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There are two methods to identify the bacterial characteristic, namely biochemical analysis and the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene (16S rRNA) sequencing analysis. The research aimed to identify the cultured bacterial from ex-tin mining lakes by biochemistry analysis and molecular approach. Nine bacterial were cultured and isolated in nutrient agar and then biochemically characterized by microbact™ 12A and 24E (Oxoid) identification kits. In addition, molecular analysis by 16S rRNA gene was sequenced primer 1492R and primer 27F. Based on biochemistry analysis, these bacterial were identified as belonging to species of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Enterobacter gergoviae; Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterobacter agglomerans; and Nitrobacter spp. The sequence analysis in gene bank of NCBI indicated that these species had similarity with Klebsiella variicola strain F2R9 (Accession NR_025635.1); Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens strain LMG 2683 (Accession NR_044978.1); Serratia marcescens strain NBRC 102204 (Accession NR_114043.1); Bacillus marisflavi strain TF-11 (Accession NR_118437.1); Falsibacillus pallidus strain CW 7 (Accession NR_116287.1); Klebsiella pneumoniae strain DSM 30104 (Accession NR_117683.1); and Nitrobacter winogradskyi strain Nb-255 (Accession NR_074324.1). However, phylogenetic tree was constructed by Neighbor-Joining Test showed the cultured bacterial were not in the same clade and also with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain LT2 (Accession NR_074910.1); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BCRC 11601; and Escherichia coli strain NBRC 102203 (Accession NR_114042.1) as in group species and Micrococcus luteus strain NCTC 2665 (Accession NR_075062.2); Chloroflexus islandicus strain isl-2 (Accession NR_148571.2); Flavobacterium gondwanense (Accession M92278.1); and Cytophaga aurantiaca strain JM110 (Accession MN758870.1) as their out group.ABSTRAKTerdapat dua metode untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik bakteri, yaitu analisis biokimia dan analisis sekuensing gen 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA). Karakterisasi bakteri telah dilakukan melalui analisis morfologi dan biokimia dan dikonfirmasimelalui pendekatan molekuler menggunakan sekuensing gen 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri yang dapat dikultur dari danau pascatambang timah melalui analisis biokimiawi dan pendekatan molekuler. Sembilan bakteria berhasil dikultur dan diisolasi di media nutrient agar dan kemudian secara biokimiawi dikarakterisasi menggunakan microbact™ 12A and 24E (Oxoid) identification kits. Lebih lanjut, analisis molekuler menggunakan gen 16S rRNA dilakukan sekuensing dengan primer 1492R dan primer 27F. berdasarkan analisis biokimia, bakteri-bakteri tersebut termasuk ke dalam spesies Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Enterobacter gergoviae; Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterobacter agglomerans; dan Nitrobacter spp. Analisis blasting pada gene bank di NCBI mengindikasikan bahwa spesies-spesies tersebut memiliki kemiripan atau similaritas dengan Klebsiella variicola strain F2R9 (Accession NR_025635.1); Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens strain LMG 2683 (Accession NR_044978.1); Serratia marcescens strain NBRC 102204 (Accession NR_114043.1); Bacillus marisflavi strain TF-11 (Accession NR_118437.1); Falsibacillus pallidus strain CW 7 (Accession NR_116287.1); Klebsiella pneumoniae strain DSM 30104 (Accession NR_117683.1); dan Nitrobacter winogradskyi strain Nb-255 (Accession NR_074324.1). Namun, pohon filogenetik yang dikonstruksikan dengan Neighbor-Joining Test menunjukkan bahwa bakteri yang dikultur tersebut tidak berada pada clade dan juga dengan Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain LT2 (Accession NR_074910.1); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BCRC 11601; dan Escherichia coli strain NBRC 102203 (Accession NR_114042.1) yang digunakan sebagai spesies in group species maupun Micrococcus luteus strain NCTC 2665 (Accession NR_075062.2); Chloroflexus islandicus strain isl-2 (Accession NR_148571.2); Flavobacterium gondwanense (Accession M92278.1); dan Cytophaga aurantiaca strain JM110 (Accession MN758870.1) sebagai out groupnya.

