Search

New and little-known terrestrial slugs are dealt with based on extensive collections made in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda) 1993–2007. This account deals primarily with larger species from forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. In Veronicellidae, Pseudoveronicella Germain, 1908 is extended to Tanzania by P. (Hoffmannia) zootoca tanzaniensis subsp. n. in the Udzungwa Mts. In Urocyclidae, Dendrolimax parensis sp. n. is described from the Pare Mts. and Leptichnoides avisexcrementis sp. n. is described from the Uluguru Mts. In Urocyclinae, Tanzalimax tattersfieldi gen. & sp. n. is described from the Usambara Mts., Tanzalimax seddonae gen. & sp. n. from the Uluguru Mts., and Udzungwalimax suminis gen. & sp. n. from the Udzungwa Mts. In addition, the ill-defined genus Atrichotoxon Simroth, 1910 is discussed and the little-known Dendrolimax leprosus Pollonera, 1906 is reported from Uganda. In Agriolimacidae, a species of Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820 is reported for the first time from southern Tanzania. The taxonomic attribution and significance of each discovery is discussed.

Genus Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912 Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912a: 128. Type species Helix symmetrica Craven, 1880, by subsequent designation (Connolly 1912: 111). Remarks Watson (1934), Connolly (1939) and Zilch (1959 ���60) treated Microkerkus as a synonym of Kerkophorus, a conclusion justified by the minimal diagnosis provided by Godwin-Austen (1912a). However, there are consistent differences in the morphology of the male distal genitalia of Microkerkus that clearly set it apart from Kerkophorus and other members of Sheldonia s.l. Specifically, the epiphallus is generally longer, the caecum is small, globose rather than elongate, and it is situated more or less in the middle of the epiphallus, rather than adjacent to the penial retractor muscle. Furthermore, the tail of the spermatophore is bifid, comprising a spinose element and a secondary smooth element that branches from it. In terms of the relative length of the two elements of the spermatophore tail, Microkerkus appears divisible into two groups. Typically, after the bifurcation the smooth element is much longer than the spinose element (M. symmetricus, M. maseruensis (Connolly, 1929) and M. arnotti (Benson, 1864)), but in others the two elements, after splitting, are more or less equal in length (M. burnupi (Godwin-Austen, 1914), M. leucospira (Pfeiffer, 1857) and M. pondoensis Godwin-Austen, 1912). This difference is also evident in the morphology of the flagellum, the latter group having a clearly bifid flagellum. (The figure of the genitalia of M. symmetricus given by Godwin-Austen (1914: pl. 19, fig. 2) is almost certainly misidentified and in fact represent a species of Kerkophorus.) Shell morphology is variable; the shell surface may be lustreless or glossy, the protoconch smooth or spirally lirate, but always lacks punctations; the umbilicus may be relatively broad, narrowly rimate or absent; the coloration is usually uniform, though the apical whorls may be paler, and there is never a brown peripheral spiral band., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on page 28, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Godwin-Austen H. H. 1912 a. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae - Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 9: 122 - 139. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18638879 [accessesd 7 Mar. 2017].","Connolly M. 1912. A revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 11: 59 - 306.","Watson H. 1934. Natalina and other South African snails. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 21: 150 - 193.","Connolly M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: 1 - 660.","Zilch A. 1959 - 60. Euthyneura. In: Wenz W. (ed.) Gastropoda. Handbuch der Palaozoologie 6 (2). Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin.","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1914. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae - Part III. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 13: 449 - 472. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18641208 [accessed 9 Mar. 2017]."]}

Key to genera within Sheldonias.l. 1. Epiphallic caecum arising close to penis apex and adjacent to insertion of penial retractor muscle (Fig. 1A) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 ��� Epiphallic caecum arising nearer to mid-point of epiphallus (Fig. 1 B���C) ������������������������������3 2. Flagellum short and stout (Fig. 1D); epiphallus short; vas deferens thick, long and convoluted; spermatophore tail plumose (Fig. 1E);protoconch spirally punctate ��������� Ptilototheca Herbert, 2016 ��� Flagellum longer, divided into distinct f1 and f2 components (Fig. 1A); vas deferens slender and relatively short, not convoluted; spermatophore tail with branched spines (Fig. 1F), but not plumose; protoconch smooth (rarely spirally lirate), not punctate. ��������� Kerkophorus Godwin-Austen, 1912 3. Epiphallic caecum small and globular (Fig. 1B); spermatophore tail bifid (Fig. 1G) ������������������ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912 ��� Epiphallic caecum large, cylindrical and usually curved (Fig. 1C); spermatophore tail not bifid ���4 4. Protoconch spirally punctate or with numerous, close-set, incised spiral microstriae; nonspinose distal portion of spermatophore tail long, the subterminal region with short, stout projections on both sides (Fig. 1H, inset) ��������������������������������� Sheldonia s.s. Ancey, 1887 ��� Protoconch essentially smooth; non-spinose distal portion of spermatophore tail short, lacking lateral projections (Fig. 1I, arrow) ������������������������������������������������ Selatodryas gen. nov. This key must be considered provisional and is provided as a guide to the identification of the existing supra-specific taxa within Sheldonia s.l. However, there remain taxa within Sheldonia s.l. that do not fit well into any of these taxa (e.g., Sheldonia monsmaripi Herbert, 2016 and S. wolkbergensis Herbert, 2016). Establishing the true relationships of these enigmatic species will require additional insights from molecular data. Furthermore, even within these genera, there is significant variation and future research may reveal that this encompasses additional lineages worthy of recognition as distinct genera, particularly within Kerkophorus and Microkerkus. Construction of a key should thus be viewed as an iterative process, for which this is a first step., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Ancey C. F. 1887. Descriptions of new genera or subgenera of Helicidae. Conchologist's Exchange 1 (9 - 10): 53 - 54."]}

