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The Szentgyörgyi-Horváth-house is one of the major historical buildings of Balatonfüred. The design of the reconstruction was preceded by detailed architectural historical study. The reconstruction of the building was realized by retaining the original structures. For the new function the building was equipped with an air-conditioning engine-room. The air conditioner is a significant source of noise for the apartments facing the courtyard of the building, due to its continuous operation. The acoustic examination of the enclosed yard was calculated with two different approaches. The distance-dependent approximation, which is usual for large halls, was approved. Building construction structures were determined based on the results to meet the acoustic requirements.

In connection with the problems of aging European building stock, the opportunity of posterior waterproofing methods emerges as a relevant solution. There are different technologies which are suitable against rising damp in walls, but the chemical injection system through injection boreholes is the most commonly used method due to its extensive usability and fast implementation. The aim of the experimental research was to measure the efficiency of the chemical injection method by the penetration of the injection agents. There were built several specimens of small size solid bricks and some further ones of coarse limestones. The three months long research allowed to determine the moisture content of the specimens before and after the injection process. The received results were mass-based and moisture content data was measured by Protimeter. Surface coating and renovation plaster give additional moisture protection and along with the chemical injection provide a complete posterior waterproofing system. The elements of posterior waterproofing cause changes in the vapour diffusion of renovated structures. However, diffusion-open orders of layers can solve the problem of evaporation, as environmental friendly reconstruction solutions. Based on the measured results of rising damp and known characteristics of cement-based waterproofing and renovation plasters, thermal simulations and hygrothermal analysis and thus building physical conclusions have been performed.

During the summer, the environmental impact of building operations can be reduced by optimizing ventilation and preventing heat from entering the building. Shades are used to create a comfortable temperature state in interiors without operating mechanical equipment or using low-power systems. The most significant factor in reducing energy consumption would be if the spatial delimitation of buildings utilizes solar energy in a passive or active way. At the same time, limiting the energy entering through windows reduces the temperature of interiors and the amount of energy used for cooling; thus, the phenomenon of the urban heat island would be less exacerbated. In the case of existing historical buildings, there are limited possibilities to reduce the energy consumption of the building and to protect the buildings against excessive summer heating, especially in connection with the structural appearance of the doors and windows on the façade. This paper presents the preparation of a large-scale reconstruction project based on a newly developed combined window that can significantly reduce indoor summer overheating. Designing steps of the complex retrofitting of a traditional box-type window are highlighted based on the results of closely connected literature pertaining to thermal, ventilation, shading, and acoustical phenomena. The result is a detailed structural and technological design of the reconstruction for the historical window in a combined way, as the frame, glazing, ventilation, and shading are simultaneously developed and calculated approximately; moreover, active shading is integrated. One aim of this desktop study was to demonstrate that in the case of historical buildings, it is possible and necessary to reduce heat losses during the heating season and to minimize the risk of summer overheating, and to show that the surface of the façade could be converted into an energy producer.

e19218 Background: Lung cancer screening (LCS) has potential to detect earlier stage cancer, favorably impacting patient outcomes, however evolving data suggest that LCS is underutilized. Because LCS is an extensive process with diverse barriers specific to each clinical setting, a multidisciplinary quality improvement (QI) initiative was undertaken to develop and test LCS processes to improve effective LCS. Baseline findings and approaches are presented. Methods: To inform the development of effective strategies to improve LCS, a survey was developed to examine perceptions and barriers to LCS across a group of community oncology programs in the Duke Cancer Network (DCN). The survey analyzed contextual, institutional, and patient factors influencing utilization of LCS. Survey results were used to support purpose-driven multidisciplinary teams to develop site-specific improvement plans for LCS with the support of QI consultants from Bite-Size QI. Results: Surveys were sent to 62 administrators and providers at 12 community oncology programs, with 36 respondents across 9 sites. LCS rates ranged between 4%-16% at participating sites. Respondents identified the lack of processes and infrastructure to support LCS as the most common challenges. Processes related to identification of LCS candidates, conduct of shared decision-making (SDM), follow up of lung nodules, and recurring screens were named specifically. Contributing factors identified were lack of robust community outreach, patient education, and protocols for providers. With regard to SDM, both administrators and providers reported systematic issues including provider time constraints and nonexistent or inconsistent identification/tracking systems, with patient compliance and health literacy as further barriers. The lack of these processes not only affected patients receiving initial LCS, but also how recurrent screenings were tracked. Conclusions: Identifying challenges in processes facilitated creation of improvement projects for participating sites. Initial improvement projects focus on patient notification of LCS results through follow up letters, integration of tracking LCS into hospital systems, development of patient education, community outreach and smoking cessation programs. Follow-up analyses will be undertaken to evaluate each approach.

