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This study presented a new method to design a MIP-based electrochemical sensor that could improve the selective and sensitive detection of ipratropium bromide (IPR). The polymeric film was designed using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the basic monomer, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone as the initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinking agent, and N-methacryloyl-L-aspartic acid (MAAsp) as the functional monomer. The presence of MAAsp results in the functional groups in imprinting binding sites, while the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) allows the generation of porous materials not only for sensitive sensing but also for avoiding electron transport limitations. Electrochemical characterizations of the changes at each stage of the MIP preparation process were confirmed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, morphological characterizations of the developed sensor were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and contact angle measurements. Theoretical calculations were also performed to explain/confirm the experimental results better. It was found that the results of the calculations using the DFT approach agreed with the experimental data. The MAAsp-IPR@MIP/GCE sensor was developed using the photopolymerization method, and the sensor surface was obtained by exposure to UV lamp radiation at 365 nm. The improved MIP-based electrochemical sensor demonstrated the ability to measure IPR for standard solutions in the linear operating range of 1.0 × 10 -12 -1.0 × 10 -11 M under optimized conditions. For standard solutions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 2.78 × 10 -13 and 9.27 × 10 -13 M, respectively. The IPR recovery values for the inhalation form were calculated as 101.70 % and 100.34 %, and the mean relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 0.76 % in both cases. In addition, the proposed modified sensor demonstrated remarkable sensitivity and selectivity for rapid assessment of IPR in inhalation forms. The sensor's unique selectivity is demonstrated by its successful performance even in the presence of IPR impurities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Herein, we proposed a new approach to design a MIP-based electrochemical sensor with carbon nanofiber (CNF), which could improve its conductivities as well as electrode sensitivity and successful detection of dasatinib (DAS). CNFs are capable of forming high porosity with significant interconnected porous networks. The poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-tyrosine) (PHEMA-MATyr) copolymer was synthesized in the presence of both CNF and DAS by photopolymerization. After optimization of the parameters, the modified MIP-based electrochemical sensor demonstrated the ability to determine the DAS in the linear working range of 1.0 × 10 -14 -1.0 × 10 -13 M for the standard solution and commercial serum samples with a LOD of 1.76 × 10 -15 and 2.46 × 10 -15 , respectively. Good linearity for DAS was observed with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.996 and 0.997 for the standard solution and commercial serum samples, respectively. The recoveries of the DAS ranged from 99.45 % to 99.53 % for the tablet dosage form and commercial serum samples, with average relative standard deviations below 1.96 % in both cases. The proposed modified sensor demonstrated significant sensitivity and selectivity for the rapid determination of DAS in commercial serum samples and tablet form., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, an electrochemical chemosensor that utilizes a conductive polymer-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) surface for rapid and reliable determination of CA125 was devised. A novel method has been applied to fabricate CA125 imprinted polypyrrole nanotubes (MI-PPy NT) via vapor deposition polymerization (VDP) as a recognition element for highly selective and sensitive determination of CA125. The chemosensor was prepared by immobilizing MI-PPy NT onto screen-printed gold electrodes (Au-SPE) and the performance of the sensor was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, linear dynamic concentration range (LDR) and limit of detection (LOD). The MI-PPy NT@Au-SPE sensor exhibited high sensitivity (68.57 μA per decade) to the CA125 concentration ranging from 0.1 U mL -1 to 100 U mL -1 at an LOD of 0.4 U mL -1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9922. The developed chemosensors with their novel design combined with a facile fabrication method, prove to be promising as future state-of-the-art biosensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Quercetin (QUE) is a powerful antioxidant and one of the common phenolic compounds found in plants, vegetables, and fruits, which has shown many pharmacological activities. The complex nature of the matrix in which QUE is found and its importance and potential uses in diverse applications force the researchers to develop selective and sensitive sensors. In the present work, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the selective and sensitive determination of the QUE in plant extracts and food supplements. Tryptophan methacrylate (TrpMA) was chosen as the functional monomer, whereas the photopolymerization (PP) method was applied using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical and morphological characterizations of the developed sensor (TrpMA@QUE/MIP-GCE) were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The linear range of the developed sensor was determined to be in the range of 1.0-25 pM, while the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.235 