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Objectives: The study focused on the ability to predict the need and size of femoral and tibial augmentation using standard two-dimensional (2D) templates and models created with three-dimensional (3D) printing in surgical planning., Patients and Methods: This observational cohort study included 28 consecutive patients (22 females, 6 males; mean age: 71±7.3 years; range, 54 to 82 years) with periprosthetic joint infection recruited between March 2021 and September 2023 undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty revision (TKA). Standard planning was made using calibrated X-ray images. The 3D planning started with computed tomography scans to generate a 3D template of the distal femur and proximal tibia. The model was exported to a 3D printer to produce a patient-specific phantom. The surgery was then simulated on the 3D phantom using revision knee arthroplasty instrumentation to evaluate the appropriate augmentation to use until a correct alignment was obtained., Results: Three-dimensional planning predicted the need for femoral and tibial augments in 22 (78.6%) cases at both the tibial and femoral components, while 2D planning correctly predicted the need for augmentation in 17 (60.7%) for the tibial side and 18 (64.3%) for the femoral side. The Cohen's kappa demonstrated a significant agreement between the 3D planning for the femoral metal block and the intraoperative requirement (kappa=0.553), whereas 2D planning showed only nonsignificant poor agreement (kappa=0.083). In contrast, the agreement between 2D or 3D preoperative planning for tibial augment and the intraoperative requirement was nonsignificant (kappa=0.130 and kappa=0.158, respectively). On the femoral side, 2D planning showed only a fair nonsignificant correlation (r=0.35, p=0.069), whereas 3D planning exhibited substantial agreement with the actual thickness of the implanted augment (r=0.65, p<0.001). On the tibial side, 3D and 2D planning showed substantial agreement with the actual size of implanted augments (3D planning, r=0.73, p<0.001; 2D planning, r=0.69, p<0.001)., Conclusion: Prediction based on 3D computed tomography segmentation showed significant agreement with the intraoperative need for augmentations in revision TKA. The results suggest that planning with 3D printed models represents a stronger aid in this kind of surgery rather than standard 2D planning, providing greater accuracy in the prediction of the required augmentation in revision TKA.

Background: Extensor mechanism rupture is a severe complication with an incidence of 0.1-2.5% after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Achilles tendon allograft (ATA) and extensor mechanism allograft (EMA) in TKA surgery have yielded mixed clinical results. Our systematic review aims to identify the proportion of failure in extensor mechanism reconstruction after TKA using allograft and evaluate clinical and functional outcomes and the most common complications. Furthermore, we performed a meta-analysis among studies dealing with isolated patellar tendon ruptures to assess the failure rate, surgical complications, and clinical findings (extensor lag and knee range of motion) of extensor mechanism reconstruction using either ATA or EMA grafts., Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA guidelines, including the studies dealing with the use of EMA and ATA for extensor mechanism rupture following TKA. Coleman Methodology Score and the MINORS score were used to assess the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the failure rate, complications, and clinical findings (extensor lag and knee range of motion) of the ATA and EMA treatments in isolated patellar tendon ruptures., Results: A total of 238 patients (245 knees), with a mean age ranging from 54 to 74 years, who underwent extensor mechanism reconstruction with an allograft were identified in the 18 included studies. We analysed 166 patellar tendon ruptures, 29 quadriceps tendon ruptures, and 29 patellar fractures in the analysis. A chronic injury was described in the majority of included cases. ATA and whole EMA were used in 89 patients (92 knees) and 149 patients (153 knees), respectively. The overall failure percentage was 23%, while EMA and ATA were 23 and 24%. The most common complication was extensor lag (≥ 20°). The overall incidence of postoperative infection was 7%. Eleven of 14 included papers reported more than 100° of the mean postoperative knee flexion. The percentage of patients requiring walking aids is 55 and 34.5% in ATA and EMA, respectively. The failure outcome after extensor mechanism reconstruction in isolated patellar tendon ruptures was 27%, with no statistical difference between EMA and ATA in terms of failure rate and clinical outcomes., Conclusions: Extensor mechanism reconstruction with allograft represents a valid treatment option in patients with acute or chronic rupture following total knee arthroplasty. Persistent extensor lag represents the most common complication. EMA is associated with a lower frequency of patients requiring walking aids at last follow-up, although it has similar clinical and functional outcomes to ATA. In patellar tendon ruptures, ATA has a comparable success rate with EMA., Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study., Trial Registration: PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019141574., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Single-stage hardware removal and total hip arthroplasty is a complex surgical procedure, comparable to revision surgery. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate single-stage hardware removal and THA outcomes, compare this technique with a matched control group that has undergone primary THA and assess the risk of periprosthetic joint infection with a 24-month minimum follow-up., Methods: This study included all those cases treated with THA and concomitant hardware removal from 2008 to 2018. The control group was selected on a 1:1 ratio among patients who underwent THA for primary OA. The Harris Hip (HHS) and University of California at Los Angeles Activity (UCLA) scores, infection rate and early and delayed surgical complications were recorded., Results: One hundred and twenty-three consecutive patients (127 hips) were included, and the same number of patients was assigned to the control group. The final functional scores were comparable between the two groups; a longer operative time and transfusion rate were recorded in the study group. Finally, an increased incidence of overall complications was reported (13.8% versus 2.4%), but no cases of early or delayed infection were found., Conclusions: Single-stage hardware removal and THA is a safe and effective but technically demanding technique, with a higher incidence of overall complications, making it more similar to revision THA than to primary THA.

