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Finland has stated that carbon neutrality will be achieved by the year 2035. This will partly happen by replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. However, the ongoing debate on the subject is increasing, and therefore the need for research is crucial. This thesis is a literature review of the development of wind and nuclear power in the future of Finland. The aim of this thesis was to discuss and compare wind and nuclear power development within a baseline in their EROI values. The EROI-based analysis was made in frame time within Finland’s low carbon roadmap 2035. The purpose of the comparison was to find out the advantages and disadvantages of both energy technologies and their EROI values in different scenarios. EROI as a metric informs the ratio between the energy input and energy output. It can be applied to all energy technologies and therefore is a competitive factor to conduct a comparative analysis. The results achieved in the thesis show that the development of wind power is siting wind farms offshore and increase in the physical aspects, such as rotor diameter and hub height. The EROI of wind power correlates strongly with the siting of the turbines and progressive technology. However, the values obtained were with a wide range between 10 and 50, depending on the turbine type and turbine location. Furthermore, the development of nuclear power is to diminish to small modular reactors. Since SMRs are in the research and development phase, the EROI values for SMRs were assumed from data from conventional nuclear power plants. However, the EROI of SMRs is confidently larger than the EROI of wind power.EROI analyysi tuuli- ja ydinvoiman kehityksestä Pohjoismaissa. Tiivistelmä. Suomen tavoite on olla hiilineutraali vuoteen 2035 mennessä. Tavoite toteutetaan osittain korvaamalla fossiiliset polttoaineet uusiutuvalla energialla. Tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi ovat tutkimukset aiheesta ratkaisevia. Tutkielma on kirjallisuuskatsaus tuuli- ja ydinvoiman kehityksestä tulevaisuuden Suomessa. Tavoitteena on analysoida tuuli- ja ydinvoiman kehitystä EROI-analyysin kannalta. Tarkoitus on vertailla näiden kahden hyötyjä ja haittoja sekä niiden EROI arvoja. EROI-analyysi on tehty aikarajalla Suomen hallituksen laatiman vähähiilisten tiekarttojen mukaan. EROI on mittari, jolla voidaan arvioida ja vertailla eri energiateknologien tuotettavuutta ja kannattavuutta. EROI perustuu tuotetun energian ja vaaditun energian suhteeseen. Tuulivoiman kehitys tulevaisuudessa tulee olemaan tuulivoimaloiden asettaminen vesi olosuhteisiin sekä kasvavat fysikaaliset ominaisuudet, kuten roottorin halkaisija ja maston korkeus. Tuulivoiman EROI-arvoilla on vahva riippuvuus turbiinien fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien ja turbiinien sijainnin kanssa. Saadut EROI-arvot sijoittuivat laajasti skaalalle 10–50, riippuen turbiinin sijainnista ja ominaisuuksista. Ydinvoiman kehitys liittyy vahvasti reaktorien pienentymiseen, jolloin puhutaan pienistä modulaarisista ydinreaktoreista. Näiden ollessa vielä vahvasti kehitysvaiheessa ja EROI-arvojen puutteiden vuoksi, tulokset on oletettu perinteisten ydinvoimalaitosten EROI-datan perusteella. EROI-analyysin ja vertailun perusteella voidaan sanoa, että tuulivoiman EROI-luvut ovat huomattavasti vaatimattomampia kuin ydinvoiman EROI-luvut.

According to Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848 under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), EU Member States (MS) shall consider, in their Descriptor 8 primary criterion (D8C1) assessments, the WFD Priority Substances (PS) and River Basin Specific Pollutants (RBSP) within coastal and territorial waters and also beyond territorial waters if these still may give rise to pollution effects. Some WFD PS might not be relevant for the marine environment in the open sea and, consequently, might be excluded from MSFD monitoring beyond the territorial waters. MS have expressed the need for a framework for the deselection of WFD PS from monitoring under the MSFD, in order to save resources. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), collaborating within the MSFD Expert Network on Contaminants, has developed a pragmatic approach to identify the WFD PS that can be excluded from MSFD monitoring in the open sea beyond territorial waters without reducing protection of European Seas. This should preempt the need for individual MS to provide rationales for such exclusions, support comparable monitoring and assessments across national boundaries, and enable MS to focus their monitoring efforts on other (including emerging) substances that require attention.