Search

Window is one of building components that is directly related to lighting and ventilation. Currently a lot of vertical housings pay less attention to the design of energy-efficient windows. This study aims to find energy efficient windows that are applicable to vertical housing. Surveys on some vertical housings in Jakarta was conducted and environmental simulation programs using CFD and Ecotect was used to explore and analyze the performance of windows for natural lighting and ventilation and further developing of energy efficient windows. The result showed that the Jalousie windows mounted on the center of wall facing out and two louvers above the entrance and upperside of walls in the opposite side of rooms, combined with openings at the bottom of doors are able to create optimum cross ventilation. The resulted wind speed within the range of 0.15 to 0.12 m/s is enough to make comfortable air flow effect, and the average natural lighting of 200 lux is adequate for residential activity.

This research aims to determine the condition of the assessment results of the financial distress prediction model using the Ohlson, Taffler, Fulmer, Zmijewski, Springate, and Grover models. Apart from that, the other aim is to find out the level of accuracy in the financial distress model, which has the highest and best value in predicting financial distress in Sharia commercial banks. This research is quantitative research. The data source uses secondary data in the form of financial reports. The population in this research is Sharia commercial banks for the 2012-2021 period. The sampling method used a purposive sampling technique to obtain seven Sharia commercial banks. The data analysis technique uses the Kruskall-Wallis test and the accuracy level test. The research results show significant differences between financial distress prediction models. The results of the correctness level test show that the Grover model has the highest level of accuracy, namely 100%, the Fulmer model has an accuracy rate of 99%, the Zmijewski model has an accuracy rate of 90%, the Taffler and Ohlson models have the same accuracy rate, namely 83% and the last one, the Springate model, has the lowest accuracy rate, namely 51%.

Three function variables of farmer groups were used to measure the performance of the Talang Ilo farmer group in paddy rice farming: teaching and learning classes; cooperation vehicles; and lowland rice production units. The purpose of this research is to know the function of farmer groups as a whole; as well as evaluate the performance of farmer group functions. The population in this study were all members of the Talang Ilo farmer group of 30 farmers. Respondents were determined using the census method. The performance level of farmer groups was measured using the Guttman Scale and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the task of the Talang Ilo farmer group was not following its function. The results for the Talang Ilo farmer group performance category were not good. Of the three indicators to measure the performance of farmer groups: a class of learning, and production units are included in the low category, and cooperation indicators are included in the high category.

A main critical factor on embedding process in any text steganography method is a key used known as stego key. This factor will be influenced the success of the embedding process of text steganography method to hide a message from third party or any adversary. One of the important aspects on embedding process in text steganography method is the fitness performance of the stego key. Three parameters of the fitness performance of the stego key have been identified such as capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio. It is because a better as capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio offers of any stego key; a more message can be hidden. Therefore, main objective of this paper is to analyze three features coding based namely CALP, VERT and QUAD of stego keys in text steganography on their capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio. It is found that CALP method give a good effort performance compared to VERT and QUAD methods.

