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Background: Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) particularly Crohn‟s disease (CD). The aim of this study is to isolate, identify, genotype, and characterize the virulence factors and the clinical significance of AIEC strains. Methods: Ileal and colonic biopsies from 24 active CD patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) were collected. E. coli strains were identified by standard biochemical tests and confirmed by MALDI-TOF (bioMerieux, France) system. The AIEC phenotypes were determined by the adhesion, invasion, and survival within macrophages assays. The genetic virulence factors and genotyping characteristics were determined by PCR and PFGE respectively. The abundance and the antibiogram profile of E. coli strains was determined by qPCR and VITEK®2 (bioMerieux, France) automated system respectively. Results: E. coli strains from 17 CD patients and 14 HC were isolated, 10 (59%) and 7 (50%) of them were identified as AIEC strains, respectively. We found that chuA and ratA genes were the most significant genetic markers associated with AIEC compared to non-AIEC strains isolated from CD patients and HC p = 0.0119, 0.0094 respectively. The majority of E. coli strains obtained from CD patients showed antibiotic resistance (71%) compared to HC (29%) against at least one antibiotic. The AIEC-like strains were more resistant to antibiotics compared to non-AIEC-like strains (53%) and (21%) respectively. Conclusions: We have determined significant differences between AIEC strains and non-AIEC strains in terms of the prevalence of chuA and ratA virulence genes and the antibiotic resistance profiles. In addition, AIEC strains isolated from CD patients were found to be more resistant to penicillin/beta lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics than AIEC strains isolated from HC 80%, 14% respectively., Amaç: Adherent invaziv Escherichia coli (AIEC), özellikle Crohn hastalığı (CD) olmak üzere enflamatuar bağırsak hastalıklarının (IBD) patogenezinde rol oynar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klinik önemi olan AIEC suşlarının virülans faktörlerini izole etmek, tanımlamak, genotiplendirmek ve karakterize etmektir. Yöntemler: 24 aktif CD hastasından ve 15 sağlıklı kontrolden (HC) ileal ve kolon biyopsileri toplanmıştır. E. coli suşları standart biyokimyasal testlerle tanımlanmıştır ve MALDI-TOF (bioMerieux, Fransa) sistemi ile doğrulanmıştır. AIEC fenotipleri, yapışma, invazyon ve makrofaj içinde hayatta kalma deneyleri ile belirlenmiştir. Genetik virülans faktörleri ve genotipleme özellikleri sırasıyla PCR ve PFGE ile belirlenmiştir. E. coli suşlarının bolluğu ve antibiyogram profili sırasıyla qPCR ve VITEK® 2 (bioMerieux, Fransa) otomatik sistemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: 17 CD hastasından ve 14 HC'den E. coli suşları izole edilmiştir, bunların 10'u (%59) ve 7'si (%50) AIEC suşu olarak belirlenmiştir. CD'lardan izole edilen AIEC olmayan suşlara kıyasla sırasıyla chuA ve ratA genlerinin AIEC ile ilişkili en önemli genetik belirteçler olduğunu ve HC p = 0.0119, 0.0094 olduğu bulunmuştur. CD hastalarından elde edilen E. coli suşlarının çoğu, en az bir antibiyotiğe karşı HC'ye (%29) kıyasla antibiyotik direnci (%71) göstermiştir. AIEC benzeri suşlar, AIEC benzeri olmayan suşlara (%53) ve (%21) kıyasla antibiyotiklere karşı daha dirençlidir. Sonuçlar: AIEC suşları ile AIEC olmayan suşlar arasında chuA ve ratA virülans genlerinin prevalansı ve antibiyotik direnç profilleri açısından önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, CD hastalarından izole edilen AIEC suşlarının, sırasıyla %80, %14 HC'den izole edilen AIEC suşlarına göre penisilin/beta laktam ve aminoglikozit antibiyotiklere karşı daha dirençli olduğu bulunmuştur.

