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In 2019, a new document called “National Guidelines. Functional Testing” was issued recommending the use of conventional electrocardiography terms for the description of intraventricular conduction disturbances associated with atrioventricular bundle branch blocks. The article describes the experience with the use of international ECG diagnoses of intraventricular conduction disturbances generated at an automated workplace of a functional testing specialist at P.V. Mandryka Central Military Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. ECG interpretation in patients with bundle branch blocks was based on the ACC/AHA Guidelines for Ambulatory ECG (2009), which proved to be of practical importance and clearly demonstrated the functions of the bundle of His branches and fascicles.

In 2020, the Russian Society of Cardiology published the clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial infarction with the use of electrocardiography terms and symbols. Currently, a specialist in functional diagnostics often has questions when formulating an ECG diagnosis. The formulations accepted for describing ECG for coronary circulation disorders («focal myocardial changes»), and non-specifi c repolarization abnormalities stated («diff use myocardial changes») in the Russian methodology [1] are not always related to a coronary disease. The article presents an overview of currently existing ECG criteria of myocardial infraction to be used by a specialist in functional diagnostics in an automated workplace. It is suggested to prepare an ECG report for patients with acute coronary syndrome (particularly those with myocardial infarction) based on the presence of areas of myocardial ischemia, damage and necrosis.

Benign lipomatous formations rank second in frequency among primary cardiac tumors. According to the degree of encapsulation, they are divided into two groups — adipose tumors and lipomatous hypertrophies of interatrial septum. Cases of lipomatosis of the heart and lipomatous hypertrophy of interatrial septum were described in scientifi c editions in years past. Interest in this pathology is related to the question: is it necessary to perform preventive surgical intervention before the appearance of clinical signs of endocardial hemodynamics disturbance? Moreover, the risk associated with surgery is much higher than the existence of a benign hyperplastic process in the anatomical structures of the heart.

Context. In the process of functioning of various organizational expert systems – economic, social, militarized – the task of detecting, localizing and measuring the level of corruption in the system arises. These tasks are solved on the basis of various data obtained during observations and experiments on the system. However, there is no single method for processing information to solve these problems. This paper proposes such a technique, based on a comparison of assessments of the same indicators of evaluated objects, given by various experts. Objective. The purpose of the article is to develop a fully formalized method for detecting, localizing and measuring the level of corruption in an organizational system consisting of experts, based on the assessments given to objects. Method. The method proposed in the article consists in the presentation of an organizational system of m experts conducting an examination of the object with n indicators by means of a (m× n) -matrix B = bij . Here bij – is the assessment given by the i -th expert to the j-th indicator of the object. In this case a system with ideal (non-corrupted) experts corresponds to a matrix B with equal elements in any column and, accordingly, with matching lines. In a system with non-ideal (corrupt) experts, the matrix B does not have this property. This allows you to enter an indicator of the absolute level of corruption in the system as the sum of the distances between the results of the examination of various experts. Result. A general analytical expression is obtained for absolute level of corruption in systems with arbitrary B,m and n . The maximum possible value of this indicator is found. An algorithm for detecting corruption in organizational systems is given, based on a comparison of calculated absolute level of corruption and its maximum allowable level. The problem of detecting corruption in a complex system, where objects with several indicators pass the examination, is also solved. Examples of detecting and measuring corruption in real expert systems are given. Conclusions. A new approach to mathematical modeling of corruption processes in organizational expert systems, based on the use of a matrix of assessments of various indicators of evaluated objects by different experts of the system, is proposed. This approach, in contrast to the established practice, allows us to find uniform solutions of various problems of studying corruption in systems of this type. These are tasks of detecting, localizing and measuring corruption. The direction as a whole is proposed to be called corrumetry.