Genus Kerkophorus Godwin-Austen, 1912 Kerkophorus Godwin-Austen, 1912a: 127. Type species (original designation) Zingis inuncta Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899. ? Andrarion Godwin-Austen, 1912b: 582. Type species (monotypy) Andrarion pumilio Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909. Remarks Kerkophorus includes both arboreal and ground-dwelling species exhibiting relatively diverse shell morphology and considerable variation in the form of the male distal genitalia. The shells may be glossy or lustreless, lenticular to sub-globose, uniformly coloured, bicoloured or peripherally banded, and the genital atrium may or may not be enlarged and possess a fleshy stimulator. In general, however, all have a non-punctate protoconch, a rimate umbilicus, a relatively short epiphallus and the caecum is large and elongate, arising very close to the insertion of the penial retractor muscle. In addition, the spermatophore usually has a single tail, its spines are antler-like, terminating in deeply V-shaped bifurcations, with slender, pointed tips, and the spineless distal portion of the tail is relatively short and lacks lateral projections. However, some of these characters are not without exception and in reality Kerkophorus itself almost certainly encompasses a number of distinct sub-lineages, as exemplified by Kerkophorus s.s. (arboreal, lenticular), K. puzeyi (Connolly, 1939) and K. scrobicolus sp. nov. (arboreal with bifid spermatophore tail), K. poeppigii (Pfeiffer, 1846) (ground-dwelling, sub-globose) and K. perlevis (ground-dwelling, lenticular), and probably others (cf. K. terrestris sp. nov., below). In Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912, which Watson (1934) and Connolly (1939) considered a synonym of Kerkophorus, the epiphallus is much longer and the caecum is small, globose rather than elongate, and it is situated closer to the middle of the epiphallus, rather than adjacent to the insertion of the penial retractor muscle. In addition, the tail of the spermatophore is bifid in Microkerkus. Godwin-Austen (1912b) provided very limited data to support his taxon Andrarion and it remains poorly known. Like Watson (1934), I believe that it may have been based on juvenile specimens of a species of Kerkophorus (Herbert 2016) and I consider that it is best treated as a synonym thereof., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Godwin-Austen H. H. 1912 a. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae - Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 9: 122 - 139. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18638879 [accessesd 7 Mar. 2017].","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1912 b. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae - Part II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 9: 569 - 585. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18639326 [accessed 9 Mar. 2017].","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1914. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae - Part III. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 13: 449 - 472. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18641208 [accessed 9 Mar. 2017].","Connolly M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: 1 - 660.","Watson H. 1934. Natalina and other South African snails. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 21: 150 - 193."]}

Kerkophorus terrestris sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CE081A36-1D43-4736-8BE3-15D3677FD0D6 Figs 15���19 Diagnosis Rendered distinctive by the fine but well-defined spiral sculpture on the protoconch, silky texture of the apical surface, lack of a peripheral brown spiral line, and the relatively wide umbilicus. Etymology From the Latin ��� terra ���, earth, and ��� terrestris ���, of the earth; referring to the ground-dwelling habit of the species. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, Mbhashe River valley, Collywobbles, beside thatched picnic site, 32.00442�� S, 28.58172�� E, 510 m, valley thicket, in leaf-litter under bushes and aloes, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., st. 06-010, 20 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W3979/T3862, dry shell with body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed north to south, all E Cape) SOUTH AFRICA: Port St Johns area, crater-like travertine deposit on S side of Umzimvubu River valley, 31.52053�� S, 29.45662�� E, 90 m, valley thicket, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis and M. Bursey leg., 22 Apr. 2005 (NMSA W2933/T3863, 18 dry shells with three bodies and two whole juveniles in ethanol; RMNH.5004185, one dry shell); Port St Johns, Mt Thesiger, near airstrip (Mpembeni), 31.61�� S, 29.52�� E, 365 m, M. Hamer leg., 20 Jun. 1998 (NMSA V6515/T3859, three dry shells with bodies and one whole specimen in ethanol); Port St Johns, vicinity of Mpembeni airstrip, 31.60785�� S, 29.51461�� E, 364 m, grassland/rocky outcrop, in rock crevice, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 12 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W4134/T3860, two dry shells with bodies in ethanol, plus one whole juvenile in ethanol); Mthatha area, Buntingville, approx. 31.652�� S, 28.883��E, approx. 650 m, Miss J.F. Barrett leg., ex Transvaal Museum 1978 (NMSA W1399/T3861, two dry shells); Mbhashe River valley, Collywobbles, overlooking vulture colony, 32.00396�� S, 28.59530�� E, 585 m, sparse valley thicket invaded with Lantana, in leaf-litter under aloes and bushes, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., st. 06-011, 20 Feb. 2006 (NHMUK 20160242, one dry shell; NMSA W4076/T3390, eight dry shells with one body in ethanol); Kei Pass, 32.49364�� S, 27.99175�� E, 282 m, valley thicket, under rock, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 23 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W4172/T3391, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Sihota, W bank of Kei River, approx. 