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This study measured and analyzed the parameters and characteristics of palatal rugae in 200 Han and Uyghur adults in the Xinjiang Region of China. These adults ranged 18 to 35 years old. A total of 1180 palatal rugae were noted in the models of palatal rugae constructed from 200 adults. Straight palatal rugae were most common in the Uyghur population and wavy palatal rugae were most common in the Han population. Significant difference was found in the occurrence of straight palatal rugae between the Han and Uyghur populations (P = 0.004), and the occurrence of straight palatal rugae between genders in the Han and Uyghur populations (P = 0.0041). Logistic regression analysis found only the straight palatal rugae were statistically significant in differentiating different populations (P = 0.032). When only straight palatal rugae were assessed, the predicted value of correctly identifying original cases was 56.5%. When all palatal rugae shapes were analyzed, the predicted value of correctly identifying original cases was 59.5%. There were significant differences in the shapes of palatal rugae between Han and Uyghur adults in the Xinjiang region. These data may be helpful in individual identity recognition by combining with other reliable forensic identification tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamophobia, along with other forms of alt-right discourse and hate speech, is a well-documented phenomenon in the Euro-American world. Despite increasing scholarly attention in the West, however, research on Islamophobia in authoritarian regimes is more limited. Using content analysis of key online Islamophobic accounts, this paper shows that there are two distinct types of Islamophobic narratives in the Chinese cyberspace: a "confessional" narrative attributed to Uyghur authors, and a warning narrative specifically for Han readership, cautioning them about the hidden dangers posed by the Hui. This paper explores how these Islamophobic pieces share a Han-centric gaze where the Han, the majority-dominant group in China today, are placed in both a saviour role in terms of the Uyghurs, and a victim role as underdogs coming under attack from the Hui. The successful assimilation of the Hui has led to suspicion and narratives of betrayal, despite state efforts to promote Hui assimilation as a successful example of ethnic harmony. Whereas the Uyghurs are welcomed and accepted as long as they are willing to admit Han superiority, the Hui are rejected based on their perceived threat to Han dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the Uyghur doppa from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to understand Uyghur cultural life and identity. It links the doppa to Uyghur history and the evolving sense of ‘Uyghurness’, reflecting its cultural significance today, both in Xinjiang and through the diaspora. The limited scholarly work on the doppa, spanning 150 years, suggests a gender bias in documenting female-associated crafts. Ironically, at a time when the doppa holds increasing importance, especially with the creation of Doppa Day (5 May), this lack of resources opens up space for creative discourse on Uyghur identity. The study also reveals a tendency to adapt through cultural experiences while maintaining a deep connection to the homeland. Ultimately, this research demonstrates how a small cultural object can provide profound insights into community sensibilities and material culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeni Uygur Türkçesi ve Özbek Türkçesi, Türk diyalektleri arasında Güney-Doğu (Türkistan/Uygur) grubu içerisinde yer alır. Çağatay Türkçesinin devamı olarak kabul edilen bu diyalektler daha sonra kendi yazı dillerini oluşturur. Dilde kullanılan kelimelerin bütünü söz varlığıdır. Bir dilin söz varlığı, o toplum hakkında önemli bilgiler verir. Bir toplum, başka bir toplumla çeşitli etkileşimler kurarak oradan kendi söz varlığına kelime alabilir. 1924 yılında Türkistan’da millî sınırlar çizilir. Kazak, Kırgız, Özbek, Tatar, Başkurt vb. sözde ayrı ayrı milletler meydana getirilir. Türk kültürü üzerine bir Rus kültürü inşa edilmeye çalışılır. Bu bütünleşik ve iç içe hâl sonucunda Rusça kelimelerin Türk diyalektlerine nüfuz ettiği görülür. Bu diyalektler arasında bulunan Yeni Uygur Türkçesi ve Özbek Türkçesine de Rusça kelimeler etki eder yani söz varlığında Rusça etkisi görülür. Çalışmamızda, işgalci güçlerin etkisiyle Çinceden ve özellikle Rusçadan Yeni Uygur Türkçesinin ve Özbek Türkçesinin söz varlığına giren kelimeler incelenmiştir. Bu kelimeler tespit edilirken Kaynakça’da verilen; Uyġur Tiliniñ İzahliq Lüġiti, Özbekçe- Türkçe Sözlük ve Uzbek-English Dictionary sözlüklerden faydalanılmıştır. Alan başlıkları, gündelik hayatta en sık kullanılan kelimeler seçilerek belirlenmiştir.

