is analyzed in the article. It has been noted that such a practice became widespread due to the position of narcologists called "therapeutic relativism" according to which establishing a "nosological" diagnosis on ISD or DSM was not basic and significant for making a therapeutic decision. Significant is a determination of a psychopathologic syndrome / phenomenon level and existence of the patient's subjective inquiry. It is estimated that the doctor has the right to prescribe a therapy depending on "inquiry" of the person seeking for a medical attention not only in case of disorders detection, but also in cases of the preclinical states. The discussion history on the limits of addictive norm and pathology has counted more than thirty years when there was an opinion that addictive disorders represented the continuum built as disorders increase and excluded existence of differential criteria between the norm and pathology. The problem of diagnostics and therapy intensified with the introduction of ICD-10 which besides the dependence contained nosologically undetermined heading "harmful (with harmful consequences) use of surfactant" (F1x.1). The article makes a conclusion that off-label therapy in a modern addictology can be considered as justified, but only concerning drugs with the proved safe action profile and in case of unfailing adherence to the informed consent principle.

In this paper we have proposed a wavelet-based approach to study peak components fitting to the Raman 2D band of few layer graphene. As a result of the Continuous Wavelet Transform application peak components of the Raman 2D band are visualized and their number and peak frequencies are determined. It is found that there are four and five peak components of the 2D band for bilayer and trilayer graphene stacked in the Bernal (ABA) configuration respectively. In the case of tetralayer graphene with the rhombohedral (ABC) stacking there are also five peak components of the Raman 2D band. The peak frequencies of detected components are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Nowadays, the aging of the population is one of the most important social problems, which in many ways changes the economic, industrial and social relations of the modern world. There are five groups of risk factors for aging: the genetic factor, the way of life, work, the environment, the level of medicine. In different countries, in different cities of the same country, the distribution of the share of influence of aging risk factors on the human body is different. Depending on which of the five groups of risk factors are assumed to be a priority in the region under study, this aspect should be addressed by the organizational, medical, financial and preventive activities of the necessary structures of the region. In this paper, an attempt was made to identify the priority group of aging factors of the human body, characteristic of the Voronezh region. In doing so, we carry out a comparative analysis of the priority group of aging factors in the human body, with a distinction between urban and rural populations. The conducted research is especially important for the Voronezh region since it is one of the ten most unfavorable subjects of Russia in terms of demographic aging. So in Voronezh in 2016 the proportion of elderly people (60 years and older) accounts for 17%. In our work, the degree of aging of the population was determined using the method of determining the biological age developed by Voitenko V.P. The essence of the work was to determine the degree of aging of each participant in the study using the Voitenko V.P. method, taking into account his level of health, lifestyle, financial support. All respondents were divided into two groups. The first group includes elderly people who live in the city; the second group was the rural population. In conclusion of the work, a comparative analysis of the two groups was made in terms of the degree of aging of the population, highlighting the priority risk factor characteristic of the Voronezh region.

The aim of the study was a comprehensive analysis of the state of the environment in the industrialized city of Voronezh to justify measures to protect the environment and prevent the morbidity of the population. Material and methods. The study uses materials from the regional information fund for social and hygienic monitoring, which is implemented on the basis of the Federal State Health Care Institution “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region” under the “Environment” section for the last 5 years. The methods of the comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic load on the environment and methods for assessing the health risks of the population due to environmental factors are applied. Results. The anthropogenic load on the environment has been established to be significantly higher in the territories with the predominant negative influence of the industrial sector (Coefficient of complex anthropogenic load (CL = 13.29)) and motor traffic loads (CL = 14.65) relative to the relatively prosperous territory (CL = 7.97). Among the analyzed factors (air pollution, drinking water quality, soil contamination in the residential area, road noise), the leading contribution of the aerotechnogenic factor to the formation of the level of anthropogenic load in the urban area (58.1-58.5%) was determined on the basis of a comprehensive hygienic assessment. An assessment of the health risks of the population showed the priority of the adverse impact of air pollution and road noise on the city residents. According to the degree of carcinogenic danger, the most unfavorable situation is observed in the industrial area near the aircraft plant and the plant for the production of synthetic rubber, where high levels of total individual carcinogenic risk (chrome+6, soot, acrolein, formaldehyde), more than 1∙10-4, less than 1∙10-3, which is classified as a hazardous risk. The unacceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk (HQ>1) in the industrial area is exceeded by 4 out of 14 controlled substances: acrolein, nitric oxide, copper oxide, chromium+6. When assessing the unidirectional effects of substances, an unacceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk (HI>1) was found to be characteristic for the development of the pathology if respiratory, cardiovascular, hemopoietic (blood) and endocrine system. The risk of disrupting the health of the urban population at existing levels of noise from road transport exceeds acceptable values. The highest risk indices for health from the effects of transport noise are characteristic for diseases of the cardiovascular system. As the age (probable duration of the exposure time) increases from 10 to 35 years, the risk level is estimated as average (the risk ranges from 0.051 to 0.342 units), from 40 to 45 years - as high (from 0.352 to 0.591), from 50 to 70 years - as extreme (from 0.607 to 1). The identified problems must be solved in the context of the overall development of the city.