2.5 km upstream of Kei Bridge, below Moordenaars Kop, 32.50445�� S, 27.94945�� E, 200 m, alive in soil under fallen Aloe ferox, M. Cole leg., 9 Jan. 2008 (ELM D15947 /T158, one dry shell; ELM D15815 /T159, 65 dry shells; NMSA W6387/T3858, 10 dry shells with two bodies and one whole juvenile in ethanol). Description SHELL (Fig. 16). Lenticular, but spire remaining relatively prominent; periphery at mid-whorl, evenly rounded; H:D 0.63���0.73 (N=19); suture shallowly indented, inserting above periphery; thin, translucent, pale brownish-yellow to straw-brown when fresh, colour more or less uniform, peripheral brown spiral line absent; apical surface silky, lustreless, base somewhat more glossy. Protoconch diameter 1.47��� 1.67 mm (N=5); junction with teleoconch usually weakly marked; sculpture comprising numerous fine but distinct, close-set microscopic incised spiral striae (Fig. 16E); no evidence of punctation. Teleoconch of up to 3.5 whorls; coiling relatively tight, whorls not expanding rapidly; spiral sculpture of protoconch continues on first whorl, becoming progressively finer with growth, but remaining evident on last adult whorl in form of exceptionally fine and close-set, microscopic spiral lines, giving surface its silky sheen; slightly coarser axial lines also evident in places, but mostly inconspicuous; spiral microsculpture obsolete on base and surface more glossy; teleoconch otherwise only with uneven growth irregularities. Umbilicus open and relatively wide. Aperture roundly and obliquely lunate, upper portion of columella lip strongly reflected and partially obscuring umbilicus. Diameter up to 13.7 mm; holotype, diameter 13.1 mm, height 8.3 mm. LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 17). Head-foot colour variable, some specimens pale greyish-brown with yellowishorange pigment granules concentrated in skin tubercles and along pedal margin (Fig. 17A), others with a distinctly reddish hue (Fig. 17B); mantle lobes of similar coloration to body, pigmentation more dense near pneumostome; tentacles and tip of caudal appendage dark grey. Spire viscera and lining of pulmonary cavity with numerous irregular yellowish-white blotches and little dark pigmentation except for a band of dark pigment overlying primary ureter, and a narrow black line on mantle margin beneath outer lip of shell. RADULA (Fig. 18). Formula R+(9���10)+(1���2)+(60���70); rachidian tricuspid, somewhat asymmetrical; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved, bearing a large terminal cusp with a smaller subterminal cusp on outer (concave) margin, followed by a series of small, indistinct and irregular serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 19 A���C). Penis with a distinct S-shaped bend or kink in mid-region, dividing it into a relatively slender apical portion and a somewhat broader basal portion, the whole encased in a thin sheath; retractor muscle attached to penis apex. Lumen of basal portion of penis with numerous, fine, close-set papillae and with two thickened pilasters in its lower half that extend from folds in upper part of atrium; lumen of apical portion of penis with slender longitudinal folds; no evidence of a penial verge. Epiphallus very short; caecum well developed, arising close to penis���epiphallus junction, near origin of penial retractor muscle; caecum elongate, longer than epiphallus, its tip somewhat swollen. Flagellum divided into two portions; basal portion (f1) broader and with distinct transverse internal structure; apical portion (f2) longer and more slender, with a tube-like central core. Junction of epiphallus and flagellum, at insertion of vas deferens, with opaque white contents; vas deferens simple and slender. Genital atrium swollen, internal wall with a well-developed stimulator projecting into atrial lumen below opening of vagina; additional folds running from base of stimulator toward penis base; stimulator flaccid rather than muscular, its contracted shape variable between individuals; vagina long; gametolytic sac ovate and thin-walled, its duct relatively short; base of free oviduct swollen, yellowish-brown; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 19D). Elbowed, with a slender elongate capsule (length approx. 4.6 mm) and a very long, complexly coiled tail; proximal portion of tail smooth, followed by �� 1.5 coils bearing a single row of approx. 35 rather short and stout, branched spines; proximal 3���4 spines rapidly increasing in size, those in mid-region of more or less uniform size, then decreasing gradually in size toward spineless region; spines flabellate, terminating in shallowly and broadly V-shaped bifurcations, some almost T-shaped; distal half of tail lacking spines, very slender and somewhat randomly looped and entwined upon itself. Distribution (Fig. 15) A relatively narrow-range endemic, known only from the southern portion of the Transkei region, E Cape, South Africa, specifically the lower catchments of the Umzimvubu, Mbhashe and Kei rivers, and smaller intervening rivers; from 90 m to 650 m above sea level. Habitat Found primarily in the Eastern Valley Bushveld (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); ground-dwelling, living under rocks and fallen aloes, in leaf-litter beneath bushes and in crevices in rock outcrops. Remarks Kerkophorus terrestris sp. nov. is a well characterised species that can be confused with few others. The combination of distinct spiral sculpture on the protoconch, lustreless surface and open umbilicus is exhibited by few other southern African urocyclids. Having said this, the species is very similar to Sheldonia crawfordi (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890) from the southern and eastern Karoo. In that species, however, the protoconch has the distinctive punctations with both an axial and spiral alignment seen in many species of Sheldonia s.s. It also attains a considerably larger size (diameter up to 21 mm). The spermatophore of K. terrestris sp. nov. is atypical for the genus in having only a single row of spines, and in these being relatively short and stout, with shallowly bifurcating branch tips. Spines of this form are more typical of Sheldonia s.s., but species of that genus also have a double row of nodules on the distal portion of the spermatophore tail (cf. S. fingolandensis sp. nov., below). The atypical spermatophore, together with the long vagina and distinct spiral microsculpture on the protoconch, set K. terrestris sp. nov. apart from other members of Kerkophorus, suggesting perhaps that it belongs to a separate lineage. Conservation The distribution of Kerkophorus terrestris sp. nov. extends for approximately 180 km along the coastal hinterland