The objective of this study was to identify the levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and its relation to the reproductive efficiency and serum progesterone concentration in lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Data were obtained by stratified random sampling from population to get 18 dairy cows, which divided into three groups. The first, second, and third groups each with milk yield of less than 17, between 17-21, and over 21 liters/day, and with calving interval of less than 365, between 365-450 and more than 450 days. Blood was collected from the coccygeal vein at the time of insemination (D0), 7 day (D+7) and 22 days (D+22) after insemination. BUN and progesterone concentration were measured. Data analysis showed no significant difference (P>0.05) on the observed parameters. Data regrouping based on BUN concentration showed that the mean of services per conception (S/C) was lower and conception rate (CR) was higher (P<0.05) in dairy cattle having BUN<18 than those of with BUN>18 mg/dL. The mean of progesterone concentration at D+22 was higher (P<0.05) than those at D0 and D+7 in pregnant dairy cows and with BUN<18 mg/dL, as well as those at D+22 in non-pregnant dairy cows with BUN>18 and BUN<18 mg/dL. This study concluded that high BUN concentration affect the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows by decreasing CR and increasing progesterone serum concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An infectious disease called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) can lead to a number of disorders affecting cattle's respiratory system. The disease is caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1). Based on antigenic and genetic characteristics, BoAHV-1 strains are divided into subtypes 1.1, 1.2a, 1.2b, and 1.3. IBR is currently widespread throughout the world, with the exception of a few nations that have achieved eradication. The most significant characteristic of this illness is that, after a clinical or subclinical infection, the virus typically establishes a latent condition that can later be reactivated in the presence of stress, immunosuppressive conditions/substances, or other diseases. Primarily, the virus spreads by direct or indirect contact between animals. It may also be transmitted via the reproductive system, causing infectious balanoposthitis or vulvovaginitis. Most virus subtypes are associated with reproductive failure, such as fetal or embryonic resorption and abortions. The virus may also be transmitted through semen, which could lead to genital transfer. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) infection produces a variety of lesions. Lesion in the mucosal surface usually consists of white necrotic material. Regular methods for diagnosing BoHV-1 infections include isolation in cell culture, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralisation test, and methods based on identification of nucleic acids, like PCR. The interplay of several host, pathogen, environmental, and management factors affects the spread of IBR. Through its impacts on health and fitness, IBR can lead to production losses. In order to minimize the severity of clinical signs and stop the infection from spreading, the veterinarian may advise that sick or at-risk animals be placed under immediate isolation and vaccinated (such as intranasal vaccination, including the use of both killed and live attenuated virus vaccines) as soon as an IBR diagnosis is obtained., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV (vEDS) is a connective tissue disorder characterised by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and fatal vascular rupture caused by COL3A1 mutations that affect collagen III expression, homo-trimer assembly and secretion. Along with collagens I, II, V and XI, collagen III plays an important role in the extracellular matrix, particularly in the inner organs. To date, only symptomatic treatment for vEDS patients is available. Fibroblasts derived from vEDS patients carrying dominant negative and/or haploinsufficiency mutations in COL3A1 deposit reduced collagen III in the extracellular matrix. This study explored the potential of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated splice modulating strategy to bypass disease-causing COL3A1 mutations reported in the in-frame exons 10 and 15. Antisense oligonucleotides designed to redirect COL3A1 pre-mRNA processing and excise exons 10 or 15 were transfected into dermal fibroblasts derived from vEDS patients and a healthy control subject. Efficient exon 10 or 15 excision from the mature COL3A1 mRNA was achieved and intracellular collagen III expression was increased after treatment with ASOs; however, collagen III deposition into the extracellular matrix was reduced in patient cells. The region encoded by exon 10 includes a glycosylation site, and exon 15 encodes hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine-containing triplet repeats, predicted to be crucial for collagen III assembly. These results emphasize the importance of post-translational modification for collagen III homo-trimer assembly. In conclusion, while efficient skipping of target COL3A1 exons was achieved, the induced collagen III isoforms generated showed defects in extracellular matrix formation. While therapeutic ASO-mediated exon skipping is not indicated for the patients in this study, the observations are restricted to exons 10 and 15 and may not be applicable to other collagen III in-frame exons.