Pool chemicals constitute an important group of biocidalproducts and they are expected to effectively inhibit the algal growth indifferent types of pools. Two green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda, Oocystisparva or O.solitaria) and one cyanobacterium (Phormidium minnesotense)should be used as test organisms in biocidal (algicidal) activity assaysaccording to the current regulations in Turkey. The predominant pool microalgaeand Cyanobacteria species can greatly differ among different geographicalareas. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the most abundant algalspecies in different geographical areas of Turkey. A total of 22 pool watersamples were collected from 18 different locations during Spring-Summer periodof 2015. The samples were investigated by microscopy and DGGE (Denaturing GradientGel Electrophoresis) regarding to the presence of algal and cyanobacterialspecies. Sixteen of the 22 samples yielded positive results in DGGE analysisand presence of the algae and cyanobacteria samples were also confirmed bymicroscopic examinations. Four different bands were identified and sequencedfrom DGGE gel. Two clades were appeared in the phylogenetic tree build with thesequences of DGGE bands. One includes S.quadricauda and O.parva whilethe other clade consist of our sequences and P. minnesotense. Accordingto our microscopy observations all samples contain unicellular Cyanobacteriabut not any Chlorophyta species. It is clear that the test organisms inthe algicidal assays should be revised including the most abundant localstrains. In the light of our findings we would suggest an addition ofunicellular cyanobacteria besides filamentose cyanobacterium P. minnesotense astest organism in the current regulations. Keywords: Pool chemicals, regulations, standard testorganisms, microalgae, DGGEKeywords: Pharmacy, Students, Biocidal, Awareness

This study aimed at producing silk fibroin (SF)/hyaluronic acid (HA) and olive leaf extract (OLE) nanofibers with sheath/core morphology by coaxial electrospinning method, determining their antimicrobial properties, and examining release profiles of OLE from these coaxial nanofibers. Optimum electrospinning process and solution parameters were determined to obtain uniform and bead-free coaxial nanofibers. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the nanofibers. The antimicrobial activities of nanofibers were tested according to AATCC test method 100. Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity were tested using in vitro batch release system. The quality and quantity of released components of OLE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The changes in nanofibers were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Uniform and bead-free nanofibers were produced successfully. TEM images confirmed the coaxial structure. OLE-loaded nanofibers demonstrated almost perfect antibacterial activities against both of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antifungal activity against C. albicans was rather poor. After a release period of 1 month, it was observed that ∼70-95% of the OLE was released from nanofibers and it was still bioactive. Overall results indicate that the resultant shell/core nanofibers have a great potential to be used as biomaterials., DUAG Natural Products

A total of 43 samples (4 sea water, 5 water, 4 river water, 10 oyster and 10 fish samples) from Izmir were examined for the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila. Alkaline peptone Water (APW) for the environmental samples and Trypticase Soy Broth with Ampicillin and Toluidine Blue (TSBA) for the food samples were used for enrichment of the samples. In isolation, 5 different selective media were used: DNase Agar with Toluidine blue and Ampicillin (DNTA), Aeromonas Agar (AA), Rimler Shotts Agar (RSA), mA Agar and Aeromonas Mediums Base (AMB). Identification of the isolates was performed according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1984) and 9 isolates were identified as A. hydrophila. The enterotoxin production of 9 isolates was investigated by the suckling mouse assay and 8 of the 9 isolates were found to be enterotoxigenic.