of the Transkei region of E Cape. In this region there are few formally protected areas and none of the localities at which this species has been recorded fall within such areas. Conservation of the species will depend upon the preservation of its favoured Eastern Valley Bushveld habitats. Currently such habitats are viewed as ���least threatened��� (Mucina & Rutherford 2006), although alien invasive plants are a concern. Though not wide-ranging, where it occurs, K. terrestris sp. nov. is not rare and there is little to suggest that the species is under threat. Nonetheless, its limited range could provide additional motivation for the designation of protected areas in Eastern Valley Bushveld habitats, particularly in the lower reaches of the Umzimvubu, Mbhashe and Kei river valleys. Currently, less than 1% of this vegetation type is formally protected (Mucina & Rutherford 2006)., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 23-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Microkerkus sibaya sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F4AD8FEE-EF1A-498A-B16A-CD7B60073056 Figs 6, 20���22 Diagnosis Shell globose-lenticular, lustreless, pale corneous brown, with irregular axial bands of short oblique white lines; protoconch non-punctate, but with distinct microspiral sculpture; columella straight, umbilicus present. Epiphallus long with a small, globular caecum just distal to mid-point; flagellum not bifid, with a long, loosely coiled f2. Etymology Name derived from the type locality, Lake Sibaya, in Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal, Lake Sibaya area, E of lake, approx. 27.35�� S, 32.68�� E, dune forest, B.H. Lamoral leg., Jul. 1967 (NMSA V6958/T4169, dry shell with body in ethanol). Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA: same data as holotype (NMSA P0658/T4170, three dry shells with bodies in ethanol). Description SHELL (Fig. 20). Globose-lenticular, spire relatively low; periphery at or close to mid-whorl, evenly rounded; H:D 0.77���0.78 (N=3); suture rather distinctly indented, inserting above periphery; thin, translucent pale corneous brown, with short oblique white lines, often arranged in irregular axial bands; surface satin-like, peri-umbilical region somewhat more glossy. Protoconch diameter 1.8���1.9 mm (N=2); junction with teleoconch poorly defined; sculptured with very fine, close-set, microscopic spiral lirae. Teleoconch of up to 2.25 whorls; sculpture similar to that on protoconch, but finer, producing satin-like shell surface; no axial component evident in microsculpture; growth-lines few on spire whorls, but more frequent on body whorl. Columella relatively straight, upper portion reflected, creating a distinct umbilical channel. Aperture somewhat D-shaped, indented by penultimate whorl in parietal region. Diameter up to 10.9 mm; holotype, diameter 10.0 mm, height 7.7 mm. LIVING ANIMAL. Only the original specimens in 75% ethanol are available. Most of the colour in these has been lost and the head-foot and pulmonary cavity are now largely milky-white; the spire viscera apical to the pulmonary cavity are mid-brown with frequent sub-circular cream blotches in the superficial tissue. RADULA (Fig. 21). Formula R+9+(2���3)+(30���40); rachidian tricuspid, mesocone slender; anterior margin of shaft base not indented in mid-line; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 2���3 teeth of intermediate shape; marginals relatively few in number, curved with a large terminal cusp and a weak subterminal one on outer (concave) margin; shaft lacking serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 22). Penis elongate and cylindrical, looped upon itself in mid-region and surrounded by a thin sheath; retractor muscle attached to penis apex; penis thin-walled, basal half slightly broader; lumen lining not well preserved, but with evidence of longitudinal folds; no evidence of a penial verge. Epiphallus relatively long, with a small globose caecum just distal to mid-point. Flagellum well developed, basal portion (f1) broader and with distinct transverse internal structure; distal portion (f2) more slender, with 1���2 loose coils; proximal part of epiphallus, close to insertion of vas deferens, with opaque white contents; vas deferens simple and slender, running beside vagina and free oviduct to join spermoviduct. Genital atrium small, lacking stimulator. Vagina of moderate length; gametolytic sac elongate-ovate, thin-walled, its duct relatively short; free oviduct not conspicuously enlarged; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE. Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 6) Known only from the type locality. Habitat Northern Coastal Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Remarks The genital morphology of this species is typical of Microkerkus and I have little hesitation in referring it therein. The form of the flagellum with a long f2 resembles that of M. maseruensis and M. symmetricus, and is quite distinct from the bifid flagellum found in M. burnupi, M. leucospira and M. pondoensis. In terms of shell morphology, perhaps the most similar species is M. chrysoprasinus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892), but in that species the shell is more globose and the f2 portion of the flagellum is much shorter. The occurrence of a species of Microkerkus close to the coast of northern Maputaland is somewhat surprising. The majority of Microkerkus species occur at high altitude (800 m to over 3000 m). The only other species occurring below this are M. leucospira and M. pondoensis, which favour open grassland and marsh habitats along the coast and coastal scarp of central and southern KwaZulu-Natal and northeastern E Cape. The irregular axial bands of short oblique white lines on the shell of this species are an unusual feature. I have not observed similar markings on the shells of any other southern African urocyclids. Although these are present in the shells of all four specimens available and may perhaps be distinctive of M. sibaya sp. nov., there is a possibility that they are in fact a preservation artefact. The intact specimens were preserved in ethanol for more than 40 years prior to the bodies being removed from the shells and the latter were then stored dry. There has undoubtedly been some deterioration in the substance of the shell, including partial decalcification close to the growing margin. These unusual lines may be a further manifestation of preservation-related damage rather