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This study aims to investigate the density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends. Fuel density and viscosity play an important role in the fuel injection system, flame propagation, and combustion process in compression ignition engine. The density and viscosity of biodiesel are higher than high-speed diesel which is an implication in the commercialization of biodiesel. In the present study, palm oil has been used for the production of biodiesel through the ultrasound-assisted transesterification process. Three different types of fuel additives including butanol, dimethyl carbonate, and plastic oil have been used for the preparation of nine ternary biodiesel blends. The density and viscosity of individual fuels and ternary biodiesel were measured experimentally in a temperature range of 281.51 Ke348.15 K. For the prediction of density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends, four density and viscosity models were developed. The prediction accuracy of these developed models was assessed by a statistical tool absolute percentage error (APE). Newly proposed exponential regression models predicted well compared to experimental data for density and viscosity values with high regression coefficient 0.9995 and 0.9841 and lower mean absolute percentage of error 0.012 % and e 0.516 % at (348.15 K) temperature respectively. These correlations are significant for the automobile industry in developing fuel pipeline and transport equipment where additives would be present in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends.

The major source of fuel for compression ignition engine is diesel. Because of its non-renewable nature, unavailability, more pollution nature, importing charges of diesel is becoming costlier nowa...

The present research work primarily focuses on the extraction of mango seed biodiesel from the waste mango seeds through transesterification process. Preliminary tests were conducted with diesel an...

India being a predominantly farming country requires major attention for the fulfilment of energy demands for agriculture applications. Biodiesel is a clean burning renewable fuel. In this proposed...

This work examines the feasibility of fuelling methyl ester derived from green algae, Chlorella emersonii in a compression ignition engine. This work also proposes Chlorella emersonii methyl ester (CEME) as a potential alternative energy source since the above species is available extensively in fresh water, marine and aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. CEME was blended with petroleum diesel fuel at various volume proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 100% and their properties were analyzed as per ASTM standards for its application as biofuel. The prepared test fuels were analyzed experimentally in a single cylinder diesel engine at constant speed (1500 rev/min) for its performance, combustion and emission (regulated and unregulated) characteristics. Test results projected that, the characteristics of 20% CEME+80%diesel fuel blend was in par with diesel fuel in terms of thermal efficiency, THC, CO and smoke emissions. However, CEME blends resulted in slightly higher levels of CO2 and NOx emissions. In terms of unregulated emissions, CEME blends in diesel showed lowered toluene and acetaldehyde emissions. However, acetone and formaldehyde emissions increased with higher percentage of CEME in diesel blend. At full load, the attained cylinder pressure and heat release rate of CEME were comparatively lower than diesel fuel.

Transportation sector and industrialization both are having a major impact on the economic development and ecological nuisance of any country across the globe. NOx is the highly toxic gas, ...

The search for a substitute fuel has prompted numerous discoveries, so a wide variety of alternative fuels are available for engine applications. The present proposed work explores the viability of...

The aim of this experimental investigation is to analyse the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition engine running on petrol doped with various additives. Additives used in this...

The depletion of petroleum resources, rise in fuel prices and stringent emission norms over diesel engines play a vital role in economic development of country like India, which attracts the resear...

Recent developments in nano additives focuses on lowering the diesel engine exhaust emissions. While the usage of biodiesel in diesel engine at lower blend percentage (10%–30%) with mineral diesel can be well utilized without any engine modifications, the main striking factor in biodiesel application in diesel engine is higher NOx formation due to excess in-built O2, which could be overcome with the usage of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). However, EGR usage raises the concerns of HC, CO and smoke emissions. Overcoming the above existing problem, the current research proposal focuses on EGR of B30 (30% palm biodiesel-70%diesel) blended with 25 ppm TiO2 nanoparticles (PBN). Experimental test results obtained for PBN-EGR were outstanding than the conventional PB-EGR system since there is a noticeable drop in BSFC, HC and CO emissions with increase in EGT (exhaust gas temperature) than PBN. NOx emissions of PBN-EGR were on par with PB-EGR throughout the load. At higher engine loads, smoke emitted by PBN-EGR were lower than PB-EGR. With increase in EGR percentage in PBN, cylinder pressure was only marginally lower and heat release rate was higher than PBN. The present investigation enumerates that the synergic effect of nanoparticle, biodiesel and EGR is effective in improving the performance with minimized exhaust emissions.