Introduction. Numerous studies in the field of electromagnetobiology, both theoretical and experimental-practical, show pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMF) to be the most biologically active, out of all the variety of electromagnetic influences. They have the ability to realize their effects indirectly through the critical systems of the body, manifesting themselves on the subcellular and cellular levels, leading to changes in homeostasis, and as a consequence to the disruption of complex regulatory and coordination relationships carried out in the whole organism. At the same time, the similar electromagnetic influences, depending on the initial functional state of the organism, can cause adaptive changes, or act as a stimulus for pronounced stress, as a result of which adaptive-adaptive reactions fail to adapt. Material and methods. In the experiment performed on laboratory male rats, starting from the age of 4 months, there was considered the dynamics of the deviations from the homeostasis condition of the control animals after 5, 7 and 10 months of the exposure to pulses of electromagnetic fields, characterized by the following parameters: density of induced currents of 0.37; 0.7; 0.8; 2.7 kA/m2; frequency of pulses per week, regardless of their fractionality of 50, 100 and 500; duration 15 ÷ 40 nsec Results. Performed adaptometric analysis of the chronodynamics of morphofunctional correlations between the structural elements of the jejunum mucous membrane made it possible to establish a correlation between the cellular populations of the epithelial-connective tissue complex of the intestinal system of the organism, speaking of it as a single system that takes part not only in the regulation of tissue homeostasis but also reflects the real manifestations of individual variability of reactive, dystrophic and adaptive processes depending on the influencing parameters of the electromagnetic factor, the radiation sources, the intensity and duration of the exposure, revealing the various consequences for the irradiated biological object with their compatibility. Conclusion. In the course of processing the results of the experiment, there were also established “amplitude-frequency windows”, previously registered under similar conditions for the effects of EMF parameters and for other highly sensitive body systems, such as nervous and endocrine, manifested by the absence of shifts in relation to the control indices and indicating possible manifestations tolerance and/or adaptation of the studied indices to individual parameters and EMF.

Graphene films were synthesized with the method of chemical vapor deposition using gaseous methane as the source of carbon and copper foil as the substrate for the deposition. The following conditions were found optimal to grow large-area high quality graphene films: preliminary annealing of the foil in the argon/hydrogen mixture at 970–990 °С for 30–40 min; simultaneous supply of the argon/hydrogen mixture (100 cm3/min) and methane (10 cm3/min) for 5–10 minutes, and subsequent cooling in an inert atmosphere. As a result, 1–10 layered graphene films were obtained to fully coat the copper foil over the area up to 50 cm2. Several methods have been developed to transfer graphene to dielectric substrates such as silicon oxide and flexible polymer films. The obtained graphene films were used to create a flexible transparent conductive touch panel and a highly sensitive resistive humidity sensor exhibiting fast response-recovery time.