than a species-specific character. Conservation Little can be said regarding the conservation of Microkerkus sibaya sp. nov. It is clearly a data deficient species for which targeted field work is needed. The type locality falls within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site and is thus afforded a high level of protection., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 28-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Selatodryas luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3527BF02-E261-4D1A-9978-5460F2BDD562 Figs 15, 27���30 Diagnosis Characterised by the relatively small, low-spired, glossy yellowish-brown shell, non-punctate protoconch and columella that runs into the axis of coiling rather than fusing with the parietal region. Distal genitalia with short flagellum, of which f1 comprises only one whorl. Etymology From the Latin ��� luteus ���, yellow, and the Greek ��� soma ���, body; referring to the yellow coloration of the living animal. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, Langeni area, Nocu Forest, 31.41547�� S, 28.49998�� E, ca 1190 m, large block of indigenous forest, alive on understorey herbs (Begonia and Plectranthus), D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., st. 06-004, 18 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W3925/T3873, dry shell with body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed north to south, all E Cape) SOUTH AFRICA: Mount Frere area, just S of Buffalo Nek village, 10 km NW of Mount Frere, 30.854799�� S, 28.892971�� E, 1466 m, M. and K. Cole leg., 7 Apr. 2015 (ELM W3857/T161, whole specimen in ethanol); Langeni area, Cwecwe Forest, 31.388900�� S, 28.565878�� E, 1149 m, M. Cole and V. Ndibo leg., 25 Jan. 2013 (ELM W3730/T160, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Langeni area, Jenca Valley, 31.36593�� S, 28.55727�� E, ca 1420 m, small piece of indigenous forest in rocky valley above escarpment, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., 18 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W3937/T3876, 2 dry shells with bodies in ethanol); same data as holotype (NHMUK 20160243, one dry shell; NMSA W9691/T3874, seven dry shells, with seven bodies and one whole specimen in ethanol; W4279/T3875, 6 dry shells). Other material SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, Langeni area, Nocu Forest, 31.4185�� S, 28.5037�� E, 1090 m, Afromontane Podocarpus forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert leg., 13 May 2001 (NMSA V9083). Description SHELL (Fig. 27). Lenticular; periphery at mid-whorl or slightly below, evenly rounded; H:D 0.61���0.68 (N =6); suture indented, inserting above periphery; very thin and delicate; translucent, more or less uniformly yellowish-brown; apical and basal surfaces both glossy. Protoconch diameter 1.68���1.75 mm (N =5); smooth and glossy, sculptured only by extremely fine, close-set, microscopic scratch-like spiral lines; no evidence of punctation; junction with teleoconch poorly defined. Teleoconch of up to 2.25 whorls; whorls expanding moderately rapidly; spiral sculpture virtually obsolete, later whorls with only the finest traces of microscopic, close-set, wavy, spiral ripples, even weaker on base; teleoconch otherwise only with weak, uneven growth irregularities, most evident below suture. Umbilicus absent, edge of columella lip reflected and slightly thickened with a thin, whitish callus; columella running into axis of coiling rather than fusing with parietal region; aperture roundly lunate. Diameter up to 11.7 mm; holotype, diameter 10.5 mm, height 6.7 mm. LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 28). Head-foot ground colour pale greyish-cream, with pale yellowish pigment granules concentrated in skin tubercles and along pedal margin; optic tentacles and their retractors dark grey to black, tentacle bases speckled with yellowish pigment granules; caudal appendage well developed, dark grey. Body lobes of mantle extensive, pigmentation yellowish-buff and more dense than neck region, shell lobes well developed. Lining of pulmonary cavity with little pigmentation except for an opaque, cream-yellow subsutural band overlying rectal region; this spreading out over viscera posterior to pulmonary cavity, becoming restricted to irregularly shaped blotches on mid-spire viscera; apical viscera with rather more extensive, finely reticulate, cream pigmentation; no dark pigment band overlying primary ureter, kidney region yellowish-buff. RADULA (Fig. 29). Formula R+10+(1���2)+(70���80); rachidian tricuspid, anterior edge of shaft base minimally indented in mid-line; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; shaft of laterals roundly quadrate, more or less in line with mesocone (cf. S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. above); laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved, with a large terminal cusp and a smaller subterminal one on outer (concave) margin, outer edge of shaft with a series of small serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 30 A���C).As in Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov., but with characteristic differences relating primarily to flagellum and spermatophore. In S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov., f1 component of flagellum shorter, comprising only one whorl; f2 similarly short in both species; additionally, flange at base of penis slightly closer to genital atrium. Gametolytic sac frequently containing allospermatophores (up to three; specimens collected in February). SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 30D). Similar to that of Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov., but tail shorter (tail length approx. 