The story of the heroic deed of the famous heroine of the Great Patriotic War Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is set out. The main attention is paid to the restoration of genuine events and their separation from the stereotypes that have developed around this history. A lot of space is given to the memories of the participants of these events, the first publications about them in the press. The presentation widely uses unpublished materials. At the beginning of the article, the official version of the entire history of the feat is stated. This version is criticized, due to its illogic and contradictory nature. The true story of the feat is based on the memories of witnesses of events and the analysis of surviving documents. In particular, an analysis of Stalin's order of November 17, 1941 on the tactics of “scorched land” in the fight against the enemy, on the basis of which the subversive group Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya acted. The criminal character and inadequacy of this order are shown, in particular, the unsatisfactory preparation of the group for the task. Detailed description of the process of performing the task in the period from November 21 to December 3, 1941. The personal actions of Z. Kosmodemyanskaya are also described in detail: the burning of houses in the village of Petrishchevo, captivity and execution in the period from November 27 to November 29, 1941. The decisive role of Stalin in the creation and wide use of the image of the heroine is shown. A hypothesis about the cause and the true culprit of the death of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is put forward.

Рассмотрены задачи, связанные с вычислением производных от интервально-определенных функций. Эти задачи актуальны при изучении систем с присущей им той или иной степенью неопределенности (недетерминированные системы). Именно, речь идет о простейших системах, которые описываются элементарными интервально-определенными функциями. Соответственно этому решаются задачи нахождения производных от элементарных функций указанного вида. При этом используются полученные ранее формулы и приемы вычисления производных от любых интервально-определенных функций. Приведены основные определения, связанные с производными от интервально-определенных функций, а также формулы двух типов, которые позволяют вычислять указанные интервальные производные. Формулы первого типа выражают производные в закрытой интервальной форме, которая требует использования аппарата интервальной математики. Формулы второго типа выражают производные в открытой интервальной форме, в виде двух формул, первая из которых выражает нижнюю границу интервала, представляющего искомую производную, а вторая – верхнюю границу, и вычисление производной от интервальной функции сводится к вычислению двух вещественных функций. С помощью изложенного математического аппарата были найдены производные от следующих элементарных интервальных функций: интервальной константы, интервальной степенной функции, интервальной показательной функции, интервальной экспоненциальной функции, интервальной логарифмической и натурально-логарифмической функций, интервальных тригонометрических функций (синуса, косинуса, тангенса и котангенса), интервальных обратных тригонометрических функций (арксинуса, арккосинуса, арктангенса, арккотангенса). Формулы всех производных даны в открытой интервальной форме. Указано отличие интервальных производных интервальных элементарных функций от классических производных соответствующих обычных элементарных функций.

This article reviews current approaches to the calculation, analysis, synthesis and optimization under uncertainty. Studying uncertain systems is formulated as problems of the calculation, analysis and synthesis of various non-deterministic functions with parameters that serve as the relevant characteristics of these systems. All these problems are much more difficult their deterministic counterparts which should be solved in the study of systems with deterministic (exactly known) parameters. Complexity is due to the fact that the non-deterministic algebra is more complicated then algebra of deterministic numbers. The article stated and described in detail the problem of calculating and analyzing the behavior of a function which is given up to a range of values. To solve this problem, the algorithm of determination is presented. This algorithm reduces the problem to the two same – for the lower and upper boundary functions of the original incompletely defined function. In this algorithm author uses interval mathematics and interval-differential calculus. The different types of possible behavior of interval functions are highlighted (consistency, increase, decrease, expansion, contraction) and various types of extreme points of such functions (for example, the maximum point, a minimum point, the point of maximum expansion, the point of minimum extension) are shown. Theorems that allow you to define areas of different behavior of interval functions and points with different types of extreme are proved. The work of the proposed algorithm of determination for analyzing the behavior of interval functions is considered in detail. Operation of algorithm is illustrated by concrete example.

The problem of synthesis of a dynamic process in some prescribed form at the output of a logical (n,1)-port device is formulated for a given dependence b?=?f(a 1,?, a n ) of switching the output signal on moments a 1,?, a n of switching input signals, where f is a continuous-logic function. A regular procedure is proposed to solve the problem by constructing an (n,1)-port device that implements the required dependence f. Solutions for all possible typical cases and a solution algorithm for the general case are given.

A technique for ordering, classification, and unification of fuzzy (continuous) logic formulas describing dynamical processes in finite automata is proposed. On the example of the class of automata without memory and with simplest input action, it is shown that the technique makes it possible to significantly (in several times) reduce the number of necessary formulas.

