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This paper studied the dynamics of the blood leukocyte composition in Wistar male rats at rest and when swimming with a weight before and after being administered a succinate-containing drug (Suc, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid). Two control groups of animals kept in standard vivarium conditions were selected: those that received Suc 12 hours before the examination (VivC+Suc) and those that did not receive it (VivC). Similarly, two groups of animals were formed that were swimming with a load (4 % of their body weight) to exhaustion: those that received the drug 12 hours before the test (Swim4%+Suc) and those that did not receive it (Swim4%). Unidirectional shifts characterizing the morphofunctional state of white blood cells under experimental conditions were detected. In VivC+Suc animals, compared to VivC, we found an increase in the number of leukocytes due to the growing number of eosinophils and monocytes, large lymphocytes and microlymphocytes with a relative decrease in the number of small lymphocytes and an unchanged level of granulocytes with a tendency towards a decrease in the number of stab neutrophils. In the Swim4%+Suc group, compared to the Swim4%, changes in the number of white blood cells and their subpopulation composition manifested themselves in a similar way to the redistribution of immunocytes identified in the control groups. The increase in the neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio in the Swim4%+Suc group as an indicator of stress tolerance corresponded to the increase in the swimming time of rats by the factor of 2.8. The differences in the blood cell composition between the VivC+Suc and VivC groups are viewed as the influence of Suc on the body’s preparation to the fulfilment of the protective function under physical load, since the distribution pattern of the blood leukocyte composition in rats from the VivC+Suc group is very similar to that of the Swim4%+Suc group. The practical significance of this study is associated with the search for new biologically active substances that optimally influence the immune system of animals under increased load. New data on the mechanism of blood redistribution in animals under the action of Suc before the swimming test can be used to study the manifestation patterns of acute adaptation effect. For citation: Rubtsova L.Yu., Mongalev N.P., Vakhnina N.A., Shadrina V.D., Chupakhin O.N., Boyko E.R. Effect of a Succinate-Containing Drug on the Blood Leukocyte Composition in Rats at Rest and During a Weight-Loaded Forced Swimming Test. Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 182–191. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z056

We studied the dynamics of the red blood cell composition of Wistar male rats at rest and when swimming with a load (4% body weight) before and after administration of a succinatecontaining preparation (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid). In rats receiving the succinatecontaining preparation, a decrease in the number of red blood cells and an increase in their volume and absolute and relative number of reticulocytes were observed at rest in comparison with vivarium control. In rats exposed to exhaustive swimming after preliminary administration of the test preparation (12 h before the test), we observed a decrease in hematocrit and erythrocyte diameter in comparison with the corresponding parameters in rats not treated with the preparation; the level of hemoglobin did not change. The pattern of changes in the cellular composition of red blood in rats at rest and during swimming against the background of treatment with the succinate-containing preparation in comparison with vivarium control is considered as a result of its effect on physical exercise under conditions of stabilization of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, activation of proliferative activity of red bone marrow, and an increase in time of swimming to exhaustion by 2.8 times.

For an untrained organism, physical activity is physiologically stressful. The stress is accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen intermediates. Their level in the cell is regulated by antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the paper to study the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-FDH) in erythrocytes under single physical load (FL) of different intensity. Materials and Methods. The authors tested male Wistar rats aged 3 months. The animals were divided into seven groups: vivarium control (VC); rats who were swimming for 60 minutes without added weight (moderate intensity load (MIL)); four groups participating in load-testing: low-intensity FL (LI) – swimming with a load of 2 % of body weight; high-intensity FL (HI) - swimming with a load of 8 %, 10 % and 15 % of body weight (HI8, HI10, HI15). Animals of the seventh group (OS) were in the shallows for 60 min without the opportunity to swim in order to induce oxidative stress without physical load. Results. In all groups, the authors observed a significant decrease in SOD activity and a significant increase in GP and G-6-FDH activity relative to VC. The greatest decrease in SOD activity was in the OS and MIL groups (by 36 % and 33.5 %, p

We studied the dynamics of the red blood cell composition of Wistar male rats at rest and when swimming with a load (4% body weight) before and after administration of a succinatecontaining preparation (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid). In rats receiving the succinatecontaining preparation, a decrease in the number of red blood cells and an increase in their volume and absolute and relative number of reticulocytes were observed at rest in comparison with vivarium control. In rats exposed to exhaustive swimming after preliminary administration of the test preparation (12 h before the test), we observed a decrease in hematocrit and erythrocyte diameter in comparison with the corresponding parameters in rats not treated with the preparation; the level of hemoglobin did not change. The pattern of changes in the cellular composition of red blood in rats at rest and during swimming against the background of treatment with the succinate-containing preparation in comparison with vivarium control is considered as a result of its effect on physical exercise under conditions of stabilization of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, activation of proliferative activity of red bone marrow, and an increase in time of swimming to exhaustion by 2.8 times.