IV ÖZET İZMİR İLİNDEKİ ÇEŞİTLİ TURİSTİK TESİSLERDEN Legionella pneumophila SEROGRÜP 1' İN KONVANSİYONEL VE MOLEKÜLER BİYOLOJİK YÖNTEMLERLE İZOLASYONU VE İDENTİFİKASYONU UZEL, Ataç Doktora Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Füsun UÇAR Şubat 2002, 154 sayfa 2000 yılı 15 Haziran - 30 Eylül 2000 tarihleri arasında, İzmir'in 6 İlçesinde bulunan 24 turistik tesisten 15 günde bir olmak üzere 7 'şer adet su numunesi alınmış ve toplam 168 örnek Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 mevcudiyeti bakımından incelenmiştir. Otellerin sıcak su tanklarından veya sıcak su şebekelerinden alman Ter litrelik su numuneleri, 0,22um'lik polikarbonat filtrelerle konsantre edilmiş ve izolasyon seçici BCYEa agar (GVPC) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 168 numunenin 149 tanesinde tipik Legionella kolonileri saptanmış, elde edilen izolatların kültürel ve fenotipik özelliklerine göre 128 izolat muhtemel L. pneumophila olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 128 izolatın identifîkasyonları, `Legionella Latex Test` (Oxoid) ve AP-PCR kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve 107 izolat L pneumophila serogroup 1 olarak identifiye edilmiştir. İdentifikasyon sonuçlarına göre; 2 tesisten alman örneklerde L. pneumophila serogroup 1' e rastlanmazken, 22 tesisin en az bir dönemde L. pneumophila serogroup 1 ile kolonize olduğu bulunmuştur. İncelenen tesislerin büyük bir bölümünde L. pneumophila serogrup 1'in bulunması (%91); çevresel örneklerde rutin taramalar yapılarak gerekli dekontaminasyon tedbirlerinin alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Legionella pneumophila serogrup 1, Lejyoner Hastalığı, İdentifikasyon, AP-PCR. VI ABSTRACT ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Legionella pneumophila SEROGROUP 1 BY CONVENTIONAL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL METHODS FROM DIFFERENT HOTELS IN İZMİR PROVINCE UZEL, Ataç PhD. In Biology Department Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Füsun UÇAR February 2002, 154 pages Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 occurrence have been investigated in 168 hot-water samples of 24 hotels, settled in 6 counties of İzmir province from 15 June to 30 September of the year 2000. Sampling was carried out in 15 days intervals and 7 samples were taken from each hotels hot-water reservoirs and hot-water networks. The samples were (1 It) concentrated using polycarbonate filters (mesh size 0.22um). Isolations were made by using selective medium, BCYEcc agar (GVPC). Typical Legionella colonies were encountered on 149 of 168 samples and 128 isolates were identified as possible L. pneumophila isolates. Identification of isolates were made by `Legionella Latex Test` (Oxoid) and AP-PCR. 107 isolates were identified as L. pneumophila serogroup 1 among the others. According to the identifications, 22 hotels were found to be colonized with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 while only 2 were free from the bacteria. Since 91% of the hotels were found positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1, routine screenings should be considered in such places. Keywords: Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, Legionnaries' Diseases, Identification, AP-PCR. 153

IV ÖZET ÇEŞİTLİ KAYNAKLARDAN AEROMONAS HYDROPHİLA'NIN İZOLAS YONU,İDENTİFİKASYONU VE TOKSİKOLOJİK TESTLERİ İLE İLGİLİ BİR ARAŞTIRMA UZEL,Aıaç Yüksek Lisans Tezi,Biyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi,Prof.Dr. Füsun Uçar Ağustos 1996, 70 sayfa Bu araştırmada İzmir İlindeki toplam 43 örnekten Aeromonas hydrophila 'nın izolasyonu ve tanısı yapılarak elde edilen izolatların toksikolojik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. İncelenen 43 örneğin 14'ünü deniz suyu,5'ini kuyu suyuı,4'ünü dere suyu, 10'unu midyeler ve 10'unu da çeşitli balık örnekleri oluşturmuştur. örneklerin analizinde, Alkalin Peptone Water (APW) ve Ampicillin'li Trypticase Soy Broth (TSBA)'ta Zenginleştirme yapıldıktan sonra, seçici besiyeri olan Aeromonas Medium Base(Ryan)'de izolasyon yapılmıştır.Elde edilen izolatlann tanıları Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology(1984)'e göre yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak toplam 43 örnekten izole edilen 9 izolat A.hydrophila olarak tanılanmış ve enterotoksin üretimi yönünden `Suckling Mouse Assay` kullanılarak incelenen 9 A.hydrophila straininin 8 tanesinin enterotoksigenik olduğu bulunmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas Medium Base,Suckling Mouse Assay. V ABSTRACT AN INVESTIGATION ABAUT ISOLATION JDENTÎFICAT10N AND TOXICOLOGIC TESTS OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA FROM SEVEREL SOURCES UZEL,Ataç Msc in Biology SupervisonAssoc. Prof. Dr. Füsun Uçar Agust 1996, 70 pages In this investigation,toxicologic properties of the isolates of A.hydrophila obtained by isolation and identification from 43 specimens which collected from İzmir have been investigated. Investigated 43 specimens are consisted of marine water(14),well water(5),river water(4), mussels(lO) and some fish species( 10). After enrichment procedures by APW and TSBA,isolation of organisms were made by Aeromonas Medium Base(Ryan),selective medium. Identification of obtained isolates were carried out according to Bergey's anual of Determinative Bacteriology (1984). Finally,9 isolates, obtained from 43 specimens were identified as A.hydrophila and their enterotoxin production was tested by using Suckling Mouse Assay. 8 of 9 isolates were found to be enterotoxigenic. Key Words: Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromanas Medium Base, Suckling Mouse Assay. 64