Background A complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune cells maintains intestinal homeostasis. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the fragile balance between regulatory and inflammatory cell subsets breaks down. The latter are recruited to the gut where they sustain intestinal inflammation and lead to tissue destruction. Due to re-circulation and gut-homing processes, the circulating immune cell compartment experiences profound changes that reflect disease activity. Meanwhile, single-cell techniques like mass cytometry have become a powerful technology to shed a light on the heterogeneity and dynamics of immune cells. As obtaining intestinal biopsies from inflamed gut is invasive and poses patients at risk, diagnostics and therapy monitoring from ‘liquid biopsies’ would be a great advance. A deeper understanding of the circulating immune cell landscape in IBD pre- and post-treatment could significantly contribute to IBD patient management by early prediction of therapy response. Methods Whole blood from 24 IBD patients—including 16 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 6 Crohn’s disease (CD) patients before treatment—and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HDs) was incubated with proteomic stabiliser and frozen. Upon thawing, cell suspensions were Palladium barcoded, stained with a 37-marker panel and acquired on a Helios mass cytometer. The generated dataset was normalised, de-barcoded and subsequently analysed. Results Using dimensionality reduction and neural-network-based algorithms, we faithfully identified different circulating immune subsets in healthy donors and IBD patients. Our preliminary analysis revealed altered myeloid cell populations, like neutrophils and macrophages, in IBD patients. In line with an activation of the innate immune system, we observed a considerable increase in the neutrophil compartment compared with healthy donors. Moreover, patterns of marker expression within different subsets showed substantial differences between healthy donors, CD and UC patients. Conclusion Here, we show a mass cytometry panel that identifies the circulating immune cell landscape and shows major differences between healthy donors, CD and UC patients.

The Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) Young Scholars model offers new language and ideas for thinking about giftedness that embrace expanded beliefs about the nature of intelligence and highlight the importance of nurturing intelligent behavior in children from diverse cultural, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds as early as possible. These expanded beliefs move beyond an exclusionary vocabulary that is based on a child’s proficiency in skills that are taught in school or a single score on a standard ability test and instead focus on a child’s ability to think, reason, and problem-solve through evidence and assessments that cross cultural, ethnic, and linguistic boundaries. The Young Scholars model is embedded in a continuum of gifted services offered to a broad range of learners, and it has the capacity to be an important vehicle for change. Young Scholars are students who historically have been underrepresented in gifted programs. This includes students from poverty, students whose primary language is not English, and twice exceptional learners. Staff at Young Scholars schools work together to find and nurture gifted potential as early as kindergarten to ensure that no student is overlooked. The model has two goals: (a) to identify students who may not be considered for gifted programs using traditional methods of identification, and who, without that opportunity, are less likely to pursue advanced levels of learning on their own; and (b) to nurture gifted potential at an early age so that Young Scholars will be prepared to engage in challenging subject matter and rigorous courses in elementary school, middle school, high school, and beyond.

Apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) is a 34 kDa exchangeable apolipoprotein critical for lipid transport and associates with chylomicrons, VLDL, and a subclass of HDL. The protein contains two independently folded domains: a 22 kDa N-terminal domain and a 10 kDa C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains LDL receptor binding sites and is tightly folded into a 4-helix bundle. The smaller C-terminal (CT) domain contains helical segments that: (i) promote protein-protein interaction and apoE3 self-association, (ii) bear high lipid binding affinity, and, (iii) facilitate cholesterol efflux from macrophages. In contrast, insect apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a one-domain protein bearing a 5-helix bundle, does not self-associate and binds to diacylglycerol enriched lipoproteins. To better understand the domain organization of apolipoproteins, a chimeric protein was constructed of apoLp-III and the CT domain of apoE3 (residues 201-299). The structure and function of the 28 kDa apoLp-III/CT-apoE3 chimera was determined and compared to that of parent proteins apoLp-III and apoE3. The novel chimeric construct was expressed in E. coli and purified using an N-terminal poly-histidine tag. Electrophoresis and Western blot analysis showed that the apoLp-III/CT-apoE3 chimera was of the expected size and reacted with apoE3 specific antibodies. Circular dichroism demonstrated that the chimera was α-helical, similar to both parent proteins. While apoLp-III was monomeric, the chimera formed tetramers similar to apoE3. Probing for hydrophobic pockets on the protein surface with anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid demonstrated that the CT domain provided increased binding sites for the probe. Addition of the CT domain to apoLp-III conferred an increased ability to promote cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages, comparable to that of parent apoE3. Thus, the fold of apoLp-III/CT-apoE3 chimera was similar to that of apoE3, promoted self-association and cholesterol efflux. This demonstrated that functional characteristics of CT domain of apoE3 can be transferred independently to another apolipoprotein, allowing us to further increase our understanding of apolipoprotein domains.

Long interspersed nuclear element-1s (LINE-1s, or L1s) are an active family of retrotransposable elements that continue to mutate mammalian genomes. Despite the large contribution of L1 to mammalian genome evolution, we do not know where active L1 particles (particles in the process of retrotransposition) are located in the cell, or how they move towards the nucleus, the site of L1 reverse transcription. Using a yeast model of LINE retrotransposition, we identified ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) as a critical complex for LINE retrotransposition, and verified that this interaction is conserved for human L1. ESCRT interacts with L1 via a late domain motif, and this interaction facilitates L1 replication. Loss of the L1/ESCRT interaction does not impair RNP formation or enzymatic activity, but leads to loss of retrotransposition and reduced L1 endonuclease activity in the nucleus. This study highlights the importance of the ESCRT complex in the L1 life cycle and suggests an unusual mode for L1 RNP trafficking., Author summary Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are a class of retrotransposable elements that mutate mammalian genomes. LINEs have been highly successful in the human genome, multiplying to over 800,000 copies. The LINE-encoded replication machinery is also used by other retrotransposons, and in total, has been responsible for the generation of over 1/3 of human DNA sequence. To replicate, a LINE mRNA forms a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) with its proteins. This RNP eventually enters the nucleus to integrate a cDNA copy of itself into chromosomes. The events between RNP formation and successful integration are difficult to study and largely unknown. Here we show that the ESCRT complex plays a conserved role in LINE retrotransposition in both yeast and humans. ESCRT is a membrane budding complex involved in cellular trafficking and membrane budding/fusion. Our results imply that membranes play an integral part of LINE replication, and ESCRT may be required for RNP trafficking towards the nucleus.

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements whose extensive proliferation resulted in the generation of ≈ 34% of the human genome. They have been shown to be a cause of single-gene diseases. Moreover, L1-encoded endonuclease can elicit double-strand breaks that may lead to genomic instability. Mammalian cells adopted strategies restricting mobility and deleterious consequences of uncontrolled retrotransposition. The human APOBEC3 protein family of polynucleotide cytidine deaminases contributes to intracellular defense against retroelements. APOBEC3 members inhibit L1 retrotransposition by 35-99%. However, genomic L1 retrotransposition events that occurred in the presence of L1-restricting APOBEC3 proteins are devoid of detectable G-to-A hypermutations, suggesting one or multiple deaminase-independent L1 restricting mechanisms. We set out to uncover the mechanism of APOBEC3C (A3C)-mediated L1 inhibition and found that it is deaminase independent, requires an intact dimerization site and the RNA-binding pocket mutation R122A abolishes L1 restriction by A3C. Density gradient centrifugation of L1 ribonucleoprotein particles, subcellular co-localization of L1-ORF1p and A3C and co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that an RNA-dependent physical interaction between L1 ORF1p and A3C dimers is essential for L1 restriction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the amount of L1 complementary DNA synthesized by L1 reverse transcriptase is reduced by ≈ 50% if overexpressed A3C is present.