Introduction: Knee septic arthritis rapidly damages the knee joint. Gächter described a classification of joint infections based on arthroscopic findings: an arthroscopic staging of the common disease has prognostic and therapeutic consequences. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the application of the Gächter classification system to knee septic arthritis, evaluating prognostic and therapeutic implications of this classification., Materials and Methods: A comprehensive electronic search of the literature was performed. The following search terms were used: (Arthroscopy* OR Arthrotom* OR Aspiration) AND Knee AND Septic AND Arthritis. The study reported the Gächter classification in septic knee arthritis and the eradication rate according to the type. The primary endpoint is the eradication rate of septic knee arthritis according to the Gächter sort. Secondary endpoints are surgical procedures according to Gächter classification and the rate of re-operations., Results: Seven studies were included. The overall eradication rate of knee septic arthritis ranged from 90% to 100%: 95%-100% Gächter I; 97%-100% Gächter II; 67%-100% Gächter III; 50%-100% Gächter IV. Surgical treatments for knee septic arthritis included arthroscopic irrigation alone, articular irrigation, and debridement in knee arthroscopy or knee arthrotomy according to Gächter stage. However, 28% required re-operations for persistent infection: secondary procedures included further irrigation and debridement with the arthroscopic or arthrotomic approach., Conclusion: Gächter classification showed a crucial prognostic role in predicting the outcome of surgical treatment of septic knee arthritis. Regardless of the procedure performed, a prompt operation and an accurate debridement of the synovial membrane are the most critical factors for eradicating infection and good clinical outcomes., Level of Evidence: Level II, prognostic study., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Debridement, antibiotic, and implant retention (DAIR) can be used as a first surgical procedure for acute infections in patients who have well-fixed components. However, its use in hematogenous or late acute infections is still debated. This systematic review of literature aims to clarify the effectiveness of DAIR procedure in the treatment of hematogenous periprosthetic knee infections. DAIR is an effective way to treat acute hematogenous PJIs of the knee and reaches its best efficacy when performed within one week from the onset of symptoms, modular components are exchanged, and a pathogen-oriented antibiotic therapy can be set. It is safe, economic, and effective technique, but has to be performed in a very narrow temporal window., Competing Interests: No author is involved in a conflict of interest. No author has received any funding.