4.5 mm) and coiled into only one revolution; early part of tail with short, branched spines with 3���4 T-shaped tips; spines progressively smaller and with fewer branches toward tail tip, but final 4���5 spines significantly larger, curved, un-branched and their tips pointed rather than T-shaped. Distribution (Fig. 15) A narrow-range endemic, known only from the edge of the Great Escarpment in the Mount Frere��� Langeni area, north and west of Mthatha, E Cape, South Africa; at altitudes between 1090 m and 1470 m above sea level. Habitat Southern Mistbelt Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); living in leaf-litter and on foliage of understorey herbs and forbs. Remarks Selatodryas luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. is clearly close to S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. from the neighbouring Prentjiesberg. In terms of shape and sculpture, the shells of the two species are virtually indistinguishable. However, that of S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. attains a larger size (diameter up to 15 mm) and usually has a slightly greenish tint when fresh. There are additional differences in body colour, S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. having a predominantly yellowish coloration with extensive pigmentation on the spire viscera, whereas S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. has a predominantly reddishpink head-foot with little pigmentation on the spire viscera. There are also significant differences in the distal genitalia and spermatophore structure. In S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. the basal component of the flagellum (f1) is twisted through approximately three whorls (only one in S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov.), a difference reflected also in the coiling of the spermatophore tail. The spermatophore spines are also more extensively branched in S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. and the un-branched distal spines have T-shaped tips (pointed in S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov.). The consistency of these characters has been confirmed in several specimens of each species. A further difference between the species is evident in the radula, where the shaft of the lateral teeth is more or less square and in line with the mesocone in S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov., but in S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. the shaft is rectangular and set at a distinct angle relative to the mesocone. The ranges of the two species are focused on escarpment-edge forest habitats spanning two altitudinal ranges��� S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. at ca 1100���1470 m in the Langeni���Mount Frere area west and north of Mthatha and S. roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. at ca 1380���1700 m in the Prentjiesberg west of Ugie and Maclear. The two escarpments are separated by only ca 50 km, but this has evidently been sufficient to isolate the populations and promote speciation. The overall similarity of the species suggests that they are phylogenetically close, but the consistent differences, particularly in flagellum and spermatophore structure, provide strong evidence that speciation has occurred and that the two populations are distinct species-level entities, most probably sister species. In terms of body coloration, S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. resembles ��� Sheldonia ��� transvaalensis (Craven, 1880), particularly with regard to the yellowish-cream pigment blotches on the spire whorls. However, in ��� S ���. transvaalensis the shell is more globose and has a conventional, rimate umbilicus, albeit narrow. Its penis is also not distally coiled or folded within its sheath, the epiphallic caecum is small and spherical, the flagellum is bifid, and the vagina is comparatively short. As noted by Watson (1934), it is closer to species that I consider referable to Microkerkus (e.g., M. burnupi, M. leucospira and M. pondoensis). Like S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov., the recently described velvet worm, Opisthopatus amaxhosa Daniels, Dambire, Klaus & Sharma, 2016, is narrowly endemic to the escarpment forests west of Mthatha (Daniels et al. 2016). Conservation As with Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov., the limited range of S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. renders its conservation a matter of concern. The forests in which it occurs do not fall within formally protected areas, although a degree of oversight may be exercised by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Extensive exotic timber plantations surround the remaining pockets of indigenous forest in this area and represent a potential disturbance threat, particularly with regard to invasive alien plants and perhaps also non-native invertebrates dispersed via the sylviculture industry (Herbert 2010). Uncontrolled burning in neighbouring grassland habitats may represent an additional threat., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 38-42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.","Watson H. 1934. Natalina and other South African snails. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 21: 150 - 193.","Daniels S. R., Dambire C., Klaus S. & Sharma P. P. 2016. Unmasking alpha diversity, cladogenesis and biogeographical patterning in an ancient panarthropod lineage (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Opisthopatus cinctipes) with the description of five novel species. Cladistics 32 (5): 506 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12154"]}

Kerkophorus vittarubra sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B 8D472 B 5- F 565-47 B 1- B 8D2-FDACFD810 B 3 F Figs 6���10 Sheldonia inuncta (non Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) ��� Connolly 1939: 145 (in part). ��� Herbert & Kilburn 2004: 264 (in part), un-numbered figure. Diagnosis Shell characterised by its large size, weakly angled periphery, elevated spire, silky surface, narrow redbrown peripheral line slightly above mid-whorl and large protoconch. Genital atrium large, containing a well-developed stimulator. Etymology From the Latin ��� vitta ���, f., ribbon and the Latin ��� ruber, rubra ���, red; referring to the infernal bureaucratic red tape now bedevilling scientific endeavour (and the red-brown peripheral spiral line on the shell). Noun in apposition. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal, Maphelane, 28.4050�� S, 32.4217�� E, 0���60 m, dune forest, on understorey vegetation, D. Plisko leg., May 1997 (NMSA P0353/T4061, dry shell with body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed north to south, all KwaZulu-Natal) SOUTH AFRICA: Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, Manzimbomvu-Ozabeni area, 27.6167�� S, 32.5500�� E, woodland, under leaves, G. Davies leg., 28 May 2006 (NMSA W4283/T4042, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Cape Vidal, 28.128�� S, 32.550�� E, dune forest, P. Reavell leg., 1 Dec. 1978 (NMSA W2277/ T4047, four dry shells); same data as holotype (NHMUK 20160241, one dry shell; NMSA V4725/T4062, six dry shells with bodies in ethanol; RMNH.5004184, one dry shell); Maphelane, forest between dunes and Umfolozi swamp, 28.407�� S, 32.418�� E, 0���15 m, on vegetation, abundant, D. Herbert leg., 30 Nov. 1995 (NMSA V 2194 /T4044, 51 dry shells with 46 bodies in ethanol); Ongoye Forest, 28.830767�� S, 31.736298�� E, 307 m, M. and K. Cole and G. Williams-Wynn leg., 11 Apr. 2015 (ELM W3904/T155, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Ongoye Forest, 28.83617�� S, 31.71252�� E, 327 m, on understorey trees and bushes, C. Stoffels leg., 9 Jan. 2014 (NMSA W9692/T4046, seven dry shells with bodies in ethanol, plus one whole specimen in ethanol); Eshowe, 28.885�� S, 31.468�� E, 500 m, Falcon collection (NMSA A8166/T4043, 37 dry shells with 11 bodies in ethanol); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, 28.893419�� S, 31.451602�� E, on Dracaena leaf, M. Cole leg., 13 Jan. 2010 (ELM W3447/T154, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, 28.90�� S, 31.45�� E, 500 m, scarp forest, on Tabernaemontana leaf, D. Eckard leg., 4 Sep. 1997 (NMSA V5270/T4045, three dry shells). Other material (listed north to south, all KwaZulu-Natal, NMSA) SOUTH AFRICA: St Lucia, Eastern Shores, 28.175�� S, 32.500�� E, swamp forest, on Barringtonia racemosa leaves, P. Reavell leg., 5 Jan. 1990 (S869); Greater St Lucia, near St Lucia River mouth, 28.38213�� S, 32.41981�� E, dune forest, attached to understorey vegetation, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart- Fox leg., 17 Dec. 2003 (W4301); St Lucia Village, forest walk, coastal lowland forest, on low vegetation, D. Herbert leg., 19 Oct. 1997 (V5380); Maphelane, 28.4033�� S, 32.2034�� E, dune forest, H. van der Bank et al. leg., 17 Oct. 2011 (W8617) (CO 1 barcode vouchers, BIN ABW7223); Maphelane, 28.4050�� S, 32.4217�� E, dune forest, R. Kilburn leg., 11 Jan. 1983 (B6045), O. Bourquin leg., 15 Jul. 1981 (B6046, V7216), S. Mclean leg., 16 Jul. 1987 (E1100), R. Kilburn, D. Herbert and R. Fregona leg., 10 May 1987 (E382), D. Morgan leg., 16 Feb. 1991 (S3401), D. Herbert leg., 30 Dec. 1995 (V2274), D. Plisko leg., 1 May 1997 (V5017); Maphelane area, 28.51162�� S, 32.39775�� E, on road to lighthouse, R. Kilburn, D. Herbert and R. Fregona leg., 13 May 1987 (E360); Enseleni Nature Reserve, 28.64410�� S, 31.96180�� E, coastal forest, on understorey vegetation, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 11 Nov. 2006 (W4705); Enseleni Nature Reserve, 28.6917�� S, 32.0070�� E, coastal forest, crawling over leaf-litter, D. Herbert leg., 13 Apr. 1997 (V4803); Enseleni Nature Reserve, 28.6917�� S, 32.0070�� E, in Barringtonia forest beside lake, D. Herbert leg., 15 Jan. 1995 (V656); Richards Bay area, S of Nhlabane River, 28.717�� S, 32.170�� E, at base of dunes, G. Anderson leg., 20 May 1996 (V3929); Empangeni, 12 km N of Mdibi swamp forest, 28.7519�� S, 32.0794�� E, on leaves, P. Reavell leg., 1 Mar. 1998 (V6526); Ongoye Forest, 28.808�� S, 31.717�� E, 350 m, under log on forest floor, D. Herbert leg., 18 Sep. 1999 (V7387); Ongoye Forest, 28.833�� S, 31.717�� E, 350 m, scarp forest, crawling over leaf-litter, D. Herbert leg., 6 Sep. 1997 (V5118); Ongoye Forest, 28.8417�� S, 31.6870�� E, 410 m, scarp forest dominated by Millettia and Drypetes, on leaves of understorey saplings, M.J. Lawes leg., 30 May 1999 (V7403); Ongoye Forest, west-central portion, 28.8417�� S, 31.6888�� E, scarp forest, in leaf-litter, G. Davies leg., 27 Jul. 2002 (W221); Ongoye Forest, 28.8417�� S, 31.6870�� E, scarp forest, on understorey foliage, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 22 Dec. 2003 (W3314, W4966); Ongoye Forest, 28.850�� S, 31.733�� E, 250 m, scarp forest, J. Londt leg., 29 Jan. 1988 (V6677); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, 28.892�� S, 31.450�� E, 500 m, scarp forest, abundant on low vegetation, R. Miller leg., 1 Jan. 1996 (V2895); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, 28.89743�� S, 31.45711�� E, indigenous forest, on understorey foliage, D. Stuart-Fox leg., 25 Mar. 2004 (W3320; W3222); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, near ���Oval���, 28.90�� S, 31.45�� E, 500 m, scarp forest, D. Eckard leg., 25 Jul. 1996 (V4020), on Tabernaemontana, D. Eckard leg., 5 Mar. 1996 (V4018), on fronds of fan palm in forest swamps, D. Eckard leg., 13 Jan. 1997 (V4528), on Dracaena leaf, D. Eckard leg., 4 Sep. 1997 (V5267), on Allophylus leaf, D. Eckard leg., 4 Sep. 1997 (V5268); Eshowe, Dlinza Forest, near twinspot hide, 28.90�� S, 31.45�� E, scarp forest, D. Eckard leg., 25 Jul. 1996 (V4019). Literature record SOUTH AFRICA: Kwazulu-Natal, Umbonambi (Kwambonambi) (Connolly 1939: 145). Potentially hybrid material of Kerkophorus piperatus sp. nov. �� vittarubra sp. nov. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Nkandla Forest, 28.72239�� S, 31.12373�� E, mistbelt forest, on understorey foliage, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 3 Jan. 2004 (NMSA W3311); Nkandla Forest, Chibini area, 28.7227�� S, 31.1282�� E, 1200 m, mistbelt forest, under logs and in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, M. Bursey and T. Nangammbi leg., 20 Oct. 2003 (NMSA W1116; ELM D13805); Nkandla Forest, 28.740�� S, 31.125�� E, 1000���1100 m, mistbelt Podocarpus forest, A.C. and W.H. van Bruggen leg., 17 Jan. 1964 (NMSA V6960); Nkandla Forest, Mdonini area, 28.74531�� S, 31.13567�� E, 1050 m, mistbelt forest, under logs and in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, M. Bursey and T. Nangammbi leg., 21 Oct. 2003 (NMSA W1184); Nkandla Forest, 28.733�� S, 31.117�� E (NMSA A8167). Description SHELL (Fig. 7). Lenticular to globose-lenticular, spire remaining relatively prominent; periphery at midwhorl, weakly angled in adults, more strongly so in juveniles; H:D 0.61���0.70 (N=25); suture shallowly indented, inserting at or slightly above periphery; thin, translucent, milky-white to pale buff, with a thin red-brown line just above periphery; surface silky, with little lustre. Protoconch large, diameter 2.2��� 2.7 mm (N=20); junction with teleoconch weakly marked; essentially smooth, but bearing faint, closeset, microspiral sculpture. Teleoconch of up to 3.5 whorls; coiling relatively tight, whorls not expanding rapidly; sculptured by weak growth-lines and exceptionally fine and close-set, microscopic spiral lines resembling those on protoconch; later whorls also with microscopic axial sculpture of a similar nature, giving surface its lustreless sheen. Umbilicus narrow, mostly obscured by reflected upper portion of columella lip. Aperture