Renk olgusu gözde yansıyan ışığın kırılmasıyla ortaya çıkan bir kavramdır. Işığın var olmadığı bir ortamda renklerin varlığından da bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle siyah ve beyaz renk adı olmalarına rağmen siyah ışığın yokluğunu, beyaz ise ışığın varlığını sembolize etmektedir. Işığın kırılmasıyla ortaya çıkan renklerden kırmızı, mavi ve sarı ana renkler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Işığın dalga boylarının farklı olması çeşitli renk tonlarının oluşmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu da farklı renk tonlarını anlatmak için yeni adlandırmalar yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Dünyayı anlamlandırma ve algılama adına renklerden yoğun bir şekilde faydalanılması, herhangi bir rengin anlamayı, anlatmayı veya anlaşılmayı kolaylaştırması renklerin kullanım alanlarını yaygınlaştırmaktadır. Özellikle benzetmeler yoluyla yapılan aktarımlar renklerden türemiş yeni kelimelerin farklı kavram alanlarına taşınmasına ve başka bir varlığın adı olarak kullanılmasına zemin hazırlayabilmektedir. Bu makalede köken itibariyle renk kelimeleri olmalarına rağmen renk kavramının dışına çıkmış, hayvan, yiyecek veya bitkiler gibi başka bir alana hizmet etmeye başlamış kelimeler incelenecektir. Kelimenin bağlı bulunduğu kök, köken itibarıyla incelenecek ve kök ile kelimenin anlam bağlantısı kurulacaktır. İncelenen kelimelerin her biri türemiş olduklarından kelime üzerindeki ekin kelimeye kattığı anlam gösterilecek, kelimenin hangi kavram alanında kullanıldığı ifade edilecektir.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the composition of gut microbiota and its relationship with bone loss in the Uyghur osteopenia population, identify potential disease-related taxa and collect information for the prevention and treatment of osteopenia in different people by regulating gut microbiota. We selected Uyghur residents, measured their heel BMD, collected faeces and general information, grouped them by BMD level, obtained faecal 16S rRNA sequences, and compared and analysed the differences between the groups. This study showed that the numbers of OTUs and species in the gut microbiota in the osteopenia group were higher than those in the control. At the phylum level, Erysipelotrichia was more abundant in the osteopenia group. At the genus level, Phascolarctobacterium was less abundant, and Ruminiclostridium_5 was more abundant in the osteopenia group compared to the control. Phascolarctobacterium and Z-score were positively correlated, and Ruminiclostridium_5 was negatively correlated with T and Z score. The different composition of the gut microbiota in Uyghur osteopenia patients and controls found in this study fills a knowledge gap in this ethnic group. The relationship between Uyghur osteopenia and BMD-associated bacterial genera deserves further exploration.

This study explores the implications of Talmy's (2000) motion event typology and its subsequent articulations in relation to Slobin's (1996 , 2006) thinking-for-speaking hypothesis for the early successive bilingual acquisition of Uyghur (verb-framed) and Mandarin Chinese (equipollently-framed). Specifically, it examines how 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-year-old bilingual children acquire motion expressions in their L1 and L2 respectively, and how cross-linguistic influence shapes their L2 acquisition process. Results show that, in their L1 Uyghur, bilinguals follow general developmental trajectories observed for children acquiring verb-framed languages. While sensitive to the equipollent Chinese system from early on, due to L1 and other factors, bilinguals fully converge on the Chinese pattern only at age 10, a feat in place in monolinguals from age 3. Our findings highlight that bilingual children do eventually come to develop language-specific thinking-for-speaking patterns in their L2, but they traverse a distinct developmental path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent linguistic landscape (LL) research has witnessed a change in focus to untypical, peripheral and fluid signs. Compared to typical (or permanent, fixed, etc.) signs which tend to be subject to strong policy intervention, language use on untypical signs is often more autonomous, thus could better reflect the de facto language choice and preferences of local residents. Comparing the linguistic patterns between typical and untypical signs therefore provides a way to investigate the tension between mandated language policies and residents' language choice. In this study, we adopted the dichotomous terms proposed by Shang, G., and X. Zhou. 2020. "非典型语言景观的类型、特征及研究视角 [Peripheral Linguistic Landscape: Sign Types, Features and Research Perspectives]." 语言战略研究 5 (4): 37–47., namely 'typical' and 'peripheral', to explore the language use on public signs in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. By comparing typical and peripheral signs in Kashgar, the study found a significant discrepancy: Chinese is prioritised on typical signs due to top-down policy promotion, while Uyghur is used extensively on peripheral signs by local residents. This study demonstrates the importance of analysing peripheral linguistic landscape in strong-policy nations/regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In parks and town squares across China in 2023, amateur dance enthusiasts engaged in a nationwide 'Xinjiang dance' craze, a phenomenon reflected and amplified on social media. For outside observers this might seem a bizarre development following the Chinese media discourses of terrorism, and the intense securitisation of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which so recently preceded it, but it aligned neatly with new initiatives across Chinese government, media and heritage to promote the region's burgeoning tourism industry, to fundamentally shift perceptions of the region in the national imagination, and to counter revelations of mass incarceration and cultural erasure in international media. This article highlights the ways that Uyghur heritage, music and dance have been harnessed in government projects to remodel the region's history and situate its peoples more firmly within the sphere of the Chinese nation, thinking through the ways in which the aesthetic formations and imaginaries of Uyghur heritage articulate the links between tourism and territory, colonialism and desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues based on data from Uyghur (Turkic) that clausal complementation structures involving a special form of the verb 'say' are actually adjunct clauses headed by the verb 'say' that merge at two heights: VP or TP. I demonstrate that properties unique to 'say' as a main verb extend to 'say' in these adjunct clauses. Accusative subjects are a primary focus, where it is shown that the re-analysis of clausal complementation has implications for Case Theory in Uyghur and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo understand the relationship between kidney function trajectories and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence among adult rural Uyghurs in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), and to provide a reference for early detection and prevention of CVD in the population. MethodsA total of 6 417 rural Uyghur residents aged ≥ 18 years in Regiment 51, Third Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were recruited for a baseline survey in September 2016 using typical sampling. Follow-up surveys were conducted in April 2019, June 2020, July 2021 and June 2022 among 5 585 non-frequent migrants with complete basic information and no chronic kidney disease or CVD at baseline. Kidney function trajectories were constructed using a group-based trajectory model to determine the number and trend of trajectories. The log-rank test was used to compare the cumulative incidence of CVD among residents with different renal function trajectories. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the relationship between renal function trajectory groups and CVD incidence, and subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to validate the results. ResultsAs of June 2022, 414 (7.41%) of the 5 585 participants were lost to follow-up; after excluding 429 participants with < 3 serum creatinine measurements, a total of 4 742 participants were finally included in the analysis, with a total follow-up of 27 018.48 person-years and a mean follow-up of 5.70 ± 0.96 person-years. A total of 563 cases of CVD were observed during the follow-up period, with a cumulative incidence of 11.87%. Based on the group-based trajectory model analysis, the 4 742 participants were classified into four groups with different kidney function trajectories: high-level stable progression of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) group (2 128 individuals, 44.88% of the participants), gradually increasing eGFR group (1207, 25.45%), gradually decreasing eGFR group (988, 20.84%), and rapidly decreasing eGFR group (419, 8.83%), respectively; the cumulative incidence of CVD observed at follow-up in these groups was 232, 87, 156, and 88, with significantly different cumulative incidence rates of 10.90%, 7.21%, 15.79%, and 21.00% (χ2 = 74.882, P < 0.001). After adjustment for sex, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, dyslipidaemia/hypertension/diabetes/CVD/stroke, the Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis showed that, compared with those in the high stable eGFR group, participants in the gradually increasing eGFR group had a reduced risk of CVD incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.766, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.598 – 0.983), whereas participants in the gradually decreasing eGFR group and the rapidly decreasing eGFR group had an increased risk of CVD incidence, with HR (95%CI) of 1.297 (1.059 – 1.590) and 1.865 (1.458 – 2.385), respectively; further subgroup analysis revealed HR (95%CI) of 2.577 (1.698 – 3.909), 1.629 (1.196 – 2.220), 1.729 (1.078 – 2.774), and 1.867 (1.399 – 2.492) for participants who were male, female, < 45 years of age, and ≥ 45 years of age in the rapidly declining eGFR group, respectively. Sensitivity analysis results after sequential exclusion of those with hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia at baseline showed increased risks of CVD incidence in participants in the rapidly declining eGFR group, with HR (95%CI) of 1.638 (1.157 – 2.319), 1.854 (1.426 – 2.410) and 1.667 (1.227 – 2.264) compared with those in the high-grade stable eGFR group, indicating good robustness of the results. ConclusionBoth increasing and decreasing eGFR trajectories are associated with the risk of CVD incidence among rural Uyghur residents in Xinjiang; those with increasing eGFR have a decreased risk of CVD incidence, whereas those with decreasing eGFR have an increased risk of CVD incidence.

As a digital social medium, blogs have transformed into arenas where individuals can express their perspectives, concepts, and feelings. This research delves into the spread of information in blog posts related to the Uyghur discourse, utilizing topic modeling to classify and prioritize pertinent content. The analysis reveals a significant emphasis on the Chinese Government's suppression of Uyghur Muslims, as demonstrated by the hyperlinks embedded within the blog network. We mapped the discovered topics onto a network of hyperlinks, forming a topic-induced hyperlink network. Additionally, we conducted a toxicity analysis, which revealed a high level of toxicity in blog posts during that period. A morality assessment was also performed, revealing exceedingly high scores for all vices in the blog posts. Furthermore, we conducted an emotion analysis on the text and image data, which underscored a dominant sentiment of sadness pervading the blog posts and corresponding images. This reflects the severity of the Uyghur persecution. The research highlights the effectiveness of topic modeling, toxicity evaluation, and hyperlink analysis in shedding light on intricate social issues. Future studies could augment these results by expanding keyword scope and refining image recognition models within the context of Uyghur discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text provides a review of two books that offer insights into the experiences of the Uyghur population in Xinjiang, China. The first book focuses on the experiences of Uyghur migrants in Ürümchi and the effects of securitization and internment on their lives. The second book explores the experiences of Uyghur writer Ilham Tohti, who was imprisoned for advocating for Uyghur rights. The review highlights the fear, violence, and dispossession faced by the Uyghur community and the role of capitalism in exacerbating these issues. It also discusses the limitations of the research and the lack of representation of women in the accounts. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the books and their contributions to understanding the Uyghur situation in Xinjiang. [Extracted from the article]

