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Background/Aim: Radiopacity of dental restorative materials is significant to detect secondary caries, overhangs, and voids. This study aimed to evaluate whether radiopacity of dental restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry was sufficient. Material and Methods: Specimens of 2 mm thickness and 4 mm diameter were prepared in the plastic molds. Six composite materials, one compomer material, and one conventional glass ionomer cement were used and three specimens of each material were prepared. Three radiographs were taken from dental restorative materials and aluminum step wedge. Digital images obtained were recorded. Mean gray values of the dental restorative materials and aluminum step wedge were measured on digital radiographs. Results: All composite resins displayed higher radiopacity values than an equal thickness of 2 mm Al. Posterior composite (201.62±1.99 MGV) showed higher radiopacity value than the anterior composite (86.19 ±1.45 MGV). There was no significant difference in radiopacity values of different shades of the same composite. There was no significant difference in radiopacity values between glass ionomer cement and compomer. Glass ionomer cement showed higher radiopacity value (8.11 mm Al) than anterior composite (5.31 mm Al). Conclusions: Radiopacity values of dental materials used in this study were sufficient. Both resin materials and the glass ionomer cement had sufficient radiopacity values. Posterior composite showed the highest radiopacity value. Radiopacity values were not affected by different shades.

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors in caries formation and relationships between each other in children.

Introduction: In the era of Covid 19 pandemic, the audio-visual contents of YouTube™ could be an information source for dental students, practitioners, and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, content, and demographics of YouTube™ videos about pediatric dentistry for the education of dentistry students., Materials and Methods: A search on YouTube™ was performed using the keywords "pediatric dentistry", "pediatric dental treatments", "primary teeth treatments" in Turkish. The first 50 videos selected for each keyword were evaluated. Parameters of the videos such as the number of views, the days since the upload, the duration of the video, and the number of likes and dislikes were recorded. Videos are categorized by upload source and content categories as an academic, dentist, physician, patient, reporter, and other, and average points are obtained for the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark. The normality of the data was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data were not distributed normally, compared with the Kruskal Wallis test between source and content groups. The Dunn's Post Hoc was used to determine to find out which group caused the difference. The Spearman Correlation coefficient was calculated to assess a possible correlation between JAMA, GQS, and VPI scores. All significance levels were set at 0.05., Results: The duplicates and non-related ones were removed from 150 videos and remaining 119 videos were evaluated. Most of the videos were uploaded by the dentists and other categories, and mainly the videos were uploaded for patient education. JAMA score was 1 out of 4 for 55 videos, 2 for 63 videos, and 3 for only 1 video. When the video source groups were compared, the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). The difference between academic and patient groups (p = 0.007); the dentist and patient groups were statistically significant (p = 0.02)., Conclusion: YouTube platform does not contain videos of appropriate quality to support the education of dentistry students in pediatric dentistry in Turkish., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Uzel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The aim of this split-mouth design research was to compare the clinical performance of a glass-ionomer cement system on Class I/II cavities against the clinical performance of bulk-fill resin composite restoration materials. Methods: Thirty-five patients were randomized and enrolled in the study, aged between 10 and 12 years, all of whom had a matched pair of permanent mandibular carious molars with similar Class I/II. A total of 70 restoration placements were performed. The patients were each given two restorations consisting of either a glass-ionomer cement with a nano-filled coating or a bulk-fill resin composite after the use of a self-etch adhesive. The cumulative survival rates were estimated using log-rank test and the Kaplan−Meier method. For comparison of the restorative materials in line with the modified Ryge, the McNemar test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test were employed. Results: With regard to retention, the glass-ionomer cement system and bulk-fill resin composite performed similarly in permanent molars in Class I/II cavities over a period of up to 24-months (p > 0.05). Over the 24-month period, Class I restorations showed statistically better survival rates than Class II restorations (p < 0.05). In the case of glass-ionomer cement systems, over the two-year period, more common chipping and surface degradations were observed. Conclusions: The glass-ionomer cement system and bulk-fill resin composite restorative materials display good clinical performance over a period of 24-months.

