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Honey quality is influenced by several factors, including transportation conditions and length of storage. This study aimed to investigate the composition, characteristics, and quality of honey from several regions in Riau and Riau honey sent to Java Island. Honey samples were obtained from five districts in Riau Province, namely, Inderagiri Hulu, Kuantan Singingi, Pelalawan, Bengkalis, and Kampar Regencies. The honey parameters observed were based on the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) of honey. Data were analyzed descriptively by comparing the characteristics of honey samples from Riau Province. Results showed a significant difference between honey sent and those not sent between islands. Significant differences were mainly observed in hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels. Almost all honey samples sent to Java Island had HMF levels above 50 mg/kg. Meanwhile, all Riau honey samples from the five regions had HMF levels below 50 mg/kg. The diastase enzyme activity was slightly higher in the honey samples from the five regions. Land transportation to the island decreased the quality of honey as indicated by the high levels of HMF and decreased diastase enzyme activity. Therefore, mileage and storage conditions must be considered in the delivery of Riau honey to other regions.

The quality of coconut sugar produced from Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province, is still fluctuating and has not compliant with SNI-01-3743 of 1995, which incorrect parameters in its production may cause incorrect parameters in its production. Optimizing of production parameters is needed to maintain the quality of coconut sugar. Coconut sugar quality indicators can be determined from the physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the parameters of coconut sugar production, aiming to obtain optimal production parameters to produce a standard production process and coconut sugar following consumer needs and SNI. The experimental design uses the Taguchi method, which consists of 4- factor variables: (1) the type of sap preservative, (2) defoaming agent, (3) the time of tapping, and (4) the cooking temperature of the sap. The multi-response loss function approach was used to select the best production process parameters based on the typical characteristics of qualities. The results showed that the optimal production parameters were obtained in a combination of mangosteen peel and lime as sap preservative, coconut milk as a defoaming agent, long-time tapping time of 8 hours (heating) +16 hours, and cooking temperature of 135oC with a yield of 15.58%, part of water-insoluble in 0.07%, (ΔE) color 62.30, hardness 99.92 N, moisture content 6.87%, ash content 1.96%, sucrose content 77.77%, reducing sugar content 8.09% with organoleptic test values close to 4 ( like) and equal SNI.

Meatballs are one of the most popular processed meats in various countries. The meats commonly used to make meatballs are beef, chicken, and fish. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the nitrogen, carbon, and Tween sources on the growth and antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin of P. pentosaceus strain 2397 and to assess the quality of fish balls preserved with bacteriocin from P. pentosaceus strain 2397 during initial storage at freezing temperature in –18 °C. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial, completely randomized design. There were two factors, i.e. bacteriocin concentrations (0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60%) and storage time (0, 3, 6, and 9 d). Data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% level. Meanwhile, data on microbiological counts were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The data showed that the addition of various nitrogen, carbon, or Tween sources did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the growth of P. pentosaceus strain 2397. The addition of peptone, beef extract or ammonium sulfate, lactose, or Tween 80 into the de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth (MRSB) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the bacteriocin antimicrobial activity of strain 2397 against E. coli. Using 0.60% bacteriocin produced fish balls according to the quality standard of fish balls and maintained the quality of fish balls during initial storage for 9 d at freezing temperatures.

Bacteriocin, a peptide produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely used as a natural and safe preservative in food products. This work aimed to evaluate the characterization of bacteriocin from dadih’s LAB and to study its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Supernatant from 12 LBA strains could inhibit S. aureus growth with different inhibition zones. Only nine strains showed inhibition zones of > 3.5 mm and were further evaluated for their antibacterial compounds. Three strains had antimicrobial activity derived from organic acids, especially lactic acid, and six strains had antimicrobial compounds in the form of bacteriocin. Bacteriocin strain R-55 showed the highest activity against S. aureus, with an average inhibition zone of 8.43 mm. The molecular weight of the purified isolated bacteriocin from the R-55 strain was 14.4 kDa. Bacteriocin obtained from St. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-55 is a promising natural preservative to prevent the growth of S. aureus as foodborne pathogens.