The purpose is to study the annual dynamics of activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR) of erythrocytes, the content of selenium in blood serum, provision with vitamins A (tocopherol) and E (retinol) in young men (18-22 years), residents of the North (62° northern latitude) and involved in manual work in the open air by trade. Methods. The cohort study was carried out. The SOD activity was estimated by quantity of nitro-formazan. GP was estimated by the loss of reduced glutathione at its oxidation with a tret-butil hydroperoxide. GR was estimated by oxidation rate of NADPH. The concentration of retinol and tocopherol was determined on the intensity of lipid extract fluorescence of blood serum. The concentration of selenium in plasma was identified by a fluorimetric method with 2,3 diamino-naphthalene. Results. Data analysis showed decrease of SOD activity up to 45.17 ± 0.34 (Ôβ1/2.Ññ/ml erythrocytes) during the cold period of the year (November-March) and increase up to 71.09 ± 0.53 (Ôβ1/2.Ññ/ml erythrocytes) during the warm period of the year (June - August), whereas the activity of GP and GR, selenium level in blood serum increased during the cold period of year and decreased during the warm period of the year. For example, activity of GP was 112.35 ± 6.29 (micron/min./rHb) in November and 35.87 ± 2.47 (micron/min/rHb) in July. The level of tocopherol in the blood serum varied from 2.39 to 6.53 mcg/ml during the year and it was considerably lower than middle-latitude norm (8-15 mcg/ ml). The minimum level of tocopherol was in August, September, October, January and maximum in November and March. Dynamics of the content of retinol in the blood serum was similar within a year. Level of retinol had the annual dynamics similar to tocopherol and was at the lower limit of normal (30-80 mcg/ml). Conclusion. Seasonal fluctuations of SOD and GP of erythrocytes activity, vitamins' contents, selenium in blood serum can be treated as adaptation processes of the organism to natural and climatic factors.

A method of digital-to-analog conversion is described in which the nonlinearity of the characteristic and the buildup time are reduced considerably compared with classical conversion based on pulse-width modulation.

The latitude factor was shown to have a physiological effect on a growing body of adolescents aged 14–15 years even at a 3-degree difference in the latitude of residence. In adolescents living at 65°N, compared to those living at 62°N, the tolerance of hypoxemia, recovery of hemodynamics after short-term exercise, and their physical health level were decreased, attention switching was slower, and hypoxic events were more pronounced. Sex-related differences in several parameters and body features typical for northerners were revealed in adolescents living in the north.

The study of the effect of acute normobaric hypoxia, which was simulated by inhalation of the oxygen-nitrogen mixture containing 8% of oxygen, which corresponds to its partial pressure at an altitude of 7000 m above sea level, was conducted in a group of apparently healthy men (aged 19–23 years, n = 10). The biochemical analysis during the test included determining the glucose, pyruvate, and lactate levels in venous blood; the hemoglobin content, pH, hematocrit, partial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures, and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen. It was shown that, at the fifth minute of hypoxia, the serum glucose level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the background. However, on the whole, the maximal glucose level decrease was 0.76 mM, and the lowest individual parameter values did not decrease below 4.0 mM. The serum glucose level was restored to the background values at the tenth minute of testing. It was suggested that the syncopal form of altitude hypoxia in humans is unlikely to be linked to the development of hypoglycemia.

A socially uniform group of apparently healthy people aged 30–59 years who live in cities of the European North (62°N) was examined. During the course of a year, blood metabolites, parameters of functioning of the cardiovascular system, the psychoemotional state, and actual nutrition were studied monthly. An optimal state of metabolism and physiological systems was found in May and December, whereas, during the winter-spring and autumn-winter periods, the maintenance of energy homeostasis was subjected to stress. Analysis of the data obtained helped to evaluate the key aspects in the adaptation of the body to seasonal changes in environmental factors: the role of anaerobic and aerobic oxidative processes in the maintenance of temperature homeostasis and the relationship between metabolic changes and cardiovascular system functioning and the psychoemotional state.

The functional state of the pituitary-thyroid axis (PTA) and oxygen consumption were studied monthly during one year in a group of soldiers from northern European Russia daily staying outdoors for 6–10 h. It was shown that the chronic exposure to low temperatures on the human body was accompanied by activation of metabolism of thyroid hormones, which was evident from accumulation of their free forms. The irritant caused no tension of the central link of the endocrine system, and although the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood were reduced, the mechanism of negative feedback was not activated, which was evidenced by a stably low level of thyrotrophic hormone of the pituitary gland. At the same time, the rapid change in the duration of daytime influencing the central links of the neuroendocrine system resulted in unbalance of feedback mechanisms. The illumination factor under the conditions of chronic hypothermia proved to be a stronger irritant for the central link of the endocrine system than the signals transmitted by feedback mechanisms from the peripheral parts of the PTA.

We demonstrated significant changes in levels of several plasma free amino acids--proline, hydroxyproline, glycine, and phenylalanine--in healthy volunteers in response to severe acute normobaric hypoxia (breathing nitrogen-oxygen mixture with 9% of O2). We assume that demonstrated an increase of free proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine in plasma in the 10th minute of hypoxia was caused by increased collagenolysis due to hypoxic activation of matrix metalloproteinases. Significantly increased levels of free phenylalanine in the 10th and 20th minutes of hypoxia were the consequences of autophagy activation. Our results suggest that acute severe normobaric hypoxia has specific effects on plasma free amino acids in healthy humans.

Selenium supplementation and its effects on Northerners have been little studied. The aim of our study was to assess the selenium levels of the inhabitants of North European Russia, the seasonal aspects of selenium supplementation, and the interrelationships between selenium levels and the levels of thyroid gland hormones. To study the particular features of selenium metabolism in Northerners over the course of 1 year, 19 healthy male Caucasian volunteers (18–21 years old) were recruited for the present study. The subjects were military guards in a Northern European region of Russia (Syktyvkar, Russia, 62°N latitude) who spent 6–10-h outdoors daily. The study was conducted over a 12-month period. Selenium levels, glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity, as well as total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin, free triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin (TSH) levels, were determined in the blood serum. The study subjects showed low levels of plasma selenium throughout the year. We observed a noticeable decrease in plasma selenium levels during the period from May to August, with the lowest levels in July. Selenium levels in the military guards correlated with the levels of selenium-dependent GP enzyme activity throughout the year. Additionally, we demonstrated a significant correlation between selenium and pituitary-thyroid axis hormones (total T3, free T4, and TSH) in periods in which plasma selenium levels were lower than the established normal ranges. Over the course of 1 year, low levels of plasma selenium affect GP activity and thyroid hormone levels in humans living in North European Russia.