Background: The cost-effectiveness and low rate of inadequate sampling with the use of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) along with endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) is well established. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the correlation of ROSE during EBUS and final cytologic diagnosis and also to see if ROSE might predict the subtype of lung cancer., Patients and Methods: All consecutive subjects who attended our clinic between January 2016 and January 2019 for the evaluation of pathologic mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes (LNs)/mass using EBUS were enrolled into our prospective study. ROSE was performed in the same operating room with EBUS. ROSE results during EBUS were recorded. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ROSE compared with the final cytologic diagnosis were evaluated., Results: We enrolled 684 LN/mass lesions belonging to 328 patients into this study. When we compared ROSE results and final cytologic diagnosis, these procedures agreed on 91.6% of the LNs (P<0.001). The sensitivity of ROSE and final cytologic diagnosis for granulomatous inflammation was 72.5%, and for lung cancer, it was 89.2% (P<0.001). The sensitivity of ROSE for the adenocarcinoma subtype of lung cancer was 67.7%, and it was 70% for small cell lung cancer., Conclusion: ROSE may help to recognize non-small cell lung cancer during EBUS, especially the adenocarcinoma subtype of lung cancer, which will help ensure having sufficient material for molecular analysis., Competing Interests: Disclosure: There is no conflict of interest or other disclosures., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Deep fissures are highly unprotected from the development of caries. Resin-based materials and glass-ionomer cements for sealing fissures are useful in caries control through physical barrier formation, which prohibits metabolic exchange between fissure microorganisms. Retention is one of the most critical properties of fissure sealants. This in vivo study is aimed at comparing and evaluating the clinical efficacy of resin and glass ionomer-based fissure sealants on first permanent molars with follow-ups at 6-, 12-, and 18-month intervals., Methods: A randomized split-mouth design clinical study was conducted after obtaining the ethical committee approval. A total of 50 patients, aged between 7 and 12 years, were randomized and enrolled in the study to perform a total of 200 sealant placements on all four caries-free and hypoplasia-free first permanent molars having deep fissures, which are susceptible to caries, were included in this study. The four permanent molars were divided into the following four groups: group A (control), B (Grandioseal, Voco, Germany), C (Smartseal & Loc, Detax Gmbh & Co, Germany), and D (Fuji triage capsule, GC, Belgium). The sealed molars were clinically evaluated at intervals of 6, 12, and 18 months to assess sealant retention, surface roughness, marginal coloration, and caries status through visual evaluation of the sealant by two evaluators., Results: Concerning retention, there were statistically significant differences between the sealants in terms of the survival of partial and fully retained sealants as well as in the survival of caries-free teeth. Two resin-based (Smartseal & Loc) and glass-ionomer cement (Fuji triage) sealants showed significantly similar performances in permanent molars for up to 18 months. In terms of retention, one of the resin-based (Grandioseal) sealants performed better as compared to the others and showed better caries prevention in deep fissures., Conclusion: It is concluded that both the sealants had comparable retention and caries-preventive effects in 7 to 12-year-old children and can be considered as suitable sealants for a period of at least 18 months in moderate caries risk patients., Competing Interests: The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study., (Copyright © 2022 Ilhan Uzel et al.)

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the attitudes and behaviors of physicians performing bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 outbreak., Methods: Between March 2020 and May 2020, a total of 153 physicians were included in the study. An invitation letter for the participation in the study with a structured questionnaire of 18 questions were sent to the mail groups twice with five-day intervals. Participation in the study was allowed, until the third day after the second mail was sent., Results: All participants completed the questionnaire. According to the results, 33% of the physicians did not perform bronchoscopy and the majority of the physicians performed very few procedures during the outbreak, although the participants mostly worked at the tertiary hospitals (mean: 7.2±9.3). A total of 20% of the physicians performed bronchoscopy in potential or proven COVID-19 patients. Almost all of the physicians who participated in the survey reported the use of personal protective equipment such as masks and goggles during the procedure. During the pandemic, 9.7% of the physicians who performed bronchoscopy to potential or proven COVID-19 patients and 4.1% of the participants who did not perform bronchoscopy to any potential or proven COVID-19 patients were found to be infected with the virus (p>0.05)., Conclusion: Physicians who perform bronchoscopy during pandemic act in accordance with the recommendations of guidelines. Although there was no statistically significant difference between the SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates of the teams who performed and did not perform bronchoscopy in potential or proven COVID-19 patients in our study, the high rate of personal protective equipment utilization might have played a role in this result., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2021, Turkish Society of Cardiovascular Surgery.)