The early or proto-history of the Khazars is still far from being thoroughly investigated, in regard to the world wide popularity of the Khazar studies. There are still many vague points to be discovered, despite the great attempts especially for the last hundred years of modern Khazar studies. We may differentiate between the terms Khazar and Khazarian , the former referring to the ethnie in the core of the process making Khazaria, and thus to the proto stage, and the latter to the well-known imperial formation in Eastern Europe. The scattered but rich sources of Khazarian history are not, on the other hand, very helpful in Khazar history. The debates on the meaning of the ethnonym Khazar are also a part of the proto-history. We are bound, for the early parts of the history, with the eastern, i.e., Chinese and Turkic sources. Previously the Chinese sources were effectively used in that regard, and with the publication of the readings of the two Uyghur inscriptions Tes and Terkhin from the 750s some fifty years ago opened a new chapter for the early history of the Khazars and the etymology of their name. This paper suggests a new frame for the early history of the Khazars in Asia and Europe and slightly revises the etymology of what we may call the French school, supposing that the Khazars came from South Siberia to the Caucasus in the wave of the Suvar union, after being defeated by the Uyghurs during an internal strife likely instigated by the Türks and their overlords Juan-juans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China (XUARC) harbors almost 50 ethnic groups including the Uyghur (UGR: 45.84%), Han (HAN: 40.48%), Kazakh (KZK: 6.50%), Hui (HUI: 4.51%), Kyrgyz (KGZ: 0.86%), Mongol (MGL: 0.81%), Manchu (MCH: 0.11%), and Uzbek (UZK: 0.066%), which make it one of the most colorful regions with abundant cultural and genetic diversities. In our previous study, we established allelic frequency databases for 14 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) for four minority populations from XUARC (MCH, KGZ, MGL, and UZK) using the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. In this study, we genotyped 2,121 samples using the GoldenEye™ 20A Kit (Beijing PeopleSpot Inc., Beijing, China) amplifying 19 autosomal STR loci for four major ethnic groups (UGR, HAN, KZK, and HUI). These groups make up 97.33% of the total XUARC population. The total number of alleles for all the 19 STRs in these populations ranged from 232 (HAN) to 224 (KZK). We did not observe any departures from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in these populations after sequential Bonferroni correction. We did find minimal departure from linkage equilibrium (LE) for a small number of pairwise combinations of loci. The match probabilities for the different populations ranged from 1 in 1.66 × 1023 (HAN) to 6.05 × 1024 (HUI), the combined power of exclusion ranged from 0.999 999 988 (HUI) to 0.999 999 993 (UGR), and the combined power of discrimination ranged from 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 983 (HAN) to 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 (UGR). Genetic distances, principal component analysis (PCA), STRUCTURE analysis, and the phylogenetic tree showed that genetic affinity among studied populations is consistent with linguistic, ethnic, and geographical classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tahir Hamut Izgil's recent memoir, Waiting to Be Arrested at Night, brings to life a cast of poets and intellectuals who used to meet under the cover of darkness, against the backdrop of mass detentions in Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang province. In his 2018 poem "Somewhere Else," Izgil, who escaped China, writes with the exile's keen longing: "Of course / I too can only stare / for a moment into the distance." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İnsanlık tarihindeki en büyük harplerden biri olan II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından dünya tam bir kaos ortamına dönüşerek İttifak Devletleri’nin “süper güçleri” dünya haritasına yeniden şekil verme çabalarına ve liderlik yarışına hız vermiş durumdaydı. Savaşın bitmesiyle Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nin rekabetle sürdürdüğü yayılmacı politika “Soğuk Savaş dönemi”ni başlatmış oldu. Bu da Sovyetlerin, Sovyet karşıtı ülkelerde, özellikle ABD yanlısı bir politika izleyen Japonya’da illegal istihbarat ağının yeniden tesis edilerek faaliyete geçirilmesi meselesini gündeme getirmişti. Bu bağlamda planlanan gizli görevler için yeni hikâyeler, yeni kahramanlar kurgulanarak Soğuk Savaş ile birlikte Sovyetler için istihbaratta yeni bir dönem başlatılmıştır. Gizli ajanlardan uydurma kimlik ve hikâyeler yaratarak farklı istihbarat stratejileri kullanan Sovyet istihbarat servisi, böylelikle “casuslar” döneminin yeni bir hikâyesini inşa etmiştir. Dönemin şartlarından ötürü Japonya’ya sızabilmek kolay olmadığından detaylı işlenmiş bir plana ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu planı gerçekleştirecek adı geçen istihbarat mensuplarının Doğu Türkistan doğumlu Enver Sadık ve Hatice Sadık adlı Uygur çifti kimliğine bürünerek evlenmesi ve bir süre “memleketlerinde” yaşayarak çevre edinmesi, bu sayede de Hong Kong üzerinden hedef ülkeye sızmaları amaçlanmıştır. Bu makalenin temel amacı “Soğuk Savaş” döneminde Japonya’da Sovyet istihbarat ağını yeniden canlandırıp SSCB'ye on yıldan fazla süreyle kıymetli bilgiler ulaştıran Sovyet istihbarat ajanları Şamil Hamzin (Halef) ve Bibiiran Alimova’nın (Bir) hayat hikâyesi ve Japonya serüvenini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Bir ve Halef’in hikâyesi, SSCB’nin kapsamlı bir istihbarat stratejisi geliştirerek insan istihbaratı yöntemini etkili bir şekilde kullanmasının en başarılı örneklerinden biri olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Baudrillard’ın simulark ve simülasyon kuramının sanata dönük izdüşümlerinin ve sanattaki hipregerçekçi pratiklerinin birey, tarih, din, sanat, coğrafya, uygarlık vb. alanlardaki kültürel farklılıklara göre değerlendirilmesi bazı ilginç tespitler ortaya koymaktadır. Zira Uygur sanatındaki farklı kombinasyonların ve bazı teknik stilizasyonların gerçeküstü anlatılarla yorumu, Baudrillard’ın simulark ve simülasyon kuramının sanattaki varyasyonlarını çağrıştırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmadaki ana argüman, hipergerçekçi sanat ile Uygur sanatının mukayeseli ve ikonografik açıdan nasıl sonuçlar doğurduğunun çözümlenmesi konusudur. Orta Asya steplerinin önceleri göçebe daha sonra yerleşik hayatının getirdiği kültürel etkileşim kodları ile harmanlanan Türk sanatının mistik Uygur eserlerindeki olağan dışı sanatsal verilerinin hipergeçekçi sanatın üslup ve ikonografik belirlenimleriyle benzer sonuçlar doğurması son derece ilginçtir. Postmodern felsefenin simülasyon ve simulark teorisi daha çok yapay, sahte, yozlaşma, istismar, sosyal ve politik dezenformasyona yönelik oluşumları tenkit eder. Bu teorinin hipergerçekçi sanat bağlamındaki gelişmelerinin Uygur sanatı ile teması zamansal, kültürel farklılıklarına rağmen birbirine yakın üslup, içerik kesitinden eserler ortaya koyma motivasyonu ve fikirsel arka planındaki sırların olabildiğine rafine bir değerlendirmeyle aydınlatılması bu araştırmadaki amaçlardan biridir. Nitel yöntemin tarama, gözlem, alan yazın ve doküman araştırması metodu ile yapılandırılmaya çalışılan bu inceleme, felsefe, sosyoloji, tarih, teknoloji, iletişim, kültür gibi yan disiplinlerden de faydalanılarak diyalektik bir zeminde işlenmektedir. Simülasyon ve simülakrlarla yapılandırılan sanat, gerçek ile sanal arasında uzanan sınırları keşfeder. Hipergerçeklik perspektifinden, Uygur sanatının simülasyonu ve simülakrlarla inşa edilen sanat dünyası gerçeklik kavramını sorgulayarak, izleyiciye kendi algılarını yeniden değerlendirmek ve aydınlatıcı bir deneyim yaşamak fırsatı sunar. Zira hipergerçekçi sanat ile Uygur kültürünün, tarihinin sanata yansıyan örneklerinin yakın ilişkisi, sanat adına ilginç tespitler ortaya koymaktadır.