This study aimed to estimate the antimicrobial efficiency and stability of the crude bacteriocin produced by dadih’s LAB against Erwinia carotovora under different pH, temperature, and enzymatic treatments. Twelve strains of LAB were isolated from the dadih including four strains were Leuconostoc sp. and eight were Streptococcus sp. The antimicrobial effects of bacteriocins from the genus Streptococcus sp. against Erwinia carotovora were higher than the genus Leuconostoc sp. The isolated bacteriocins showed potential stability indifferent pH (3 to 11) and temperature conditions (30 to 121 ◦C). Six of nine bacteriocins included Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-19, R-55, R-32, Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis R-41, R-43, and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides R-45 induced the highest stability under different temperatures and pH. Analysis of the 16s rDNA of isolates R-43 and R-55 showed that these bacteria belong to Enterococcus hirae and Pediococcus pentosaceous, respectively. The treatment with amylase, proteinase K, and trypsin revealed that R-43 and R-55 probably belong to the group IIa classification of bacteriocins (Antilisteria-Pediocin-like bacteriocins). It could be concluded that dadih’s LAB is a promising source for bacteriocins used safely in the bio-preservatives of the food products under different storage conditions.

Soft rot disease by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is one of the causes of post-harvest damage to economically important vegetables such as carrots, cabbage, cucumbers, and others. The study reported growth optimization to increase the antimicrobial activity of the bacteriocin from Pediococcus pentosaceus 2397 to inhibit Pcc. The antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatant and crude bacteriocin was carried out using the well agar diffusion method. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of the bacteriocin from strain 2397 could be increased by regulating the growth environment and adding nutrients to the growth medium. The optimum growth conditions for strain 2397 to produce bacteriocins that have high antimicrobial activity were 24 h incubation time, pH 6.3-7.0, and 7.5% starter concentration, the addition of 4% Carbon sources (sucrose, lactose, mannose, fructose, glucose), and Nitrogen sources (peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate) and 2% of tween (tween 20, tween 40 and tween 80). Thus, bacteriocin of P. pentosaceus 2397 strain isolated from dadih has the potential to be used as a safe bio-preservative in place of chemical preservatives to avoid the post-harvest damage to the fresh vegetables.

Asinan kubis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan sauerkraut merupakan salah satu produk fermentasi yang dibuat dari kubis. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan Lactobacillus plantarum 1 indegenus yang diisolasi dari industri pengolahan pati sagu dalam pembuatan asinan kubis serta mempelajari karakteristik kimiawi, mikrobiologis dan sensori asinan kubis yang dihasilkan. Tiga strain Lactobacillus plantarum 1 dengan sifat amilolitik dan karakteristik probiotik yang berbeda, dikombinasikan dengan Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa asinan kubis yang dibuat dengan menambahkan starter Leuconostoc mesenteroides dan Lactobacillus plantarum 1 mempunyai nilai pH, kadar asam asetat dan gula total yang lebih rendah, namun mempunyai total asam tertitrasi dan total BAL yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan asinan kubis yang dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Sifat sensori asinan kubis yang disuplementasi dengan Lactobacillus plantarum 1 secara keseluruhan agak disukai hingga disukai oleh panelis dan jumlah bakteri asam laktat yang terdapat pada asinan kubis yang ditambah L.plantarum 1 mencapai 109 - 1010 CFU/ml. Kata kunci : Lactobacillus plantarum 1, amilolitik, probiotik, asinan kubis

Yusuf RA, Tank UM, Karnila R, Pato U. 2021. Biological and management design for sustainable wetland rice farming in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2803-2814. This study aimed to develop a management design for sustainable wetland rice farming to promote food security in Siak District, Riau Province. This study was conducted through survey research wherein primary and secondary data were used. In the sustainability analysis, the Rapfish method was used which is based on eight attributes that are a combination of key factors in the sustainability analysis and stakeholder needs analysis. Results showed that the management design that can be implemented to improve the sustainability of rice farming involves preventing the continuous paddy field conversion and thus promote their preservation, improving the farmers’ knowledge and skills to create superior human resources, and strengthening agribusiness-based farmer institutions to improve farmers’ welfare. The multidimensional sustainability value obtained in three scenarios was within the 50–75% range, indicating a fairly sustainable status. For this reason, it is recommended to apply scenario 1 wherein sustainability can be increased at low costs and within a relatively short time