The increased transportation and industrialisation sectors running on fossil fuels lead to depletion of petroleum resources and environmental contamination. In these days, biodiesel has turned into...

The rapid intensification of transportation and industrialisation sectors results in greater depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental contamination. The exploit of biodiesel is environm...

This work examines the feasibility of fuelling biodiesel derived from water hyacinth in a compression ignition engine. This work also proposes water hyacinth biodiesel (WHB) as a potential alternative energy source since the above species is available extensively in freshwater, marine and aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. WHB was blended with petroleum diesel fuel at various volume proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 100% and their properties were analyzed as per ASTM standards for its application as biofuel in diesel engine. The prepared test fuels were analyzed experimentally in a single cylinder diesel engine at constant speed (1500 rev/min) for its performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Test results projected that, the characteristics of 20% WHB +80% diesel fuel blend was in par with neat diesel fuel in terms of thermal efficiency, HC, CO and smoke emissions. However, WHB blends resulted in slightly higher levels of CO2 and NOx emissions. At full load, the attained cylinder pressure and heat release rate of WHB blends were closer to the diesel fuel. Thus, the present work identifies the novel water hyacinth biodiesel as a viable biofuel for diesel engine applications towards sustainable environment.

The present experimental work focuses on the influence of injection timing on torroidal re-entrant chamber design in a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blend. Ternary fuel is transformed to a high performance fuel (HPF) by addition of alumina nano additives. Experiments were conducted on HPF subjected to various injection timings of 21obTDC (Retarded injection timing), 22obTDC (Retarded injection timing), 23obTDC (standard injection timing) and 24obTDC (advanced injection timing) respectively at torroidal re-entrant combustion chamber design (TRCC) and were compared with base fuel diesel. Based on experimentation, it is observed that, BTE is lowered for 21obTDC and 24obTDC by 4.53% and 1.22% while highest BTE of about 33.8% is achieved for 22obTDC in comparison with other blends such as DIESEL-HCC23 (32.75%), HPF-TRCC21 (31.41%) and HPF-TRCC24 (32.53%). Lowest BSEC profile was achieved for HPF-TRCC22. HPF-TRCC22 resulted in lowered HC and CO emissions of about 9.18% and 16.83% in comparison with HPF-TRCC23. HPF-TRCC21 resulted in lowered NOx emissions by 22.53% along with higher HC and CO emissions by 6.13% and 20.51% in comparison with HPF-TRCC23. Cylinder pressure and HRR of HPF-TRCC22 stays at an acceptable range of 75.42 bar and 85.34 J/deg. CA in comparison with other test blends.

The present experimental work focuses on the combined effect of nano additives, combustion chamber geometry and injection timing in a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends. Ternary fuel (TF) is doped with alumina nano additives and the resulting fuel is termed as high performance fuel (HPF). HPF is subjected to different combustion chamber geometries and TRCC (torroidal re-entrant combustion chamber) geometry is found to be effective among other geometries. HPF operated at TRCC chamber is subjected to four different injection timings namely, 21obTDC (HPF-TRCC21), 22obTDC (HPF-TRCC22), 23obTDC (HPF-TRCC23) and 24obTDC (HPF-TRCC24) respectively. BTE is lowered for HPF-TRCC21 and HPF-TRCC24 by 4.53% and 1.22% while highest BTE of about 33.8% is achieved for 22obTDC in comparison with other blends such as DIESEL-HCC23 (32.75%), HPF-TRCC21 (31.41%) and HPF-TRCC24 (32.53%). Lowest BSEC profile was achieved for HPF-TRCC22. HPF-TRCC22 resulted in lowered HC and CO emissions of about 9.18% and 16.83% in comparison with HPF-TRCC23. HPF-TRCC21 resulted in lowered NOx emissions by 22.53% along with higher HC and CO emissions by 6.13% and 20.51% in comparison with HPF-TRCC23. Cylinder pressure and HRR of HPF-TRCC22 stays at an acceptable range of 75.42 bar and 85.34 J/deg CA in comparison with other test blends. The DIESEL-RK theoretical simulation results are compared with the experimental study conducted at the same operating conditions and its revealed that TRCC combustion chamber geometry is better for enhanced performance and combustion characteristics.

