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With data volumes expected to expand exponentially in the next years, protecting that data is critical. To ensure the reliability of the system, we use cutting-edge tools like blockchain. It wasn't until the advent of bitcoin, however, that a sizable portion of the population took notice of blockchain technology. Since its inception, blockchain technology has been used in the academic community and by businesses. What this means is that the information is being stored in a way that makes tampering and unauthorized access very difficult. Blocks, an abbreviation for "blockchain," a digital public ledger, are used to record monetary transactions. All nodes will eventually agree on the same sequence of block attachments, and this is achieved by a process termed "consensus." Learning about the inner workings of each blockchain and the rationale for its unique style of operation is possible via a thorough examination of these algorithms. In this study, I examined and contrasted the different consensus mechanisms now in use with consensus protocols, analyzing their relative relevance in blockchain development. The consensus algorithm behind any specific blockchain-based system is crucial to the reliability and safety of that system. Formal approaches may be used to both increase users' trust in blockchain-based systems and design thoroughly tested and trustworthy solutions. To achieve this level of confidence, consensus methods must be effective. Formal modeling is developing a system in a mathematical language, then thoroughly testing and inspecting it to ensure its correctness. This study examined consensus processes and the role formal approaches play in this space to help with the construction of a trustworthy blockchain-based system. To ensure the accuracy of such procedures, this article discusses the current state of applying formal methods to the blockchain consensus process.

IDs and verification systems are something that we cannot imagine our world without. Every living person is bound to own a government issued ID for their identification. In India we have around 20 major IDs that a person might own, and yet they are susceptible to many shortcomings. These IDs are not universal around the globe & prone to spoofing, theft and more. The main purpose of this research is to propose a decentralized system of universal identifiers where a single ID can be used for selective disclosure of details in every new verification need., {"references":["1.\tAbelson, H., Anderson, R., Bellovin, S. M., Benaloh, J., Blaze, M., Diffie, W. W., ... & Weitzner, D. J. (2015). Keys under doormats. Communications of the ACM, 58(10), 24-26.","2.\tGilani, K., Bertin, E., Hatin, J., & Crespi, N. (2020, September). A survey on blockchain-based identity management and decentralized privacy for personal data. In 2020 2nd Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS) (pp. 97-101). IEEE.","3.\tStockburger, L., Kokosioulis, G., Mukkamala, A., Mukkamala, R. R., & Avital, M. (2021). Blockchain-enabled decentralized identity management: The case of self-sovereign identity in public transportation. Blockchain: Research and Applications, 2(2), 100014.","4.\tSabadello, M., Den Hartog, K., Lundkvist, C., Franz, C., Elias, A., Hughes, A., ... & Zagidulin, D. (2018). Introduction to did auth. Rebooting the Web of Trust VI.","5.\thttps://www.w3.org/TR/did-spec-registries/","6.\tBerners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., & Masinter, L. (2005). RFC 3986: Uniform resource identifier (uri): Generic syntax.","7.\tFielding, R., & Reschke, J. (Eds.). (2014). RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): semantics and content.","8.\tBrandão, L. T., Christin, N., & Danezis, G. (2015). Toward mending two nation-scale brokered identification systems. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2015(2), 135-155.","9.\tLeach, P., Mealling, M., & Salz, R. (2005). A universally unique identifier (uuid) urn namespace (No. rfc4122).","10.\tIso/Iec 18004. (2006). Information Technology—Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques—QR Code 2005 Bar Code Symbology Specification."]}

Peer reviewed: True, Funder: Big Questions Institute, Annually resolved measurements of the radiocarbon content in tree-rings have revealed rare sharp rises in carbon-14 production. These ‘Miyake events’ are likely produced by rare increases in cosmic radiation from the Sun or other energetic astrophysical sources. The radiocarbon produced is not only circulated through the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, but also absorbed by the biosphere and locked in the annual growth rings of trees. To interpret high-resolution tree-ring radiocarbon measurements therefore necessitates modelling the entire global carbon cycle. Here, we introduce ‘ ticktack ’ ( https://github.com/SharmaLlama/ticktack/ ), the first open-source Python package that connects box models of the carbon cycle with modern Bayesian inference tools. We use this to analyse all public annual 14 C tree data, and infer posterior parameters for all six known Miyake events. They do not show a consistent relationship to the solar cycle, and several display extended durations that challenge either astrophysical or geophysical models.

