Search

Aim: The purpose of our study was to do a morphometric analysis of talus and calcaneum along with the pattern of articular facets on the surface to facilitate orthopedicians in planning surgeries for subtalar implants and foot prostheses. Materials and Methods: For the study, 60 dry adult human tali(24 left and 26 right) and 60 dry calcanei(30 left and 30 right) were obtained from the Department of Anatomy.The tali and calcanei were looked for number and type of articular facets on their surface. The morphometry of talus and calcaneus was done using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm and data recorded. Results: The most common type of articular facet on tali and calcanei in the North Indian population studied was type B. The anteroposterior length and transverse width of the left tali were: 50.89 mm and 37.84 mm, respectively and of right tali were: 51.14 mm and 37.9 mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus tali were: 6.75mm, 18.7 mm and 5.05 ± 0.33mm, and 7.13 mm, 18.21 mm and 5.44mm, respectively. For left and right calcanei, anteroposterior length and transverse width were: 70.61 mm and 40.1mm, and 71.02 mm and 41.48mm, respectively. The width, length and depth of left and right sulcus calcanei were: 6.08 mm, 46.52 mm and 3.78 mm and 5.34 mm, 45.91 mm and 3.81 mm. Conclusion: Our study will be helpful as a vital tool for reconstruction surgeries of hindfoot deformities and foot reconstruction procedures.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in pregnant women has an important role in its spread to the pediatric population through vertical transmission. Effective utilization of Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) services can reduce this spread. This study aims to determine the vertical transmission of HIV, the seroprevalence of HIV in antenatal women, demographic factors of seropositive women, and utilization of PPTCT services to minimize the risk of mother-to-child transmission. Methods: This study was conducted to assess vertical transmission of HIV in the newborn of HIV pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) of a tertiary care hospital from August 2014 to December 2020. Pretest counseling, HIV testing, and posttest counseling were done as per National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) guidelines. Antiretroviral prophylaxis was given to seropositive women and their children. Analysis of demographic data of seropositive women and assessment of the utilization of PPTCT services were done according to available records. Results: In the study time, 139,619 new antenatal registrations were there, 68.21% of women attended pretest counseling and of them, 95.28% gave consent for HIV testing. Out of which, 0.14% were reported as HIV seropositive in PPTCT (tested according to NACO guidelines). In the study time, a total of 188 HIV-positive deliveries were conducted in our institute. Out of which, 144 (76.6%) were ANC-booked patients and 44 (23.4%) were unbooked patients and directly came in labor, deliveries were conducted according to NACO guidelines and all newborns were given nevirapine syrup. All newborns were followed up until 18 months and in study time, 78 dry blood samples (DBSs) were sent for DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and all were reported negative by the reference laboratory at AIIMS, New Delhi. Conclusions: Adherence to testing, treatment, and follow-up in the antenatal and postnatal period can minimize the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child.

The security of medical images is very important to maintain the confidentiality and privacy of patient information. Medical practitioners are required to adopt policies for the security of the access of patient’s electronic information. This paper provides the security analysis of the Medical Images based on Elliptic curve cryptography. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a complex method and involves intense computation which makes it robust for the intruder attack. In this paper, ECC based Medical Image Encryption algorithm is performed on varieties of medical images like MRI, CT scan and X-ray. Security analysis is presented based on Histogram, Entropy, NPCR and UACI measures and compared with traditional method RSA. Histogram after encryption using ECC has uniform distribution which reflects that the information of original medical image is hidden properly. Entropy and NPCR achieved are 7.86 – 7.99 and 99.62 – 99.64 % respectively which are very close to their ideal values. Results reveal that ECC is more powerful and useful for medical image authentication and key distribution. However, it can be used for exchange of secret key rather than encryption.