pM. In conclusion, The TrpMA@QUE/MIP-GCE sensor might be classified as a promising platform for selective and sensitive determination of QUE not only in plant extracts but also in commercial food supplements because of its reliability, reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and fast response time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A comparative analysis of molecularly imprinted polymers based on different synthesis techniques was performed for the recognition of molnupiravir (MOL). The polymerizations were performed with 3-thienyl boronic acid (3-TBA) as a functional monomer by electropolymerization (EP) and with guanine methacrylate (GuaM) as a functional monomer by photopolymerization (PP). Morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the developed sensors were investigated to verify the constructed sensors. Moreover, quantum chemical calculations were used to evaluate changes on the electrode surface at the molecular and electronic levels. The dynamic linear range of both designed sensors under optimized experimental conditions was found to be 7.5 × 10 -12 -2.5 × 10 -10  M and 7.5 × 10 -13 -2.5 × 10 -11  M for EP and PP, respectively. The effect of various interfering agents on MOL peak current was assessed for the selectivity of the study. In the presence of 100 times more interfering agents, the RSD and recovery values were determined. The RSD values of GuaM/MOL@MIP/GCE and poly(Py-co-3-PBA)/MOL@MIP/GCE sensors were found to be 1.99% and 1.72%, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery values of the MIP-based sensors were 98.18-102.69% and 98.05-103.72%, respectively. In addition, the relative selectivity coefficient (k') of the proposed sensor was evaluated, and it exhibited good selectivity for MOL with respect to the NIP sensor. The prepared sensor was successfully applied to determine MOL in commercial serum samples and capsule form. In conclusion, the developed sensors provided excellent reproducibility, repeatability, high sensitivity, and selectivity against the MOL molecule., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Rutin (RUT), a natural flavonoid with various beneficial pharmacological actions such as cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, etc. , is found in the content of many plants that are consumed daily. Due to the healthful effects, RUT is also included in the composition of various herbal supplement samples. Therefore, it is highly important to develop a sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity to determine RUT in complex samples. In this study, it was aimed to take advantage of the cheap, easy, and sensitive nature of electrochemistry and, in addition, to improve the selectivity. For this purpose, the functional monomer selected in the fabricated molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was N -methacryloyl-L-aspartic acid (MA-Asp) while photopolymerization (PP) was applied as the polymerization route. After completing critical optimization steps, the developed sensor (MA-Asp@RUT/MIP-GCE) was characterized electrochemically and morphologically. As a result of analytical performance evaluation in standard solution, the linear response of the sensor was found in the concentration range between 1 and 10 pM with a detection limit of 0.269 pM. The recovery studies from plant extract and commercial herbal supplement samples emphasized accuracy and applicability. In imprinting factor studies figuring out quite good selectivity, molecules with a structure similar to RUT were selected as competitors to prove the affinity of the sensor against RUT. Consequently, the MA-Asp@RUT/MIP-GCE sensor offers a more sensitive and selective method thanks to its indirect analysis approach and also stands out with the diversity of its real sample application compared to other available studies.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are widely used in preventing fertilization as contracepting devices. In market, they are produced as T-shaped polyethylene (or propylene) and metal (especially copper) composites. Although the metal component is utilized to provide antibacterial efficacy, prolonged implantation and the presence of a wide range of bacteria flora in the intrauterine environment make IUDs susceptible to bacterial contamination, biofilm formation, and unpleasant infection. In the presented study, the propolis, a natural anti-bacterial/-viral product used for different biomedical applications, coating strategy was applied comparatively in three different ways: coating directly on metal components, coating on polymeric material, and using carrying polymer. In addition, antibacterial activity against Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus ) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli, E. coli ) bacterial strains were investigated by both dynamic bacterial culture (bacterial inhibition activity) and biofilm (biofilm formation resistance) tests. As a result of 48 h of dynamic bacterial culture; it was determined that the antibacterial inhibition efficiency depending on propolis concentration increased up to 99.5% and 98.5% for E. coli and S. aureus , respectively. In addition, the carrying polymer allows IUDs to cover surfaces more homogeneously, as well as improve antibacterial activity. Similarly; it was determined that biofilm formation resistance was improved by 44.33% for E. coli and by 45.99% for S. aureus with both the propolis concentration and the use of carrying polymer. As a result, it has been revealed that propolis will be classified as an alternative, promising, and effective coating agent for improving antibacterial properties and biofilm formation resistance of IUDs.