The present experimental research work is focused on enhancing the performance, and emission characteristics of a novel biodiesel blend- a mix of diesel (80%) and tamarind seed oil (20%), represented as tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) along with alumina oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles dispersion. The alumina nano particles (Al2O3) are added to TSME 20 at various concentrations such as 30 ppm, 60 ppm, and 90 ppm and are uniformly dispersed in biodiesel blend with the help of a magnetic stirrer as well as an ultrasonicator. The prepared Al2O3 nanoparticles are synthesized and characterised by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The immersed metallic nanoparticles in TSME 20 exhibit in enhanced brake thermal efficiency as well as significant reductions in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Hence, the alumina oxide doped TSME biodiesel could be a viable alternative solution to diesel that can effectively address global energy crisis and environmental issues.

This chapter focuses on enhancing the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a novel biodiesel blend-a mix of diesel (80%) and tamarind seed oil (20%), represented as tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) with alumina oxide (Al2O3), Carbon nano tubes (CNT), and Cerium oxide(CeO2) considered as potential nanoparticles. These were added to TSME at concentration of 50 ppm and were uniformly dispersed in the biodiesel blend with the help of a magnetic stirrer as well as an Ultrasonicator to attain stable suspension. The immersed nanoparticles in the tamarind seed oil blend exhibit multiple advantages such as an enhanced air-fuel mixing, better oxidation process, larger surface area to volume ratio results in higher brake thermal efficiency, as well as a significant reduction in smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions.

Several attempts have been made by researchers across the globe to produce alternate fuels for the diesel in diesel engine. The physio-chemical properties of tamarind seed oil were evaluated experimentally. The present work focuses on the experimental investigation of various tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) blends (10, 20, and 30%) on compression ignition engine, and the outcomes are analyzed with base fuel. It is observed that TSME20 biodiesel generated improved performance and minimized emissions when compared to the tested blends. Diethyl ether (DEE) is used as an oxygenated fuel additive for the optimum blend; added in 5, 10, and 15% concentration on volume basis. TSME20 with DEE10 has shown better thermal efficiency (36.75%) over diesel (34.13%) and produces lower emissions of CO, HC, and smoke opacity. However, the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions are increased by the addition of DEE. Thus, the present work identifies tamarind as a suitable biofuel source for the diesel engine, and addition of DEE further enhances the characteristics of the diesel engine.

The present experimental work is focused on the use of Taguchi method to evaluate the optimum intake parameters to obtain the enhanced engine performance characteristics of diesel engine fuelled wi...

The limitations and ramifications of petroleum fuel on the present environmental society raised the necessity of alternative fuel. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel and its ability to red...

The present experimental research work is focused on enhancing the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a novel tamarind seed methyl ester using nanopartcles. Initially, the tamarind seed methyl ester is blended with diesel at 10%, 20% and 30% concentrations by volume and all the fuel samples have been tested in diesel engine for the selection of an optimum blend for nanoparticle addition. Then two nano additives namely alumina oxide and multi-walled carbon nano tubes are doped with an optimum tamarind seed methyl ester blend at concentrations of 30 ppm and 60 ppm for a comparative analysis. The study revealed that the addition of 60 ppm of alumina oxide with tamarind seed methyl ester blend has shown 1.6% higher brake thermal efficiency than that of tamarind seed methyl ester blend. The reformulation of tamarind seed methyl ester blend by nanoparticle addition has shown 15–51% and 24–68% reduction in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions respectively. Further, oxides of nitrogen emission are reduced by 7–9% during nanoparticle addition with tamarind seed methyl ester blend. On the other hand, the nanoparticle addition with tamarind seed methyl ester blend is produced better combustion characteristics compared to tamarind seed methyl ester-diesel blend. Therefore, the present study showed that the diesel engine characteristics for tamarind seed methyl ester blend operation could be improved with dispersion of nanoparticle.

