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As shown, in present moment, some problem is being exist – the organization of import substitution process in aircraft and missile-and-space equipment development is going not that way as planned. It is mentioned that increasing of electronic component base quality used in domestic production is necessary in development of up-to-date domestic aircraft and missile-and-space equipment. The SWOT-analysis results of import substitution activities efficiency in electronic component base development for aircraft and missile-and-space equipment are given.

Authors have presented results of a research of influence of additives on characteristics of the plasmatron at their input to a plasma stream of the generator of low-temperature plasma. For a research of influence of napylyaemy material on the modes and thermal characteristics of the plasmatron by authors copper powder was entered by dispersion of 15 - 20 microns. By results of researches the characteristics providing an optimum operating mode of the generator of plasma have been chosen. It is noted that plasmatrons with the submitted characteristics are expediently used for receiving steam-gas streams in relation to technology of drawing sheetings.

The article deals with the measurement of deformations of structural elements of technical systems. The analysis of damages and deformations arising in the elements of aircraft structures during operation is carried out. The conducted researches of the fiber-optical sensor (VOD) based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer confirmed its accuracy and reliability of operation, since the interferometer base is significantly less than the length of the fastening element. The influence of the change in ambient temperature on the change in the base is negligible. Thus, the application of the method of fiber-optic low-coherence interferometry makes it possible to provide high accuracy and reliable measurement of the deformations of the structural elements of technical systems in the process of their research, design, manufacture and operation, which makes it possible to recommend the use of the Fabry-Perot interferometer as primary transducers (sensors) as part of measuring systems. The manufacturing technology has been developed and the sensitivity of the VOD temperature sensors made on the basis of the Fabry-Perot interferometer has been tested, which have shown their reliability and future application in automated measuring systems.

The technical system containing several structural elements working under the influence of a complex of external loadings is considered. The units and systems used during creation of the missile and space equipment can be examples of such systems. It is noted that refusal of a design of similar technical systems approach at least of one of such states as loss of durability, stability loss, emergence of inadmissible elastic deformations, emergence of inadmissible plastic deformations is considered. For systems of this kind the method of calculation of reliability by criterion of approach of one or several limit conditions of a design of elements is offered.

Basic provisions of the concept and methodology of production of composite materials for the missile and space equipment are offered. The system of the purposes realizing the principle of a priority of the purposes of the customer is offered. The system of evaluation criteria and indicators of quality of composite materials the realizing interrelation of requirements of the customer to quality of material and dependence of ensuring the required quality on the used technologies is developed. It is shown that for ensuring quality of composite materials for units and the RKT systems first of all it is necessary development of mathematical dependences of properties of materials on parameters of the technological modes in the conditions of obligatory implementation of requirements of the customer.

Analysis results of the modern situation connected with development of a commercial segment of the space services rendered by Russia are provided. It is shown that it, it is necessary to consider as quite difficult. It is offered developed situations to attract the scientific and economic capacity of private firms to overcoming, using the mechanism of public-private partnership. It is noted that the public-private partnership will allow to raise considerable additional resources of the companies and corporations in addition to the budget expenditure. Tasks which are reasonable for solving to the state and what should be charged to private firms are formulated. Possible areas of interaction of the state and private business in case of the solution of research problems of near-earth space are offered.