The Internet of Things (IoT), which includes anything as of conventional equipment to popular household gadgets like WSNs and RFID, has played an important role since its creation. With the enormous promise of IoT comes a slew of challenges. This research focuses on safety harms amongst other things. IoT security challenges will reveal themselves in IoT since it is based on the Internet. Furthermore, because the Internet of Things is made up of three layers: insight, transportation, and submission, this article will look at safety challenges at every layer unconnectedly and attempt to find out new harms and solutions. This research delves at cross-layer mixed addition obstacles and safety concerns, as well as IoT security issues in general and seeks to overcome them. Finally, this research compares and contrasts IoT and traditional network security concerns, as well as addressing new IoT security issues. Keywords: The Internet of Things (IoT), Security, Authentication, Issues, Transparency, RFID, WSN.

The process of stabilization is performed at a large scale by using various procedures to improve and modify soil properties. Searching a good method for stabilization is really a big deal of concern till date. Thermal stabilization is one of an important method among the various methods of soil stabilization. The paper’s objective is to review the different thermal stabilization techniques based on previous experimental studies. The point of attention is comparison of thermal stabilization with other method.

Introduction: An anal fissure is a lacerate tear in inner thin lining of anus. The tear exposes the muscle (anal sphincter) around the anus. The damage leads to muscle spasm, which pull the fissure edges even more. The spasms lead to pain and it also slow down the healing. An anal fissure is considered acute anal fissure if it occurs in less than 6 weeks or if it recently happened. Treatment done by breaking the cycle of spasm, relieving pain, and to avoid ischemia, which all are cause for anal fissure. First-line of treatment to minimize anal trauma includes stool softeners, bulk agents, and warm sitz baths(5) if not relived then sphincterotomy open or closed type surgery can be done. Material & Methods: We had conducted a comparative observational study from May 2019 to April 2021 at Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara in General Surgery department. In admitted patients posted for Sphincterotomy after consent & explaining risk factor, patients were operated. Detailed clinical history, clinical examination including per abdominal and per rectal examination, routine blood investigations & chest x-ray screening was done. In all the patients undergoing Sphincterotomy done either with open or closed method.

Online social media has become a major source of information gathering for a huge section of society. As the amount of information flows in online social media is enormous but on the other hand, the fact-checking sources are limited. This shortfall of fact-checking gives birth to the problem of misinformation and disinformation in the case of the truthfulness of facts on online social media which can have serious effects on the wellbeing of society. This problem of misconception becomes more rapid and critical when some events like the recent outbreak of Covid-19 happen when there is no or very little information is available anywhere. In this scenario, the identification of the content available online which is mostly propagated from person to person and not by any governing authority is very needed at the hour. To solve this problem, the information available online should be verified properly before being conceived by any individual. We propose a scheme to classify the online social media posts (Tweets) with the help of the BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)-based model. Also, we compared the performance of the proposed approach with the other machine learning techniques and other State of the art techniques available. The proposed model not only classifies the tweets as relevant or irrelevant, but also creates a set of topics by which one can identify a text as relevant or irrelevant to his/her need just by just matching the keywords of the topic. To accomplish this task, after the classification of the tweets, we apply a possible topic modelling approach based on latent semantic analysis and latent Dirichlet allocation methods to identify which of the topics are mostly propagated as false information.

The use of microchannel has increased in various fields such as microelectronic chips, which are cooled using a heat exchanger and other different purposes. The project is impacting on Nusselt’s estimated value by introducing a new charge through the second charging station and the flow of the main channel to increase the heat transfer rate in the integrated wall by performing mathematical simulations. First, the performance of the recharge concept is assessed by studying the representation of the 2-D model (i.e., the flow between the two plates) and then comparisons are made between the simple and charged case. Numerical analysis was performed for the 3-D case on three different microchannel geometries with two Reynold numbers (Re = 500,1000) and 11 different objects with different thermal conductivity values. In this project laminar flow is considered and the walls are considered adiabatic and continuous heat is supplied to the lower wall. It is noted that the heat transfer rate is increasing as Nusselt’s average value increases due to the introduction of a new charge. Therefore, the efficiency of the microchannel increases with the development of the concept of recharge. In line with this we look at the effects of axial conduction on the local Nusselt number. By varying the ksf (i.e., using different materials) it is found that high value of conductivity results in axial back conduction and which ultimately decrease the Nusselt number. Similarly, very low thermal conductivity also results in a low Nusselt number due to the fact that the heat distribution is converted to low ksf. Thus, we consider the largest ksf where we obtain the highest value of the Nusselt number by placing the graph between the two excess values. The effects of various geometry on the distribution of temperature and flexibility have also been analysed in this report. It therefore appears that conductivity is the main value as it affects the Nusselt number due to axial back conduction and the Nusselt number increases with re-charging.