The objective of this study was to evaluatey the distress, anxiety, depression, and sleep impact of COVID19 pandemic on medical and paramedical students via an online survey. This prospective cross-sectional study included 382 (115 male and 267 female) participants and was conducted at University of Health Sciences, in northern India, through an online survey using three psychological scales- Peritraumatic distress Inventory (PDI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). The respondents included phase one and two students from various streams namely M.B.B.S (n=208; 53.47%), B.D.S (n=62; %), Nursing (n=91; 6%) and technical courses (n=21; 5.7%). One ninety-eight students (51.8%) suffered mild to severe stress, 161(42.1%) suffered anxiety, 169(44.2%) were depressed and 189(49.5%) students suffered some degree of insomnia. There was no difference in psychological and sleep morbidities in subgroup analysis of gender, residence and stream of medical education. CONCLUSION: The psychological morbidity is high in medical and paramedical students in terms of anxiety, depression, mental distress and sleep abnormalities in response to COVID-19 pandemic. The students should be counselled regarding mental health at regular interval and professional help should be taken when necessary.

There is evidence that many medicinal plants minimize the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to the WHO 17.9 million people die every year from cardiovascular disease, reflecting a sharply increased 31 percent of all ecumenical deaths and CVD burden in developed countries. In developing nations, twice as many CVD deaths occur as in developed countries. Overall, CVD is the third highest disease burden in developing countries. In relation to the cardiovascular system, several medicinal plants have been usually examined to have various activities. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypotensive antiplatelet behavior. The results showed that green tea was used in broad observational trials for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases to establish that Green tea would minimize cardiovascular morbidity and mortality when consumed in high doses (at least 3 cups per day) and over the long term. Garlic has been widely recognized as an agent for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes, cardiovascular and other metabolic disease prevention and treatment.It has been claimed that flaxseed may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, including reducing blood pressure and lipid levels and preventing arrhythmias. Grape seed extract is similar to that of other antioxidants, as a herbal treatment for liver disorders and gallbladder disease milk thistle has been proposed, cardiovascular diseases remain the primary causes of ecumenical morbidity and mortality. The milk thistle may be useful in reducing overall cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular disorders include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and heart failure. Keywords: Cardiovascular disorders, Herbal medicine, Death percentage.

Introduction: In recent times there is decline in the number of clinicians involved in research activities all over the world including India. A medical student having the knowledge of scientific concepts along with his clinical experience can serve a key role in the advancement of medical science. Introduction of research methodology at an early stage will help medical students to inculcate the aptitude of evidence-baseddecision-making in their clinical practice. Methods:We designed a cross-sectional study, in which 198students (98 female and 100 male) from the 1styear M.B.B.S batch of Pt. B.D. Sharma Post Graduate institute of medical sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India,completed a self-administered questionnaire to assess their awareness, interests and possible limitations in medical research. Results: Out of 198 students, more females were aware about the scope of research in medical education than males. Females showed more interest in participating in Under Graduate research projects as compared to males. Lack of time and burden of studies were considered limiting factors more in females than males Students coming from rural background were lagging behind the ones from urban background in their awareness and interest in research. Conclusion:Though majority of students were aware and showed interest in participating in research activities, lack of time and burden of studies were the major limiting factors in their research participation. &nbsp

Background: Morphometry of talus will be helpful for radiologists, orthopaedicians and surgeons for diagnosis and treatment of talar fractures and making bone prosthesis. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of our study is to do a morphometric analysis of talus to facilitate orthopedicians in planning surgeries for subtalar implants and foot prostheses. This will be of great use to forensic anthropologists. Materials and Methods: For the study, 60 dry adult human tali (24 left and 26 right) were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, SGT Medical College, Budhera. The morphometry of talar surfaces was done using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm and data was recorded. Results: The mean values of medial, central and lateral length on the trochlear surface were 27.0cm, 28.1cm, 27.4cm on right side and 29.4cm, 27.0cm, 29.1cm on left side. Mean anterior, central and posterior widths on the trochlear surface were 27.6cm, 26.2cm, 21.1cm on right side and 27.0cm, 24.0cm, 23.1cm on left side. The mean central height and width on the lateral articular surface was 26.2 cm and 21.9 cm on the right side respectively and 23.0 cm and 16.8 cm on the left side respectively. The mean central height and central width on the medial articular surface was 13.6 cm and 25.9 cm on the right side respectively and 10.8cm and 17.9 cm on the left side respectively. Conclusions: The current study would be helpful as an important tool for reconstruction surgeries of hindfoot deformities and foot reconstruction procedures. Also it would be useful to orthopaedicians to design accurate talus bone prosthesis and talar implants. Morphometry of talus will be of use in objective categorization and racedetermination for forensic purposes.