Background: This study aims to investigate the role of endobronchial ultrasonography elastography in predicting malignancy., Methods: Between January 2016 and December 2016, a total of 221 lymph nodes were biopsied using the endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration from 119 consecutive patients (69 males, 50 females; mean age 63.2±12.4 years; range, 16 to 86 years) were included. Lymph nodes were scored by elastography according to their colors in four categories before the procedure. The strain ratio was calculated based on the region of interest after three measurements., Results: Of the patients, 93 were diagnosed with a malignancy through endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy. The mean lymph node score of benign versus malignant lesions was 2.2±1.0 and 3.2±1, respectively (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the lymph node scores and lymph node diameter, strain ratio, ≥3 of lymph node scoring, the sensitivity for malignancy was 79% and specificity was 60%. The mean strain ratio for malignant and benign lymph nodes was 22.2±30.1 and 5.2±1.7, respectively (p<0.001). With a cut-off value of ≥2.47 of strain ratio, the sensitivity for malignancy was 75% and specificity was 65%. The combined use of positron emission tomography and lymph node score or strain ratio yielded 80.4% and 61.2% sensitivity and 80% and 70.3% specificity for malignancy, respectively., Conclusion: Endobronchial ultrasonography elastography is useful in predicting malignancy of the lymph nodes. When combined with positron emission tomography, specificity and positive predictive value for malignancy increase., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2020, Turkish Society of Cardiovascular Surgery.)

The subject of this paper is the story of an ancient medical instrument. This instrument is a wooden vaginal speculum used in classical and Islamic medicine. Its drawings can be found in Abulcasis al-Zahrawi's and Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu's illustrated books of surgery.

Background and Objective: Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis is common, and is almost always associated with concomitant thoracic involvement. Extrapulmonary manifestations vary on the basis of gender, age at presentation and ethnicity. The aim of this study was to investigate extrapulmonary involvement in patients with sarcoidosis in Turkey., Methods: This study was conducted by Turkish Thoracic Society Clinical Problems Study Group. New cases of sarcoidosis between 1 June 2004 and 31 May 2006 were recorded on electronic case record forms sent to all potential investigators and information about extrapulmonary involvement was collected., Results: One hundred and nineteen of 293 patients (83 female, 36 male, mean age = 45 ± 12 years) had extrapulmonary involvement in this study (40.6%). The median time to diagnosis was 6 months and this was longer than patients with just thoracic sarcoidosis (P = 0.001). Extrapulmonary symptoms were present in 181 (61.8%) patients, and skin lesions, arthralgia and back pain were the commonest (33.4%, 20.8% and 16.4%, respectively). Incidence of organ involvement was independent of age with the exception of ocular involvement, which was higher in those under the age of 40 years (P = 0.007)., Conclusions: Skin and peripheral lymph node involvement were the most common sites of extrapulmonary involvement and ocular involvement was more common in those under the age of 40 years in patients with sarcoidosis in a Turkish population., (© 2011 The Authors. Respirology © 2011 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Objective: To evaluate the relative effects of Class II elastics applied directly with utility arches (UAs) or with the Reciprocal Mini-Chin Cup (RMCC) appliance., Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion were included. Fifteen of them were treated with the RMCC appliance and the other 15 treated with Class II elastics on UAs. Lateral cephalograms of an additional 15 untreated persons having the same characteristics as the treatment groups were used as a control group., Results: The mean control period was 10 months. Class I molar and canine relationships were achieved in a mean treatment time of 4.6 months with the RMCC appliance and in 8.5 months with the elastics on UAs. The amount of overjet reduction was 4.7 mm in the RMCC group (87.87% dental) and 5.2 mm in the UA group (80.76% dental). The molar correction was 4.5 mm in the RMCC group (87.36% dental) and 2.0 mm in the UA group (51.47% dental). The anterior lower facial height increased in both of the treatment groups., Conclusions: The RMCC appliance is a valuable alternative for Class II elastic use in Class II cases in which the upper molars need to be moved to the distal more than the upper incisors.

