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Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave en español e inglés Monográfico con el título: Educación en tiempos de pandemia : perspectiva comparada. respuestas y aprendizajes para una nueva educación Durante el curso académico 2019-20, la tradicional docencia universitaria presencial se vio interrumpida por el gobierno ante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2. Debido a ello, una nueva docencia no presencial a través de internet (e-Learning) debía ponerse en práctica a contrarreloj con los recursos disponibles. Los docentes de la asignatura de Física y Química impartida en el grado de Maestro en Educación Primaria de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete, adaptaron el temario, los materiales y recursos, la metodología y el sistema de evaluación a la nueva situación con plataformas como Microsoft Teams, Moodle o Kahoot. Se pretende conocer la visión de los estudiantes sobre la metodología y el sistema de evaluación empleado ante esta nueva situación. Los resultados evidencian un elevado grado de satisfacción del alumnado que reconoce y aprecia el esfuerzo extra realizado por los docentes. ESP

Introducción: La apariencia y el color de los dientes es una preocupación común para los pacientes por lo que hay una creciente necesidad de contar con tratamientos que mejoren la estética dental. Por esa razón, en los últimos 20 años la ciencia dental ha buscado nuevas técnicas y materiales capaces de reducir la discoloración dental. Método: Se prepararon pastillas de goma fantasía, caramelos de goma o gominolas que contenían dos concentraciones diferentes (7% y 14% m/v) de peróxido de hidrógeno microencapsulado por gelificación iónica. Durante 30 días se realizó un tratamiento diario de blanqueamiento dental in vitro para evaluar la acción blanqueadora de las dos formulaciones. La medición del color de la superficie de los dientes tratados se llevó a cabo utilizando una técnica colorimétrica. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de blanqueamiento con las dos formulaciones elaboradas en comparación con un grupo de control, siendo el esquema de dos procedimientos diarios con la formulación al 7% de peróxido de hidrógeno más efectivo que el de un único procedimiento diario con la formulación al 14%. Conclusiones: Las dos formulaciones desarrolladas en este estudio tuvieron un mayor efecto de blanqueamiento in vitro en comparación con un grupo de control, y además se encontró que se logran mejores resultados al disminuir la concentración de peróxido si el número de aplicaciones aumenta para dosis diarias iguales., Introduction: The appearance and color of the teeth are common concerns for patients and are associated with an increased need for treatments that can improve dental aesthetics. For this reason, in the past 20 years, dental science has been searching for new techniques and materials able to reduce dental discoloration. Method: Gummy candies containing two different concentrations (7% and 14% w/v) of hydrogen peroxide microencapsulated by ionic gelation were prepared. In vitro tooth whitening treatment was carried out for 30 days to test the bleaching action of these formulations. The surface color of the treated teeth was measured using a colorimetric technique. Results: Significant differences were found on comparing the whitening treatments for the two formulations with a control group, with two daily treatments using the formulation with 7% hydrogen peroxide being more effective for whitening than a daily single treatment using the formulation with 14 %. Conclusions: The two formulations developed had an in vitro higher bleaching effect in comparison with the control group, and in addition, better results were achieved if the daily dose was provided by more applications at a lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide.

With the aim of finding new methods for environmentally friendly synthesis of chiral phenylethanols, a screening was carried out to identify seeds that could be used as a biocatalyst capable of reducing stereoselectively prochiral ketones. As a result, seeds of Bauhinia variegata L. (Fabaceae) were identified as being an efficient and stereoselective biological reducer of acetophenone to produce (S)-1-phenylethanol (conversion of 98% and 99 e.e.%). Then, to optimise the reductive process, the effects of some variables such as temperature, load of substrate, pH, co-solvent, and reuse and storability of the seeds as a function of time were established. Utilising the optimal reaction conditions, nineteen substituted acetophenones were reduced to their corresponding chiral alcohols with a conversion ranging from 30% to 98% and enantiomeric excess of between 65% and >99%, and in addition, useful key intermediates were also obtained by the synthesis of drugs. The scope and advantages of this new biocatalytic synthetic method are also discussed.Research highlightsA screening was carried out to identify seeds that could be used as a biocatalystSeeds of Bauhinia variegata have been identified as an efficient biocatalyst to reduce carbonyl compounds.Acetophenone and substituted acetophenones were reduced with high stereoselectivity.Some key intermediates were synthetised using this methodology.Seeds can be stored for twenty-four months without loss of activity. A screening was carried out to identify seeds that could be used as a biocatalyst Seeds of Bauhinia variegata have been identified as an efficient biocatalyst to reduce carbonyl compounds. Acetophenone and substituted acetophenones were reduced with high stereoselectivity. Some key intermediates were synthetised using this methodology. Seeds can be stored for twenty-four months without loss of activity.