It requires energy to extract bitumen from the vast Alberta oil sands resources, which results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Even though natural gas, the least carbon intensive fossil fuel is used to produce steam for bitumen recovery from in situ reserves, emissions of GHG continue to increase as the bitumen output is increasing annually. There is an urgent need to develop alternative lower CO2 avoidance-cost carbon capture technologies, to mitigate these emissions. Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is an inherently CO 2 capture ready steam generation technology and has the potential of lower CO 2 avoidance cost. Cenovus Energy Inc. (Cenovus) engaged ANDRITZ Energy & Environment GmbH (AE&E) and Vienna University of Technology (TUV) to complete a preliminary design of a 10 MW CLC steam generator pilot (CLSG). It is designed to produce 16.5 tonnes per hour of 100 bar 100% quality steam using natural gas. Cenovus plans to install and operate it in its Christina Lake Thermal Project (Host). The Pilot will be completely integrated with the Host who will use the steam for oil production using Cenovus’ steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process. The successful demonstration of this Pilot will pave the way for design, construction and operation of commercial CLC boilers by 2020. This paper will discuss the CLSG designs, its development status, the test program to validate the performances of the 10 MW CLSG and the first generation NiO oxygen carrier.

Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) retrotransposons make up significant parts of mammalian genomes. They alter host genomes by direct mutagenesis through integration of new transposon copies, by mobilizing non-autonomous transposons, by changes in host gene activity due to newly integrated transposons and by recombination events between different transposon copies. As a consequence, LINEs can contribute to genetic disease. Simple model systems can be useful for the study of basic molecular and cellular biology of LINE retrotransposons. Here, we describe methods for the analysis of LINE retrotransposition in the well-established model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability to follow retrotransposition in budding yeast opens up the possibility of performing systematic screens for evolutionarily conserved interactions between LINE retrotransposons and their host cells.

Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) retrotransposons make up significant parts of mammalian genomes. They alter host genomes by direct mutagenesis through integration of new transposon copies, by mobilizing non-autonomous transposons, by changes in host gene activity due to newly integrated transposons and by recombination events between different transposon copies. As a consequence, LINEs can contribute to genetic disease. Simple model systems can be useful for the study of basic molecular and cellular biology of LINE retrotransposons. Here, we describe methods for the analysis of LINE retrotransposition in the well-established model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ability to follow retrotransposition in budding yeast opens up the possibility of performing systematic screens for evolutionarily conserved interactions between LINE retrotransposons and their host cells.

The kinetics of oxidation of lactic acid (LA) by manganese(III) in sulfuric acid solutions at 293 K has been studied. A solution of the mild oxidant, Mn(III) sulfate, in aqueous sulfuric acid medium was prepared by a standard electrochemical method. The oxidation reaction was monitored by spectrophotometry at a fixed wavelength (λmax = 491 nm), varied temperature, and varied solution conditions. The Mn(III)-LA reaction stoichiometry of 4:1 was determined and the products were characterized. The experimental rate law is: rate = kobs [Mn(III)][LA]x [H+ ] y , where x, and y are fractional orders. The effects of varying ionic strength, solvent composition (dielectric constant), acid, and the reduction product, Mn(II), on the rate of the reaction were investigated. Activation parameters evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring plots suggest the occurrence of an entropy controlled reaction. A mechanism consistent with the observed kinetic data has been proposed. A rate law has been derived based on the mechanism