It is well known that secondary hyperparathyroidism may be an extremely severe condition in chronic renal failure, and almost all patients with chronic kidney disease, even in the well-developed countries, encounter every kind of bone abnormalities if they are not treated properly. Although some sporadic cases have been reported of unique facial bone changes, the largest collection of this phenomenon has been reported by Sagliker et al. We also have found 6 of 9 patients who have these changes (Sagliker syndrome) to manifest class II malocclusion of the upper and lower jaws according to dental universally accepted criteria by performing cephalometric studies, x-ray plain films, tomographic procedures, and drawing technology.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the temperature changes in the pulp chamber during bracket bonding using three different light sources. Bracket bonding was performed on one lower first premolar and one lower central incisor at two different distances (surface and 10 mm). The measurements were taken with a J-type thermocouple wire, placed in the pulp chamber and connected to a data logger. Analysis of variance revealed that pulp chamber temperature changes were influenced by the light source, the tooth type, and the distance from the tip of the light guide to the bracket surface. Halogen induced significantly higher intrapulpal temperature changes than light-emitting diode and Xenon Plasma Arc (PAC) (P = .000). The temperature increase was significantly higher when the light-guide tip was positioned at the surface of the teeth than at the 10-mm distance with all light-curing units (P = .000). All light-curing units produced higher intrapulpal temperature increase in the mandibular incisor than in the premolar. Power PAC produced significantly higher heat changes in the incisor than in the premolar. Orthodontic bonding with different light-curing units did not exceed the critical 5.5 degrees C value for pulpal health.

Serefeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385-1468) was the author of the surgical textbook Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery). It was the first illustrated surgical textbook in the Turkish-Islamic medical literature. Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye is significant because it includes Sabuncuoğlu's color illustrations of surgical procedures, incisions, fracture dislocation reduction techniques, and instruments. There are only three handwritten copies. Two originally were written by Sabuncuoğlu and are exhibited in Paris and Istanbul. The book was rediscovered in 1936, but some parts are suspected to be missing. The book currently consists of three chapters divided into 193 sections. The third chapter includes orthopaedics and traumatology, reduction techniques of lower and upper extremities, fractures and dislocations, and relevant Greek, Arabic, and Persian textbooks are cited. Sabuncuoğlu also wrote about surgical treatment of congenital hand anomalies. He was the first to advise placing a wooden splint under the palmar side after hand surgery. We reviewed the sections of Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye related to orthopaedics and traumatology. Compared with previous writings by Hippocrates, Ibn-i Sina, and Al-Zahrawi, there are no major differences in the treatment of fracture dislocations.

Introduction: The relationship between total mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular teeth is an important factor in orthodontic treatment planning. The purposes of this article are to report a mathematical tooth-size ratio specifically designed for patients needing the extraction of 4 first premolars and to compare the anterior "6" and overall "12" ratio values reported by Bolton with the calculated anterior "6" and overall "10" ratio values obtained from data in this study., Methods: This study was conducted in 3 phases. In the first 2 phases, we used the peer assessment rating and ideal cephalometric norms to select 53 ideal posttreatment models of patients who had had 4 premolars extracted. In the third phase, the mean overall "10" ratio and the mean anterior "6" ratio were calculated for the selected models. Bolton's mean overall "12" (91.3%) and anterior "6" ratios (77.2%) were compared statistically with calculations derived from this study by using 1-sample t test., Results: The mean overall "10" ratio and the mean anterior "6" ratio were found to be 89.28 +/- 1.07% and 77.68 +/- 1.12%, respectively. Although the difference in anterior ratio was not significantly different from Bolton's anterior "6" ratio, there was a statistically significant difference between Bolton's study and our study in overall ratio., Conclusions: The mathematical tooth size overall ratio of 89.28% was determined for patients requiring the extraction of 4 first premolars and is recommended for use in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Study Objectives: Correct detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is crucial for prognosis and selection of an appropriate treatment regimen. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of whole-body bone scanning (WBBS) and clinical factors in detecting bone metastases in NSCLC., Design and Patients: One hundred twenty-five patients with a diagnosis made between 1998 and 2002 were recruited (squamous cell carcinoma, 54.4%; adenocarcinoma, 32.8%; non-small cell carcinoma, 8.8%; large cell carcinoma, 4%). Clinical factors suggesting bone metastasis (skeletal pain, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypercalcemia) were evaluated. WBBS was performed in all patients, and additional MRI was ordered in 10 patients because of discordance between clinical factors and WBBS findings., Measurements and Results: Bone metastases were detected in 53% (n = 21) of 39 clinical factor-positive patients, 5.8% (n = 5) of 86 clinical factor-negative patients, and 20.8% of total patients. The existence of bone-specific clinical factors as indicators of metastasis presented 53.8% positive predictive value (PPV), 94.2% negative predictive value (NPV), and 81.6% accuracy. However, the findings of WBBS showed 73.5% PPV, 97.8% NPV, and 91.2% accuracy. Adenocarcinoma was the most common cell type found in patients with bone metastasis (39%). The routine bone scanning prevented two futile thoracotomies (8%) in 25 patients with apparently operable lung cancer., Conclusions: In spite of the high NPV of the bone-specific clinical factors and the high value obtained in the false-positive findings in the bone scan, the present study indicates that in patients for whom surgical therapy is an option, preoperative staging using WBBS can be helpful to avoid misstaging due to asymptomatic bone metastases.

Serefeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385-1468 AD) was a Turkish surgeon who lived in the Ottoman Empire during the fifteenth century, a time of progressive expansion. When in his eighties, he wrote Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye, which means Imperial Surgery. His book is the first example of an illustrated surgical textbook in the Turkish-Islamic medical literature. The importance of his book rests upon the inclusion of colour miniatures of the surgical procedures, incisional techniques and instruments, all drawn by Sabuncuoğlu himself. Only three hand-written copies exist, two of which were originally written by the author and are currently exhibited in Paris and Istanbul. The book was rediscovered in 1936, but some parts of it are still suspected to be missing. At present, the book consists of three chapters divided into 193 known sections. The sections deal with all fields of surgery including ophthalmology, and cite relevant Greek, Arabic and Persian textbooks. In this historical article the sections of Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye pertinent to ophthalmology are critically reviewed, including a selection of the coloured drawings.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an asymmetrical maxillary expansion (AMEX) appliance. Patients with true unilateral posterior crossbites were included in the study. The treatment group consisted of 18 patients who had a mean age of 14 +/- 2.3 years. Treatment effects were evaluated on posteroanterior radiographs, dental casts, and photographs of the dental casts. All unilateral posterior crossbites were corrected in a mean expansion treatment time of 3.3 +/- 0.48 months. As a result of expansion, maxillary interfirst molar, interfirst and second premolar, and intercanine arch widths increased significantly. Comparison of the 2 sides showed that the teeth on the crossbite side moved and tipped more buccally than the teeth on the noncrossbite side. Of the total expansion gained, 75.8% to 91.7% was due to the buccal movements of the teeth on the noncrossbite side. The AMEX appliance was found to be effective in correcting true unilateral posterior crossbites, and therefore it can be recommended for clinical use.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the pendulum appliance in dental Class II patients with varying vertical growth patterns and to evaluate the changes during the short-term stabilization period of 3 months. The sample (n=30) was divided into two groups based on their FMA degrees. The high-angle group consisted of 14 patients (10 girls and 4 boys) and had a mean age of 157.7+/-8.0 months. The low-angle group consisted of 16 patients (8 girls and 8 boys) and had a mean age of 155.5+/-18.6 months. Pretreatment, posttreatment and poststabilization cephalometric radiographs were obtained to measure the changes. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical evaluation. The amount of upper molar distalization was 5.9 mm (p<0.001) in the high-angle group and 1 mm (p<0.001) in the low-angle group, showing no intergroup difference. The amount of anchorage loss at the second premolars was 4.8 mm (p<0.001) in the high-angle group and 6.6 mm (p<0.001) in the low-angle group. Upper incisors moved anteriorly for 2.1 mm (p<0.05) in the high-angle group and 4.1 mm (p<0.001) in the low-angle group. Intergroup difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). During the stabilization period, 1.5 mm of anchorage loss was measured at the upper molar region in the high-angle group and 1.7 mm of anchorage loss was measured at the upper molar region in the low-angle group. During the stabilization period, upper second premolars and incisors tended to move back to their original places. The results of this study showed that pendulum appliance could move the upper molars distally in a short period of time without depending on the patient compliance. Care should be taken to prevent anchorage loss and to stabilize the upper molars for, at least, 3 months.