The structural-phase state of the contact zone and the factors that influence on the strength of diamond retention in the diamond carbide composites were determined. Composites were obtained by the new hybrid technology that eliminates the reheating of the metalized coating. The elaborated technology combines the thermal diffusion metallization of a diamond and the sintering by the scheme of self-dosed impregnation in a one-stage technological cycle. By the methods of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy the structural and phase characteristics of the interphase boundary were investigated. The improvement of chemical and mechanical adhesion between the diamond and carbide matrix was obtained. It was shown that the specific productivity of the samples with a metalized diamond component is 39% higher than those without metallization.

The method of integral momentum transfer relations has been extended to polymer systems with a locally nonequilibrium relaxation microstructure. The influence of the locally non-equilibrium transfer of the impulse flux on the characteristics of the development of their boundary-layer motion is analyzed.

The 1 MW experimental stand was modernized with a scroll swirler and a crushed fuel supply system. Comparative data on combustion and gasification of coal fuel crushed in high-stress mills - disintegrator, vibrocentrifugal and hammer mill - at a stand with a thermal power of 1 MW were obtained. The experiments used coal of the Kuznetsk Basin, grade D, with technical characteristics: Wr, % = 5.4; Ar, %=22.3; Vr, % = 32.3; Qsr, MJ/kg = 20.0. Elemental analysis showed that: Cr, %=54.6; Hr, % = 4.1; Nr, % = 1.3; Sr, % = 0.5; Or = 11.8. In experiments with grinding coal on a disintegrator mill, the value of H2 = 4.5 vol.% and CO = 9.4 vol.%, when grinding in a vibro-centrifugal mill, the values of H2 = 0.6 vol.% and CO = 5.8 vol.%, when grinding in a hammer mill, the values of H2 = 0.3 vol.% and CO = 2.8 vol.%. When studying the combustion of mechanochemically treated coal samples, it was found that, all other things being equal, the gasification parameters, namely, the gas concentration and the distribution of temperature zones, depend strongly on the type of equipment used for processing. In particular, processing to approximately the same degree of fineness in mechanical mills-activators with constrained impact and in free impact mills (disintegrators) resulted in different flame parameters.

The non-equilibrium process of transfer of the momentum of polymer media with an evolving nonequilibrium relaxation microstructure is considered. For the basic conditions of deformation, the regularities for the structural and dynamic components of the stress tensor with conjugate forces are obtained and analyzed, which are consistent with experiment.

Consideration is given to a method of mechanoactivation intensification of the flame combustion of a pulverized coal fuel through the formation of a stressed state for the microstructure of its particles; the method is based on the use of the regularities of their external (diffusion) and internal (relaxation) kinetics. A study has been made of mechanoactivation nonequilibrium processes that occur in fuel particles during the induced relaxation of their stressed state with a resumed mobility of the microstructure of the particles and intensify diffusion-controlled chemical reactions in them under the assumption that the time of these reactions is much shorter than the times of mechanical action on a particle and of stress relaxation in it. The influence of the diffusion and relaxation factors on the burnup time of a fuel particle and on the flame distance has been analyzed. Ranges of variation in the parameters of flame combustion have been singled out in which the flame distance is determined by the mechanisms of combustion of the fuel and of mixing of combustion products.

The effect of SF6/Ar plasma on the properties of partially thermally reduced graphene oxide (GO) was studied by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the current–voltage characteristics. Samples were treated by SF6/Ar plasma for up to 45 min at the power of 100–250 W. The fluorine content and the resistance of samples depending on the time of treatment were determined. It was established that the fluorine content in GO was more than 20 wt % if the treatment time was 45 min. It was shown that the sharpest change in the resistance occurred during the initial plasma treatment. In the subsequent processing, there was a gradual increase in the resistance, whose value varied slightly during the heat treatment at up to 450°C. No noticeable increase in defects on the surface of graphene oxide after plasma treatment was detected by Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The fluorination in SF6/Ar plasma was explained by the formation of C–F bonds with the structure of graphene oxide.