To determine unbalance in the system of programmed cell death in the cells CD34+ of the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) before and after cytostatic impact in acute leukemia (AL).Flow cytoflowmetry estimated expression of Bcl-2, Bax, p53 and ACE in the cells CD34+ of BM and PB from 10 AL (4 AML and 6 ALL) patients. PB and BM samples were studied before polychemotherapy (PCT) and in the course of induction treatment: on day +8, +21 (blood only), +36 - 38. Control group consisted of 4 BM donors.The number of CD34+ cells expressing Bcl-2 in AL patients was 46,5 +/- 9,35 % in BM and 39,4 + 10,8 % in PB, in healthy donors - 9 and 32,8 %, respectively. Bax expression in AL patients' cells CD34+ of BM versus this expression in donors was 3 times higher (36,7 +/- 8,1 and 14,8%, respectively), of PC - 2 times lower (40,7 +/- 6,59 and 75,8%, respectively). Expression of p53 in AL patients was 36,8 +/- 9 % in BM and 26 +/- 7,4 % in PB, in donors - 28,2 and 65 %, respectively. ACE expression on the cells CD34+ in AL patients in early disease was 62 +/- 7,57 % in BM and 48 +/- 8,1 % in PB, in donors - 40 and 85 %, respectively. Moreover, there were significant changes in expression of Bcl-2 in BM and Bax, ACE and p53 in PB in the cells CD34+ in AL patients during and after induction PCT.The above changes evidence for unbalance of pro- and antiapoptosis proteins of regulators in AL patients. PCT changes profile of expression of these proteins, but not to the level of healthy donors.

To review results of 2-year experience in execution of the protocol on the treatment of adult acute Ph-negative lymphoblastic leukemia ALL-2009.Of 111 patients registered in the study from November 2008 to December 2010 the analysis covered 96 patients from 23 hematological centers in 18 towns of the RF.Treatment according to the Protocol ALL-2009 resulted in achievement of a complete remission in 91.2% patients with low early lethality of 5.5%. Postremission lethality fell to 3.7% versus previous studies (22%). Overall 2-year survival and recurrence-free survival reached 77.6 and 78.4%, respectively. Detection of any chromosomic aberrations significantly affected recurrence-free survival: 74 vs 100% in patients with normal karyotype.Protocol All-2009 demonstrates high efficacy in moderate toxicity and good reproducibility in any hematologic center.

To analyze the causes of prolonged hematopoietic tissue aplasias in patients with acute leukemias (AL) after chemotherapy courses.Data on 7 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, followed up at the Hematology Departments, Hematology Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, over the period 2003 to 2007, who had developed deep bone marrow aplasia (BMA) inadequate to cytostatic drug exposure during chemotherapy, were analyzed. The authors compared in all the patients the values of peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) puncture specimens and the results of blood tests using the polymerase chain reaction at different AL development stages with the results of an immunohistochemical study using the markers of viruses of hepatitis C and B, a herpes group (EBV, CMV, HSV-1, HSV-2) and parvovirus B19.The marker of hepatitis C was detected in 6 of the 7 patients with prolonged BMA; 3 of these 6 patients showed a simultaneous infection with hepatitis B. Six of the 7 patients were found to have concomitant BM lesion with various herpes group viruses. Two patients had a resistant form of AL.Hepatitis C virus infection in patients and the resistant form of the disease were the principal causes of the development of BMA inadequate to cytostatic drug exposure. Affliction of abundant bone marrow cells with herpes group viruses was not a direct cause, but might substantially aggravate BMA.

To analyse the results of the treatment according to ALL-2005 protocol for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); on the basis of the summarized evidence on ALL treatment to propose principles for development of a new program of ALL treatment in 15-55-year-old patients.Five hematological centers (in Moscow, Saransk, Volgograd, Tambov, Kirov) participated in ALL-2005 protocol trial initiated in 2005. A total of 71 adult patients with ALL (age median 27 years) were treated. The results of the MB-2002 study with participation of 16 patients aged 16-23 years performed in the State Hematological Research Center (SHRC) were reviewedThe results of the induction therapy according to ALL-2005 protocol conducted in Moscow SHRC were good: a complete remission was achieved in 90% patients, early lethality was 6%, resistance was observed in 4%. In regional centers lethality in remission was higher, 5-year overall survival was 28% (in SHRC it was 56%), recurrence-free survival in regional center was 22% versus 51%, respectively. Long-term response by ALL-2005 and MB-2002 in patients aged 19-23 was the same, but toxicity of ALL-2005 treatment was higher (no lethality and 5, 4% in induction and remission, respectively).The decision was made on design of a new protocol of treatment of Ph-negative ALL for patients aged from 15 to 55 years the main principles of which are the following: continuous treatment with modification of cytostatic drugs doses depending on myelosuppression severity; assessment of tumor cells sensitivity to prednisolone and its replacement for dexametasone throughout the treatment; prolongation of L-asparaginase treatment with elevation of its total dose; monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) for decision on late intensification in patients with MRD at late treatment stages (5 months).