Physicochemical property of oil palm leaves and utilization of cellulose microfiber as probiotic encapsulant. Biodiversitas 22: 2937-2944. The vast land of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Indonesia has a huge potential for oil palm solid waste, which can be used for various human needs. The physiochemical analysis performed was proximate analysis and fiber content, FTIR and X-ray diffraction analysis, an in vitro test on viability and resistance to acid and bile during storage at room and refrigerated temperatures. The main content of oil palm leaves was carbohydrates, especially fiber and followed by ash, protein, and fat. Fiber from oil palm leaves is mainly composed of lignin followed by cellulose and hemicellulose. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystal index of cellulose from oil palm leaves was 10.1%. FTIR analysis showed that the enormous absorption value, which was the stretching vibrations of the -OH group ranging from 2919.17 to 2914.82 cm-1 . Cellulose microfiber from oil palm leaves maintained the viability of L. fermentum InaCC B 1295 for up to 28 d of storage at room and refrigerated temperatures. The survival of strain B1295 at low pH and presence of bile was very high, characterized by a decrease in the number of cells by less than 0.5 log CFU/mL during storage of 35 d at room and refrigerated temperatures. Therefore, Cellulose microfiber from oil palm leaves has the potential to be used as an encapsulant for probiotics

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause listeriosis in humans, generally transmitted through food. Various food preservatives have been used to prevent contamination from LM in food; one of them is bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to determine the optimum growth conditions for Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 isolated from dadih in inhibiting LM in vitro assay. The supernatant's antimicrobial activity obtained from Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 against LM was determined using a well diffusion method. The results showed that the supernatants from strain R-55 could inhibit LM's growth with various inhibition zones. The optimal growth conditions for Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 to perform its antimicrobial activity against LM were at 72 h of incubation time, pH 6.3, and 2,5% of starter concentration with an inhibition zone of 12,3 mm

Limbah kulit nanas dapat diolah menjadi produk nata de pina sebagai salah satu komoditas pertanian yang bernilai ekonomis. Produk tersebut dapat menjadi diversifikasi produk untuk pengembangan usaha mikro. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilakukan di Desa Tarai Bangun Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar yang merupakan daerah yang menjadi penghasil buah nanas, yang juga menghasilkan limbah kulit nanas. Pengabdian dilakukan pada bulan Juni sampai dengan November 2020, dengan tahapan kegiatan berupa persiapan, sosialisasi, pelatihan, praktik pembuatan nata de pina, serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa mitra telah memahami perlunya diversifikasi produk yang memanfaatkan limbah kulit nanas untuk pengembangan usahanya. Mereka memiliki wawasan tentang prospek produk nata de pina, dan juga memiliki keterampilan untuk memproduksi nata de pina yang akan menjadi strategi pengembangan usahanya.

The purpose of this study was to (1) determine whether the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 were able to adapt (compatible) to mustard greens (Brassica junceae L.). (2) Knowing the effect of the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 on the growth of mustard greens (3) Obtain the best concentration for the growth of mustard greens. This was an experimental study and used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications to obtain 16 experimental units. The data were analysed using SPSS version 9.1.3 and ANOVA, then followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level. The results showed that the application of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 was significantly different from the control. So it can be concluded that the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 are able to adapt their life (compatible) to mustard plants, and have a positive effect on the growth of mustard greens. The 105 CFU/mL dilution is a good treatment to stimulate the growth of mustard plants.

Yusuf R, Tang UM, Karnila R, Fuadi I, Pato U. 2020. Ecological sustainability of rice farms in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3797-3804. The research was conducted in Siak District, Riau Province, Indonesia from January to July 2018 in the four subdistricts of rice production centers. The purpose of this study was to identify the ecological conditions of rice farming, analyze the index and ecological sustainability status of lowland rice farming, and analyze the role of each ecological attribute that will have sensitivity to the management of wetland rice in the development of rice farming in the Siak District in the near future. There were 203 sample farmers selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interview and field observation. The sustainability was analyzed using the Rap-Rice method with Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The results of the Rap-Rice analysis of eight ecological attributes were analyzed; five attributes provided high sensitivity for Sungai Mandau, and three attributes provided high sensitivity for the subdistricts of Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh, and Sungai Apit. Attributes that provided high sensitivity for all subdistricts were attributes of land suitability with land use plans and land conversion rates. The average attributes of ownership of the farm area provided high sensitivity for only three subdistricts (Sabak Auh, Sungai Apit, Sungai Mandau). Based on ecological conditions, analysis of wetland rice farming in Siak District showed a sustainable category for Bunga Raya (56.10%), Sabak Auh (52.80%), and Sungai Mandau (54.90%) and less sustainability for Sungai Apit (48.80%).