The class of combinatorial problems equivalent to the problem of determination of relative positions of n interval sequences is formulated. It is shown that an adequate mathematical model of solving a stated problem is a finite dynamic memoryless automaton and that the adequate mathematical apparatus is continuous logic. Algorithms that solve the problem are constructed.

A class of combinatorial problems equivalent to mutual arrangement of N interval sequences is described. It is shown that a finite dynamic automaton without memory is an adequate mathematic model of the solution of the posed problem, and continuous logic is an appropriate mathematic tool. The solution algorithms are constructed. An example is given.

Рассмотрена проблема возможного обобщения классического дифференциального исчисления на функции с интервальной неопределенностью параметров. В связи с этим рассмотрены различные виды неопределенности параметров функций и возможныематематические подходы изучению таких функций. Подробно изложен аппарат интервальной математики, применяемый для изученияфункций с интервальной неопределенностью параметров. Понятие интервальной производной вводится по аналогии с понятиемклассической производной для полностью определенной функции путем предельного перехода. Доказана теорема существованияинтервальной производной. Также доказана теорема о представлении интервальной производной через исходную функцию. Введеныинтервальные производные высших порядков, доказана теорема существования таких производных и теорема, позволяющая представлять производные любого порядка через исходную функцию. Выведено явное выражение интервальной производной любого n-гопорядка в виде интервала, нижняя и верхняя граница которого выражаются через аналогичные границы исходной интервальнойфункции. Приведен пример применения интервальной производной в экономике., The problem of the possible generalization of the classical differential calculus for functions with interval uncertainty of parameters isconsidered. In this regard, various types of uncertainty of function parameters and possible mathematical approaches to study of such functions are viewed. A detailed explanation of means of interval mathematics applied to study of functions with interval uncertainty of parameters is given. The concept of interval derivative is introduced by analogy with the classical notion of derivative of fully defined functions by passing to the limit. The theorem of existence of interval derivative is proved. Also we prove a theorem on representation of interval derivative through the original function. The interval derivatives of higher order are introduced and the theorem of existing of such derivatives if proved. Also we prove the theorem that allows us to represent derivatives of any high order through the original function. We derive an explicit expression for the interval derivative of any of order n as the interval the lower and upper limit of which are expressed in terms of boundaries of the original interval function. An example of use of interval derivative in the economy.

The problem of speed-optimal solution was formulated for the pipeline systems with variable job execution order which depends on the number of the system stage, the order of job execution, and the finite time of its variation. The mathematical system model was constructed. The solution based on reducing the problem to a finite number of similar problems with constant job execution orders was proposed. Reduction algorithms and examples of designing the optimal variable job order were presented.

The general problem of comparison of numbers specified by intervals of possible values is considered in connection with optimization of systems with undetermined parameters. The solution of the problem is obtained that uses a measure of proximity of intervals. This solution is extended to any intervals that are arbitrarily located relative to one another.

Numbers defined by intervals are investigated in connection with optimization of interval-parameter systems. The solution of this problem is based on the concept of a measure of proximity for intervals and this concept is extended to arbitrarily located intervals. If covering of an interval by another is forbidden, the solution is transformed into the well-known solution, i.e., the right-shifted interval is the larger of the two. In the general case, the solution is reduced to comparing the centers of intervals.

The problem of determination of the conditions of formation and splitting of a collective (a team) and the problem of determination of the response of a dynamic automaton to specified input processes are shown to be equivalent. Based on this fact, an automaton model of a collective is constructed. The apparatus of continuous logic and logical determinants are used to analyze the model.