Regorafenib (REG) is a diphenylurea derivative oral multikinase inhibitor. It plays an important role in the treatment of colorectal cancer, metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were fabricated using photopolymerization (PP) and thermal polymerization (TP) methods. The characterizations of the proposed sensors were investigated by electrochemical techniques, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Several parameters were studied in detail for the optimum conditions of MIP-based sensors, such as dropping volume, photopolymerization and thermal polymerization durations, removal medium and time, and rebinding time. Both sensors' analytical validation and electroanalytical performance comparison were made in different REG concentrations ranging between 0.1 nM and 2.5 nM in standard solution and commercial human serum samples. The limit of detection (LOD) of PP-REG@MIP/GCE and TP-REG@MIP/GCE were 9.13 × 10 -12 M and 1.44 × 10 -11 M in standard solutions and 2.04 × 10 -11 M and 2.02 × 10 -11 M in serum samples, respectively. The applicability of the proposed sensors was tested using commercial human serum samples and pharmaceutical form of REG with high recovery values (PP-REG@MIP/GCE and TP REG@MIP/GCE sensors, 99.56-101.59%, respectively). The selectivity of the sensor for REG was investigated in the presence of similar molecules: Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Nilotinib, and Imatinib. The developed techniques and sensors checked the possible biological compounds and ions' effects and storage stability., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

This study represents nanoparticle-based well-oriented recognition sites via interface imprinting, followed by selective and sensitive determination of fluoxetine (FLX). Herein, FLX was firstly immobilized onto ZnO NPs, and then polymerization was carried out with MAPA, HEMA, and EGDMA on the glassy carbon electrode via photopolymerization. After the etching of ZnO with and 10 mM HCI solution, a porous structure with recognition sites for FLX was constructed onto surface. The characterization of the electrochemical sensor was accomplished by utilizing CV, EIS, ATR-FTIR AFM, and SEM analysis. The DPV was used to determine FLX in standard solution, serum sample, and tap water. The effect of FLX concentration variation was studied using the DPV in the range of 1.0 × 10 -11 M to 1.0 × 10 -10 M with a detection limit of 2.67 × 10 -12 M. This sensor showed specific recognition toward template, and more than 90% of its original response was retained after being stored in the desiccator at R.T. for 5 days. This technique has proven to be a powerful, highly selective, and sensitive tool for the rapid detection of FLX in tap water and spike serum samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Engine numbers, which involve information regarding the engine type, production number, and year and place of manufacture, are used for identification purposes. Comprising of unique alphanumeric characters, the engine numbers are fully or partially obliterated especially in auto theft and smuggling cases to conceal the origin, identity, and owner of vehicles. The limitations of the current restoration techniques such as the difficulty of using chemical liquid etching in vertical sites, the restrictions of magnetic and optical methods, and the applicability of several techniques like electron backscatter diffraction only in the laboratory environment prompt the development of new techniques. In view of these limitations and the importance of restoring engine numbers in criminal investigations, this unique study aimed to develop an etching paste that would restore the effaced characters on a real aluminum alloy engine block. The characters which were cold-stamped on the engine block were milled at varying depths and restoration attempts were conducted using etching pastes formed with different chemicals and materials. The analyses indicate that the etching paste formed with 200 mg of perlite, 400 mg of iron powder, and 450 μL of 20 M NaOH provided restoration to a good extent. The prevention of over-etching through the controlling of the chemical reaction and the cost-effectiveness appears to be the advantages of this technique. The success of recovery on the real engine block, the facilitation of restoration on curved surfaces, and the chance of on-site usage will likely make the etching paste a widely used tool in serial number restoration., (© 2023 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)

Aims To examine the differences in the levels of microRNA, ischemic modified albumin (IMA), total oxidant capacity (TOC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of persons with and without psoriasis and, in the case group, the relationship between these parameters and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Methods Blood samples were collected from patients and healthy participants to examine levels of these parameters. Results The mean serum TOC level was higher in the case group. The mean serum TAC and IMA levels were significantly lower in the case group (P <0.001). It was observed that the mean serum miR-203 and miR-146a levels were increased in psoriasis patients. It was determined that there was only a significant positive weak correlation between miR-203 and PASI (r = 0.232, P = 0.027). Limitations The small sample size, not controlling serum albumin and not evaluating the effects of the treatment agents used by the patients on oxidative and inflammatory processes. Conclusion In the case group changes in the mean serum TOC and TAC levels provide evidence that oxidative stress may play a critical role in disease pathogenesis. The increase in the mean serum miR-203 and miR-146a levels suggest the possibility of therapies targeting these microRNAs as a new option.