To study efficacy of different programs of maintenance therapy, to create the program of differential therapy of minimal residual disease (MRD) and molecular recurrences at all stages of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) basing on the results of monitoring.A total of 76 APL patients entered the trial. They received therapy by the protocols APL-97/98, APL-01, AIDA, 5D. Expression of chymeric oncogen PML/RARa in the disease onset was estimated by bone marrow and/or peripheral blood examination with RT-PCR. The study of chymeric oncogen PML/RARa was made once in two months.The program of differential therapy of APL is proposed on the basis of molecular-biological monitoring of expression of chymeric oncogen PML/RARa. The results of molecular monitoring of MRD correlated with development of molecular and hematological recurrences. Therapeutic policy is determined after diagnosis of molecular recurrence. Further therapy of APL is determined which allows a rise in overall and recurrence-free survival of the patients.The efficacy of maintenance therapy only with cytostatic drugs or their combination with ATRA is similar. The response to biological therapy with ATRA plus interferon-alpha is not sufficient. Molecular recurrences--probable or documented--are detected in maintenance therapy 2 months earlier, on the average, than hematological ones. Changes in the treatment policy in registration of molecular recurrence significantly diminish probability of hematological recurrence (from 36 to 0%, p = 0.001.

To develop an original therapeutic strategy in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).In November 2001 Hematological Research Center (HRC) initiated the study of chimeric BCR-ABL gene. During the first stage of the study (November 2001-July 2004), 18 primary ALL patients were recruited in HRC, from July 2004 to January 2005--16 patients in HRC, N.N. Burdenko Central Military Hospital, regional Samara hospital. The diagnosis of Ph-positive ALL was established in detection of translocation t(9;22) by standard cytogenetic test or fluorescent hibridization in situ with double signal (D-FISH), or by polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR). In detection of aberration of BCR-ABL gene the patients received stem hemopoietic cells, from June 2004 imatinib was added to chemotherapy in the period of induction and consolidation.Incidence rate of BCR-ABL-positive ALL by standard cytogenetic test and D-FISH makes up 20%, by RT-PCR--25%. Differences in chimeric transcripts detectability by different methods may be explained by different sensitivity of the methods. Complete hematological remissions were achieved in the majority of the patients (6 of 8) irrespective of imatinib administration. Achievement of molecular remission in BCR-ABL-positive ALL occurs also in standard chemotherapy but molecular remissions begin 2-4 months later than clinicohematological ones.In using imatinib combination with chemotherapy, molecular remission can be achieved simultaneously with hematological one. Long-term results will be analysed later.

Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the study of its correlations with duration of recurrence-free interval.Bone marrow samples obtained from 37 AML patients before treatment were studied at two-color flow cytometry. The panel of monoclonal antibodies to T- and B-cell, myeloid antigens was used. The residual cells were estimated in 20 patients in remission.78% cases were diagnosed to have an anomalous immunophenotype including coexpression of lymphoid and myeloid antigens, asynchronous expression of myeloid antigens. In the first remission the residual cells were detected in 20 patients due to aberrant antigen expression. The presence of MRD was stated if bone marrow contained more than 0.12% leukemic cells. The duration of the first remission and MRD correlated. 8 patients with MRD had remission for 3 to 6 months (median 4.7 months). 12 patients free of MRD were in remission for more than 6 months (for 8 to 26 months, median 19.7 months). The threshold level of the residual cells (0.12%) was confirmed statistically using the three-parameter probability model.This study confirms feasibility of using flow cytometry for detection of residual cells. MRD and duration of the first remission correlate. Long-term observation of large groups of AML patients will try the validity of the above statistical model.