Continuous logic, its problems, and methods were outlined, and its basic operations were defined. The algebra of continuous logic was described, and its main functions of one, two, and three variables were listed. The laws of this logic were presented and contrasted with the laws of the discrete two-valued logic. Described were the problems of listing all continuous-logic functions of a given number of variables and representing them in a standard form. The difference between these forms and their counterparts in the two-valued logic was shown. Minimization procedures for the continuous-logic functions and their decomposition into functions of a smaller number of variables were described. The distinctions of these procedures from their counterparts in the two-valued logic were noted. The problems of analysis and synthesis of the continuous-logic functions were formulated, and methods for their solution were presented. The problem of synthesis was shown not to be necessarily solvable. The fundamentals of the continuous-logic differential and integral calculuses were presented. Any continuous-logic function was shown to have no-derivative points. The problem of completeness was described for the continuous logic together with the existing results and their distinctions from the discrete case. Numerous applications of the continuous logic to mathematics, engineering, economics, social sciences, and so on were described, and its perspectives were estimated.

Consideration was given to an extension of the continuous logic to uncertainty where the logic operations are performed over the intervals of possible values of real numbers and not over their precisely known values from a certain continuous set. Basic laws of the algebra of this logic were formulated. A possible application of the interval continuous logic to some problems of control was demonstrated.

The well-known i>m-machine problem in which job times are defined by intervals of possible values is formulated in new terms. This problem is reduced to two usual i>m-machine problems and a solution algorithm is designed. Part I is devoted to the formulation of the problem and ideas underlying its solution and the necessary mathematical apparatus, whereas Part II is concerned with the solution.

176 oncohematologic patients, their sibs and 200 blood donors were examined to determine the possibility for related and unrelated donor for hemapoietic stem cell transplantation. HLA antigens I and II were indentified and frequency of occurrence of certain parameters of this system was calculated. It was shown that the compatible sibling was most often selected in anplastic anemia (57,5 % cases) for the patients with anplastic anemia, chronic myeloleukemia (CML), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and lymphogranulomatosis (LGM). The matching of a donor-sibling for the patients with three other nosologies varied from 34,4 % for LGM, up to 39,9 % cases for AML and CML took an intermediate position - 38,3%. Meanwhile the found values for the 3 later groups were not statistically different, but were reliably lower than for the patients with anplastic anemia. The revealed features in the distribution and their siblings of the HLA system parameters in comparison with the control group were the reason for more often finding a donor-sibling for the patients with anplastic anemia. The above mentioned values were identical among themselves (for the patients and siblings). On the contrary, the HLA-parameter distribution for the patients of the three other groups as in their siblings did not differ from the control groups. It has been established, that the citizens of Minsk have the Caucasian type of HLA-gene distribution. Consequently, the search for an unrelated donor for the transplantation is possible not only in the data register of the Republic of Belarus, but also in the analogous registers of other countries.

An order logic is studied, i.e., a generalization of the continuous logic to the case in an arbitrary argument of order i>r is determined instead of the operations of determination of maximum (disjunction) and minimum (conjunction). The new operation is expressed as a superposition of disjunctions and conjunctions of the continuous logic. Different classes of logical determinants—numeric characteristics of matrices that can be expressed through the operations of the continuous logic—are studied. Order determinants that are the generalizations of order logic operations to arguments in matrix form are studied. Determinants with different types of constraints on matrix subsets defining the matrix characteristic are described. For logical determinants, the properties that partly resemble the properties of algebraic determinants and computation formulas based on the operations of continuous logic are described. A predicate decision algebra generalizing the continuous logic to modeling of discontinuous functions is elaborated. A hybrid logic algebra is generalized to hybrid (continuous and discrete) variables. A logical arithmetic algebra, which includes continuous logical operations along with the four arithmetical operations, is described. A complex logic algebra in which the carrier set i>C is a field of complex numbers is developed. For all these logical algebras, main laws are formulated and their similarity to and distinction from the laws of the continuous logic are described. Generalizations of continuous logic operations as operations over matrices and random and interval variables are investigated. Their fields of application are described.

The problem is considered of the aggregation of individual measurement estimates of an unknown parameter into a collective estimate in the case of a monotonic collective of measuring devices. The solution of the problem is reduced to a calculation of the process at the output of a dynamic automaton model of the given system.

Antagonistic (matrix) games with payoff matrices given to within an interval are considered. The necessan and sufficient conditions of existence of solutions of such games are established. It is shown that the basic theorem of the Von Neumann theory is not valid for such games. The method of solution of an internal game by reducing it to two boundary exact games is proposed.