Background Addition of glutamine to parenteral nutrition in surgical infants remains controversial. The aim of this trial was to determine whether glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition in infants requiring surgery would reduce the time to full enteral feeding and/or decrease the incidence of sepsis and septicaemia. Methods A prospective double-blind multicentre randomized clinical trial was performed in surgical infants less than 3 months old who required parenteral nutrition. Patients were allocated to treatment or control groups by means of minimization. Infants received either 0·6 g per kg per day alanyl-glutamine (treatment group) or isonitrogenous isocaloric parenteral nutrition (control group) until full enteral feeding was achieved. Primary outcomes were time to full enteral feeding and incidence of sepsis. Cox regression analysis was used to compare time to full enteral feeding, and to calculate risk of sepsis/septicaemia. Results A total of 174 patients were randomized, of whom 164 completed the trial and were analysed (82 in each group). There was no difference in time to full enteral feeding or time to first enteral feeding between groups, and supplementation with glutamine had no effect on the overall incidence of sepsis or septicaemia. However, during total parenteral nutrition (before the first enteral feed), glutamine administration was associated with a significantly decreased risk of developing sepsis (hazard ratio 0·33, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·15 to 0·72; P = 0·005). Conclusion Glutamine supplementation during parenteral nutrition did not reduce the incidence of sepsis in surgical infants with gastrointestinal disease. Registration number: ISRCTN83168963 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether, in surgical infants requiring parenteral nutrition (PN), septicaemia due to enterococci or Gram-negative bacilli occurs later than septicaemia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). PATIENTS/MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 112 consecutive surgical infants (corrected gestational age up to 3 months) receiving PN for at least 5 days for congenital or acquired intestinal anomalies over a 2-year period (July 2007-June 2009). Data collected included diagnosis, duration of PN, episodes of septicaemia (defined as growth of bacteria from blood culture), and organisms cultured. We compared the time to first occurrence of septicaemia due to CNS with the times to first occurrence of septicaemia due to enterococci, Gram-negative bacilli, or other micro-organisms, using Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test and Dunn's multiple comparisons test. Data are given as median (range). RESULTS 31 patients (28%) had a total of 65 episodes of septicaemia. Septicaemia due to CNS was most common, occurring in 22% of patients, after 17 days (1-239) of PN. Septicaemia due to enteric organisms was less common and occurred significantly later, at 59 (24-103) days for enterococci (p

While more women graduate from medical school, there is still unequal representation of women in academic medicine, especially in the senior levels of academia. Gender bias is a strong reason women leave academic medicine. Disparities in salary and promotion, conscious and unconscious bias and institutional policies create a culture that does not favor their recruitment and retention. This article reviews literature that describes the problem and potential solutions to individuals, departments and institutions. How to cite this article Horn KV. Gender Bias in Academic Medicine. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 8(1):97-99.

Zusammenfassung An 26 Hyline-Hahnen werden Blutvolumenbestimmungen teils mit der Cr 51-Methode, teils mit der T-1824-Methode durchgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse der Cr 51-Methode liegen niedriger als die der T-1824-Methode. Die Cr 51-Methode wird zweckmaβig nur mit autologen, nicht aber mit homologen Huhnererythrozyten durchgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse der Volumenbestimmungen werden diskutiert und mit denen anderer Autoren verglichen. Aus den Mittelwerten fur das relative Erythrozytenvolumen und das relative Plasmavolumen errechnet sich ein durchschnittliches zirkulierendes Blutvolumen von 68 ml/kg Korpergewicht. Der Korperhamatokrit betragt danach 38%. Summary Blood volume determinations in fowls with Cr 51 and T-1824 Blood volume measurements were made on 26 Hi-Line cockerels, using the Cr 51 or the T-1824 method. The results with Cr 51 were lower than those with T-1824. The Cr 51 method is suitable only for autologous and not for homologous fowl red cells. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers. From the mean values for relative erythrocyte volume and relative plasma volume, the mean circulating blood volume is 68 ml./kg. body weight. The mean body haematocrit was 38%. Resume Determination du volume sanguin de la poule a l'aide du Cr 51 et du T-1824 On determine le volume sanguin de 26 coqs Hy-line, soit par la methode du Cr 51, soit avec celle du T-1824. Les resultats obtenus avec le Cr 51 sont inferieurs a ceux obtenus avec le T-1824. La methode avec le Cr 51 n'est appropriee qu'avec les erythrocytes autologues, non avec les erythrocytes homologues. On discute les resultats des determinations du volume sanguin et on les compare avec ceux d'autres auteurs. On calcule a partir des valeurs moyennes du volume d'erythrocytes relatif et du volume du plasma relatif un volume moyen du sang circulant, soit 68 ml/kg du poids du corps. La valeur de l'hematocrite du corps est de 38%. Resumen Valoracion de la volemia en pollos con Cr 51 y T-1824 En 26 pollos Hyline se efectuaron valoraciones de la volemia, en parte con la tecnica Cr 51, en parte con la tecnica T-1824. Los resultados del metodo Cr 51 son inferiores a los obtenidos con el T-1824. De forma conveniente, el procedimiento Cr 51 solo se realiza con globulos rojos autologos de pollo, pero no con homologos. Se discuten los resultados volumetricos y se comparan con los conseguidos por otros autores. De los valores medios del volumen eritrocitico relativo y del volumen plasmatico relativo se calcula una volemia circulante promedio de 68 ml/kg de peso vivo. Segun esto, el hematocrito corporal importa 38%.