Background and Aim: Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites in molds that grow in raw materials or commercial feed. This interaction has a synergistic effect on mortality, body weight, feed intake, embryo abnormalities, egg production, and lymphoid organ atrophy. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the blood profile of broilers that were given feed contaminated with mycotoxin, such as the number of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC)., Materials and Methods: A total of 20 day-old chicks (DOC) of Cobb broilers were given four treatments with five replicates. The number of chickens used in this research was determined using statistical calculations, and the data obtained was homogeneous so that the population was represented. Treatments included negative control with basal feed (C-), positive control with mycotoxins contamination (C+), treatment 1: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.1 g/kg (T1), and treatment 2: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.6 g/kg (T2). Mycotoxin contamination comprised 0.1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.1 mg/kg OTA. The treatment period for chickens was 28 days, from 8 to 35 days. A battery cage was used in this study. Chickens were kept in a closed, ventilated room and the room temperature (27°C) was monitored during the treatment period., Results: Based on the results of statistical data processing, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between chickens fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C+) and chickens not fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C-) and chickens given 1.6 g/kg mycotoxin detoxification (T2). Mycotoxin detoxification at a dose of 1.6 g/kg had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin levels of the blood broiler in this experiment. On other parameters such as monocytes, MCH, and MCHC, treatment 2 at dose 1.6 g/kg was the best treatment, although there was no significant effect with C- and T1., Conclusion: The administration of mycotoxin detoxifiers at a dose of 1.6 g/kg increased the number of heterophils and the ratio of heterophil lymphocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin in broilers fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Jannah, et al.)

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent organic pollutant that induces overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies on avoiding the adverse effects of dioxin pollution exposure are needed in all aspects, including reproductive health. This study aimed to determine the effect of α -tocopherol on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, live spermatozoa, apoptosis, and necrosis in male rats exposed to dioxin as a model. Thirty healthy 12-week-old male rats were randomly divided into five groups. Rats in the control group were given corn oil twice daily at 4-hour intervals. The remaining rats were given TCDD 700 mg/kg BW daily, followed by administration of corn oil and α -tocopherol at doses of 77, 140, and 259 mg/kg BW/d for T0, T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively. The treatments were conducted for 45 days; all rats were euthanized to collect blood and testicular samples on day 46. The results showed that exposure of TCDD resulted in a decrease in SOD activity and live spermatozoa and increased MDA level and death, apoptosis, and necrosis of spermatozoa (T0) compared to the control (C) group ( p  < 0.05). The administration of α -tocopherol, starting from the doses of 77 (T1), 149 (T2), and 259 mg (T3) per kg BW, was sequentially followed by returning MDA levels, recovering SOD activities, and restoration in the percentage of living, dead, apoptotic, and necrotic spermatozoa, similar ( p  > 0.05) to those of the control group. It could be concluded that the administration of α -tocopherol resolves the harmful effects of TCDD on the viability of spermatozoa in rats as a model., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dewa Ketut Meles et al.)

Background and Aim: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent organic pollutant toxic to the human reproductive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of α-Tocopherol administration on the male fertility parameters of a rat model exposed to TCDD., Materials and Methods: Fifty healthy 12-week-old male rats were randomly divided into five groups. Rats in the control group were given corn oil twice daily in 4 h intervals. In the treatment groups, all rats were given TCDD at a dose of 700 ng/kg of body weight (BW)/day for 45 days. Four hours after receiving the TCDD, T0 rats were given corn oil, and T1, T2, and T3 rats were given α-Tocopherol at doses of 77, 140, and 259 mg/kg BW/day, respectively, for 45 days. On day 46, experimental animals were sacrificed to collect blood and testicular samples., Results: TCDD exposure decreased superoxide dismutase activity, plasma membrane integrity, Leydig cell count, sperm cell count, sperm viability and motility, and increased malondialdehyde levels, serum testosterone levels, and sperm morphological abnormalities. The administration of α-Tocopherol mitigated the effects of TCDD exposure, and the 140 and 259 mg/kg BW/day treatments returned those male fertility parameters to normal levels., Conclusion: The administration of 140 mg/kg BW/day α-Tocopherol restored male semen quality in rats exposed to TCDD. We found dynamics serum testosterone levels in rats exposed to TCDD that need to be further studied., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Wurlina, et al.)