From the 7th to the 11th centuries Arabic authors translated ancient Greek and Roman medical textbooks into their own languages. In the 11th and 12th centuries, noted authors used these early translations when writing other classical texts. One of these was that of the Andalusian surgeon, Albulcasis (936-1013), whose famous work is entitled, at-Tasrif (4,6). It has been used as a reference book for centuries and was translated into Latin in the 15th century and into Turkish by me when I discovered a manuscript of it in the Manisa Library in Turkey (14). The best interpreter of it, however, was Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu (1365-1468). He used the classification of at-Tasrif, but improved on it by adding original observations and three original chapters. His book is entitled, Cerrahiyyetu'l Haniyye which means The Imperial Surgery (15).

The present head of the Department of Medical History and Ethics, Prof. Dr. Nil Sari founded a museum for the history of medicine within the Department. A set of surgical instruments, granted by Prof. Dr. M. Kemal Oke and Prof. Dr. Fuat Kâmil Berksan to the Department, is studied in this article. The set, all made of bronze, and dating approximately back to the IVth century B.C. consists of four bistouries, two pincets, two bone catheters, a cauterization instrument, a spatula, curettage instrument and an unidentified piece. They do not have any trace of corrosion. No sign, badge or stamp can be detected on the instruments. Apparently they have not been used much. The skilfull handicraft, harmonious and excellent style of the set suggest that they might have been produced by an artist or in accordance with the description of a master surgeon. Presence of a pincet for eye surgery suggests that the owner might have been an ophtalmologist. Since the granters had not given any clue of the site they were discovered, it is hard to determine where or by whom the set was made.

In this study, tele radiographs of 52 military academy students neutral occlusion were taken in order to establish the deep facial structure standards of our society. Anterior and posterior lengths of cranial base, ramus height and mandibular length were measured from the cephalometric lines of these pictures. Likewise, measurements were made of Cella, Articular and Gonion angles. Average values, standard deviations and errors were obtained of all these results. These measurements were compared through biometric methods with those previously made by Björk. The anterior and posterior lengths and the ramus height show biometrically insignificant differences in these two studies. The same also applies for the Cella and Articular angles. On the other hand, the ramus height which we determined is somewhat greater and significantly different from that of Björk from the biometrical viewpoint. Furthermore, our Gonion angle is less than that of Björk, and significantly different from the biometrical standpoint. In conclusion, it is suggested that the Ramus height and Gonion angle found through our study should be utilized for our purposes in all dental interventions to be made on the individuals of this society.

The main purpose of this investigation was to study the shape and size of the mandibular condyles for any correlation with type of mandibular rotation. 40 mandibular bones that belongs to modern man, and late Roman stage were examined regarding the size and shape of condyles. The cephalograms of the mandibles were taken and the type of mandibular rotation was recorded on them according to Leiba analysis. The Leiba analysis results showed statistically significant differences while, the differences between the condyle sizes were found to be insignificant between the groups.

Recently a great deal of attention has been devoted to the spread of hepatitis b and aids viruses and the high risk of contamination of these viruses during the dental operations has made orthodontists more aware of the necessity of sterilization and disinfection. This article discusses the methods of sterilization and disinfection. Avoidance of corrosion of instruments and the use of a ultrasonic cleaner to avoid contamination has been explained. In the conclusion the measures that the orthodontist has to take in order to protect himself is discussed.

Examinations were based on lateral cephalometric changes in sagittal extent. For this purpose, The FR-3 appliance was tried out on total 13 patients (5 female and 8 male) Who have skeletal Angle Class III malocclusion due to maxillary inadequacy. The changes in the sagittal direction on lateral cephalograms and the findings obtained as a result of treatment, were compared with the usual grow up and maturation values. Then, whole data were evaluated biostatistically. Consequently, all results showed that, although FR-3 appliance can be used on this type of malocclusions, good patient cooperation and knowing the individual optimal grow-up models are extremely important and necessary.

This study was carried on rats to determine the effects of the analgesics on the osteoclastic activity, taken within the first three days. Appliances developed by ourselves were applied to twenty adult rats which were separated into two groups consisting each ten animals. Daily water to the controls where water containing analgesic to the study group were given. After three days osteoclasts were counted in the inter-radicular septum of the first molar where the appliance were applied in the sacrificed animals. In the study group the number of the osteoclast were lessened when compared to the control group.