To analyse results of treatment of invasive aspergillesis in immunocompromised patients for 2000-2002.The study was made of patients who, when treated with antibiotics, exhibited foci in the lungs typical for invasive aspergillesis. Aspergillas were detected in the sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial wash-ups, aspergilla antigen (galactomannan) was detected in the blood.Invasive aspergillesis was diagnosed in 25 patients. 13 (52%) patients were treated with adjuvant glucocorticoids. 19 (76%) patients had neutropenia. All the patients had fever. Foci in the lungs were in 24 patients. Aspergillas were detected in 15 patients, a positive antigen galactomannan in 7 patients. A. Fumigatus, A flavus, A. Niger occurred in 67, 26.5 and 6.5% patients, respectively. All the patients received amphotericin B (median of the treatment reached 38 days, total dose 880-3500 mg). In 5 patients amphotericin B was replaced for liposomal amphotericin B because of high creatinine. 7 patients continued with itraconasol in a dose 400-600 mg/day. The foci were removed in 3 patients. The cure was achieved in 12 patients, 13 patients, 13 patients died (cause of death--respiratory insufficiency).Lethality in invasive aspergillesis in immunocompromised patients remains high--52%. Cultural detection of mycelial fungi was, as a rule, delayed. Early diagnosis of the disease requires monitoring of the aspergilla antigen in the blood and computer tomography of the chest especially in fever persisting in the treatment of wide-spectrum antibiotics.

Assessment of high-dose dexamethasone efficacy in combination with standard drugs (adriablastin, vincristin, alpha-asparaginase) in patients with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).A pilot multicenter trial with participation of hematological departments of Hematological Research Center (Moscow), municipal hospital N 1 (Krasnoyarsk), municipal hospital N 8 (Yaroslavl), Research Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion (Kirov) included 34 patients (10 patients with late recurrences, 24--with primary resistant forms, early and secondary recurrences).In patients with late ALL recurrences a complete remission (CR) was achieved in 70% cases, the median being 10 months. In patients with primary resistant ALL, early and secondary recurrences CR reached 37.5%, the median was 14 months.The program HiDexa is highly effective: overall complete remission rate reached 47%, median of complete remission duration was 10 months. Dexamethasone in high doses must be used only intravenously.

To estimate the incidence of cytomegaloviral (CMV) infection and CMV disease in patients with acute leukemia at different stages of chemotherapy and in patients after transplantation of hemopoietic cells.The trial was carried out in 33 patients with acute leukemia at different stages of chemotherapy, 20 patients subjected to transplantation of autologic hemopoietic cells and 21 patients who had received transplantation of allogenic hemopoietic cells. To study the dynamics of the CMV infection markers, enzyme immunoassay of the titer of the specific immunoglobulins M and G was made, detection of the viral antigen in immunofluorescence reaction and cultivation with fibroblast cell culture and determination of the cytomegalovirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Before chemotherapy, up to 90% patients with acute leukemia were infected with cytomegalovirus (similar rate of infection was observed in healthy donors of hemopoietic cells). By the time of transplantation all the patients were infected with cytomegalovirus. During chemotherapy of acute leukemia, the primary infection and reactivation of latent infection occurred in 30% patients, whereas CMV disease developed in 18% patients. In case of transplantation of autologic hemopoietic cells the rate of reactivation of CMV infection (15%) was one-half of that value in patients with acute leukemia (30%). Similar trend was observed in case of development of CMV disease (5% and 18%, respectively). In case of transplantation of allogenic hemopoietic cells the incidence of reactivation of CMV infection was three times higher than in case of transplantation of autologic hemopoietic cells (47.6% and 15%, respectively, p = 0.02). The incidence of development of CMV disease in case of transplantation of allogenic hemopoietic cells was also significantly higher than in case of transplantation of autologic hemopoietic cells (28.6% and 5%, respectively, p = 0.05).Cytomegalovirus is an infection agent responsible for severe complications of chemotherapy of acute leukemia and transplantation of hemopoietic cells in patients with hemoblastoses. Among hematological patients, the group of the highest risk of development of this complication includes recipients of transplantation of allogenic hemopoietic cells, particularly from seronegative donors.