This article examines the impact of rural origin on higher education access among one ethnic group, the Uyghur, a Muslim minority group who reside mostly in China's northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with Uyghur university students, graduates, and the faculty who teach them. Since the time of the research, changes in China and in XUAR have impacted education policies, many of which had been developed to provide ethnic minorities in China with better access to higher education. This article discusses some of these policy changes to illustrate that the ways in which policy issues are framed also defines what constitutes the "problem" and thus also constrains the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the height development, trend and urban - rural inequality of Uygur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang. Methods: The height of 18 112 Uygur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang by national students fitness and health survey report in 1985, 2000, 2010, and 2019 were selected, which were divided into four groups: urban boys, rural boys, urban girls, and rural girls. The growth increment at each stage, the growth rate every ten years, the age at peak height velocity and the coefficient of variation were calculated. The differences were analyzed by one - way ANOVA. Results: From 1985 to 2019, the height of Uyghur primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 years in Xinjiang showed an overall increasing trend. The average height of urban boys, rural boys, urban girls, and rural girls increased by 7.59, 5.27, 6.00, and 2.88 cm (all P ＜ 0.001). The growth increment of each age group was different, and the growth rate of boys and urban students were larger. From 2010 to 2019, the height growth of urban students were the fastest (boys 4.65 cm/10 years, girls 4.97 cm/10 years), and that of rural students were the fastest (boys 4.04 cm/10 years, girls 3.22 cm/10 years)from 1985 to 2000. From 2000 to 2010, the height of boys and girls increased negatively. The age at peak height velocity of urban boys, rural boys and rural girls are relatively stable except that of urban girls enhanced, and there were downward trend in recent years. The average height of gender difference of 18-year-old Uyghur urban students increased from 11.39 cm in 1985 to 14.20 cm in 2019, and that of rural students increased from 11.44 cm in 1985 to 13.26 cm in 2019. The growth potential of rural students was large. The height inequality was measured by the coefficient of variation of height (CV-h). The results show that rural CV-h had decreased, while urban CV-h had increased in the past 34 years. Since 2010, CV - h of urban students was larger than rural students, and boys was larger than girls in all survey years. Conclusion: The height of Uyghur primary and secondary school students aged 7- 18 years continues to increase, and the overall growth rate has slowed down, especially in rural areas, but the urban growth rate has increased; Uyghurs students have obvious height inequalities between urban and rural areas. The difference between urban and rural areas is expanding, and the inequality within urban areas is expanding, while that in rural areas is decreasing. More attention should be paid to these regional differences, and policies and strategies should be formulated to reduce height inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Feminist approaches to international security have revealed persistent gendered stereotypes in the construction of women in contexts of political violence and terrorism, including the Global War on Terror. Acknowledging the parallelism with the United States-led enterprise in its endeavor to "save" a female population and re-posing one of the most significant questions in gender-informed security studies, this article asks "Where are the women in China's 'People's War on Terror' (PWoT)?" It takes the idea of agency as pivotal in answering this question and investigates how the Chinese state has (im)mobilized, through concealment or deployment, the idea of and potential for agency when positioning Uyghur and other Turkic Muslim women in Xinjiang as specific subjects in the context of the PWoT. The article reveals the establishment of a gendered hierarchy of power in the Chinese counterterrorism playbook, one that fixes "Xinjiang women" as securitized and passive victims in need of rescuing by a state that continues to suppress their agency, despite official claims to the contrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of the ethnic minor is a heavily inscribed representational subject in PRC cinema. Coming out of a socialist cinematic tradition as images of thoroughly assimilated, phlegmatic adults-in-waiting, the portrayal of ethnic children in PRC cinema today assumes more nuances as an art-house cinema verité aesthetics demands ethnic children enact their social presence in a complex network of social relations fraught with the tension between modernity and tradition, identity structures and their restructures. This paper examines two 2018 films about ethnic minors in Tibet and the Uyghur region of China—Wangdrak's Rain Boots by Lhapal Gyal and A First Farewell by Wang Lina, respectively. Through the lenses of what Félix Guattari calls "partial subjectivity" and the "social machine," the article demonstrates how the two films portray weather forecast and linguistic ability in Mandarin Chinese as socializing conduit of Chinese state power and produce for the ethnic children an affect of authoritarian certainty. The paper argues that those two films critique the PRC's current ethnopolitical strategies in the said regions, which place a premium on a monoglot and monovocal articulation of a pan-Chinese identity at the cost of impoverishing a polyvocal ethno-social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Literature & Humanities / Edebiyat ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The security of the Uyghur ethnic community in Xinjiang became an international concern after media reports about the existence of re‐education camps. History has recorded that the Uyghur often experienced violation of their human security rights. This violation worsened when the Chinese Community Party (CCP) succeeded in controlling the entire mainland. The three pillars of human security that should be ensured by the state, freedom from fear, freedom from want and freedom to live in dignity were violated by the CCP. Using the theory of social construction process, the finding of the research was that the violations aimed to insert socialist and communist values into Uyghur's identity and to control their province, which rich in natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the myopia and hyperopia reserve among Uyghur children aged 6～12 in Yecheng county of Xinjiang.METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 50 151 Uyghur students aged 6～12 years from Yecheng county of Xinjiang underwent comprehensive vision screening, including automatic computer optometry, indoor remote light box E-word standard logarithmic visual acuity chart(GB 11533), to measure