This article deals with an improved control for synchronous reluctance motor (SyRM)-based photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system, eliminating the speed controller of position sensorless field-oriented control (FOC) of SyRM. The solar water pump drive involves two stages of power conversion. The reference quadrature axis current of FOC is estimated from available PV array power that is being continuously tracked for maximum power point. This eliminates the requirement of an additional speed controller. This improves the transient behavior of overall control under dynamic conditions such as varying solar radiation. A pole is eliminated from overall characteristic equation of open-loop dc link voltage control transfer function. As a result, a single proportional integrator controller satisfactorily controls the whole pumping system. The system is much easier to tune, and by default, immune to aging and variation in pump's constant. This improves fidelity and reduces the overall cost of the system. Performance of this system is validated through a developed laboratory prototype of solar PV array-fed SyRM drive for water pumping. The overall system performance is examined under different environmental conditions.

Introduction Identifying pregnancy-related complications and high-risk pregnancies early on and effectively managing care for these pregnant women through a holistic approach guided by the main objectives of antenatal care (ANC) and efficient, good-quality health care through ANC services can reduce the risk of pregnancy-related complications, being favourable for both mother and child. This study was intended to identify the percentage of pregnant women in high-risk groups attending ANC clinics. Objective This study's aim was to understand the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies in women attending ANC camps in Kinaye and Vantamuri villages in Belagavi, India. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a primary healthcare (PHC) setting that included all pregnant women attending antenatal camps and residing in the same areas. With a total study sample size of 200, consisting of pregnant women attending ANC camps in Kinaye and Vantamuri PHC, the data were collected using a pre-tested, pre-designed questionnaire after obtaining written informed consent from the participating pregnant women. Results The data were analysed using a chi-square test to uncover the relationship between socio-demographics, obstetric history, medical variables, and high-risk pregnancy. The results demonstrated that 48.5% of women attending ANC clinics were in the high-risk pregnancy group. Conclusion Pregnancy outcomes are greatly affected by a woman's socio-demographic, obstetric, and medical variables. The WHO recommends a minimum of four ANC visits to safely identify and mitigate the risks and complications of high-risk pregnancy to ensure positive outcomes for both mothers and children.

The principal cause of mortality of cardiovascular condition is prevalent in low and middle-income nations. Study revealed that pooreconomic condition is a risk factor. Therefore, the study done to detect the association of risk factors in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with Low socioeconomic condition. Methodology: Thiscross sectional study conducted in a Multi-disciplinary hospital of Bangladesh. ACS patient were the target population. After written informed consent, a total 100 individuals were included. Researcher with semi-structured questionnaire did data collection. And following completion of data collection, it was analyzed by the SPSS 21. Result: Out of total 100 ACS patients male-female ratio was 2.6:1 ( 72% vs 28%) with mean age 57.86±13.69 SD (years). Age range was 29-83 years. Highest frequency of ACS (34%) was found between 55 to 64 years of age. About 43% of the patients belongs to 3000-4500 taka monthly followed by 35% with income >4500 taka and 22% with

This article deals with an intelligent grid integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) powered water pumping system driven by three-phase reluctance synchronous motor (RSM) drive. Here, a dc–dc converter is utilized for executing maximum power point tracking algorithm. A voltage source inverter is used for feeding the dc power to a three-phase RSM, from a solar PV array. A three-phase voltage source converter is used at the grid side for a bidirectional power transfer among the utility grid, water pump, and the PV array. This system provides rated water discharge throughout the day despite change in atmospheric conditions and feeds the surplus power to the three-phase utility grid. Moreover, during fault in any of the sources, the performance of the water pump remains unaffected. A high efficiency RSM drive without position/speed sensor is utilized here to drive the water pump. An intelligent power sharing concept, between the PV array and the grid, is used here, in which, automatic switching among all operating modes happens according to the availability of the PV array power and the grid supply. Moreover, the preference is given to the PV array power over the grid supply because of its availability at no cost. This control provides inherent power quality improvement and unity power factor operation at the grid side in all operating modes. The suitability of the system is tested through test results recorded on an experimental setup developed in the laboratory.