Over the last decade all large cooperative trials have shown that induction and/or consolidation intensification by either the introduction of additional cytotoxic drugs (etoposide, idarubicin, aclarubicin, mitoxantrone) to cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C) plus daunorubicin or Ara-C dose escalation or timing (double induction) provides 30–40% 5 years disease-free survival (DFS) in primary AML (J.Bishop et al 1996, A.Burnett et al 1998, Th.Buchner et al. 1999). A very limited number of randomized studies exist on comparing different maintenance strategies in AML, because widely used high-dose consolidation and late intensification therapy substantially reduces or eliminates the beneficial effect of low-dose maintenance attained after standard induction/consolidation (Th. Buchner et al 1985, J. Hewlett et al 1995).

To define duration and schemes of maintenance therapy, to evaluate cytarabine demand while treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with an original program 5D + Ifa + AT RA.The above treatment was conducted in 7 patients with APL (1 male, 6 females, 18-45 years, leukocytes 1.2-15.0 x 10(9)/l).Induction by 5D program was performed in 5 patients. A complete remission was achieved in 4 of them, molecular--in 3. One woman died. 5D consolidation was performed in 6 patients. After the first course of consolidation all the patients achieved molecular remission. Maintenance of remission with Ifa + ATRA was made in 5 patients. In one female the remission came to the end. Mean time of the follow-up was 18 months. The remission lasted 5-36 months. Monitoring of molecular remission has not found marker PML/RARa.Daunozom monotherapy leads to a complete remission after the first course in most of the patients. In the majority of them it was molecular. Maintenance with If + ATRA for 2 years maintains molecular remission for 5-36 months.

To evaluate the efficiency of combination of interferon-alpha (INF) and all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) as a treatment for maintaining remission in high risk group patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).Three-day INF + ATRA course was administered every 3 months to 22 patients with AML from high risk group (impossibility of drug therapy during the first complete remission, resistant forms of AML, relapses, secondary AML, acute promyelocytic leukemia after attaining molecular remission).INF + ATRA during remission maintained a long first complete remission (median 18 months) in patients with primary AML after small-volume drug therapy, led to long first and second complete remissions (median 12 months) in patients with resistant AML, and induced and maintained molecular remissions in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Anthracyclines are basic cytostatic drugs for the treatment of acute leukemias. Pharmacokinetics of these drugs determins their efficacy. Peak concentration (PC) correlates with response rate, for example in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [1]. Area under the curve (AUC) parameters of daunorubicin are not optimal due to very fast phase of distribution and slow phase of elimination of the anthracycline. The usage of drug carriers -liposomes and erythrocytes—provides a new tool for overcoming these negative points. It was already proved that liposomal daunorubicin creates very high PC and large AUC [2]. It’s also supposed that liposomal formulation of daunorubicin can overcome P-glycoprotein related resistance of leukemic cells [3]. Erythrocytes as carriers of anthracyclines (doxorubicin) were already tested in a small cohort of lymphoma patients, and it was shown that this drug formulation did not create high PC but enlarge AUC [4].