Background: Postoperative rehabilitation after extensor mechanism reconstruction (EMR) with allograft following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is not standardized. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of early and late knee mobilization after EMR. The range of motion (ROM) and extensor lag in both groups were also assessed as the secondary endpoint., Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of the literature was performed, including studies dealing with the use of allograft for EMR following TKA. Failure was defined as the persistence of extensor lag > 20°. Coleman Methodology Score and Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) score were used to assess the quality of studies included. The failure rate was set as the primary outcome in early (4 weeks) and late (8 weeks) mobilization groups after EMR with allograft. Secondary outcomes were postoperative extensor lag and ROM., Results: Twelve articles (129 knees) were finally selected for this meta-analysis. Late and early knee mobilization was described in five and seven studies, respectively. No difference was noted between both groups' failure rates (11/84 vs. 4/38, respectively; p = 0.69). The mean extensor lag at last follow-up was 9.1° ± 8.6 in the early mobilization group, and 6.5° ± 6.1 in the late mobilization group is not significantly different (p > 0.05). The mean postoperative knee flexion was 107.6° ± 6.5 and 104.8° ± 7 in the early and late mobilization group, respectively., Conclusion: While immobilization after EMR in TKA is mandatory to allow tissue healing, early knee mobilization after four weeks can be recommended with no additional risk of failure and increased extensor lag compared to a late mobilization protocol., Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic study. Registration PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews): CRD42019141574., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Spontaneous rupture of quadriceps tendon (QT) is a rare condition and it is commonly associated with systemic comorbidities and medical products assumption, which may lead to tendon degeneration. While unilateral rupture is a quite common injury, spontaneous bilateral ruptures are very rare. Herein, we report two consecutive cases of spontaneous bilateral QT rupture in two patients with a positive history of chronic statin use, successfully treated with bilateral single-stage reconstruction with polyethylene-terephthalate tape augmentation. At 12 months of follow-up, both patients recovered the full extension, a 120° pain-free flexion and knee scores improvement. Magnetic resonance imaging at one year showed a complete, bilateral, bio-integration of the augmentation for each knee. In conclusion, polyethylene terephthalate tape augmentation provides a good structural support with a good grade of bio-integration, allowing a fast recovery.

Objectives: This study aims to identify anatomical variants of the proximal tibia shaft and to develop a novel classification system for proximal tibia., Patients and Methods: Between October 2019 and April 2020, a total of 200 patients with standard knee anteroposterior radiographs were included in this study. We measured the inner diameter of the tibia 16 cm distally from the tibial plateau and 3 cm distally from the tibial spine. The ratio between these two measurements was applied as the novel index ratio., Results: A total number of 197 patients (100 males and 97 females) with a median age of 68 years (range, 21 to 89 years) were included in the final analysis. According to the 25 th and 75 th percentiles, three groups were clustered for each sex. A higher distribution of the type B pattern was found in female and male patients. However, type A with a narrow inner diaphyseal diameter was less common in female patients. The median intraobserver reliability for rater 1 was 0.998. The inter-observer reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.998). There was a moderate correlation between the anteroposterior (AP) diameter and height (r=0.568) and a low correlation between the AP diameter and weight (r=0.376). The novel index shows no significant correlation between the index ratio and height (r=0.082), weight (r=0.014) or body mass index (r=-0.038)., Conclusion: The novel classification presents three different types of tibia for each sex: type C has a wider inner diaphyseal diameter compared to type A with a narrow inner diaphyseal diameter. Type B has the widest distribution among the subjects.

Background: The septic arthritis of the hip is a complex condition characterized by a variety of clinical presentations, a challenging diagnosis and different surgical treatment options, including arthroscopy, resection arthroplasty and one and two-stage total hip replacement. Each technique reports variable results in terms of infection eradication rate. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the most relevant studies available in current literature and to assess if a better treatment outcome can be predicted based on the microbiology, history, and type of infection (active vs quiescent) of each case., Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, including the studies dealing with the treatment of hip septic arthritis in adult patients. Electronic databases, namely the MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, were reviewed using a combination of following keywords "septic arthritis" AND "hip joint" OR "hip" AND "adult"., Results: The total number of patients included in this review was 1236 (45% of which females), for 1238 hips. The most common pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus aureus in its Methicillin-sensitive variant ranging from 2 to 37% of cases. Negative cultures were the second most common finding. It was also differentiated the type of infection of the hip, 809 and 417 patients with active and quiescent hip infection, respectively, were analyzed. Eradication rates for two-stage revision arthroplasty ranged between 85 and 100%, for one-stage approach between 94 and 100%, while for arthroscopic debridement/lavage between 89 and 100%., Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism isolated followed by culture negative infections. Arthroscopic, one and two stage procedures can be effective in the treatment of hip septic arthritis when the indication is consistent with the type of infection retrieved., Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic study., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) dramatically affect human health, as they are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Two-stage revision arthroplasty is currently the gold standard treatment for PJI and consists of infected implant removal, an accurate debridement, and placement of antimicrobial impregnated poly-methyl-metha-acrylate (PMMA) spacer. The use of antibiotic-loaded PMMA (ALPMMA) spacers have showed a success rate that ranges from 85% to 100%. ALPMMA spacers, currently available on the market, demonstrate a series of disadvantages, closely linked to a low propensity to customize, seen as the ability to adapt to the patients' anatomical characteristics, with consequential increase of surgical complexity, surgery duration, and post-operative complications. Conventionally, ALPMMA spacers are available only in three or four standard sizes, with the impossibility of guaranteeing the perfect matching of ALPMMA spacers with residual bone (no further bone loss) and gap filling. In this paper, a 3D model of an ALPMMA spacer is introduced to evaluate the cause- effect link between the geometric characteristics and the correlated clinical improvements. The result is a multivariable-oriented design able to effectively manage the size, alignment, stability, and the patients' anatomical matching. The preliminary numerical results, obtained by using an "ad hoc" 3D virtual planning simulator, clearly point out that to restore the joint line, the mechanical and rotational alignment and the surgeon's control on the thicknesses (distal and posterior thicknesses) of the ALPMMA spacer is mandatory. The numerical simulations campaign involved nineteen patients grouped in three different scenarios (Case N° 1, Case N° 2 and Case N° 3) whose 3D bone models were obtained through an appropriate data management strategy. Each scenario is characterized by a different incidence rate. In particular, the observed rates of occurrence are, respectively, equal to 17% (Case N° 1), 74% (Case N° 2), and 10% (Case N° 3).