A 32-year-old multiparous rural woman having 26 weeks of pregnancy with giant uterine fibroid extending up to the cervix had stillbirth 2 weeks back and left hospital against medical advice. She was readmitted in emergency with necrotic prolapsed uterine fibroid with offensive vaginal bleeding. On examination, the patient had necrotic prolapsed fibroid with very offensive bloody discharge and a large number of larvae of Dermatobia hominis (human botfly) were crawling in necrotic tissue. The location of this infestation at genital region is an extremely rare occurrence in postdelivery patients.

Worldwide renewable energy resources, especially solar energy, are growing dramatically in view of energy shortage and environmental concerns. Large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are typically connected to medium voltage distribution grids, where power converters are required to convert solar energy into electricity in such a grid-interactive PV system. This study are designing of solar energy system in MATLABSIMULINK environment which can be integrated with the grid for its efficient operation. The grid integration is necessary to ace the system reliable under various environmental conditions. Enhancing the DC input voltage to the inverter so that in its aspect the AC output from the inverter is also enhanced. And designing of a universal bridge inverter and AI based intelligent control for it such that it enhances the power output from the solar PV system. Designing of efficient rules for the inverter control using FUZZY algorithm. This work proposes an optimized active power enhancement method and evaluates the effect of fuzzy based controller for power enhancement on system reliability and power quality in the grid-interactive PV system with cascaded converter modules. Fuzzy set of rules are defined in a manner such that it is proved to be effective in enhancing the current output keeping the grid voltage same and hence the power output from the systems of cascaded PV modules. it can be concluded that if designing a cascaded PV solar system it is possible to increase the active power output from the inverter just by using fuzzy set of rules for firing pulses in the inverter.

Sutural bones are usually small, irregularly shaped bones, often found in sutures of the cranium. It is important to know about them as they may complicate the surgical orientation if present in the asterion. The study aims to observe the incidence of the sutural morphology of asterion in dry human skulls. Total 120 human adult dry skulls consisting of 80 male and 40 female skulls were analyzed for Type-I and Type-II asterions. out of 120 skulls, (n=240) Type-I asterion was observed in 36 (15%) skulls, and Type-II was observed in 204 (85%) skulls. Type-I was 28 (17.5%) in males, 8 (10.0%) in females and 36 (15.0%) in total skulls. Type-II was 132 (82.5%) in males, 72 (90.00%) in females and 204 (85.0%) in total skulls. In the present study, the incidence of Type-I asterion was found more in males than females. The study can be useful to neurosurgeons, forensic experts, anthropologists and radiologists.