The data of the investigations carried out on the basis of the results of the complete parasitological dissection of 669 beaked redfish Sebastes mentella caught at 100–600 m depths in ten areas of the bathial waters and pelagial zone of the Norwegian and Barents Seas in April – August 1996–2009 have been used. Based on the ecogeographical analysis of the parasite fauna, the occurrence of ectolesions and sexual maturity of Sebastes mentella from ten areas of the Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters, the conclusion on the recruitment of the fish concentrations by maturing individuals from the east and north in the bathyal waters (the Kopytov area) has been confirmed. The relationship of the beaked redfish concentrations in the pelagic zone and bathyal waters of the northern Norwegian Sea under the predominance of fish migration to the pelagic zone has been revealed. The composition of the parasite fauna shows greatly weakened relationship of the pelagic beaked redfish with near-bottom biocenoses. This indicates the fish occurrence in the Norwegian Sea pelagic waters during the most of the annual life cycle. The mass return of the fish from the pelagic waters to the bathyal zone in the Norwegian Sea as opposed to the North Atlantic population assumed by some explorers has been substantiated. It has been concluded that S. mentella aggregations in the Norwegian Sea pelagic waters represent a pelagic ecological group formed by early maturing fish. The near-bottom ecological group in the bathyal waters is composed by late maturing beaked redfish. Peculiarities of the parasite fauna and patterns of two phenes indicate the independent Norwegian-Barents Sea S. mentella population. However it has been found that great amounts of the beaked redfish from the Irminger Sea pelagic waters penetrate to the Norwegian Sea and mix with those ones from the Barents Sea when migrating to the northeast.

Following a gluten-free diet is recommended by clinical guidelines in the presence of gluten intolerance. However, due to the variety of clinical picture of various forms of intolerance, the elimination of gluten occurs not always timely. There are also diseases that classic treatment regimen does not include diet therapy, however, studies have confirmed the effectiveness of its use.

This review manuscript presents actual information on sports facilities, their design and the impact they may have on human health. Based on the current sanitary and hygienic norms and regulations the authors describe types of sports facilities, give their classification depending on the designated use, point out the peculiarities of sports facilities arrangement in Italy and Russia. Special attention is paid to the necessity to meet the hygienic requirements when constructing and maintaining sports facilities. The paper highlights the hygienic requirements for all sports facilities, regardless of their type, to be standardized by the following components: location of sports facilities within the boundaries of a settlement; orientation of sports facilities; transport accessibility; layout; state of the environment (air, water, soil); nature of landscaping and the area of green spaces; noise intensity level; microclimate of sports facilities (relative temperature and humidity, air velocity). Hygienic requirements for indoor sports facilities are given on the example of gyms that appear to be the most common structures. Particular attention is paid to the requirements for indoor microclimate and lighting. Requirements for the gym equipment and inventory are considered to comply with certain standards and serviceability. Based on the literature data, the manuscript emphasizes the need for sports facilities to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements and standards, since the health effect of physical exercises and sports depends on their sanitary condition. The unified requirement in different countries is to conduct the routine sanitary inspections of all the premises of the sports facilities after putting a sports facility into operation following detailed internal rules and regulations.

The article provides an analysis of a large-scale epidemic outbreak caused by human coronaviruses. The epidemiological situation in the world and the Russian Federation is analyzed, which forced specialists to significantly increase the level of epidemiological danger from coronaviruses. The epidemic situations of the incidence in six regions of the Central Black Earth Region are described, the dynamics and regional features of the spread and nature of the course of the new coronavirus infection Covid-19 are generalized and systematized. Some epidemiological aspects of this infection in the territory of the Voronezh region are described. The dynamics of the epidemic process is described and a number of epidemiological indicators are analyzed (daily increase in morbidity and mortality, distribution of the duration of lethal diseases, risk groups, etc.). The clinical and epidemiological features of the combined forms of infections are analyzed: the prevalence of a moderate course, the risk of complications in risk groups. The difficulty of verifying this infection from other viral infections based on the clinical picture, the high virulence and severity of the course has been established. It was shown that the mobilization of health care to combat coronavirus infection revealed the main thing: the health care system has resources and mechanisms through which it is possible to quickly switch to work in extreme conditions. New hospitals and beds, re-equipment with diagnostic and resuscitation equipment, accelerated retraining of doctors. All this was effective evidence that an adequate potential supply of resources will not only reduce the consequences of possible epidemics in the future, but also during the period outside the epidemic will help accelerate the adoption of effective decisions and improve the quality of medical care for the population.