the naked eye distant vision and corrected vision with lens.RESULTS: From October 2021 to January 2022, the spherical equivalent(SE)of 6-12 year old Uyghur myopic children was -0.875(-1.625, -0.625)D, and the detection rate of myopia was 6.75%(3384/50151)in Yecheng county of Xinjiang. The SE of the myopic children aged 6～12 was -0.75(-1.125, -0.625)D, -0.75(-1.125, -0.625)D, -0.875(-1.125, -0.625)D, -0.875(-1.375, -0.625)D, -0.875(-1.6, -0.625)D, -0.875(-1.625, -0.625)D, -1.25(-2.125, -0.75)D, respectively. The SE of non-myopic children aged 6～12 was +0.25(-0.125, +0.5)D, and the detection rate of insufficient hyperopia reserve was 75.51%. The SE of the non-myopic children aged 6～12 was +0.25(-0.125, +0.5)D, +0.25(0, +0.5)D, +0.125(-0.125, +0.5)D, +0.25(-0.125, +0.5)D, +0.125(-0.125, +0.5)D, +0.125(-0.125, +0.5)D, +0.25(-0.125, +0.625)D, respectively. The detection rates of myopia children aged 6～12 were 6.78%, 5.64%, 5.72%, 5.36%, 5.01%, 6.82%, 12.14%, respectively. The detection rates of insufficient hyperopia reserve children aged 6～12 were 91.67%, 92.04%, 92.91%, 83.85%, 68.89%, 54.01%, 26.71%, respectively. The detection rate of insufficient hyperopia reserve in non-myopic girls aged 9～12 years old was higher than that in boys(χ2=8.94, 19.99, 19.91 and 39.11, all P

Industrial parks in north-west China occupy a liminal space between labour camps and private industry. Drawing on worker interviews, government documents, industry materials and images this article shows that for-profit public-private industrial parks have been built as part of a "camp fix" mechanism centred on detaining and "re-educating" Uyghurs and Kazakhs at the periphery of the nation. It argues that these industrial parks concentrate forms of repressive assistance and "dormitory labour regimes" that operate at other frontiers of Chinese state power and point these strategies of disempowerment towards a seemingly permanent, ethno-racialized underclass, producing a "re-education labour regime." It further argues that the material infrastructures of these surveiled and policed spaces themselves are productive in enforcing the goals of the "camp fix": the creation of high-quality, underpaid, docile and non-religious Muslim workers who are controlled through the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talmy's motion event typology has served as a fruitful framework for exploring bilingual cognition and language use. The present study extends this line of research to the bilingualism situation of an underrepresented Turkic language, i.e., Modern Uyghur, and Mandarin Chinese, and it does so by focusing on a relatively understudied type of motion, i.e., caused motion. The two languages are genetically and typologically distinct, and yet they share verb-framing as an important lexicalization pattern in encoding motion. This study, therefore, investigated whether and to what extent this structural overlap contributes to crosslinguistic influence in Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals' construal of caused motion. Thirty Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals' verbalizations were analyzed with respect to the number of semantic components expressed and the way they were syntactically packaged. Results were compared with relevant monolingual data, which showed that Uyghur–Chinese adult bilinguals displayed a strong L1 to L2 influence in syntactic packaging by overusing the verb-framed strategy in Mandarin Chinese. However, further comparisons with previous research on Uyghur–Chinese child and adult bilinguals' motion construal revealed that, while structural overlap is a key factor motivating crosslinguistic influence, a coherent explanation of this phenomenon must consider more general principles of bilingual language processing and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkic languages have been shown to form words using a wide range of word-formation strategies, such as suffixation, cliticization, and auxiliaries. The present paper offers a detailed description of word formation in Uyghur, compares the patterns in Uyghur with the prior literature on Turkic, offers explicit diagnostics for suffixes and clitics, and proposes a morpho-syntactic analysis for each strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uyghur text recognition faces several challenges in the field due to the scarcity of publicly available datasets and the intricate nature of the script characterized by strong ligatures and unique attributes. In this study, we propose a unified three-stage model for Uyghur language recognition. The model is developed using a self-constructed Uyghur text dataset, enabling evaluation of previous Uyghur text recognition modules as well as exploration of novel module combinations previously unapplied to Uyghur text recognition, including Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks (CRNNs), Gated Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks (GRCNNs), ConvNeXt, and attention mechanisms. Through a comprehensive analysis of the accuracy, time, normalized edit distance, and memory requirements of different module combinations on a consistent training and evaluation dataset, we identify the most suitable text recognition structure for Uyghur text. Subsequently, utilizing the proposed approach, we train the model weights and achieve optimal recognition of Uyghur text using the ConvNeXt+Bidirectional LSTM+attention mechanism structure, achieving a notable accuracy of 90.21%. These findings demonstrate the strong generalization and high precision exhibited by Uyghur text recognition based on the proposed model, thus establishing its potential practical applications in Uyghur text recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in central Asia, Xinjiang is characterized as a diverse environment in China, consisting of vast deserts, dotted oases, and high mountains. Due to the combined effect of climate conditions under such a diverse environment, there are large differences in human activities, living styles, and eating habits in farmland and grazing pastures between Xinjiang and other regions of China. This study aimed to investigate the variations and mechanisms of elemental distribution in the hair of Uyghur communities among different ages and genders and under different land use backgrounds in an oasis region in Xinjiang. Hair samples from 524 residents from four traditional farmland areas and two grazing pasture areas in Bai Cheng County in Xinjiang were collected, and the levels of thirteen elements were analyzed. The results indicated that the average levels of Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, Fe, Ca, Cd, Cr, As, and Se in the hair of Uyghur communities were within the background levels of Chinese and global residents' hair. Overall, the levels of elements in the hair of women residents were higher than those of men residents. The levels of elements in the human hair of the middle-aged group were higher than those of child and older-aged groups. Elements Cr and Se in the hair of grazing pastures were higher than those of farmland areas. The levels of Cd, Pb, As, and Zn in the hair of