Background:Candida sppis a member of the normal flora of the skin, mucous membrane and gastrointestinal tract. Candida continues to be leading cause of morbidity and mortality in large population of immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. Invasive Candidiasis due to non-albicans candida has been on the rise in last few years. This study aims toSpectate Candidausing chromogenic medium.The emerging pathogens are resistant to conventional antifungal therapy. Objective:To identify the various species of candida isolated from different clinical specimens and to compare the susceptibility pattern of these isolated species towards different antifungal agents. Methods:All Candida isolates recovered from various clinical samples during the period fromSeptember 2017 and august 2018were studied.,These isolates were subjected to grams stain, germ tube test and inoculation on commercially available CHROM agar (HiMedia India). Results:A total of 155 Candida species were isolated from the different clinical specimens of suspected candida infection cases. Most of the isolates obtained were from urine samples 93 (60%) followed by blood 26(16.77%). Non albicans Candida were isolated at a higher rate 101 (65.16%) than Candida albicans 54 (34.84%) . Among 101 nonC. albicans, C. tropicalis55 (35.48%) was the most common species followed by 19 (12.26%)C. parapsilosis.Among all species of Candida commonest isolate was C. tropicalis 55(35.48%) followed by C. albicans 54(34.83%). Candida species from various samples were high resistant to itraconazole (72.26%) followed by fluconazole(70.92%), voriconazole (68.39%) and ketoconazole (57.42%)while there was minimum resistance to amphotericin-B (20%).This study emphasizes the need for monitoring local epidemiologic data and antifungal susceptibility pattern of candida isolates for proper treatment. Conclusions:Along withCandida albicans, non-albicanscandida spplikeC. tropicalis,parapsilosis,C. kruseiandC. glabrataare increasingly being isolated from clinical samples. CHROM agar is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for identification of such species. Characterization to species level helps to identify species which might be intrinsically resistant to commonly used antifungal agents.

The spread of Coronavirus has resulted in a global pandemic. It has caused a heavy burden on medical facilities world over. The analysis of Covid-19 data presented in the paper may help the medical experts to categorize the patient into four levels of hospitalization based on their age, symptoms, and any previous medical history. Different prediction analysis algorithms are implemented, and results are presented to verify the accuracy of the implemented methods. Naive Bayes algorithm is found useful to categorize the patients with highest accuracy and R square score. Its results are compared with some of the traditional machine learning techniques such as K-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN), random forest algorithm, support vector machine (SVM). Along with accuracy, the dataset is trained and tested with different proportionate 60–40, 70–30, 80–20, and 90–10. The highest accuracy achieved is 95% and R square score as 94% with 80–20 ratio of training and testing dataset. The end result reveals that the presented algorithm is an accurate machine learning model to predict the level of hospitalization for the infected patient. A Web page is also designed to give access to common people, so that the dependency on other agencies and delaying the progress of the diagnosis can be reduced.

A patient of snapping scapula usually presents with perceivable, appreciable and agonizing crepitus during the movements of scapula. This study aimed at focusing on bony features which are responsible for snapping scapula and study their incidence, morphology and correlation to gender and side of the scapula. The study was performed on 50 pairs of the human scapula of known sex in the Department of Anatomy at PGIMS Rohtak. The parameters recorded were medial scapular border morphology, presence of Tubercle of Luschka and the presence of Teres major tubercle or process. The most common type of medial scapular border was found to be Convex (73%) followed by Straight and Concave types. Luschka’s tubercle was observed in only 6% of the scapula. Teres Major tubercle was present in 29% of the scapula, whereas Teres Major process was present in only 11% of the scapula and the process was curved in only 2% of the scapula. These findings are very important for orthopaedic point of view in the diagnosis and treatment of snapping scapula syndrome.

A new hybrid watermarking algorithm using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and curvelet transform (CT) is implemented in this paper. Curvelet transform is developed to be more efficient than traditional transformations to represent edges along curves. In the proposed work, image watermarking is achieved by applying hybrid transformation and then evaluating the efficacy of the method. Initially, image is decomposed using DWT and then fast curvelet transform is applied on cD (diagonal edges details) sub-band. Secondly, lower coefficients are selected to embed binary-encoded watermark bits. Efficiency of algorithm is tested with different texture images and by varying size of watermark. The effectiveness of proposed algorithm is evaluated by applying attacks like resize, median filtering, and addition of noise. The results shows that, it is sustaining over different texture images even with increase in watermark embedding capacity. The proposed method results in 34.33 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for high texture image, 47.77 dB for medium texture image, and 48.62 dB for low texture image over maximum size of watermark. It has good robustness against attacks and on large embedding capacity.