We state the fundamental problem of measurement— comparison of quantities determined with accuracy up to an interval. We construct a mathematical theory of comparison for such quantities; for this theory we introduce interval relations similar to numerical relations, and we study their properties. Our results make it possible to solve measurement and control problems in interval form.

(1992). THE CAMAFUCA-CAMAZAMBO KIMBERLITE PIPE OF ANGOLA, THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD. International Geology Review: Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 710-719.

We consider the dynamic processes in memoryless automata where 0 ⇌ 1 transitions are associated with undefined signal values and the time parameters of the components are uncertain.

We consider the construction of deterministic integral estimates of sucessive failure and recovery times of a system. The mathematical model of system reliability is described by a dynamic automaton using the mathematical apparatus of many-valued and infinite-valued logic.

The paper examines a digital automaton with memory operating in the ternary alphabet (0, 1, θ). The problem of analytical determination of ternary processes on automaton outputs and inside the automaton from given ternary processes on the automaton inputs is considered. An algorithm is proposed reducing this problem to standard determination of the processes in an automaton with the alphabet (0, 1).

In laboratory and field conditions the consequences of remote influence of gamma-irradiated plant seeds on the non-irradiated ones were studied. It was found the the consequences of the influence depended on the time of storage in conditions ensuring gaseous exchange as well as on radiation susceptibility.

Specific humoral immunity, total immune status and typing of HLA antigens, class 1, in loci A and B were studied in children with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). The immune status investigation revealed that changes in the content of serum immunoglobulins were most frequent. Out of 8 examined children, 5 children had IgA deficiency and 1 child had total variable immunodeficiency. In one case disturbances in cell-mediated immunity prevailed. Tissue typing revealed the presence of HLA A2 and B44 in 5 out of 6 examined children, which considerably exceeded their average occurrence among the Belorussian population. In spite of frequent detection of immunological disturbances in VAPP patients, out of 38 serologically examined children 36 (95%) were found to have virus-neutralizing serum antibodies to poliovirus, which was indicative of the capacity of their immune system for response to the administration of vaccine virus. To minimize the risk of VAPP in children and to achieve the goal of poliomyelitis eradication the combined immunization scheme consisting of 1-3 vaccinations with inactivated poliovaccine with subsequent administration of oral vaccine prepared from attenuated Sabin viruses is regarded as most promising.

Hypoxytherapy is the non-medicinal therapeutic method using gaseous hypoxic mixture (GHM) with decreased oxygen contents. The method is based on the activation of body protective mechanisms, phagocytosis stimulation, microcirculation improvement, sedative effect. GHM therapy is indicated in neurosis, CHD, hypertension, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, to prevent from side effect of ionizing radiation, to increase the resistance during complex therapy of oncologic patients. The method is contraindicated in acute diseases, decompensation of chronic diseases. The authors noted that it is reasonable to use GHM low doses in rehabilitation period after acute pneumonia and in geriatrics. Quite satisfactory effect was obtained in therapy of lower extremity atherosclerosis. For the first time the fact of concrement passage under GHM influence was registered and hypoxytherapy was included into the complex therapy of urolithiasis.

The authors propose their own system of assessment of high-dose polychemotherapy toxicity. The system was applied to toxic complications of high-dose polychemotherapy in 31 patients with hematological malignancies subjected to allogenic, autologous bone marrow transplantation and transplantation of stem cells from peripheral blood within the scope of different protocols of high-dose polychemotherapy in conditioning regimen. A special scale developed in the Belarus Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation basing on the above system provides prediction of survival in early post-transplantation period.