farmland areas were higher than those of grazing pasture areas. The levels of Ca, Mg, Cu, and Fe in the hair of Uyghur communities were higher than those of other ethnic groups, while the toxic elements in the hair of residents in Bai Cheng were lower than those in other regions of China. Middle-aged people were exposed to higher levels of toxic elements in their daily activities compared to elderly and child groups. Also, adult groups need much more nutrients for their growth and intellectual development compared to child and elderly groups. The change in land use from grazing pastures to farmland increased the toxic trace element concentration levels in human hair. The significant differences in the overall concentration levels of elements in human hair among the different ethnic groups and regions can be attributed to the differences in lifestyles, cultural customs, dietary habits, and internal and external exposure routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the marking and management of interpersonal common ground in Dungan, Uyghur, and Uzbek. The study shows that the three languages possess a shared enclitic =Ku with the primary function of negotiating interpersonal distribution and accessibility of information. In the three investigated languages, the multifunctional enclitic appears in various contexts that at the surface level appear incongruous. The study proposes that the wide semantic functional range of the enclitic can be explained from the viewpoint of epistemic common ground: The use of =Ku not only asserts common epistemic ground, but also reactivates such common ground that has either deteriorated or failed to form against the expectations of the speaker. In addition, =Ku may additionally be used to actively build common ground between the speech act participants. The study includes an analysis of the enclitic's origin in Dungan as a result of a Turkic borrowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk narratives are an important component of cultural memory. Narrative, which reflects information, experiences and teachings from the past, serves the function of ensuring the continuity of cultural memory, protecting the identity of the society and transferring it to future generations. Turkish folk narratives are mostly the product of the transition to settled life and are a genre that contains many codes about this period of the Turks. The theme of love come to the fore in folk narratives especially with the influence of the settled life. The Uyghurs are a deep-rooted Turkish tribe that has survived on the stage of history since the early periods and had an early settled life. It is possible to see their deep-rooted past in the oral and written tales they have created. The narrative of "Şehzade Behram and Melike Dilriz", which is the subject of the current study, is an example of this. In the narrative, the features that the heroine looks for in a spouse and the competitions the she forces male heroes to take part in are among the motifs that carry the cultural codes of the settled life. The type of Khidr that takes shape in this context and occupies a central position in this study is a product of the collective memory of the Uyghur Turks, and it has both similar and different characteristics with the traditional Turkish belief in Khidr. In this article, the structure and characteristics of the type of Khidr in the belief system and culture of the Uyghur Turks were identified and examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, the government of the People's Republic of China has heightened repression of Uyghur and other minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). Repressive tactics involve family separations, mass incarceration, forced labour and cultural indoctrination. This has been accompanied, in recent years, with an aggressive industrialization of the area which relies heavily on the forced labour of Uyghur and other minorities. The automotive industry, in particular, has expanded into the region. This piece describes China's push of heavy industry into XUAR and recent findings by Sheffield Hallam University and NomoGaia of abuses against Uyghurs and their links to the global automotive sector. It then explains the methodology employed by NomoGaia in its co-authored report with scholars from Sheffield Hallam University for linking abuses in the XUAR to global brands, and proposes a way forward for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of deep learning, the accuracy of Uyghur morphological segmentation has been dramatically improved, but the demand for data volume is high, while meta-learning method can effectively alleviate the model's reliance on data volume by learning from previous tasks, and is widely used in low- resource domains. Therefore, the meta- learning method of Uyghur morphological segmentation is proposed, which focuses on fast generalisation on new tasks by training on previous tasks and obtaining a set of parameters with the ability to quickly adapt to new tasks. The experiments are first constructed with N pseudo-meta-learning tasks based on the similarity of the data for the partitioning of meta-learning support sets and query sets. Afterwards, the Uyghur data is encoded using Transformer's encoder. Finally, the meta-learning method is used to achieve morphological segmentation for Uyghur language in few shot environments. Experimental results show the meta-learning method outperforms the pre-trained model in the few shot task, effectively avoiding overfitting of the model and mitigating the impact of data sparsity on the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talmy’s motion event typology (Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Towards a cognitive semantics: Conceptual structuring systems, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press) has served as an influential framework for exploring event representation across languages. While confirming its basic premises, many studies argued that the typology cannot fully capture the vast intra- and inter-typological variations. Consequently, proposals have been made to expand the typology and/or reconceptualize it as a typology of constructional strategies for encoding events. This article furthers this line of inquiry by examining caused-motion expressions by adult speakers of an understudied Turkic language, Modern Uyghur. Systematic analyses of lexicalization patterns, that is, which components are typically selected for expression, how frequently they are selected, and how they are packaged in syntactic constructions, show that Uyghur is a prototypical verb-framed language. It differs most strikingly from English (considered satellite-framed) in terms of lexicalization patterns. Detailed comparisons with French and Turkish (putatively verb-framed) reveal intra-typological variations in that Uyghur speakers systematically used verb-framed constructions while French and Turkish speakers exhibit much flexibility and a general preference for satellite-framed constructions. Overall, our data lend support to Talmy’s typology conceived as a strategy-based typological framework.