This work presents an analysis of the approach taken by secondary education textbooks in Spain to the concept of chemical bonding. A comparative case study was performed on three of the most widely used publishers, for which a rubric was devised with six categories: content sequencing, cause of bond formation, terminology used, substance classification based on type of bond, chemical bonding models and the study of intermolecular forces. The conclusion is that there are no differences between publishers in four of the six aspects, but differences do exist in the terminology used and the approach to intermolecular forces. Teachers are advised to make use of the rubric to analyze textbooks’ approach to chemical bonding and decide which to use in their classes En este trabajo se presenta un análisis del tratamiento del concepto de enlace químico en los libros de texto de Educación Secundaria en España. Se ha realizado un estudio de caso comparativo de tres de las editoriales más utilizadas con mayor frecuencia, para ello se elaboró una rúbrica con seis categorías: secuenciación de los contenidos, causa de la formación del enlace, terminología utilizada, clasificación de las sustancias según tipo de enlace, modelos de enlace y estudio de las fuerzas intermoleculares. Se concluye que entre las editoriales no hay diferencias en cuatro de los seis puntos, pero sí en: terminología empleada y el tratamiento de las fuerzas intermoleculares. Se aconseja al profesorado hacer uso de la rúbrica diseñada para analizar el tratamiento del enlace químico en los libros de texto y decidir cuál utilizar en sus clases.

This report shows the design and implementation of a New Teaching Approach (NTA) for chemical bonding to 1st year high school students (16-18y). To design and test the proposal several key aspect regarding chemical bonding have been determined after taking into consideration the student preconceptions. The NTA has been implemented in one experimental group while the control one has been taught with traditional methodology. The same comprehensive test has been offered to both groups after being taught chemical bonding, and the answers have been analysed. In the findings it is observed that the proposed NTA and the used teaching strategies let students develop a higher thinking analysis and a deeper knowledge of chemical bonding, although still some aspects regarding the role of energy in bond formation should be improved in NTA.

Resumen del póster presentado a la CNIC Conference: Mechanical forces in physiology and disease, celebrada en Madrid (España) del 4 al 5 de noviembre de 2016., Plakins are large multi-domain proteins that interconnect cytoskeletal structures. Plectin is a prototypical plakin that tethers intermediate filaments to membrane-associated complexes. For example in epithelia plectin links the cytokeratins to the integrin α6ß4 in the hemidesmosomes. The N-terminal region of plectin contains an actin binding domain that mediates the binding to α6ß4, and a region named the plakin domain that is conserved in most plakins. The plakin domain of plectin is formed by nine spectrin repeats (SR1 to SR9) and a non-canonical SH3 domain. We have combined X-ray crystallography with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to elucidate the global structure of the plakin domain of plectin, extending our previous analysis of the SR1 to SR5 region. Two crystal structures of the SR5-SR6 segment allowed us to characterize its uniquely wide inter-repeat conformational variability. We also report the crystal structures of the SR7-SR8 region, refined to 1.8 Å, and the SR7-SR9 at lower resolution. The SR7-SR9 region, which is conserved in all other plakin domains, forms a rigid segment stabilized by uniquely extensive inter-repeat contacts mediated by unusually long helices in SR8 and SR9. Using SAXS we show that in solution the SR3-SR9 of plectin has an extended shape with a small central kink. Other plakins, such as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) and microtubule and actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), are likely to have similar extended plakin domains. The array of SRs in the plakin domain is very similar to those present in spectrins. Such arrays of SRs form deformable structures that can be bent; SRs can also unfold individually at low pulling forces. The continuous and extended rod-like structure of plectin suggests that the plakin domain may work as a molecular shock absorbent that dissipates elastic energy when cells are subjected to external forces, and might contribute to the mechanical stability and resilience of tissues that are subjected to mechanical stress