Zusammenfassung Die Methodik der Cr 51-Markierung homologer und autologer Huhnererythrozyten wird beschrieben. Die Cr 51-Halbwertszeit homologer Huhnererythrozyten betragt 2,8 ± 0,8 Tage, diejenige autologer dagegen 13,6 ± 1,3 Tage. Die maximale Lebensspanne von Huhnererythrozyten wird mit 32 Tagen bestimmt. Der Verbleib der Cr 51-Aktivitat in Leber und Milz wird als prozentualer Anteil der injizierten Gesamtaktivitat angegeben. In anderen Organen (und im Kot) wird keine oder zu vernachlassigende Aktivitat gefunden. Die grose Differenz der Cr 51-Halbwertszeit von homologen und autologen Huhnererythrozyten wird diskutiert. Homologe Huhnererythrozyten eignen sich nicht fur die Bestimmung der Cr 51-Halbwertszeit. Die Entfernung von Plasma und freier Cr 51-Aktivitat aus dem markierten, zu injizierenden Blut ist unnotig. Summary Determinations of the Cr51 half-period of autologous and homologous fowl red cells The Cr 51 marking method is described for use with fowl erythrocytes. The Cr 51 half-period for homologous red cells was 2.8 ± 0.8 days, and that for autologous cells was 13.6 ± 1.3 days. The maximal life span of fowl red cells is estimated at 32 days. The residual activity of Cr 51 in the liver and spleen is given as the percentage of the total injected. In other organs, and in droppings, the activity is nil or negligible. The large difference in the Cr 51 half-period between homologous and autologous fowl red cells is discussed. Homologous red cells of the fowl are not suited to determination of the Cr 51 half-period. It is not necessary to separate the plasma and get rid of free Cr 51 in marked blood which is to be injected. Resume Determination de la periode du Cr 51 des erythrocytes autologues et homologues de poule On decrit la methode pour marquer au Cr 51 des erythrocytes de poule homologues et autologues. La periode radioactive du Cr 51 des erythrocytes homologues de poule est de 2,8 ± 0,8 jours, alors que pour les erythrocytes autologues, elle est de 13,6 ± 1,3 jours. La duree de vie maximum des erythrocytes de poule a ete determinee a 32 jours. On indique le residu de l'activite du Cr 51 dans le foie et la rate en pourcentage de l'activite totale injectee. Dans les autres organes et les excrements, on a trouve une activite nulle ou negligeable. On soumet a discussion la grande difference dans la periode du Cr 51 des erythrocytes homologues et autologues de la poule. Les erythrocytes de poule homologues ne se pretent pas a la determination de la periode du Cr 51. Il n'est pas necessaire de separer le plasma et d'eliminer le Cr 51 libre dans le sang marque destine a l'injection. Resumen Determinacion del tiempo semivalor Cr 51 de los eritrocitos autologos y homologos de gallina Se describe la tecnica del marcaje Cr 51 de los eritrocitos homologos y autologos de gallina. El tiempo semivalor Cr 51 de los eritrocitos homologos de gallina importa 2,8 ± 0,8 dias, mientras que aquel de los autologos 13,6 ± 1,3 dias. El espacio vital maximo de los eritrocitos de gallina se fija en 32 dias. El paradero de la actividad Cr 51 en higado y bazo se denuncia como parte porcentual de la actividad total inyectada. En las visceras restantes (y en el estiercol) no se halla ninguna actividad o esta es despreciable. Se discute la gran diferencia del tiempo semivalor Cr 51 existente entre los eritrocitos homologos y autologos de gallina. Los eritrocitos homologos de gallina no resultan apropiados para determinar el tiempo semivalor Cr 51. Muestrase innecesaria la separacion del plasma y de la actividad Cr 51 libre de la sangre marcada, que se va a inyectar.