The use of natural preservatives called bacteriocin derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is one way of preventing food from being contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes (LM). The aims of this study were to evaluate the ability of LAB isolated from dadih to inhibit the growth of LM and to obtain the antimicrobial components that play a role in inhibiting the growth of LM. The antimicrobial activity of the supernatant obtained from 12 strains of dadih LAB was determined using the paper disk diffusion method. The results showed that the supernatant from the 12 LAB strains was able to inhibit the growth of LM with various inhibition zones. However, out of the 12 LABs, only 9 strains were found to have an inhibition zone of more than 3.5 mm. The antimicrobial compounds of 9 strains were tested and it was found that the antimicrobial compounds of strains R-8, R-14 and R-49 were derived from lactic acid. In addition, 6 strains namely R-43, R-32, R-19, R-55, R-45 and R-41 were derived from bacteriocin based on their sensitivity to pH, heat and enzyme treatments. Crude bacteriocin derived from 6 LAB strains inhibited the growth of LM, and the highest antimicrobial activity was obtained in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-55 with an average inhibition zone of 13.87 mm. Bacteriocin produced by strain R-55 can be used as natural preservatives for the prevention of food-borne disease caused by LM. © 2020, Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. All rights reserved.

Ardhi A, Sidauruk AN, Suraya N, Pratiwi NW, Pato U, Saryono. 2020. Molecular identification of amylase-producing thermophilic bacteria isolated from Bukit Gadang Hot Spring, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 994-1000. Amylase is one of the hydrolytic enzymes that is widely used in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, fermentation, textile, paper, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries. Amylase produced by thermophilic bacteria may be thermostable, which is very beneficial in several applications requiring high temperature, for example, the process of gelatinization, liquefaction, and saccharification are performed in high temperature involved in the starch processing. In this study, the amylase-producing ability of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Bukit Gadang hot spring, West Sumatra, Indonesia, was checked and followed by molecular identification. Thirteen isolates that were successfully isolated from the hot springs were microscopically and macroscopically characterized, biochemically tested, and determined their amylase enzyme activity both qualitatively and quantitatively. The isolate that performed the best amylase activity was identified using the molecular technique. The DNA sequencing was carried out in 16S rRNA and continued with BLAST search for species identification. The result of molecular identification showed that the isolate with the best amylase activity was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. The optimum amylase production (231.33 U/ml) and the best enzyme-specific activity (101.79 U/mg) were obtained at the incubation time of 36 hours.

Amylolytic lactic acid bacteria are a group of bacteria that are capable to use starch as the carbon source. The objectives of this research were to characterize, and identify the lactic acid bacteria from sago starch processing industry, which might be used to modify the sago starch. There were 39 isolates isolated from sago processing industry, and 36 of them were presumed as lactic acid bacteria. From 36 isolates suspected as lactic acid bacteria, 9 of them had amylolytic properties. Morphological identification results show that the 9 isolates were l Gram-positive bacteria, negative catalase, rod shape, and 5 isolates produced gas, while 4 isolates did not produce gas. The ability to produce amylase varied among isolates and isolate RN2.12112 had the higher amylolytic ability than others. Results show that the nine isolates identified as lactic acid bacteria were dominated by Lactobacillus plantarum 1. ABSTRAKBakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang bersifat amilolitik adalah bakteri asam laktat yang mampu memanfaatkan pati sebagai substratnya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengkarakterisasi sifat amilolitik dan mengidentifikasi bakteri asam laktat yang mempunyai kemampuan amilolitik untuk memodifikasi pati sagu. Hasil penelitian memperoleh 39 isolat dari industri pengolahan sagu dan 36 diantaranya diduga sebagai bakteri asam laktat. Sembilan dari 36 isolat yang diduga bakteri asam laktat mempunyai sifat amilolitik. Sembilan isolat yang bersifat amilolitik selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara morfologi yang meliputi pewarnaan Gram, bentuk sel, uji katalase, dan uji kemampuan fermentasi. Hasil identifikasi secara morfologi menunjukkan bahwa kesembilan isolat termasuk kelompok bakteri Gram positif, katalase negatif, bentuk basil, dan lima isolat menghasilkan gas sedangkan empat isolat tidak menghasilkan gas. Kemampuan isolat untuk menghasilkan amilase bervariasi dan isolat RN2.12112 mempunyai kemampuan amilolitik lebih tinggi dibanding isolat lainnya. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa dari sembilan isolat yang diidentifikasi didominasi oleh Lactobacillus plantarum 1.