The stress is the major problem that occurs in daily life, which affects on the physical and mental health. There are various methods for detection of stress. In this paper, EEG signal analysis is used for stress recognition. The output of a neurosky mindwave mobile 2 sensor is waves like alpha, beta, and gamma in a specific range. By analyzing these values and keeping a threshold, the dataset formation occurs, and further to train the data, artificial neural network technique (RBFN algorithm) is used. The system learns and is trained using RBFN. The states (stress) are detected. The work is tested on hundred cases and found 80% accurate.

Video is a huge source of information and the only way to extract that information is video processing. Depending upon the information to be retrieved or analyzed, the video processing techniques are applied. Some of the information consists of imperceptibly small motion, color changes, or sound changes. To estimate the small motions, which are not visible to naked eyes, various video magnification techniques are used. In this paper, various video magnification techniques- Eulerian video magnification, Phase-based video magnification with both Laplacian and Gaussian pyramid are implemented and their comparative performance analysis is presented. The various performance metrics used are PSNR, amplification factor, execution time, intensity of color and motion magnification. The effect of changing the level of pyramid and amplification factor on the performance of particular method is also analyzed. With increase in the level of pyramid quality of magnification reduced, while for higher amplification factor (>200) output exploited drastically. Results reveal that the Eulerian video magnification method is fast and simple but supports small amplification factors while the phase-based method is very slow and complex but supports the large amplification factors. To get better performance of the video magnification method, it is required to develop a new method using hybrid approach and its scope can be further extended in biomedical field to measure the biological parameters.

Background: Dissection of the dead human body has been central to medical education since Renaissance. First year medical students normally experience a variety of emotional reactions and mixed feelings, when they encounter human cadavers for the frst time. Aims and Objective: First year medical students normally experience a variety of emotional reactions and mixed feelings, when they encounter human cadavers for the first time. The aim of the study was to study the difference in dissection hall experience of the male and female medical students over a period of time.Material and Methods: Total 178 students were given a questionnaire within 3-4 days and again 3 months after the start of dissection in the dissection hall. The students were asked to answer in either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ option.Results: All the symptoms were found to be decreased in both male and female students over a period of 3 months except lack of concentration in males. No statistical signifcant difference was found between the symptoms of male and female students.Conclusion: A better teacher – student interaction, pre-education sessions will help in improving the attitudes of students towards cadaveric dissection, thereby reducing the drop-out rates.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 86-89

A case of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in severe protein energy malnutrition child with associated celiac disease (CD) is herein reported. The case was a 4-year-old, severely malnourished female admitted to the tertiary level hospital of Western Rajasthan, due to watery diarrhea, pain abdomen, and vomiting, not responding to treatment. The patient was HIV negative, nondiabetic, had no evidence of tuberculosis, Liver Function Test, Renal Function Test were normal was within normal limits. She had microcytic hypochromic anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and serum Antitissue transglutaminase (anti tTG IgA)was 301.35 U/ML which confirmed the diagnosis of CD. Stool parasitological examination revealed numerous rhabditiform larvae of threadworm “S. stercoralis.” After treatment with gluten free diet and Albendazole and Ivermectin, the patient recovered without evidence of S. stercoralis in follow-up stool samples.

Introduction: Anatomical variation is defined as the normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures. The present study was planned to study anatomical variations in dry scapula of North Indian population and their comparison between males and females on both sides. Material and Methods: The study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, PGIMS, Rohtak, on fifty pairs of human scapulae, out of which thirty were males and twenty were females. Various anatomical variations were noted such as sulcus for circumflex scapular artery, costal facets, horizontal inferior border, scapular foramina, and facet on inferior surface of acromion process. Morphological types of tip of acromion process, inferior surface of acromion process, and superior border of scapula were studied. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides. Results: Majority of the anatomical variations were common in females in comparison to males. Discussion and Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical variations of scapula is the key to a successful outcome in the clinical setting.