Zusammenfassung Kohortenmarkierung von Huhnererythrozyten mit tritiertem Thymidin laβt einen erheblichen Zufallsverlust an Erythrozyten — etwa 30% — unter normalen Bedingungen erkennen. Der Altersabbau beginnt schon 20 bis 22 Tage nach Eintritt markierter Zellen in das Blut. Die mittlere potentielle Lebensspanne ergibt sich mit 22 bis 26 Tagen, die maximale Lebensspanne ist sicherlich groβer als 30 Tage und stimmt mit den Ergebnissen der Lebens-dauerbestimmung durch Cr 51-Markierung gut uberein. Der Umsatz an Thrombozyten und Granulozyten verlauft zeitlich nach dem gleichen Schema: Die ersten markierten Zellen erscheinen spatestens 24 Stunden nach der Markierung im Blut. Nach 3 Tagen erreicht der Markierungsindex sein Maximum, 5 bis 6 Tage danach sind markierte Thrombozyten und Granulozyten aus dem zirkulierenden Blut praktisch verschwunden. Das Markierungsschema der Lymphozyten laβt vermuten, daβ bei Huhnern ahnlich komplizierte Vorgange von Proliferation und Rezirkulation der Lymphozyten vorliegen wie bei Saugetieren. Summary Determination of the kinetic metabolism of elements in the blood of cockerels by means of thymidine labelled with tritium Labelling avian red cells with thymidine results, under normal conditions, in an accidental loss of about 30%. Loss by ageing has already begun 20 to 22 days after the entry of marked cells into the blood. The mean potential life span is 22 to 26 days, while the maximum is certainly more than 30 days and is in good agreement with the results obtained by labelling with Cr 51. The metabolism of platelets and granulocytes follows a similar course. The first marked cells appear in the blood not later than 24 hours after labelling. After 3 days the index reaches its maximum and after 5 to 6 days marked platelets and granulocytes have practically disappeared from circulation. The marking of lymphocytes suggests the existence in the fowl of complicated mechanisms of proliferation and re-circulation of these cells as occur in mammals. Resume Determination du metabolisme cinetique des elements figures du sang de coqs a l'aide de la thymidine marquee au tritium Le marquage en groupe d'erythrocytes de poule avec de la thymidine marquee au tritium s'effectue dans les conditions normales avec une perte accidentelle d'environ 30%. La degradation due au vieillissement commence deja 20 a 22 jours apres l'introduction de cellules marquees dans la circulation. La duree de vie moyenne potentielle est de 22 a 26 jours, alors que la duree de vie maximum depasse certainement 30 jours, ce qui correspond aux resultats obtenus par marquage au Cr 51. Le metabolisme des thrombocytes et des granulocytes suit un schema identique. Les premieres cellules marquees apparaissent dans le sang au plus tard 24 heures apres le marquage. L'index de marquage atteint son maximum apres 3 jours; 5 a 6 jours plus tard, les thrombocytes et les granulocytes marques ont pratiquement disparu de la circulation. Le schema de marquage des lymphocytes laisse supposer qui'l existe, chez la poule, des mecanismes compliques de proliferation et de remise en circulation des lymphocytes comparables a ceux des mammiferes. Resumen Valoracion de la cinetica metabolica de los globulos sanguineos de pollos con timidina titulada El marcaje por cohortes de los eritrocitos de pollo con timidina titulada permite reconocer una perdida casual considerable de eritrocitos — 30% aproximadamente — bajo condiciones normales. El catabolismo senil comienza ya desde los 20 hasta los 22 dias tras la entrada de celulas marcadas en la sangre. El espacio vital potencial medio arroja de 22 a 26 dias, el espacio vital maximo es seguramente superior a 30 dias y coincide a la perfeccion con los resultados de valorar la duracion de vida mediante marcaje con Cr 51. El metabolismo en trombocitos y granulocitos toma curso temporal con arreglo al mismo esquema: Las primeras celulas marcadas aparecen en la sangre a las 24 horas, lo mas tarde, contando a partir del marcaje. Tras 3 dias, el indice de marcaje alcanza su maximo, 5 o 6 dias despues han desaparecido practicamente los trombocitos y granulocitos marcados de la sangre circulante. El esquema de marcaje de los linfocitos permite suponer que en las gallinas existen procesos complicados de proliferacion y recirculacion de linfocitos semejantes a los registrados en los mamiferos.