To produce antigen-presenting cells (APC) from tumor cells of patients with acute leukemia and to induce autologous cytotoxic tumor-specific T-lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro.Culture examinations, flow cytofluorometry were made in 3 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 1 patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Culturing of blast cells in the presence of growth factors produced APC in 4 patients with acute leukemia. The use of fibronectin layer with added collagen proved most effective for the above production. In culture, APC induced autologous tumor-specific T-lymphocytes which selectively lysed tumor cells. Pilot clinical trial was made of dendritic cells suspension in a patient with resistant AML.A new perspective immunotherapy of acute leukemia is proposed.

To study pharmacokinetics of liposomal daunorubicine DaunoXome and daunorubicine (rubomycin) associated with red cells: to assess their effectiveness and toxicity in patients with acute leukemia.7 patients with resistant or recurrent acute leukemia entered the trial. Of them 2 patients had acute myeloid leukemia. They received DaunoXome in dose 100 mg in days 1, 2 and 3 of 7 + 3 program. 1 patient had pretreated acute promyelocytic leukemia. This patient received 5-day course of DaunoXome in a dose 100 mg in the presence of ATRA therapy. 4 patients were given single dose daunorubicin associated with autoerythrocytes in the courses RACOP and 7 + 3 in a dose 45 mg/m2. Concentrations of free, bound and liposomal daunorubicin were determined spectrofluorimetrically in chlorophorm extracts of plasm, blood, liquor and bone marrow specimens.Immobilization of daunorubicin on the red cells and liposomes changes pharmacokinetics of the drug: peak concentrations change and the area under the concentration curve increases. Tolerance of DaunoXome and daunorubicine associated with red cells was satisfactory in all the cases: clinical and echo-CG signs of cordiotoxicity were absent, myelotoxicity was similar to that of free daunorubicine. DaunoXome was effective in 2 of 3 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia.The findings are of practical interest for physicians designing new programs of therapy of acute leukemia.

Evaluation of trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with cytostatic drugs in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).In a multicenter study APL was treated according to protocols APL 01.97 and APL 06.87 in 28 patients (14 males and 14 females, median age 36 years).Administration of ATRA in combination with standard program 7 + 3 (cytosine-arabinoside 100 mg/m2 twice a day v.v. day 1-7, daunorubicin 60 mg/m2 v.v. day 1-3) induced a complete remission in 25 patients (90%). Early lethality was 10% (3 patients died). Resistant APL was not registered. Retinoid syndrome was diagnosed in 15 patients, one patient died. 2-year overall and recurrence-free survival made up 72 and 82%, respectively.ATRA combination with cytosine-arabinoside and daunorubicin is a novel treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia providing a high rate of complete remission and long-term survival.

Comparison of effectiveness of induction regimens varying in intensity and maintenance variants in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) included in a randomised multicenter trial.Clinical trial 1 enrolled 185 AML patients. Vepesid-free induction was used in 85 patients (group 1), induction with vepesid--in 99 patients (group 2). 223 AML patients entered trial 2. Of them 37 patients were treated for 3 years 7 + 3 with daunorubicin in the dose 45 mg/m2 in the induction phase (group 1), 85 and 101 patients received 7 + 3 with daunorubicin for a year in the dose 45 mg/m2 and 60 mg/m2, respectively, (group 2 and 3).For group 1 in trial 1 the remission rate, early lethality, resistance were, respectively, 60, 20 and 20%, respectively. For group 2 in trial 1--66, 22 and 12%, respectively. 5-year recurrence-free survival reached 32 and 37% for group 1 and 2, respectively. For trial 2 relevant figures made up 75.5, 16.2, 8.1% for group 1; 60, 17.6 and 22.4% for group 2; 63, 20.8 and 16% for group 3, respectively. The 3.5-year recurrence-free survival in groups 1, 2 and 3, was 16, 46 and 50%, respectively. For both trials, the differences between the groups were insignificant.The results evidence that the treatment can be shorter (not 3 but 1 year or even 6 months), the induction more intensive (the dose of anthracycline antibiotics can be elevated up to 60 mg/m2 without a rise in early lethality).