To evaluate the development and management of cerebrovascular risk factors following a pregnancy with preeclampsia.This is a retrospective chart review including women diagnosed with preeclampsia between 2012 and 2013 with later encounters within 2014-2016. For each subject that met inclusion criteria, the development of cerebrovascular risk factors was determined using ICD codes within the 2014-2016 electronic medical record (EMR). For subjects who developed risk factors, current treatment was determined from the EMR. Demographic data was also documented. Differences in the development and treatment of risk factors were compared among racial groups and age. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SAS statistical software.Compared to prepregnancy health status, the incidence of hypertension increased by 1.7 times (P.05), hyperlipidemia increased by 4.5 (P.05), migraines increased by 2.2 (P.05), and diabetes mellitus increased by 2 (P.05) after a pregnancy with preeclampsia. Black non-Hispanics had highest rates of hypertension, obesity, and migraines (20.5%, 9.1%, and 6.8%, respectively.) Of hypertensives, 73.6% (42/57) were prescribed medication. Of diabetics, 88.9% (16/18) were prescribed medication. No patients with hyperlipidemia were prescribed a statin. Black non-Hispanics had higher rates of risk factor management (74.3% of hypertensives and 100% of diabetics treated) than white Hispanics (55% and 77.8%, respectively).This study shows a significant increased risk of the development of cerebrovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, migraines, and diabetes following a diagnosis of preeclampsia. Opportunities exist for the early treatment of these risk factors, which could reduce the long-term rate of stroke in these women.

Intrauterine devices are currently one of the leading forms of reversible contraception in the world. However, in approximately 10-25% of women, intrauterine devices can become malpositioned, leading to consequences including pain, bleeding, as well as possible decreased contraceptive efficacy.We sought to determine whether certain reproductive and uterine characteristics are associated with an increased risk of intrauterine device malposition. We hypothesized that anatomical characteristics such as the presence of any uterine anomalies, particularly congenital anomalies and fibroids that may lead to cavitary distortion, would be associated with a higher incidence of intrauterine device malposition.We conducted a retrospective case-control study in an academic medical center. All patients presenting for scheduled ultrasound appointments for gynecologic indication between June 2004 and February 2016 were included (1,253 ultrasound reports identified). Of these, 236 demonstrated malpositioned intrauterine devices. With a control group of 281 patients with normal intrauterine device location, a total of 517 patients were included in the study. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasounds were performed followed by 3-dimensional rendering (as per our institution's protocol for patients with intrauterine devices) using Voluson 730 and Voluson E8 ultrasound machines. Demographic and reproductive characteristics, indication for ultrasound, intrauterine device, and uterine characteristics were all extrapolated from the electronic medical record. χIn this study, we found a cumulative IUD malposition rate of 19%. In patients with malpositioned intrauterine devices, there was increased incidence of retroflexed uterine positions (7.6% vs 1.8%, P = .001), and all uterine anomalies (this includes septate and bicornuate uteri and fibroids, 31.9% vs 23.5%, P = .02) compared with controls. The anterior midline uterine position was more commonly noted in controls (28.5% vs 11%, P.001). A higher total number of fibroids was noted in the malpositioned group (3.7 vs 1.8, P = .01); however, fibroid size was not statistically significant. In particular, there was an increased incidence of submucosal fibroids in women with malpositioned intrauterine devices (P = .01). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that anterior midline position (odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.57) and absence of uterine anomalies (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93) were factors associated with a lower risk of IUD malposition; whereas vaginal bleeding (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.38-3.67), pain (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.84-4.44), or missing IUD strings at time of presentation (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.88-6.82) were associated with an increased risk of malposition.Retroflexed uterine positions and all uterine malformations are associated with higher incidence of malpositioned intrauterine devices. Presence of increased number of fibroids and specifically submucosal fibroids showed a positive association with intrauterine device malposition, as did symptoms of bleeding, pain, and missing IUD strings at time of presentation. These findings pertain to women presenting for gynecologic ultrasound evaluation and may not be generalizable to all women with IUDs.