The synthesis of silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) photocatalyst has been widely developed for organic pollutant degradation. However, the large particle of this photocatalyst limits the photocatalytic activity. The smaller particle size of the Ag3PO4 photocatalyst was successfully prepared using the starting material of AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O under mangosteen peel extract solution. The starting materials were dissolved in mangosteen peel extract solutions prepared at the concentration of 1% (w/v). The reaction of silver nitrate and phosphate solution was conducted at room temperature. The samples of pristine Ag3PO4 and Ag3PO4 prepared under mangosteen peel extract were studied using XRD, DRS, SEM, BET, and FTIR. All photocatalytic activities were evaluated using Rhodamine B photooxidation under blue light irradiation (LED, 3 Watt). The results showed that the mangosteen peel extract significantly decreased the particle size, lowered the bandgap energy from 2.12 to 2.00 eV, and increased the crystallinity of Ag3PO4. The interaction of xanthones from mangosteen peel extract solution with silver ion might affect the growth particle of Ag3PO4, and inhibit the agglomeration leading to small particle size, more uniform distribution, high crystallinity, and low bandgap energy. These properties enhanced the photocatalytic activity up to 2.9 times higher compared to the sample without the treatment of mangosteen peel extract.

Green energy and environmental awareness have grown because human activities have an impact and are harmful to the environment. Recently, renewable energy and the environment are hot issues in the world that are facing serious challenges. A new photocatalyst, Ag3PO4, has great potential to be applied in producing renewable energy and the environment. The recent design of Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts and their applications are discussed in this book chapter. Modifications of Ag3PO4 photocatalysts are carried out to increase photocatalytic activity and stability. Surface modification and composite design into binary, ternary, and quaternary have given very important results in increasing the capability of this photocatalyst. The application of Ag3PO4-based photocatalyst is very prospective for hydrogen/oxygen production, organic pollutant degradation, antibiotic degradation, antibacterial, and environmental sensors.

The highly active photocatalyst of Ag3PO4 could be synthesized under ammonia solution using the facile co-precipitation method with the starting material of AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O. The variation of ammonia concentration was designed at 0.00, 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 M. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using the Rhodamine B degradation under blue light irradiation. The effect of calcination, pH condition, and visible light source irradiation was carried out in the experiment. The highest photocatalytic activity was found in the sample prepared using the addition of ammonia solution at the concentration of 0.05 M. This photocatalytic activity was 4.13 times higher compared to the Ag3PO4 prepared without the ammonia. The effective condition of photocatalytic activity was achieved at the sample prepared without calcination, degradation at pH of 7 and under blue light irradiation. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 20th April 2018; Revised: 1st September 2018; Accepted: 4th September 2018; Available online: 25th January 2019; Published regularly: April 2019How to Cite: Febiyanto, F., Soleh, A., Amal, M.S.K., Afif, M., Sewiji, S., Riapanitra, A., Sulaeman, U. (2019). Facile Synthesis of Ag3PO4 Photocatalyst with Varied Ammonia Concentration and Its Photocatalytic Activities For Dye Removal. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 14 (1):42-50 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2549.42-50)Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.1.2549.42-50

The highly active Mn-doped Ag3PO4 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized under coprecipitation method using AgNO3, Na2HPO4·12H2O, and MnSO4·H2O, followed by annealing. The products were characterized using the SEM, XRD, DRS, XPS, and BET. The results showed that the Mn doping decreased the broad absorption in the visible region and increased the atomic ratio of O/Ag. The hydroxyl defects and oxygen vacancies can be suppressed by Mn doping and the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation could be improved. This excellent photocatalytic activity was caused by decreasing the recombination of electron and holes due to suppressing the defect sites in the surface of Ag3PO4.

The effect of hydroxyapatite on structure, particle size, and band gap energy of silver orthophosphate (Ag3PO4) have been investigated. The hydroxyapatite as a source of phosphate ion was prepared using the coprecipitation of CaCl2 and KH2PO4. To produce the product of Ag3PO4, the as-synthesized hydroxyapatite was suspended in water and quickly added to a silver nitrate solution. The obtained photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, DRS, and XPS. The high crystallinity of single phase Ag3PO4 was easily produced using the hydroxyapatite. Photocatalytic activities of the product were evaluated using RhB decomposition under blue light irradiation. The hydroxyapatite as a source of phosphate ion dramatically decreases the particle size and increases the absorption in the visible region. This obtained photocatalyst significantly improves the photocatalytic activity. The mechanism of reaction works in the following order: holes > superoxide radical > hydroxyl radical.

Native defects in silver orthophosphate could be generated by simple co-precipitation method under ethanol-aqueous solution using AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O. AgNO3 ethanol-aqueous solution with the ethanol contents of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% was reacted with Na2HPO4 aqueous solution. The produced catalysts were characterized using XRD, DRS, FE-SEM, BET specific surface area and XPS. The increase of ethanol content in the synthesis process decreased the Ag/P atomic ratio of Ag3PO4. The native defects of silver vacancy might be generated on the surface of Ag3PO4. The activity of Ag3PO4 for Rhodamine B degradation dramatically increased by 5.8 times higher compared to that of the pristine Ag3PO4. The defect states of Ag vacancies enhanced the separation of electron-hole pairs, leading to the improvement of photocatalytic activity.