Artificial insemination has proven to be an effective method for increasing population size and genetic quality of Kacang goats. However, innovation is required to maintain the quality of Kacang goat semen in storage. This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementing the 150 kDa protein assumed as IGF-I complex derived from bull seminal plasma in skim milk-egg yolk extender on the quality of Kacang goat sperm stored at 5°C. Twelve ejaculates collected from three Kacang goats were divided into three groups. In the control group (T0), the ejaculates were extended with skim milk-egg yolk only. In the treatment groups (T1 and T2), the ejaculates were extended with skim milk-egg yolk supplemented with the IGF-I complex protein at 12  μ g and 24  μ g/100 mL, respectively. The extended semen was stored at 5°C, and the viability, motility, intactness of the plasma membrane, malondialdehyde concentration, and apoptotic sperm percentage were evaluated daily for five days. The results showed that the T1 was the most effective treatment for maintaining Kacang goat semen at a quality acceptable for artificial insemination over five days of storage at 5°C. However, the T0 and T2 groups retained acceptable qualities for only three days at 5°C. It could be concluded that supplementation of 12  μ g of the 150 kDa protein derived from bull seminal plasma per 100 mL extender successfully extended the life span of Kacang goat sperm for five days., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this publication, and there has been no financial support that could have influenced its outcome., (Copyright © 2021 Suherni Susilowati et al.)

Background and Aim: Persistent corpus luteum (PCL) causes anestrus in mares. This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment on PCL of racing mares to restore fertility., Materials and Methods: Twelve racing mares suspected with PCL were diagnosed using transrectal palpation and confirmed by serum progesterone (P4) concentration measurement. PGF2α was infused intrauterine, followed by serum collection at 24, 48, and 72 h after. Estrous symptoms were monitored, and mating was conducted on day 3 of estrus with an earlier injection of 8.4 μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone twice a day. Transrectal palpation was performed on days 21-30 to observe the corpus luteum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed rectally on 40-45 days post-mating and confirmed using Doppler ultrasound scanning., Results: Eleven of the 12 mares had PCL. There was a dramatic reduction in the P4 concentration following PGF2α treatment of mares with PCL. All mares exhibited estrus 2.6±0.55 days post-treatment with a P4 concentration of 0.12±0.12 ng/mL. Rectal palpation and P4 concentration on 21-30 days after estrous onset showed that all mares were ovulating. The evaluation of P4 concentration on days 40-45 post-mating showed that all mares were still in the luteal phase. However, the pregnancy rate was only 54.5% based on rectal palpation and Doppler ultrasound scanning., Conclusion: Treatment of PCL in racing mares with an intrauterine infusion of PGF2α restored the estrous cycle and induced ovulation and pregnancy., (Copyright: © Pemayun, et al.)

Background and Aim: Kacang buck sperm is cryosensitive due to the seminal plasma of semen itself. Meanwhile, bull seminal plasma contains the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) complex, which is cryoprotective. The addition of the crude protein of Simmental bull seminal plasma increased the quality of post-thawed semen of Kacang buck. The study was conducted to determine the effects of Simmental bull seminal plasma with IGF-1 on the fertility of post-thawed Kacang buck semen., Materials and Methods: Buck semen was diluted in the following skim milk-egg yolk extender preparations: Without the addition of Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T0); with the addition of 12-μg Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T1); and with the addition of 24-μg Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T2). The extended semen was packed in 0.25-mL straws and frozen. Post-thawed semen fertility was evaluated based on the following variables: Sperm motility, viability, intact plasma membrane (IPM), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, capacitation status, and acrosome reaction. The difference in each variable among the groups was evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test, at a 95% level of significance. Meanwhile, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the principal component of semen fertility among the seven parameters., Results: The T1 group showed the highest sperm motility, viability, IPM, and percentage of incapacitated sperm and the lowest MDA levels, percentage of capacitated sperm, and acrosome reaction. PCA revealed that sperm motility had a moderate to very robust correlation with other variables and is the most crucial parameter, accounting for 80.79% of all variables., Conclusion: The IGF-1 complex in Simmental bull seminal plasma was useful for increasing the fertility of post-thawed Kacang buck semen, and sperm motility was the principal component of semen fertility., (Copyright: © Susilowati, et al.)