Fruit leather merupakan jenis bahan pangan yang terbuat dari daging buah yang telah dihaluskan dan dikeringkan, sehingga membentuk lembaran tipis yang dapat digulung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan kombinasi terbaik dari bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya dalam pembuatan fruit leather. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Dengan Analysis of Varians (ANOVA) dan diikuti oleh Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah NP1 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 65:35), NP2 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 55:45), NP3 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 50:50), NP4 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 45:55), NP5 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 35:65). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengabn uji Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Data fruit leather menunjukkan bahwa rasio bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH, kadar air, kadar abu dan serat kasar, total padatan terlarut, uji sensoris warna, aroma, rasa, dan tekstur. Perlakuan terbaik dari penelitian ini adalah NP5 (bubur buah nipah dan bubur buah pepaya 35:65) dengan nilai pH 4,26, kadar air 10,01%, abu 0,73%, kadar serat kasar 1,71%, total padatan terlarut 26,08%, dan warna oranye (4,50), aroma pepaya (4,13), rasa manis (3,83), tekstur agak kenyal (3,00), dan penilaian keseluruhan fruit leather disukai oleh panelis (3,91).

Kulit batang sagu dan tempurung kelapa mengandung senyawa lignin dan selulosa yang cukup tinggi dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi terbaik pencampuran kulit batang sagu dan tempurung kelapa dalam pembuatan briket. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini P1 (arang kulit sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 90:10), P2 (arang kulit sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 80:20), P3 (arang kulit sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 70:30), P4 (arang kulit sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 60:40), P5 ( arang kulit sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 50:50). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statik dengan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) Duncan pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rasio kulit batang sagu dan tempurung kelapa berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat mengguap, kerapatan, kadar karbon terikat, nilai kalor dan daya bahan bakar. Perlakuan terbaik pada penelitian ini adalah P5 (arang kulit kayu sagu dan arang tempurung kelapa 50:50) kadar air 3,67%, daya abu 4,54%, kadar zat mengguap 1,13%, daya bakar 0,67 g / cm3, karbon terikat 90,68%, nilai kalori 7748,61 kal/g dan daya bahan bakar 0,0029 g/detik.

Pandemi COVID-19 yang awalnya bermula di Wuhan Cina begitu cepat menyebar ke lebih dari 206 negara termasuk Indonesia. Penggunaan vaksin merupakan suatu tindakan preventif yang cukup efektif dalam pencegahan penularan COVID-19. COVID-19 disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 yang merupakan hasil mutasi dari SARS-CoV yang memiliki sifat virulensi yang lebih tinggi dan menyebar lebih cepat. Terhitung pada tanggal 7 April 2020, jumlah orang yang terinfeksi telah mencapai lebih 1.352.045 orang di antaranya 76.328 orang meninggal dunia. Walaupun belum ada obat khusus untuk mengobati COVID-19, namun pemberian obat misalnya remdesivir , fapilavir dan chloroquin fosfat dapat menyembuhkan 293.665 orang pasien. Selain tindakan terapi, tindakan preventif seperti peningkatan kekebalan tubuh merupakan langkah yang penting untuk mencegah penularan berbagai jenis penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa probiotik dapat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh melalui crosstalk antara probiotik dan mukosa usus. Interaksi antara probiotik dan mukosa usus dapat meningkatkan pembentukan limfosit yaitu sel B dan sel T, interleukin utamanya IL-10 dan IL-1β, imunoglobulin terutama IgA, sel NK dan sel Th-17. Pembentukan komponen ini secara langsung akan meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh terhadap penularan berbagai penyakit termasuk COVID-19.

Nugget merupakan salah satu makanan cepat saji ( fast food ) yang sangat disukai oleh kalangan masyarakat luas yang dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan bahan baku daging ikan. Ikan nila merupakan salah satu jenis ikan air tawar dengan tekstur daging yang halus, berwarna putih dan memiliki rasa yang enak sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku nugget . Dewasa ini dalam pengolahan nugget juga sering ditambahkan bahan pangan nabati yang kaya akan zat gizi salah satunya yaitu kacang kedelai. Kacang kedelai memiliki kandungan gizi seperti protein, lemak, karbohidrat dan senyawa antioksidan yaitu isoflavon. Kandungan isoflavon pada kedelai dapat menurunkan berbagai resiko penyakit degeneratif. Kacang kedelai juga memiliki kandungan serat yang cukup tinggi sehingga sangat baik dikonsumsi untuk membantu proses metabolisme di dalam tubuh. Kacang kedelai yang digunakan diolah menjadi tepung sebagai bahan baku dalam proses pembuatan nugget .