Objectives: The current literature on diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) provides controversial evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer. Therefore, this critical literature search and meta-analysis was aimed to summarize the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer for diagnosing PJI., Content: We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, for studies on D-dimer for diagnosing PJI, according to the PRISMA flowchart. QUADAS was used for assessing study quality. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed using bivariate diagnostic random-effects model. The area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC-ROC) was calculated. Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression were carried out for detecting potential sources of heterogeneity., Summary: We included 12 articles, totaling 1,818 patients (539 with PJI). The pooled sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer for diagnosing PJI were 0.739 (95% CI: 0.616-0.833) and 0.785 (95% CI: 0.679-0.863). The pooled PLR, NLR, DOR were 3.359 (95% CI, 2.340-4.821), 0.295 (95% CI, 0.180-0.484), and 11.787 (95% CI, 5.785-24.018). The cumulative ROC plot displayed an AUC of 0.688 (95% CI, 0.663-0.713; p<0.001). No threshold effects could be observed. The type of blood sample was identified as possible source of heterogeneity for DOR (p=0.01)., Outlook: Evidence emerged from this meta-analysis suggests that D-dimer displays sufficient diagnostic accuracy to rule out PJI. The type of blood sample (plasma vs. serum) and the study design could influence the results in terms of DOR and sensitivity. However, further perspective studies would be needed to validate its potential diagnostic usefulness., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Background: Total hip arthroplasty in patients with hip dysplasia is challenging as a result of complex anatomic deformities in the hip. The aim of the study was to evaluate the survivorship, the clinical and radiographic outcomes of cementless Wagner Cone stem in patients with dysplastic hip., Methods: This retrospective study reports on 102 patients (135 hips) who have undergone total hip arthroplasty between 1993 and 1997. The mean age of patients was 51 years (range, 21-73). Minimum follow-up was 20 years. According to the Crowe classification, 38 hips presented dysplasia of grade I, 41 of grade II, 37 of grade III, and 19 of grade IV., Results: Kaplan-Meier survivorship for aseptic loosening was 97% (95% confidence interval, 94.4-99.6) at 20 years. The average Harris hip score increased from 43.4 points (range, 22-51) to 86.4 points (range, 39-100) (P < .0001) and average Merle d'Aubignè score increased from 8.4 (range, 4-13) to 15 (range, 5-18) (P < .0001); at the last follow-up, average University of California at Los Angeles activity score and visual analog score were 4.53 (range, 1-9) and 1.25 (range, 0-6), respectively; 17% of heterotopic ossification and 19.2% of radiolucency lines around the stem were reported., Conclusion: Monoblock Wagner Cone stem is a reliable option in dysplastic hip with an excellent survivorship and good clinical and radiographic outcome in the long term., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Over the past decade, the incidence of revision arthroplasty due to infection has increased substantially, often resulting in multiple surgical interventions with variable success rates and poor clinical outcome. Intraoperative wound irrigation has been proposed to reduce bacterial bioburden and contamination, but currently there is no widely accepted recommendation for the use of topical antiseptics, whether as separate molecules or as a mixed solution. We reviewed studies regarding the use of intraoperative topical antiseptics, their security profile and efficacy in preventing and treating infections of orthopedic implants and introduced a possible combination that may prove valuable in the future., (Copyright 2020 Biolife Sas. www.biolifesas.org.)