In order to optimize the regimen of pathogenetic therapy of glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome we used transfusions of plasma containing specific anti-HLA antibodies against the patient's phenotype as a part of the treatment in the acute stages of disease. The method was theoretically based on the conception of autoimmune genesis of glomerular lesion as well as on the assumption that the highest expression of HLA-antigens are on the surface of activated immunocompetent cells. In previous experiments in vitro we demonstrated immunosuppressive activity of cytotoxic serum on lymphocytes in the absence of complement. Stable remission that was associated with the recovery of serum IgG/IgM balance and normalization of cellular immunity indices was achieved in 72% of 50 treated patients after 2-4 transfusions. Immunotherapeutic properties of anti-HLA antibodies were also confirmed with preliminary results of plasma transfusions in 5 kidney graft recipients. Posttransfusion reactions of a non-haemolytic type were slight and transient. The data presented allow us to conclude that our method may be useful in clinical cases associated with undesirable immune activation induced by both auto- and alloantigens.

General activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its isoenzymic spectrum in lymphocytes and neutrophils were studied in the peripheral blood from 63 SLP and 85 RA patients. A significant decline in SOD activity and qualitative shifts in SOD isoenzymic spectrum were found in both cell groups. The differences were specific for lymphocytes and neutrophils. SOD isoenzymic aberrations proved significant in minimal activity of SLP and RA and go in the same direction in both the diseases. General SOD activity and its isoenzymic composition can serve sensitive indications of immunocompetent cell function both in SLP and RA and of the need in antioxidants inclusion into combined treatment of both the diseases.

The olfactory orientation of insects plays a key role in the strategy of their trophic behavior, allowing them to reduce energy expenditures for finding a trophic substratum and determining its properties. Phytophagous insects are attracted by the smell of some plants (Sutherland, 1972), whereas the smell of other plants repels them (Alexander and Barton, 1943). The attitude toward a trophic substratum may change after damage to it by various species of animals and microorganisms (Rice, 1986). The purpose of this study was to reveal the ability of the Angoumois grain moth ( Sibotroga cerealella Oliv.) to distinguish between gamma-irradiated and normal spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum var lutenscens ). Grain samples were gamma-irradiated at a dose of 400 Gy in a GUPOS unit equipped with a 137 Cs source, and the background radiation level in the irradiated grain was controlled using a USIT-2 instrument. The effects of irradiation on the physiological state of grain was determined by analyzing the activity of the initial growth processes. The attitude of moths toward irradiated and normal grain was estimated from the number of egg masses and the extent of damage inflicted by hatching larvae during their development into adult insects. Grain samples (100 grains each) were placed in metal containers 3 cm in diameter and 4 cm in height and exposed in a thermostat (at 20 ∠ 1iC ) together with the ears of spring wheat infested by Angoumois grain moth. Ten containers with irradiated and normal grain were arranged in an alternating order at a distance of 10 cm from each other. In irradiated samples, no increase in the level of background radiation was revealed, but the initial growth processes proved to be strongly inhibited: seed vigor was indeterminate, and the laboratory germination rate decreased by a factor of 20.5 ( P > 0.99). The average rootlet length in five-day seedlings of irradiated grain was 7.5 times smaller than that in normal seedlings ( P ♢ 0.99) (table). During four months of observations, egg masses were found on 143 grains, of which 34.3% were irradiated and 65.7% were normal (confidence interval ∠ 4.2% at 95% significance level). The number of eggs per mass did not differ statistically and ranged from three to nine in both types of grain samples. A total of 59 adult moths emerged, of which 35.6% developed in irradiated and 64.4% in normal seeds (confidence interval ∠ 4.0% ). Hence, the development of insects from the egg to the adult state was completed in only one-third of infested grains. The corresponding ratios in normal and irradiated samples did not differ significantly, although irradiated grain became approximately 50% less attractive to egg-laying females.

Soluble antigen HLA-B27 was assayed in blood serum of 30 patients afflicted with ankylosing spondyloarthritis (AS) and 25 healthy subjects having HLA-B27 (B27+) antigen in the phenotype. As compared to B27+ healthy subjects, B27+ patients with AS demonstrated a significantly higher level of soluble HLA-B27 antigen. A substance whose functional activity was found to be identical to that of soluble HLA-B27 antigen in blood serum of B27- patients with AS was discovered for the first time. It was absent from B27- healthy subjects. In addition to the identification of the fixed forms of soluble HLA-B27 antigen, the assay of this antigen in blood serum enhances the potentialities of laboratory diagnosis of AS, which plays an important role at the early disease stages.