Various methods are being used to smother the fire in the industry or offices. But these systems possess lots of shortcomings. For example, purely sensor based detection and the extinguishing system takes much longer time to detect fire and the water sprinklers sprays the whole area rather than specifically using it in fire affected area. It eventually damages the the costly machinery or important documents. So, a system based on image processing based fire detection technique and then a mechanical system to fastidiously smother it. Its biggest benefit is that it will be possible to detect the fire at comparatively early stage and extinguish it selectively so that the other unaffected areas of the room won't be damaged. This system is divided into three stages. First of all, fire is detected using image processing. Secondly, exact co-ordinates of the location of fire are determined. Then, an electro-mechanical system is built to fastidiously smother the fire without damaging other property. With this system, fire is detected at comparatively earlier stage than other present systems and its location is also traced which present systems aren't equipped to do. Proposed system is almost accurate as far as fastidious fire smothering is concerned and its accuracy is 94.44% when its fire detecting ability is taken into account.

Cervical pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy representing less than 1 % of all ectopic pregnancies. The implantation occurs in the cervical stroma below the level of the internal os. Failure to diagnose early, with continued progression of cervical ectopic pregnancy is associated with unpredictable occurrence of uncontrollable hemorrhage [1]. Early diagnosis is essential as it allows treatment with minimal intervention and reduction in overall morbidity and mortality. Different approaches have been described for conservative management of cervical ectopic pregnancy aimed at preserving future fertility. These include systemic or local methotrexate injection with intra-amniotic needle aspiration of fluid, local potassium chloride injection, dilatation and curettage, amputation of the cervix or partial trachelectomy [2]. Interventions employed in conservative management to decrease hemorrhage are intra-cervical tamponade with a Foley catheter, angiographic uterine artery occlusion, internal iliac artery ligation and cervical cerclage. However, there is still the potential for conservative management to fail and result in severe hemorrhage warranting surgical management such as definitive hysterectomy. Due to the rarity of cervical ectopic pregnancies and advanced cervical ectopic pregnancies historically being managed surgically, there is a lack of information in the literature on conservative management of advanced cervical ectopic pregnancies. At our institution, we successfully managed conservatively a second trimester cervical ectopic pregnancy at 15 weeks gestation [3]. We describe in this case report our experience on conservative management of a cervical ectopic pregnancy at 20 weeks gestation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a 20-week cervical ectopic pregnancy successfully managed conservatively followed by a subsequent live term uncomplicated delivery.

Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm which has become today's hottest research area due to its abil- ity to reduce the costs associated with computing. In today's era, it is most interesting and enticing technology which is offering the services to its users on demand over the internet. Since Cloud Computing stores the data and disseminated re- sources in the open environment, security has become the main obstacle which is hampering the deployment of Cloud environments. Even though the Cloud Computing is promising and efficient, there are many challenges for data security as there is no vicinity of the data for the Cloud user. To ensure the security of data, we proposed a method by implementing homomorphic encryption. Security issues and issues regarding homomorphic algorithm is also introduced.

Objective: To compare blood loss and need for blood transfusions in women who underwent abdominal myomectomies after receiving vasopressin or combined vasopressin and tourniquet. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed reviewing abdominal myomectomies that took place at our institution. Subjects were divided into three groups: no intervention, vasopressin, or combined vasopressin and tourniquet. Blood loss, need for blood transfusion, and drop in hemoglobin and hematocrit were compared across all groups. Results: One-hundred and thirty-two subjects were included in the study. No statistically significant difference was found between groups in blood loss, drop in hemoglobin or hematocrit, or blood transfusions. Conclusion: Combined vasopressin and tourniquets was not associated with a statistically significant decrease in blood loss or need for blood transfusion.

The knowledge of variations of blood vessels of kidney is important during operative and diagnostic procedures. The present study contributes in making the clinicians aware of possible variations in renal vascular pedicle. 48 kidney specimens were studied for renal vessels in the Department of Anatomy, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Out of 48 specimens, two kidneys were found to have anomalous vasculature. One kidney (Right Side) was observed to have triple renal veins along with an accessory renal artery. One other kidney (Left Side) exhibited triple renal artery. The study is being carried out till date and is planned for an extensive research for another few years to review and to collect more data in this perspective.