Two-stage exchange in infected total knee arthroplasty is a reliable technique, but it has a high rate of blood loss. The study aims to compare the pre-operative and post-operative haemoglobin levels, the rate of transfusion, and the blood loss in two-stage exchange. From July 2018 to July 2019, eighteen patients underwent two-stage exchange of their infected total knee arthroplasty. Local and systemic tranexamic acid was administered in both surgical stages. Calculated blood loss was 2246 mL (range 1528 - 2850) in the first stage and 2388 mL (1873 - 2829) during reimplantation, respectively. The corresponding transfusion rate was 55 % and 67%, respectively. With the numbers available, these differences were not significant. In conclusion, this study shows that the blood loss and transfusion rate are similar during the two stages of exchange knee arthroplasty for infection., (Copyright 2020 Biolife Sas. www.biolifesas.org.)

Introduction: Two methods are currently available for the assay of α-defensin: the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the lateral flow test. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of synovial fluid α-defensin and to compare the accuracy of the laboratory-based test and the qualitative assessment for the diagnosis of hip and knee prosthetic infection., Materials and Methods: We searched (from inception to May 2018) MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane for studies on α-defensin in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR), and diagnostic odds ratio were analyzed using the bivariate diagnostic random-effects model. The receiver-operating curve for each method was calculated., Results: We included 13 articles in our meta-analysis, including 1170 patients who underwent total hip and knee arthroplasties revision; 368 (31%) had a joint infection according to MSIS and MSIS-modified criteria. Considering the false-positive result rate of 8% and false-negative result rate of 3%, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.90 (95% CI 0.83-0.94) and 0.95 (0.92-0.96), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.94 (0.92-0.94). No statistical differences in terms of sensitivity and specificity were found between the laboratory-based and qualitative test. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the two alpha-defensin assessment methods were: laboratory-based test 0.97 (95% CI 0.93-0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98), respectively; qualitative test 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.91) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.97), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio of the α-defensin laboratory based was superior to that of the qualitative test (1126.085, 95% CI 352.172-3600.702 versus 100.9, 95% CI 30.1-338.41; p < 0.001). The AUC for immunoassay and qualitative tests was 0.97 (0.95-0.99) and 0.91 (0.88-0.99), respectively., Conclusion: Detection of α-defensin is an accurate test for diagnosis of hip and knee prosthetic infections. The diagnostic accuracy of the two alpha-defensin assessment methods is comparable. The lateral flow assay is a valid, rapid, and more available diagnostic tool, particularly to rule out PJI.

Background: Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is a common procedure in orthopedic practice. Infections are uncommon complications of this procedure with an incidence rate of 0,01% - 3,4%. Staphylococcus spp are the predominant causative agents in such cases. We present a case of knee septic arthritis caused by α-hemolytic Streptococcus., Case Presentation: A 22-year-old woman diagnosed with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 35 kg/m 2 ) but with no other major comorbidities underwent an arthroscopic selective meniscectomy with administration of intravenous cefazolin for antibiotic prophylaxis. After an uneventful period of 2 months, the patient returned with pain, fever and a discharging sinus at the site of anterolateral arthroscopic portal. Blood tests and magnetic resonance imaging revealed osteomyelitis involving the tibial plate. Cultures of synovial fluid obtained from the knee and a pharyngeal swab yielded α-hemolytic Streptococcus. Five days later, the patient underwent arthroscopic debridement with partial synovectomy. Intraoperative specimens yielded α-hemolytic Streptococcus. The patient received intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam, followed by an associative regimen of amoxicillin and clindamycin with clinical, laboratory and instrumental evidence of symptom resolution., Conclusion: The incidence of knee septic arthritis after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is 0.01-3.4%. This infection is usually caused by Staphylococcus spp. and in rare cases by commensal bacteria, such as α-hemolytic streptococci, secondary to transient bacteremia. Screening of the colonized area is important to prevent possible transient bacteremia. Diagnosis is based on isolation of the causative organisms from synovial fluid cultures, and treatment comprises arthroscopic debridement with individualized systemic antibiotic therapy based on the results of an antibiogram.