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) could be enhanced by modification of photoanodes. The effective blocking layer addition, one-dimensional nanostructure architecture, and scattering material design are the most important approaches to provide the high PCE of DSSCs and are critically reviewed in this work. The blocking layer generated the energy barrier can suppress the recombination of an electron in photoanode. One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of a nanorod, nanotube and nanowire, promote the enhanced electron transport of DSSCs. The PCE of 1D nanostructure based DSSCs can potentially be improved by incorporating high surface area TiO2 nanoparticles and constructing the multilayered 1D nanostructure arrays photoanodes. The scattering effect can be generated by mesoporous, core-shell and yolk-shell materials with the sizes architecture corresponding to the wavelength of incident light, enhancing the light harvesting. The high efficiency of TiO2-based photoanodes could be realized by optimizing the composition, size of materials, and thickness of photoanodes.

The highly active Ag 3 PO 4 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using the hydrophylic polymer of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), PEG (polyethylene glycol) and PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone). The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photocatalytic activities were evaluated using decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the PVA, PEG, and PVP increased the specific surface area and enhanced the photocatalytic activity of Ag 3 PO 4 . The highest photocatalytic activity could be observed in Ag 3 PO 4 synthesized with PVA, mainly due to an increase in electron excitation induced by PVA chemically adsorbed on the surface. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reserved Received: 13 rd November 2016; Revised: 10 th February 2017; Accepted: 10 th February 2017 How to Cite: Sulaeman, U., Liu, B., Yin, S., Sato, T. (2017). Synthesis of Ag 3 PO 4 using Hydrophylic Polymer and Their Photocatalytic Activities under Visible Light Irradiation. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis , 12 (2): 206-211 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.2.767.206-211) Permalink/DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.2.767.206-211

These data inform about the XPS profile of Ag4d, P2p, and O1s from the samples of Ag3PO4, defect-Ag3PO4, Ag3PO4/PtCl62− and defect-Ag3PO4/PtCl62− which were denoted as AP, DAP, AP/Pt, and DAP/Pt, respectively. These samples were made by co-precipitation method using the starting material of silver nitrate (AgNO3), disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4.12H2O), and hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2PtCl6.6H2O) for platinum complexes dopant. The water solution and mixed water-ethanol solution for dissolving the AgNO3 were used for free-defect and defect samples, respectively. The Ag4d, P2p, and O1s of these samples were investigated using the XPS. The deconvolutions of O1s peak were analyzed using the software of XPSPEAK Version 4.1. The modification of Ag3PO4 by defect and platinum complexes dopant had changed the curve profile of Ag4d, P2p and O1s. Two types of oxygen of O-1 and O-2 were observed in O1s spectrum. The ratios of O-2/O-1 with the value of 0.25, 0.32, 0.49 and 0.51 were found in the sample of AP, DAP, AP/Pt, and DAP/Pt, respectively. These data are related to the research article “The surface modification of Ag3PO4 using anionic platinum complexes for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity” [1].

The development of Ag3PO4 photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation is very challenging due to excellent activity under visible light exposure. The research aims to synthesize Ag3PO4 under graphene oxide (GO) and hydroxyapatite (HA) as a phosphate ion source for Rhodamin B degradation. The Ag3PO4/GO was prepared using the precipitation method with the starting material of graphene oxide aqueous dispersion, AgNO3, and hydroxyapatite suspension. The structure, absorption, morphology, and element composition of photocatalysts were studied using XRD, DRS, SEM, and EDX. Photocatalytic abilities of the samples were tested using RhB oxidation under blue light exposure. The results exhibited that GO improves the crystallinity andvisibleabsorption spectrum of Ag3PO4. Incorporating GO on Ag3PO4 decreases the ratio of O/Ag and O/P leading to a defect formation. The reaction mechanism on the surface of the photocatalyst was mainly run by holes and superoxide radical ions. The modification of Ag3PO4 using hydroxyapatite and GO improved photocatalytic activity.