Resumen del póster presentado al 5th International Iberian Biophysics Congress, celebrado en Porto (Portugal) del 15 al 17 de junio de 2016., Plectin is a member of the plakin family of high molecular weight cytolinkers. Plectin has a tripartite structure with N- and C-terminal regions separated by a central rod domain. The N-terminal region contains an actin binding domain (ABD) and a plakin domain. The ABD binds to integrin α6ß4 in hemidesmosomes and to the nuclear envelope protein nesprin-3. The plakin domain is formed by nine spectrin repeats (SR1-SR9) and an SH3 domain. Each SR consists of three α-helices (A-B-C) arranged in a left-handed bundle. Helix C of a SR is fussed to helix A of the downstream repeat; hence, the plakin domain has an elongated shape. Downstream of SR9, the rod domain forms a parallel coiled-coil that mediates dimerization. Here, we have combined hybrid methods to elucidate the structure of a dimeric fragment of plectin that includes the SR7-SR9, and the initial region of the rod domain. The crystal structure revealed contacts along the plakin domain between two protomers. Analysis by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) supports that the closed arrangement of the dimer also occurs in solution. This was further confirmed by measuring eight inter-monomer distances combining site directed spin labelling and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy (EPR-DEER). Collectively, our data suggest that the plakin domain contributes to the stabilization of the plectin dimer. Moreover, the rigid structure of the SR3-SR9 constraints the maximum spacing between the binding-sites for integrin ß4 and nesprin-3 in the dimer, suggesting that avidity-driven recruitment of plectin might depend on the density of the interaction partners.

Memoria presentada por Ana María Carballido Vázquez para optar al grado de doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca., Ana M Carballido Vázquez ha realizado esta tesis doctoral siendo beneficiaria de una ayuda predoctoral del programa de Formación de Personal Investigador (BES-2010- 038674) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, durante el periodo de septiembre de 2010 a agosto de 2014. Este trabajo se ha enmarcado dentro de los proyectos del Plan nacional I+D+i “Bases estructurales de interacciones en hemidesmosomas: integrina α6β4, BPAG1e y tetraspanina CD151” (BFU2009-08389) y “Bases estructurales de la función de plakinas en adhesión celular, implicación en enfermedades” (BFU2012-32847) financiados por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional; y del proyecto del Programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación de la Consejería de Educación de la junta de Castilla y León titulado “Plakinas en complejos de adhesión: bases estructurales de su función e identificación de compuestos moduladores” (CSI181A12-1). Ana M Carballido Vázquez realizó parte del trabajo de esta tesis durante una estancia de ocho meses en el laboratorio del Prof. Arnoud Sonnenberg en el Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI) (Ámsterdam, Holanda). Parte de esa estancia estuvo financiada por una ayuda de Estancia Breve (referencia EEBB-I-13-06399) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

Resumen del póster presentado al XXXVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, celebrado en Valencia (España) del 7 al 10 de septiembre de 2015., Plectin belongs to the plakin family of high molecular weight cytolinkers. Plectin has a tripartite structure with N- and C-terminal regions separated by a central rod domain. The N-terminal region contains an actin binding domain (ABD) and a plakin domain. The ABD binds to integrin α6ß4 in hemidesmosomes and to the nuclear envelope protein nesprin-3. The plakin domain is formed by nine spectrin repeats (SR1-SR9) and an SH3 domain. Each SR consists of three α-helices (A-B-C) arranged in a left-handed bundle. Helix C of a SR is fussed to helix A of the downstream repeat; hence, the plakin domain has an elongated shape. Downstream of SR9, the rod forms a parallel coiled-coil that mediates dimerization. Previous results of our group suggested that short regions of the rod domain do not form stable dimers in vitro. Here, we have combined hybrid methods to elucidate the structure of a dimeric fragment of plectin that includes the SR7-SR9, a short region of the rod, and the GCN4 coiled-coil that stabilizes dimerization. The 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure revealed contacts along the plakin domain between two protomers. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) supports that the closed arrangement of the dimer also occurs in solution. This was further confirmed by measuring 8 inter-monomer distances combining site directed spin labelling and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy (EPR-DEER). Collectively, our data suggest that the plakin domain contributes to the stabilization of the plectin dimer. Moreover, the rigid structure of the SR3-SR9 constraints the maximum spacing between the binding-sites for integrin ß4 and nesprin-3 in the dimer, suggesting that avidity-driven recruitment of plectin might depend on the density of the interaction partners.