Since the damage to alveolar tissue due to cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) is lipid peroxidation, antioxidant treatment is needed. The red guava ( Psidium guajava L.) fruit contains antioxidants derived from quercetin, lycopene, and vitamin C. This study aimed to determine the effect of red guava fruit extract (RGFE) on the alveolar tissue of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The 25 rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) were divided into five groups. The control and T0 groups were only administered placebo, while T1, T2, and T3 groups were orally administered RGFE of 18.9, 37.8, and 56.7 mg/kg body weight daily for 44 days. The CSE dose of 20 suctions daily was conducted on T0, T1, T2, and T3 groups on days 15-44. On day 45, all rats were sacrificed for serum collection and histopathological lung slides with eosin-nigrosin staining. The result showed that CSE caused an increase ( p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cell death, apoptosis, and necrosis percentages, congestion and thickening of alveolar septum tissue, and reduction in the alveolar diameter and alveolar number. Administration of RGFE suppressed those effects, and the highest dose of RGFE (T3) restored ( p > 0.05) MDA levels, percentage of apoptotic and necrosis, alveolar septal thickening, and alveolar diameter. However, the percentages of cell death, alveolar congestion, and the alveolar number were still worse ( p < 0.05) than in normal rats. It could be concluded that RGFE has proved relief and restoration of the alveolar tissue of rats exposed to cigarette smoke., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Dewa Ketut Meles et al.)

Background: Varanus salvator is one of the reptiles being hunted by human beings for several purposes, including traditional medicine. The studies about reproductive biology aspects were limited., Aim: This study aimed to determine the morphology, histology, and histometry of V. salvator paryphasmata and hemibaculum based on Snout-Vent Length (SVL) as an indicator of sexual maturity., Methods: This study examined 18 pairs of hemipenis of V. salvator with SVL more and less than 40 cm in equal number. Paryphasmata and hemibaculum parts were observed visually and micro-sliced, then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). The histological observation was conducted under a 40×, 100×, and 400× magnification of a light microscope. The histometry of the paryphasmata was examined using 13 Megapixels Coolpad and OptiLab Plus for microscopic pictures. The chondrocyte cell area was measured using the Optilab Plus and Image Raster three applications., Results: The sizes of glans of hemipenis, paryphasmata, and hemibaculum increased according to the increasing of SVL. The average paryphasmata row number, epidermis, and loose connective tissue thickness were not significantly different ( p > 0.05). However, dense connective tissue was thicker ( p < 0.05), which corresponds to SVL. Hemibaculum was composed of fibrous and hyaline cartilage characterized by chondrocyte cells. The SVL also affects ( p < 0.05) the ossification of hyaline in hemipenis, while the chondrocyte cell area followed the equation -1.87E7 + 7.09E5* SVL., Conclusion: The SVL size of V. salvator affects the paryphasmata, hemibaculum, thickness of dense connective tissue of paryphasmata, and the area of chondrocyte cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Aim: This study aimed to develop equations to predict daily milk production (DMP) based on linear body and udder morphometry of Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows., Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted on 174 lactating HF dairy cows reared by farmers at different locations under similar conditions. The age, parity, and body condition score of experimental animals were limited to 0.25 of the standard deviation value above or below the average. The average DMP was based on farmers' records. Morphometry components, i.e., body length (BL); chest circumference (CC); front udder height (FUH), rear udder height (RUH); and udder circumference (UC) were directly measured using a tape; meanwhile, body weight (BW) was estimated using the Indonesia Winter formula. The relationship variables of morphometry components (body and udder morphometry) and BW on DMP were analyzed by regression., Results: The result showed no correlation (p>0.05) between CC and BW on DMP. Meanwhile, DMP obtained linear regression (p<0.05) with the mathematical equation: 1.30+0.11*BL; 13.90+0.41*FUH; 11.02+0.18*RUH; and 3.87+0.16*UC., Conclusion: This study shows that the DMP of dairy cows could be predicted based on their BL and udder morphometry., (Copyright: © Soeharsono, et al.)