Saddle-like Ag3PO4 particles of tetrahedron structure were successfully synthesized using a co-precipitation method by mixing H3PO4 ethanol solution and AgNO3 ethanol aqueous solution, where the percentage of ethanol in AgNO3 ethanol aqueous solution was varied at 0, 50, 80, 90 and 100% (v/v). The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized samples was evaluated by photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under blue light irradiation (λ = 455 nm). The results showed that the morphology of the Ag3PO4 particles greatly changed depending on the ethanol content in the reaction solution. Excellent photocatalytic activity was observed at 80% (v/v) of ethanol, where the Ag3PO4 showed saddle-like morphology derived from the tetrahedron structure.

The Ag3PO4 morphology modification may affect the photocatalytic activity due to changing the surface energy. It may be designed by coprecipitation under different pH solutions. The pH dependence of Ag3PO4 synthesis on photocatalytic reactivities was investigated. The Ag3PO4 photocatalysts were synthesized in water-ethanol mixture solution under variation of pH from 3 to 11. The products were characterized using XRD, DRS, SEM, and BET specific surface area. Photocatalytic activities were studied using the degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the mixed morphologies of the sphere, cube, tetrahedron, and irregular were formed. The highest activity of Ag3PO4 was obtained from the synthesis at a pH of 11, which may be caused by a smaller particle size and a higher amount of tetrahedron.

The Ag3PO4/polyvinyl alcohol (Ag3PO4/PVA) hybrid photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using a coprecipitation method using AgNO3, Na2HPO4·12H2O and PVA as starting materials. The products emerged in a cubic (p-43n) structure. The photocatalytic performances for the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) under the blue light irradiation strongly depended on PVA content. The excellent photocatalytic activity may be due to the enhanced photo-induced charge separation brought on by the strong interaction of PVA with Ag3PO4.

The Ag3PO4 crystal with 200-600 nm in diameter was successfully synthesized using co-precipitation method with AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O as starting materials. The product was characterized using XRD, DRS, FTIR and SEM. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated under blue light irradiation assisted by Fe2+. The 1 mL of Fe2+ aqueous solutions consisted of 1.00, 0.10, 0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001 mM Fe2+ was added into a 100 mL solution of Rhodamine B, and the photocatalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B was carried out under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic activity was observed when 1 ml of 0.001 mM of Fe2+ aqueous solution was added in the Rhodamine B solution. The result inferred the possibility of in-situ peroxide generation during the photocatalysis reaction.

The Bi2O3/Ag3PO4 composites consisting of the monoclinic α-Bi2O3 and body-centered cubic Ag3PO4 were successfully synthesized by grinding Ag3PO4 and Bi2O3 mixtures in ethanol using an agate mortar, followed by calcination at 500°C for 5 hours, where the Ag3PO4 was synthesized by co-precipitation method using AgNO3 and NaH2PO4.2H2O as starting materials. The Bi2O3 content in the composite materials changed from 5 to 25 mol.%. The composites were characterized using XRD, DRS and BET specific surface area. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using Rhodamin B degradation under visible light irradiation of blue LED (λ = 445 nm). The highest photocatalytic activities could be obtained at 5 mol.% Bi2O3 in Bi2O3/Ag3PO4 composite. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the effective separation of hole (h+) and electron (e-) pairs in the Bi2O3/Ag3PO4 composite.

The surface modification of Ag3PO4 using anionic platinum complexes was successfully prepared. The starting materials of chloroplatinic chloride hydrate, silver nitrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate were used in the experiments. The Ag3PO4 (AP) and defect-Ag3PO4 (DAP) were firstly synthesized using the coprecipitation method. These samples were suspended in chloroplatinic chloride solution under sonication to obtain the doping of anionic platinum complexes in Ag3PO4 (AP/Pt) and defect-Ag3PO4 (DAP/Pt). Anionic platinum complexes successfully substituted the phosphate site of Ag3PO4 and significantly improved the photocatalytic activity.

The heterostructures of BiPO4/Ag3PO4 were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with starting materials of Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4, AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O at pH 1 under heating of 180°C for 12 h. The products were characterized using XRD, DRS and BET specific surface area. The photocatalytic activities were determined through the phenol decomposition under UV light (λ=390 nm) and blue light (λ=445 nm) irradiation. The heterostructures of BiPO4/Ag3PO4 with the body-centered cubic structure of Ag3PO4 and monoclinic of BiPO4 were successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of BiPO4 under UV light irradiation could be enhanced by designing of BiPO4/Ag3PO4 heterostructure with the molar ratio of 0.75/0.25.

