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The most challenging problems in the field of chemico- and bioanalytical measurements are described. These problems are being solved, in particular, by participating in new international comparisons organized by the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry and Biology of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CCQM CIPM). Solutions of these challenging problems are presented. The objectives and tasks of developing key comparisons in the following areas are described: isotopic measurements; determination of the purity of substances; organic analysis; bioanalytical measurements; measurements of aerosol particle parameters; measurements in the field of gas analysis and electrochemistry. It is shown that participation in international key comparisons allows obtaining valid and reliable results of measurements of the composition and properties of gas and liquid media, as well as solid substances and materials.

It is hard to imagine the development of the country's economy without constant development and improvement of its base of standards in order to ensure the uniformity of measurements both in a particular country and at the global level. For this purpose, there are four state metrological institutes with branches in Russia. The Research Department on Physicochemical and Electrical Measurements is a structural subdivision of The Federal State Unitary Enterprise «Russian Metrological Institute of Technical Physics and Radio Engineering». The activity of the Research Department is related to the measurement of pH, pX, inorganic components in liquids, with measurements of the parameters of particles in various matrices, gases dissolved in a liquid, such as oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, measurements of the parameters of air ions, etc. Scientists of the Research Department conducting research to develop the certified reference materials in order to establish the measurement traceability to the Russian Primary Standards, to the calibration and measurement capabilities of metrology institutes at the database of key comparisons of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The Research Department is constantly working to expand its capabilities for metrological support of industry and scientific research in the Russian Federation on the topics assigned to the institute, is actively working to improve its reference base, participates in technical committees and working groups of regional and international organizations related to metrology. Takes an active part in international and Russian conferences and seminars, round tables and discussions. This paper describes the achievements of the Research Department over the past two years.

The meat industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy closely related to animal husbandry. In the human diet, meat is the main source of animal protein. Therefore, quality of a final product is extremely important and depends on many factors at all stages of the production. Requirements for parameters of food safety and quality are established in the most countries and are revised permanently depending on the new scientific data. In the Russian Federation and the Customs Union, the controlled parameters are normalized on the basis of scientific data and approved for use in the relevant Technical Regulations. In order to avoid actions misleading consumers, special requirements for product labeling have been developed. In particular, the labeling of slaughter products and meat products must be conformed in accordance to the Technical Regulation of the Customs Union "Food products in terms of their labeling " - TR CU 022/2011, as well as to the some clauses of the Technical Regulation TR CU 034/2013 On the Safety of Meat and Meat Products. According to the working regulation, the manufacturers must indicate nutritional parameters (protein, fat, carbohydrates) of meat products on the product label as the parameter true values. At the same time, each standard for analytical methods includes a permissible relative error of the measured value at the confidence level of 0.95, which had not to be exceeded under the conditions described in the standard. In that way target measurement uncertainty is established. This paper shows the possible risks of false decisions when assessing meat products for its compliance with the labeling, depending on the measurement uncertainty, as well as methods for minimizing these risks.

In the paper is discribed the preparation method of buffer solution for interlaboratory and international comparisons. This technique was developed by scientists of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physicotechnical and Radio Engineering Measurements during the preparation of samples for international comparisons in the field of measuring the hydrogen index of borate buffer solution. According to the measurement results, the offered method allows to prepare the homogeneous and stable buffer solutions.

A technique of extracting cotinine in urine and wastewaters, followed by its quantitative determination, using high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass-spectrometric detection is presented. The method is characterized by low detection limits and high levels of efficiency and sensitivity. The optimal conditions for the solid-phase extraction of cotinine from urine and wastewaters are found. This technique makes it possible to reliably estimate the content of cotinine in the urine of active and passive smokers and in wastewaters.

A kinetic method of biotesting of aqueous solutions using isolated cells of unicellular organism Spirostomum ambigua has been described. A kinetic scheme of interaction of cellular biosensor with ligands based on the Michaelis-Menten mechanism was proposed. It was shown that the death rate of S. ambigua featured the Arrhenius-type dependence on temperature. The activation energy was determined for different toxicants and drugs. For many compounds the activation energy of slow stage of the process of cellular biosensor death linearly correlates with parameter DL50 for the same substances at their oral administration to laboratory animals.

The creation of new working standards at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physicotechnical and Radio Engineering Measurements (VNIIFTRI) for metrological support of meteorological measuring instruments is mentioned in the work.

The author highlighted the problems in Russia associated with the metrological support of measurements of the mass concentration of suspended particles of RM-10, RM-2.5, RM-1 fractions, as well as the number concentration of medium and heavy air ions.

The possibility to register radiant flow using transverse thermo-emf effect is considered. It is shown, that in optical transmission case there is a possibility to create convertors, allowing to control radiant flows in wide energy limits.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.