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause listeriosis in humans, generally transmitted through food. Various food preservatives have been used to prevent contamination from LM in food; one of them is bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to determine the optimum growth conditions for Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 isolated from dadih in inhibiting LM in vitro assay. The supernatant’s antimicrobial activity obtained from Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 against LM was determined using a well diffusion method. The results showed that the supernatants from strain R-55 could inhibit LM’s growth with various inhibition zones. The optimal growth conditions for Pediococcus pentosaceus strain 2397 to perform its antimicrobial activity against LM were at 72 h of incubation time, pH 6.3, and 2, 5% of starter concentration with an inhibition zone of 12, 3 mm.

Microalgae have been viewed as one of potential solution for CO2 biofixation or CO2 sequestration. However, many factors need to be evaluated to support development of CO2 biofixation. One important environmental factor for the growth of micro algae is related with light requirement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light intensity and photoperiod on growth of Chlorellapyrenoidosa (C.pyrenoidosa) and CO2 biofixation. Experiments were carried out in 1000 mL semi batch photo bioreactors, purged continuously with air (0.034% CO2). An Experiment of Factorial Design was employed in which the light intensity was evaluated 4 level at 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 lux with 3 level of photo period at L/D (light /dark) 8 hours/16 hours; L/D 12 hours/12 hours and L/D 16 hours/8 hours. The result indicated that both light intensity and photo period had significant effect (p< 0.05) on growth of C. pyrenoidosa. However, the photo period showed stronger effect relative to light intensity on growth of C.pyrenoidosa within the range reviewed. The interaction between the two factors was indicative but statistically not significant. Best growth profile sustained at combination of L/D 16 hours/8 hours of photoperiod and light intensity of 8000 lux with the highest average biomass observed at 0.516 ± 0.069gr/L. An increase in CO2biofixation rate of around 2 times was also observed between highest setting (8000 lux; L/D 16/12 hours) relative to that of lowest setting (2000 lux; L/D 8/12 hours).

Instant noodles are generally made from wheat flour. In order to reduce the import of flour, it is necessary to find alternative local flour such as corn starch and sago starch as the main raw material in the manufacture of instant noodles. The effect of the ratio of corn flour and sago starch on the moisture and protein contents, total acid number, intactness and rehydration time was investigated. The result showed that the ratio of corn flour and sago starch significantly affected moisture and protein contents, total acid number, and intactness, but did not significantly influence rehydration time of the instant noodle. The best treatment in this study was JS2 (55% corn flour, 35% sago starch, 10% tapioca) with moisture content before frying 10.73%, moisture content after frying 6.39%, protein content of 8.18%, total acid number 0.14%, intactness 95.36%, and rehydration time 10.33 min.

The expectations of probiotic bacteria have become the most demanding for any bacterial group. Probiotics have become a very important element to everyday health food products. The purposes of the study were to compare the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei R-68 (LCR68) and Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota (LCS) against food borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus FNCC-15, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC-0156, Escherichia coli FNCC-19 and Salmonella typhi), to evaluate the antibacterial compound responsible for inhibiting the food borne pathogens and to assay the resistance of both L. casei strains to various types of antibiotic. Assay for antibacterial activity was tested using the well diffusion method and test for resistance to antibiotic was performed by employing disc diffusion method. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that LCR68 and LCS inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus FNCC-15, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC0156 and Escherichia coli FNCC-19 but did not inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi. In general, antibacterial activity of LCR68 was slightly lower than that of LCS. Both L. casei strains strongly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli FNCC-19 than Listeria monocytogenes FNCC-0156 and Staphylococcus aureus FNCC-15, respectively. Antibacterial activity of LCR68 and LCS was resistant to heat treatment (60- 95ºC), amylase and various proteolitic enzymes, but was very sensitive to pH treatments (pH 4-9). Both LCR68 and LCS were also resistant to various types of antibiotic. It is concluded that antibacterial compound of LCR68 and LCS was organic acid mainly lactic and acetic acids.