Although low-resource relation extraction is vital in knowledge construction and characterization, more research is needed on the generalization of unknown relation types. To fill the gap in the study of low-resource (Uyghur) relation extraction methods, we created a zero-shot with a quick relation extraction task setup. Each triplet extracted from an input phrase consists of the subject, relation type, and object. This paper suggests generating structured texts by urging language models to provide related instances. Our model consists of two modules: relation generator and relation and triplet extractor. We use the Uyghur relation prompt in the relation generator stage to generate new synthetic data. In the relation and triple extraction stage, we use the new data to extract the relation triplets in the sentence. We use multi-language model prompts and structured text techniques to offer a structured relation prompt template. This method is the first research that extends relation triplet extraction to a zero-shot setting for Uyghur datasets. Experimental results show that our method achieves a maximum weighted average F1 score of 47.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To create close-set Uyghur monosyllabic and disyllabic word speech audiometry materials for Uyghur children (3-6 years old). Methods Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT) was used as a testing tool. Common vocabularies in Xinjiang were added. Receptive vocabularies were tested among ten normal-hearing Uyghur children aged from 3 years to 3 years and 3 months in Kashgar. The words which all ten children answered correctly were retained as alternative words for close-set Uyghur speech audiometry materials. Results Two hundred and five alternative words had been obtained. According to the syllabic number of each word, the 205 words were divided into 40 monosyllabic words, 124 disyllabic words, 35 trisyllabic words, 5 four-syllable words and 1 penta-syllabic word. The 40 monosyllabic words formed a set of monosyllabic vocabulary. Among the 124 disyllabic words, 120 were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups to form 3 sets of disyllabic vocabulary according to the principle of balance in characteristics of words, meanings of words and phonemes. Conclusions This study followed the design principles of children speech audiometry materials and initially formed the text of Uyghur closed-set monosyllabic and disyllable thesauruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focus is a universal category of information structure. However, focus is encoded by different focus marking strategies in world languages such as prosodic, morphological, or syntactic marking. In addition to the cross-linguistic perspective distinctions, one-to-one mapping is not observed in the coding of focus in individual languages. In contrast to the view that argues there is one-to-one mapping between focus and immediately preverbal position in Uyghur, this paper will argue that in-situ focus is also possible. In other words, it will be claimed that there are two focusing devices in Uyghur, syntactic and prosodic. The two focusing strategies can be used interchangeably, with some limitations in the distribution of non-focal elements, and these can encode different pragmatic focus subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveBlood oxygenation level dependent-functional magnetic resonance image (Bold-fMRI) was used to compare the brain activation of Uyghur and Chinese broca aphasia patients during verb production task, exploring the neural mechanism of verb production, in order to provide basis for the evaluation and treatment of Uyghur and Chinese broca aphasia patients.MethodsA total of thirty-one patients with broca aphasia who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected, including 15 patients in the Uyghur patient group and 16 patients among the Chinese patient group. Thirty-six healthy volunteers were recruited and matched with the patients in the ethnicity, sex, age and years of education, with 18 in each group. Language function was evaluated by Uyghur and Chinese standard aphasia test. Using Uyghur and Chinese nouns as basic experimental materials, Bold-fMRI data were collected when subjects performed the verb production task. SPM 8.0 software was used for statistical analysis, language and aphasia factors were used for double factor variance analysis to compare the interaction at the whole brain level of the four groups. Simple effect analysis was performed in the brain regions with significant interaction, and the differences in brain activation were compared between the two groups.ResultsIn terms of language functions, there were no significant differences in repetition, naming, listening and understanding, reading, writing scores and BDAE grading between the Uyghur and Chinese patient groups (P>0.05). The four groups showed significant interaction in the activation of bilateral lateral occipital lobe, middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and fronto-orbital gyrus; there were statistically significant differences in activation intensity of bilateral middle frontal gyrus between the Uyghur healthy group and patient group (PP>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in activation intensity of precentral gyrus and left lateral occipital lobe between the Chinese healthy group and patient group (PP>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in simple effect comparison between the Uyghur healthy group and Chinese healthy group, or the Uyghur patient group and Chinese patient group (P>0.05).ConclusionLanguage type and aphasia both affect neural mechanism of brain verb production; the left middle frontal gyrus may play an important role in morphological processing of Uyghur verbs; the precentral gyrus may be involved in phonetic coding output of Chinese.