In recent years, the food sector or industry has escalated to prominence as the most important industry to receive widespread attention. It encompasses various industrial activities related to food production, distribution, processing, preparation, preservation, transportation, and packaging. Machine learning (ML) is a subpart of artificial intelligence (AI), and it is widely used in the food sector for industrial automation and predictive modeling with the world's growing demand and population. AI assists in improving package shelf life, menu selection, food cleanliness, and safety. Because of AI and machine learning, smart agriculture, drones, and robotics in the area of the food sector are becoming the need of the modern era. This chapter discusses how AI and machine learning have the potential to be used in the food business to save money while simultaneously increasing resource efficiency. It highlights the food industry's achievements and challenges with specific attention to the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence.

SrY2O4 belongs to the family of AB2O4 (A = alkaline earth metal, B = rare earth element) type spinel oxides. SrY2O4 is an inter oxide in SrO and Y2O3 pseudo-binary phase diagram. It has attracted immense interest as a promising host lattice owing to its thermal and chemical stability. The luminescent characteristics of SrY2O4 phosphors make them promising candidates for field emission displays. In the present review article, recent progress in the synthesis and luminescent properties of bare and doped SrY2O4 phosphors are reviewed. In the first part, different synthesis routes and their resultant outcomes are discussed. Then, the downconversion and upconversion luminescent characteristics of undoped and doped SrY2O4 phosphors are reviewed. The effect of site occupancy, morphology, reaction conditions, different excitation wavelengths, dopant concentrations, and energy transfer mechanisms are explained in detail. In the end, challenges and future scope in luminescence and synthesis of SrY2O4 are proposed. This review article gives a complete summary for the drawbacks and current challenging issues of SrY2O4 phosphors, which can give potential sprout for future work.

This paper deals with the robust design of a single-phase induction motor (SPIM) for ceiling fan application. It also identifies the critical design parameters of a single-phase induction motor for an outer rotor geometry. The inaccuracy issues in the equivalent circuit method for such low watt application, are discussed with experimental validation using different equivalent circuit approaches. Moreover, the finite element (Finite Element) approach is used for the accurate design of the SPIMs. The magnetic behaviour of the ceiling fan SPIM is also studied in detail. A 45 W ceiling fan design is considered for improvement in the efficiency and performance with the same outer and inner diameter dimensions. For the improved design of the SPIM, a sequential DoE (Design of Experiments) based methodology is used. Taguchi's orthogonal arrays, namely L18 and L9, are used for robust design of the stator as well as the rotor. The improved design for ceiling fan SPIM is validated by two-dimensional time stepping transient FEA.

Emergence of various nanoscale drug carrier platforms as Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) has revolutionized the field of medicine.Nonetheless, theside-effects due to non-specific distribution of anticancer therapeutics in normal, healthy tissues remain to be a prime pitfall in curing cancers. Therefore, to achieve a better therapeutic efficacy, the use of a target-specific delivery, combined with a stimuli-responsive nanocarrier system, particularly pH-sensitive nanosystems offer an attractive strategy. Targeted drug delivery through pH-sensitive nanosystems offer the potential to enhance the therapeutic index of anticancer agents, either by increasing the drug concentration in tumor cells and/or by decreasing the exposure in normal host tissues. Therefore, nanoscale-based drug delivery through pH-sensitive nanosystems seem to be a boon for treating gynaecological cancers (as well as other cancers) without side-effects or with least harm to normal healthy tissues.

A utility-tied solar pumping system for domestic and agricultural uses is presented in this paper. A front-end active converter is interfaced with the pump to provide power support when photovoltaic (PV) array power is insufficient to power the pump and injects the excess power into the grid when the solar PV array generates higher power than the pump’s capacity. A boost converter is interfaced with the PV array for the maximum power point tracking. The motor speed is regulated by V/f control, which inherently does not require the position or speed sensor. An intuitive induction motor drive controller is proposed, which feeds the maximum available solar power based at given solar radiation to the induction motor drive as well as extracts the deficit power from the single-phase grid for rated water output. The quality of the supply current when supported with utility power supply is conditioned. In the availability of different power sources, the behaviour of the proposed system is studied in detail. Moreover, the behaviour of the system is simulated and experimentally verified using a prototype of the proposed system. The design and control of the system are validated from the simulation as well as experimental results.