The stamp markings on wooden surfaces, which are placed on trees and products including antiques, indicate the status of trees and involve identifying data regarding the products. Such markings are obliterated either to facilitate illegal logging or to conceal product information. Despite the wide literature on the restoration of obliterated characters on metal and polymer surfaces, the recovery of defaced characters on wooden surfaces appears to be understudied. Several reference texts in the forensic marks' examination literature suggest that water, water vapor, and alkaline solutions are useful in restoring the abraded markings on the wood. Since there does not seem to be any experimental study proving such success, this study aimed to fill this gap. This study conducted experimental research by using water, ethanol, ammonia, and chloroform to recover the scraped characters on samples obtained from walnut, beech, spruce, oak, and cedar trees. The cold-stamped characters, which were defaced at varying depths, were restored using vapor and liquid phases of four solvents. While the vapor phases of water, ethanol, and ammonia yielded good outcomes on all types of wooden surfaces, the liquid phases did not seem to be useful in the revisualization process. The response of the vapors, which varied between 62 and 220 s, depended on the type of wood. The restoration technique developed in this research offers the possibility of on-site usage, easy application, utilization of low-cost solvents, rapid recovery, and effectiveness on various wooden surfaces. Overall, the restoration methodology used in this research appears to be fruitful in retrieving identifying information on wooden samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) as an alternative biosensing approach concerning cost efficiency, parallelization, ergonomics, diagnostic speed, and sensitivity integrates the techniques of various laboratory operations such as biochemical analysis, chemical synthesis, or DNA sequencing, etc. on miniaturized microfluidic single chips. Meanwhile, LOC tools based on molecularly imprinted biosensing approach permit their applications in various fields such as medical diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, etc., which are user-, and eco-friendly sensing platforms for not only alternative to the commercial competitor but also on-site detection like point-of-care measurements. In this review, we focused our attention on compiling recent pioneer studies that utilized those intriguing methodologies, the microfluidic Lab-on-a-chip and molecularly imprinting approach, and their biomedical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, a nanoparticle-based sandwich-like immunoassay was designed in dispersion medium to precisely detect apoptosis over caspase antibodies in order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional apoptosis determination methods such as high cost, large sampling requirement, and appropriate laboratory and equipment conditions. For this purpose, a complementary particulate system including magnetic (MNPs) and upconversion silica (UC-SiNPs) nanoparticles while immobilizing antibodies (primary antibody to MNPs, secondary antibody to UC-SiNPs) were synthesized and characterized. Optimization and selectivity studies of the complex formed by primary antibody immobilized MNPs with standard caspase proteins were examined by the HPLC system. Within the scope of optimization studies, protein concentrations, optimal duration, and temperature parameters were evaluated. Optimal conditions were determined for pH, initial concentration, time, and temperature as 7.4, 5.6 μg/mL, 45 min, and room temperature, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption of competitive proteins was investigated in selectivity studies as well. Moreover, the primary antibody immobilized MNPs were treated with standard caspase proteins under optimal conditions; subsequently, they were interacted with secondary antibody immobilized UC-SiNPs to demonstrate the supracomplex formation meanwhile zeta potential/size measurements and fluorescence emission spectrometry analyses were performed. As a result of these analyses, it was observed that the sandwich-like supracomplexes were successfully formed that significantly varied upconversion emission intensities of UC-SiNPs in dependence on the amounts of caspase proteins. Because this approach enabled a quantitative result, the nanoparticle-based sandwich-like immunoassay should be classified