The human digestive tract is a complex ecosystem that may contain bacteria, yeast, and other microflora, which have harmful and beneficial effects on the host. Species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are most commonly used as probiotics. Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei R-68 (LCR-68) isolated from dadih, traditional fermented buffalo milk from West Sumatera has the potential to be used as probiotic. The purposes of the present study were to evaluate the ability of strain LCR68 to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes FNCC-0156 and Escherichia coli FNCC-19 and reduce the activity of fecal mutagen enzymes in Wistar rats. The in vivo test used 25 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 174 - 176 g. This study consisted of five groups of treatment with five rats of each group. The results show a significant increase in the growth in all groups, although a significantly lower weight gain was observed in rats challenged with Listeria monocytogenes and fed fermented milk LCR-68. The counts of aerobic and anaerobic microbes were the same in all groups. Significantly higher counts of lactic acid bacteria were determined after the application of fermented milk LCR68. Significantly lower counts of Escherichia coli were also observed after the application of fermented milk LCR68. The presence of LCR-68 in fermented milk reduced the activity of β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase significantly in the feces of Wistar rats. Therefore, the strain R-68 as a probiotic is expected to be able to prevent the formation of procarcinogenic compounds into carcinogens that cause cancer in the digestive tract.

The study was conducted from January to July 2018 in four sub-districts (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh, Sungai Apit and Sungai Mandau) in Siak Regency. The sample of farmers in this study were 203 people who were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interviewing techniques using questionnaires and field observations. The analysis of the sustainability of lowland rice farming was carried out based on the assessment of index and sustainability status using the Rap-Rice method in Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The purpose of this study was to analyze the index and the status of sustainability of the socio-cultural dimensions of wetland farming and analyze the role of each of the socio-cultural attributes that have sensitivity to the management of rice farming in the future. The results of Rap-Rice analysis of the seven socio-cultural attributes analyzed, two attributes provide sensitivity to the District (Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh and Sungai Mandau). Four attributes give sensitivity to Sungai Apit District. The attribute that gives sensitivity to all sub-districts is the attribute of attending training / counseling. Based on socio-cultural conditions, the analysis of wetland rice farming in Siak District showed a fairly sustainable category for Bunga Raya District (56.7%), Sabak Auh (50.80%) and Sungai Mandau (51.10%) while for Sungai Apit Subdistrict the value was obtained (47.70%) or less sustainable .

Microalgae have been viewed as one of potential solution for CO2 biofixation or CO2 sequestration. However, many factors need to be evaluated to support development of CO2 biofixation. One important environmental factor for the growth of micro algae is related with light requirement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light intensity and photoperiod on growth of Chlorellapyrenoidosa (C.pyrenoidosa) and CO2 biofixation. Experiments were carried out in 1000 mL semi batch photo bioreactors, purged continuously with air (0.034% CO2). An Experiment of Factorial Design was employed in which the light intensity was evaluated 4 level at 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 lux with 3 level of photo period at L/D (light /dark) 8 hours/16 hours; L/D 12 hours/12 hours and L/D 16 hours/8 hours. The result indicated that both light intensity and photo period had significant effect (p< 0.05) on growth of C. pyrenoidosa. However, the photo period showed stronger effect relative to light intensity on growth of C.pyrenoidosa within the range reviewed. The interaction between the two factors was indicative but statistically not significant. Best growth profile sustained at combination of L/D 16 hours/8 hours of photoperiod and light intensity of 8000 lux with the highest average biomass observed at 0.516 ± 0.069gr/L. An increase in CO2biofixation rate of around 2 times was also observed between highest setting (8000 lux; L/D 16/12 hours) relative to that of lowest setting (2000 lux; L/D 8/12 hours).

In vitro acid- and bile-tolerant lactic acid bacteria isolated and identified from Indonesian traditional fermented milk dadih might be considered as potential probiotic strains after further characterization with animal models, especially for their therapeutic properties. Five dadih lactic bacteria isolates each had moderate survival rate for 2 h at pH 2.0, as well as bile tolerance. The aim of this research was to identify candidate probiotic lactic bacteria among indigenous dadih lactic isolates originated from Bukit Tinggi, West Sumatra, especially their in vivo antimutagenic property. Milk cultured with Enterococcus faecium IS-27526 significantly lowered fecal mutagenicity of rats as compared to the control group, skim milk, and milk cultured with L. plantarum IS-20506. These results suggest that Enterococcus faecium IS-27526 may serve as a potential probiotic strain with its antimutagenicity.