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The article contains sections titled: 1. Adsorptive Purification 1.1. Adsorption 1.2. Adsorption Isotherms 1.3. Adsorption Kinetics 1.4. Adsorbents 1.5. Adsorption Processes 1.6. Adsorbent Recovery and Regeneration 1.6.1. Regeneration of Carbon Adsorbents 1.6.2. Regeneration of Aluminum Oxide 1.6.3. Regeneration of Adsorber Resins 1.7. Applications of the Adsorptive Purification of Wastewater 1.7.1. Purification with Activated Carbon 1.7.2. Purification with Lignite Coke 1.7.3. Purification with Aluminum Oxide 1.7.4. Treatment with Adsorber Resins 1.7.5. Purification with Isopolyacids 2. Mechanical Treatment 2.1. Screening Processes 2.2. Gravity Processes 2.2.1. Sedimentation 2.2.2. Floatation 2.2.3. Flotation 2.2.3.1. Basic Principle 2.2.3.2. Contact and Adhesion of Particles to Gas Bubbles; Flotation Kinetics 2.2.3.3. Implementation, Fields of Application, and Operational Experience 2.2.3.4. Costs and Benefits 2.2.4. Foaming-Out Process 2.2.5. Centrifugal Processes

A novel fouling characterization method was applied for a first screening of two novel synthetic flocculants developed by BASF (BASF-1 and BASF-2) and benchmarking with six well-known products. Results showed that this MBR-VITO Fouling Measurement (VFM) was able to identify beneficial and adverse effects of different additives on the mixed liquor's reversible and irreversible fouling and, in combination with supporting mixed liquor analyses, allowed to identify the additive's main working mechanism. The first screening tests indicated that BASF-1 and BASF-2 reduced reversible and irreversible fouling to a similar extent as the known synthetic flocculants due to a charge neutralization mechanism, resulting in enhanced flocculation and SMP removal. Further testing at different additive concentrations provided a first indication of the optimal dosage and revealed a considerable risk of overdosing for BASF-2, rendering it less suited for fouling control. In contrast, such adverse effects were not observed for BASF-1. BASF-1 induced similar beneficial effects as the known MPE50 polymer at lower dosage and was therefore considered promising for application in MBRs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.