The present research work focuses on the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the characteristics of the diesel engine operated with 20% tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) as t...

The present work is dedicated to the experimental analysis on the influence of fuel borne additives on ternary fuel blend operated in a single cylinder DI diesel engine. Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles were chosen as fuel additives at dosing levels of 10 ppm, 20 ppm and 30 ppm respectively and the ternary fuel (TF) is prepared by blending 70% diesel, 20%Jatropha biodiesel and 10% ethanol. Performance characteristics like brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), emission characteristics like HC, CO, NOx and smoke along with combustion characteristics like cylinder pressure, HRR (Heat release rate) and CHRR (Cumulative heat release rate) were considered for analysis. Based on experimentation, it is observed that, TF blended with 20 ppm alumina nano additive (TF20) resulted in higher BTE and lowered BSEC by 7.8% and 4.93%, lowered HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions by 5.69%, 11.24%, 9.39% and 6.48% in comparison with TF. Moreover, TF20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure, HRR and CHRR of about 72.67 bar, 76.22 J/oCA and 1171.1 J respectively which are higher than diesel and TF. Hence, it is concluded that addition of 20 ppm alumina nano additive in TF can enhance the engine performance and combustion as well as lower the exhaust pollutants simultaneously.

Rapid depletion of petroleum resources, surge in fuel prices and stringent emission norms play a key role on economic development of a country like India in terms of energy efficiency, which attracts the researchers to search for novel alternative fuel for diesel. The work reported here focuses on the effect of various oxygenated additives such as diethyl ether, dimethyl ether and dimethyl carbonate to 20% tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) biodiesel blend of different concentrations (6% and 12%) on volume basis to examine engine characteristics. The test results revealed that 12% diethyl ether added TSME20 is shown considerable enhancement in brake thermal efficiency, which is 4.22% higher over tamarind biodiesel blend. Similarly, TSME20 DEE 12 has shown significant reductions in harmful engine tailpipe emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity which are noted to be about 10.68%, 33.33%, 10.33% and 27.72% respectively when compared to diesel fuel at full load. Further, the DIESEL-RK theoretical simulation results are compared with the experimental values, conducted at the same operating conditions and it is inferred that 12% diethyl ether addition to TSME 20 has shown promising engine characteristics both experimentally and theoretically.

The main objective of this present novel work is to investigate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from the tamarind seed through the transesterification process as potential alternative feedstock for the diesel engine. The physio-chemical properties of tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) were evaluated experimentally and compared with the base fuel. Test fuels were prepared in 3 concentrations such as B10 (10% tamarind seed oil and 90% diesel), B20 and B30.Experiments were conducted at a constant speed, the injection timing of 23° crank angle and compression ratio 17.5:1 with varying load conditions to investigate the diesel engine characteristics. TSME 20 shown better thermal efficiency (34.41%) over diesel which is 1.17 % higher and also it produces lower emissions of CO, HC, and smoke opacity. N-Amyl alcohol (NAA) is used as a fuel additive for the optimum blend of TSME20; added in 5% and 10% concentration on the volume basis. From the analysis of experimental data, the use of fuel additives significantly reduces the smoke opacity by 29.49 % for TSME20 NAA 10% blend in addition to the reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emissions; however, the specific fuel consumption and the oxides of nitrogen were marginally increased.

This paper evaluates the possibilities of using corn seed oil methyl ester as a fuel for compression ignition engines. The biodiesels are contained high oxygen content, and high Cetane number, due to this properties efficiency of biodiesel is higher than diesel fuel. The experiments were conducted with different biodiesel blends of (B10, B15, B20 and B25) corn seed oil on single cylinder four stroke natural aspirated diesel engines. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions are investigated in this experimental with the blends of the corn seed oil methyl ester and diesel fuel. The test results showed that the bio-diesel blends gives improved results for brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption when compared with the diesel fuel. The emissions of corn seed methyl esters follow the same trend of diesel but the smoke opacity was reduces for all blends. From the investigation, corn seed methyl ester is also having the properties similar to diesel fuel; it is biodegradable and renewable fuel, so it will be used as an alternative for diesel fuel.