as an easy-to-handled, fast, and promising alternative to benchmark apoptosis assays., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, pyrrole-histidine has been designed, synthesized and, used as a novel functional monomer to fabricate a molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of teriflunomide (TER). The molecularly imprinted thin film of electrochemical sensor was constructed by directly electropolymerization of co-polymer of pyrrole-histidine (PyHis) with pyrrole in the presence of a template, TER, on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). After electropolymerization, the structure and morphology of the fabricated MIP sensor were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its electrochemical parameters such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The poly (pyrrole-co-pyrrole-histidine) [Poly (Py-co-PyHis)]@MIP/GCE sensor have a linear TER concentration in the of 0.1-1.0 pM with a low detection limit of 11.38 fM. The present strategy for electrochemical sensor have been also showed excellent recovery in synthetic serum samples and tablet dosage form with the recoveries 97.56% and 100.35%, respectively. The developed [Poly (Py-co-PyHis)]@MIP/GCE sensor exhibited an excellent electrochemical response for TER due to the synergistic effect of conducting polymer and molecularly imprinting techniques., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tiotropium bromide (TIO) is a long-acting bronchodilator used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Specifically, it is used to prevent patients from worsening breathing difficulties. In this study, a new TIO-imprinted electrochemical sensor was designed to detect TIO in serum and pharmaceutical samples. Methacryloyl-L-histidine-cobalt(II) [MAH-Co(II)] has been used as a metal-chelating monomer for synthesizing selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). MIP film has been developed on glassy carbon electrodes using MAH-Co(II) as the functional monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the basic monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker in the photopolymerization method. The surface characterization of the developed MAH-Co(II)@MIP/GCE electrochemical sensor was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the electrochemical behavior of the sensor was provided by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linearity range was in the range of 10-100 fM, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were calculated as 2.73 fM and 9.75 fM, respectively. The MAH-Co(II)@MIP/GCE sensor was used to precisely determine TIO in capsule and commercial serum samples. The results demonstrated that the MIP could specifically recognize TIO compared to structurally related drugs and could be reliably applied to the direct determination of drugs from real samples., (© 2022. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Nanocomposites containing clay nanoparticles often present favorable properties such as good mechanical and thermal properties. They frequently have been studied for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine applications. On the other hand, poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a revolutionary bioelastomer, has exhibited substantial potential as a promising candidate for biomedical application. Here, we present a facile approach to synthesizing stiff, elastomeric nanocomposites from sodium-montmorillonite nano-clay (MMT) in the commercial name of Cloisite Na + and poly(glycerol sebacate urethane) (PGSU). The strong physical interaction between the intercalated Cloisite Na + platelets and PGSU chains resulted in desirable property combinations for TE application to follow. The addition of 5% MMT nano-clay resulted in an over two-fold increase in the tensile modulus, increased the onset thermal decomposition temperature of PGSU matrix by 18°C, and noticeably improved storage modulus of the prepared scaffolds, compared with pure PGSU. As well, Cloisite Na + enhanced the hydrophilicity and water uptake ability of the samples and accelerated the in-vitro biodegradation rate. Finally, in-vitro cell viability assay using L929 mouse fibroblast cells indicated that incorporating Cloisite Na + nanoparticles into the PGSU network could improve the cell attachment and proliferation, rendering the synthesized bioelastomers potentially suitable for TE and regenerative medicine applications., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)