Zusammenfassung Nach einer Ubersicht und Beurteilung der Hb-Bestimmungsmethoden werden die Entwicklung und die Vorteile der Hamiglobinzyanid-Methode geschildert. Weiterhin werden die bisherigen Versuche, die Hamiglobinzyanid-Methode auch bei Geflugelblut anzuwenden, und die jetzt gebrauchlichen Methoden zur Hb-Bestimmung im Geflugelblut beschrieben. Diese Methoden entsprechen nicht den berechtigten Forderungen an eine Hb-Bestimmungs-methode. Es wird eine Modifikation der Hamiglobinzyanid-Methode angegeben, die es auf einfache Weise erlaubt, den Hamoglobingehalt im Geflugelblut mit gleicher Genauigkeit wie im Saugerblut zu bestimmen. Die Standardabweichung der Ergebnisse dieser einfachen Methode schwankt zwischen 0,06 und 0,1 g Hb/100 ml Blut, der Fehler entsprechend zwischen 0,6 und 1,2%. Summary Estimation of haemoglobin in the blood of birds After reviewing and evaluating the various methods of haemoglobin estimation, the development and advantages of the cyanide method are stressed with particular reference to its use with bird blood. A modification of the method is described which enables the determination of haemoglobin in bird blood to be carried out simply and with the same accuracy as with mammalian blood. The standard deviation of the results of this simple method vary between 0.06 and 0.1 g./Hb/100 ml. of blood, which represents an error of between 0.6 and 1.2%. Resume Contribution au dosage de l'hemoglobine dans le sang des volailles Apres avoir passe en revue les methodes de dosage de l'hemoglobine et en avoir fait une etude critique, les auteurs rappellent le developpement et les avantages de la methode au cyanure d'hemoglobine. Ils decrivent egalement les essais effectues jusqu'ici pour adapter cette methode aux volailles, ainsi que les methodes actuellement en usage pour la determination de l'hemaglobine dans le sang des volailles. Ces dernieres methodes ne correspondent pas aux exigences raisonnables d'une bonne methode de dosage de l'hemoglobine. Ils indiquent une modification de la methode au cyanure d'hemoglobine qui permet d'une maniere tres simple de determiner l'hemoglobine dans le sang des volailles avec la měme precision que chez les mammiferes. La deviation standard des resultats de cette technique simple varie entre 0,06 et 0,1 g/Hb par 100 ml de sang, l'erreur etant comprise entre 0,6 et 1,2 %. Resumen Contribucion a la valoracion de la hemoglobina en la sangre de aves Tras una revision y enjuiciamiento de las tecnicas de valoracion de la hemoglobina (hb), se describen el desarrollo y las ventajas de la tecnica del cianuro de hb. Ademas se relatan los intentos efectuados hasta ahora para aplicar tambien el procedimiento del cianuro de hb a la sangre de aves, asi como los metodos usuales en la actualidad para determinar la hb en la sangre aviar. Estas tecnicas no corresponden a las justificadas exigencias acerca de un metodo de valoracion de la hb. Se indica una modificacion a la tecnica del cianuro de hb, la cual permite de forma simple determinar el contenido en hb de la sangre aviar con la misma exactitud que en la sangre de los mamiferos. La desviacion standard de los resultados de este metodo simple oscila entre 0,06 y 0,1 g hb por 100 ml de sangre, y a su vez el error entre 0,6 y 1,2 %.

Zusammenfassung 1 Die Vit.-D3-Schutzdosis, mit der Olsson'schen Mangeldiat bestimmt, liegt bei weisen Leghornkuken bei 0,05 Gamma D3 pro Tier und Tag. 2 Bei Zugabe von 25 mg Procain-Penicillin Bayer je kg Futter genugt diese Dosis nicht mehr, um Rachitis zu verhindern. Ein Schutz wird dann erst erreicht, wenn 0,075 Gamma D3 pro Tier und Tag verabreicht werden. 3 Penicillinzugaben in der erwahnten Konzentration erhohen somit offenbar den Bedarf des Kukens an Vit. D3. 4 uber den Mechanismus dieser Penicillinwirkung konnen vorerst nur Vermutungen geausert werden.

Zusammenfassung Es wird uber eine Diatform fur Ratten berichtet, die sich bei Wachstums-, Vitamin -und Stoffwechselversuchen bewahrt hat. Ferner werden Vorschlage zur Verbesserung der Stoffwechselmethodik gemacht.