To evaluate efficacy of ampicilline/sulbactame and fluconasole in the regimen of empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with acute leukemia.The trial covered 14 hematological departments of Russia and 1 of Ukraine. Acute myeloid leukemia patients were included. 92 cases of fever in 56 patients with analysis of efficacy in 66 cases were considered. At the first stage of empirical antibiotic therapy, cefoperason (4 g/day) and gentamycin (240 mg/day) were administered. If no response was reached, ampicilline/sulbactam (7.5 g/day) was added. This was the second stage. If no response occurred for 5 days the three drugs were joined by fluconasol (400 mg followed by 200 mg).Fever of unclear genesis was cured in 82% (28 of 34), clinical infection--in 80% (20 of 25), microbiologically confirmed infection--in 4 of 7 cases. A complete response to the empirical antibiotic therapy was registered in 52 of 66 cases (79%). 7(10.5%) patients died of infectious complications. 7(10.5%) received other antibiotics.

A T-to-C substitution, replacing a hydrophobic isoleucine residue with a hydrophilic threonine residue in position 100 of a mature protein molecule, was found at codon 117 of the GM-CSF gene. The mutation frequencies were estimated in 51 DNA samples from healthy adult donors and also in 20 samples from patients with different neoplastic myeloid disorders. Almost equal substitution frequencies in patients and normal individuals were observed, suggesting that the defect was not associated with leukemia. Additionally the GM-CSF gene intron 1 sequence was refined.

Morphological study of the bone marrow and blood, cytochemical examination with evaluation of lysosomal enzymes activity, concentrations of glycogen and acid sulfated mucopolysaccharides, and immunophenotyping were conducted to develop immunomorphological criteria early detecting leukemic clone in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) in remission based on dynamic immunological monitoring of peripheral blood lymphocytes for recurrence prognostication. Immunological monitoring of lymphoid population of ANLL patients' peripheral blood allowed to predict recurrence in remission, several months before its morphological identification in all the patients. This was accomplished by a significant increase in the levels of (M + 3 sigma) lymphocytes with antigens of early differentiation stages atypical for mature lymphocytes. Practical value of the method is not only in providing immunophenotypical appearance of the blast cells in various ANLL variants, but also in the control by the detected antigens over the residual leukemic population during treatment, and in prediction of the disease recurrence by reversion in the spectrum of differential antigens on the lymphocytes in remission. The latter indicates the increase of the leukemic clone and may be recognized several months before evident clinicomorphological signs of the aggravation.

Nobody can deny that obtaining complete remission is a prerequisite for the cure of leukemia, and chemotherapy still remains the most essential basis of treatment. The first line results are quiet satisfactory nowadays. Complete remission rate in AML is 65–80%, with early death rate of 10–15% and drug resistance 15–20%. However, only long-term results can apparently reflect the situation and so they do. Long-term disease-free survival (DFS) in AML does not seem to exceed 25–30% in 5 years, and these counts were attained in groups of very well-treated patients [1-4].

The clinical efficacy of aclarubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, was studied in 48 patients with leukemia. The antibiotic was used in the following combinations with cytarabine: "7 + 7", "5 + 5" and "73". A complete remission was stated in 14 (42.4 per cent) out of 33 patients with acute nonlymphoid leukemia, 6 (43 per cent) out of the 14 patients having relapses. The combined therapy was effective in 4 out of 5 pre-resistant patients. The "7 + 3" scheme was the most beneficial. The most common adverse reactions were nausea and vomiting.

The data on the clinical trials of karminomycin, a new antitumor antibiotic are presented. The drug was used in the treatment of 46 adult patients with leukemia. Karminomycin was used in primary inducing therapy and treatment of relapses. The results of the trials showed that karminomycin had a definite therapeutic activity in treatment of acute myeloblast leukemia at various stages of the process. A rapid effect of the antibiotic provided its use in emergency cases with rapidly progressing variants of the disease.