Silver orthophosphate semiconductor was synthesized by the ion-exchange method using AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O as starting materials. The molar ratio of AgNO3 and Na2HPO4.12H2O was designed as 3:1. The product was characterized using XRD, SEM and DRS. The photocatalytic activity was determined using phenol oxidation under LED lamps with various wavelengths of visible lights such as 627nm (red), 530 nm (green) and 445 nm (blue). The body-centered cubic structure of silver orthophosphate with 1-10 μm in diameter was successfully synthesized. The band gap energy of the material could be found as 2.42 eV. The excellent photocatalytic activities of silver orthophosphate for phenol oxidation could be obtained under blue light (λ= 445nm) irradiation. The photocatalytic ability of Ag3PO4 under blue light irradiation was not lost even after heat treatment at 700°C.

Lanthanum and nitrogen co-doped SrTiO3 was synthesized using polymerized complex method with Ti(OC3H7)4, SrCl2·6H2O and La(NO3)3·6H2O as starting materials followed by calcinations in NH3. Ethylene glycol and anhydrous citric acid were used as the precursors of synthesis. The samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, DRS, BET, EDX and XPS. The cubic-perovskite type of La/N co-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticle could be successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 for DeNOx ability in visible light region (λ > 510 nm) could be improved by co-doping of La3+ and N3_. The high visible light photocatalytic activity of this substance was caused by a narrow band gap energy that enables to absorb visible light.

Chromium (Cr)-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction using SrCl2·6H2O and Ti(OC3H7)4 as starting materials in KOH methanol–oleic acid solution. The products were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET surface area, and XPS. The photocatalytic activity was determined by DeNOx ability using LED lamps with wavelengths of 627 nm (red), 530 nm (green), 445 nm (blue) and 390 nm (UV). The nanoparticles of perovskite type Cr-doped SrTiO3 with a particle size of 15–20 nm were successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 for DeNOx ability under visible light (627 nm) irradiation was able to be improved by doping with a small amount of Cr. The high photocatalytic activity of Cr-doped SrTiO3 in the visible region was caused by new absorption in the visible region.

Strontium titanate nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction of SrCl2·6H2O, Ti(OC3H7)4 in KOH methanol–oleic acid solution. The products were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, TEM, BET surface area and XPS. The photocatalytic activity was determined by DeNOx ability using LED lamps with various wavelengths such as 627 nm (red), 530 nm (green), 445 nm (blue) and 390 nm (UV). The nanoparticles of perovskite type SrTiO3 with the particle size of 15–18 nm were successfully synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 under visible light (λ = 530 nm) irradiation could be generated by modification of the surface with the carboxyl group (–COO) from oleic acid which enabled the absorption of visible light.

This research is conducted to produce carbons from coconut fibre which approach to activated carbon clause continue with carbon surface modification and the adsorption examination to Cu(II) ions. The research consist of several phase. Carbon making of coconut fibre conducted by carbonization processes at 320-400oC with temperature interval 20oC. Carbon yielded in characterized moisture content, ash content and its adsoprtion to iodium. The carbon surface modification conducted by loaded 2-mercaptobenzotiazol (MBT) on carbon. The adsorpsibility of carbon-MBT tested by influence of contact time, pH, and the isoterm adsorption pattern. The result of the study showed carbonization of coconut fibre which approach the requirement of SII No.0258-89 gained at temperature 320oC. In the present study equilibrium time of 10 minute and pH was found to be optimum for both adsorbent. While type of isothermal adsorption from carban and carbon-MBT adsorbent followed the Langmuir adsorption pattern.

The iron oxide-silver orthophosphate composites were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method using Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, AgNO3, and Na2HPO4.12 H2O, followed by calcination at 500°C for 5 hours. The Fe/Ag mole ratios of iron oxide-silver orthophosphate composites were designed at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4. The samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Specific Surface Area. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated using Rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation. The iron oxide-silver orthophosphate composite with the Fe/Ag mole ratio of 0.2 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity compared to the pure Ag3PO4 under visible light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the effective separation of hole (+) and electron pairs in the iron oxide-silver orthophosphate composite.

A simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed in this study for the analysis of miconazole, an antifungal drug, in powder sample. The optimized HPLC system using C8 column was achieved using mobile phase composition containing methanol:water (85:15, v/v), a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and UV detection at 220 nm. The calibration graph was linear in the range from 10 to 50 mg/L with r 2 of 0.9983. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) obtained were 2.24 mg/L and 7.47 mg/L, respectively. The present HPLC method is applicable for the determination of miconazole in the powder sample with a recovery of 101.28 % (RSD = 0.96%, n = 3). The developed HPLC method provides short analysis time, high reproducibility and high sensitivity.