Background: The discovery of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in 1996 led to a shift in the causes of mortality and morbidity of patients with HIV/AIDS. Initially, the cause of mortality and morbidity was associated with opportunistic infection HIV/AIDS-related complication, but now are more associated with non-AIDS complication such as cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. The atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) using B mode ultrasound (USG), which is one of the diagnostic tools in indicating the presence of atherosclerotic plaque., Aim: This study aims to evaluate the ratio of CD4 / CD8 towards carotid intima-media thickness., Methods: Design of study was analytic cross-sectional. This study was conducted in May - July 2017 in HIV patients who taken consecutively came to the VCT polyclinic of Sanglah hospital. Statistical analysis used Spearman correlation test to evaluate the correlation between the CD4/CD8 ratio and carotid intima-media thickness and multiple linear regression to predict carotid intima-media thickness through CD4/CD8 ratio., Results: Total from 50 samples, data characteristic were 33 males (66%) and 17 females (34%), mean of age 30.60 ± 5.58 years, median of CD4/CD8 ratio 0.275 (0.02-1.39) and median of CIMT 0.75 (0.4-1.5) mm. There is a strong negative correlation (r = -0.85; p = 0.001) CD4/CD8 ratio with CIMT. The calculation of the prediction of carotid intima media thickness can be calculated through the equation Y = 0.727 -0.791 (X1) + 0.012 (X2), where X1 is CD4/CD8 ratio and X2 is the age of the patient., Conclusion: there is a significantly strong negative correlation between the CD4/CD8 ratio and CIMT in HIV patient who comes to VCT polyclinic of Sanglah Hospital. The smaller CD4/CD8 ratio, the value of CIMT will be thicker, and vice versa.

This is the first report of MRSA infection in Sanglah Hospital. We reviewed eight patients with MRSA infection from microbiologi laboratory records between January and May 2011, than followed by tracing medical records to obtained data of the patients. Five of cases with sepsis, 1 case with osteomyelitis, and the two others with mediastinitis and pneumonia. The patients were kept in private isolated room and barrier-nursing technique was strictly followed. Further action was culturing specimen taken from the patients nose, throat, axilla, and samples taken from the health care workers, with no MRSA colonization were found. Five patients demonstrated good respond to intravenous administration of either vancomycin or linezolide. Three were died due to septic shock before the laboratory culture and antimicrobial susceptibility availabled. All of the strains isolated more than 48 hours after admission and also demonstrated clinical risk factors for hospitalized acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). These strains had resistance to b-lactams but remain susceptible to many non b-lactam antibiotics, as reported in some community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolates. Future study using molecular typing required to fully understand the magnitude and ongoing evolution of MRSA infections.

Aim: to evaluate factors which influence bone mineral density in ARV-naive patients in Sanglah Hospital, Bali., Methods: a cross-sectional BMD measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) in 73 ARV-naive HIV-infected patients in out patient clinic of Sanglah Hospital, consecutively, from January to June 2012. Inclusion criteria are ARV-naive HIV-infected patients age 13-50 year old. The relationship among factors influence BMD, CD4 level, HIV RNA, HIV stage (WHO) analysed with Anova and Spearman's correlation test., Results: this study involved 49 males and 24 females. Mean age was 33.08±8.29. Mean CD4 was 144.71±143.40 cell/mmc with the lowest CD4 is 1. Mean viral load (VL) was 272.330±282.990 copies/ml, the lowest VL 400 copies/ml, and the highest 750 000 copies/ml. Low BMD found in 32/73 (43.8%). Osteopenia and osteoporosis were diagnosed in 26/73 (35.6%) and 6/73 (8.2%). 13 (40.6%) of the low BMD cases occurred on the age group 21-30 year. Significant correlation found between low BMD with HIV stage (r=0.337; p<0.001)., Conclusion: patients with higher HIV stage have higher risk of low BMD in ARV-naive patient. Further study is needed to evaluate correlation of low BMD with its risk factors.