Resumen del póster presentado al XXXVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, celebrado en Valencia (España) del 7 al 10 de septiembre de 2015., C3G es un factor de intercambio de nucleótidos de guanina (GEF) que activa las GTPasas R-Ras y Rap1. C3G es esencial en el desarrollo embrionario, basado en su función en adhesión y participa en la regulación de la proliferación, migración y diferenciación celulares. C3G regula el establecimiento de contactos célula-célula asociándose con E-cadherina y activando localmente Rap1 en las etapas iniciales de la formación de uniones adherentes. C3G (120 kD) es una proteína multidominio; en la región amino contiene un dominio de unión a E-cadherina rico en hélices-α, la región central alberga 5 motivos ricos en Pro que median la unión a la proteína adaptadora Crk y, por último, la región C-terminal contiene un dominio REM (Ras exchange motif) seguido de un dominio catalítico GEF de tipo Cdc25H. Recientemente nuestro grupo ha identificado una interacción intramolecular cabeza-cola entre regiones N- y C-terminales que mantienen a C3G en una conformación cerrada. En este trabajo hemos analizado cambios conformacionales en C3G y su relación con la actividad. Para ello hemos empleado sensores conformacionales FRET que incorporan las proteínas fluorescentes CFP y Venus en extremos opuestos de C3G y hemos analizado cambios en la eficiencia de FRET mediante microscopía confocal y técnicas de destrucción fotoquímica (photobleaching) del aceptor. En células COS la cotransfección con Crk causa la traslocación de C3G al aparato de Golgi y una apertura de la molécula. Mutaciones puntuales en C3G que desestabilizan la interacción cabeza-cola resultan en la activación de la ruta de Erk sugiriendo que la actividad GEF sobre Rap1 está autoinhibida en el estado cerrado de C3G.

Resumen del póster presentado al XXXVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, celebrado en Valencia (España) del 7 al 10 de septiembre de 2015., Hemidesmosomes (HDs) are junctional complexes that mediate the stable adhesion of epithelial cells to the basement membrane by linking the extracellular matrix to the intermediate filament system of the cytoskeleton. In (pseudo)stratified epithelia HDs contain integrin α6ß4, the bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BPAG2), the tetraspanin CD151, plectin, and BPAG1e. HDs are dynamic complexes that are disassembled during wound healing and carcinoma invasion in a process that involves phosphorylation of the ß4 subunit. BPAG1e and plectin belong to the plakin family of cytolinkers and connect the integrin α6ß4 to the cytokeratins. BPAG1e interacts with the third and fourth FnIII domains (FnIII-3,4) of the ß4 cytoplasmic moiety. We have recently elucidated the structure of the FnIII-3,4 of ß4 by combining hybrid methods, which revealed a stable arrangement of the two FnIII domains. To understand how BPAG1e interacts with the ß4 cytodomain, first we have mapped in detail the reciprocal binding sites in BPAG1e and ß4. Binding to ß4 is mediated by a segment of ~30 residues near the N-terminus of BPAG1e. Complementarily, using structure-based mutagenesis we have found that residues in ß4 that are important for BPAG1e-binding cluster on an evolutionary conserved surface of the FnIII-3,4 structure. Next, we have elucidated the crystal structure to 1.6 Å resolution of the FnIII-3,4 of ß4 bound to a fragment of BPAG1e. The structure of the complex is in agreement with the mutagenesis data and reveals residues that mediate key interactions. A phospho-mimetic mutation in BPAG1e inhibits binding to beta4 suggesting that phosphorylation of BPAG1e might contribute to the regulation of HD stability.