roundly and obliquely lunate. Diameter up to 26.3 mm; holotype, diameter 24.8 mm, height 16.4 mm; specimens from inland localities smaller than those from coastal lowland and dune forest (diameter usually less than 20 mm). LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 8). Head-foot greyish-white to greyish-brown, with minute cream-white pigment granules; dorsal neck and tail regions sometimes slightly darker; tentacles and optic retractor muscles usually darker grey; coloration of body lobes of mantle similar to head-foot; shell lobes slender and elongate; caudal appendage dark grey to black. Lining of pulmonary cavity weakly speckled with irregular black markings (less obvious in specimens from dune forest) and scattered cream spots, usually more dense beneath peripheral red-brown line of shell; pulmonary venation often conspicuous. Spire viscera brown with irregular cream markings and reticulate threads, more dense in inland specimens. RADULA (Fig. 9). Formula R+(18���20)+(1���2)+(100���110); rachidian tricuspid, anterior margin of shaft base poorly defined; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 teeth of intermediate shape and then a very long series of marginals; marginals curved with a large terminal cusp and a weak subterminal one on outer (concave) margin; shaft lacking serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 10 A���B). Penis tightly looped inside a short sheath situated on top of enlarged genital atrium; penis divided into two portions separated by a constriction in mid-region; lumen wall of apical half with longitudinal folds, that of lower portion with close-set micropapillae; no penis papilla or verge evident at constriction. Epiphallus short; caecum well developed, more or less equal to epiphallus in length, somewhat curved, distal portion broader with bluntly rounded apex, not internally compartmentalised in this region; lumen wall with two raised longitudinal ridges and additional fine folds; caecum arising very close to penis apex and retractor muscle; epiphallus, caecum and penis apex forming a triple junction. Basal part of flagellum (f1) comprising �� 1 whorl, with distinct transverse internal structure; f2 slender, considerably longer than f1, variously curved but not convoluted; some evidence of chalky material inside proximal epiphallus; vas deferens slender and relatively short. Genital atrium greatly enlarged above lateral insertion of vagina; apical region containing a long, welldeveloped stimulator; lining of basal portion of atrium with low folds and a raised longitudinal pilaster running to base of stimulator; vagina short; gametolytic sac thin-walled and ovate to pyriform, often narrowing apically, gametolytic duct of moderate length; base of free oviduct swollen, dark charcoalgrey to black in fresh specimens; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 10C). Elbowed, with a cylindrical capsule (length approx. 5.3 mm) and a long coiled tail; proximal part of tail smooth, followed by two rows of stout branching spines spiralling around tail; primary row extending for �� 1.25 coils; spines in mid-region larger and more complexly branched; a shorter, secondary row of approx. 10 spines on opposite side of proximal part of spinose region, these initially similar to those of primary row, but distal 4���5 smaller and with fewer branches; spines of primary row flabellate, terminating in stout, V-shaped bifurcations, the tips pointed and somewhat curved; distal third of tail lacking spines, very slender and variously curved or coiled. Distribution (Fig. 6) Endemic to the coastal region of northern KwaZulu-Natal, from Eshowe to just south of Sodwana Bay; at altitudes between sea-level and 500 m. Habitat Scarp Forest and Northern Coastal Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); living on leaves of understorey vegetation, sometimes abundant. Remarks Typical specimens of Kerkophorus vittarubra sp. nov. from coastal forests in the St Lucia area are relatively distinctive on account of their large, pale, silky textured shells with a narrow brown peripheral spiral line, and the rather limited dark speckling of the pulmonary lining. However, specimens from inland localities (e.g., Dlinza, Enseleni and Ongoye forests) are somewhat smaller (diameter K. piperatus sp. nov. (above), but in that species the shell has a more rounded periphery, the brown spiral line and suture are situated well above mid-whorl and the protoconch is not so large (1.65���1.90 mm vs 2.2���2.7 mm). The pigmentation of the pulmonary lining of K. piperatus sp. nov. is also darker and more dense. Further differences are evident in the distal genitalia and behaviour, specifically the genital atrium of K. piperatus sp. nov. is not enlarged and lacks a stimulator, whereas its epiphallic caecum is proportionately longer in relation to the epiphallus than is that of K. vittarubra sp. nov. In terms of behaviour, K. piperatus sp. nov. is primarily an inhabitant of the forest floor, whereas K. vittarubra sp. nov. lives mostly on the leaves of understorey vegetation during the wet season, retreating to the leaf-litter only to aestivate during the dry winter months. Over-wintering animals are of intermediate size (shell diameter 17���18 mm), suggesting that the life cycle extends over two wet seasons. The distribution data available thus far indicate that the two species do not co-occur. The above notwithstanding, material collected in Nkandla Forest appears to be intermediate. The shell shape and coloration (Fig. 2H), and body colour are close to those of K. piperatus sp. nov., yet the genital atrium is enlarged and contains a stimulator. The possibility exists that this is a hybrid population. To date this species has been identified with Kerkophorus inunctus (Connolly 1939; Herbert & Kilburn 2004). Although of a large size and similarly silky, that species occurs primarily to the south of Durban, has a less elevated spire, and a more rapidly expanding and more evenly rounded body whorl in which the brown spiral line lies well above the periphery. K. inunctus, like K. vittarubra sp. nov. and several other Kerkophorus species from central and southern KwaZulu-Natal (e.g., K. phaedimus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1892) and K. vitalis (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1908)), possesses an enlarged genital atrium with a well-developed stimulator. Conservation The distribution of Kerkophorus vittarubra sp. nov. extends for approximately 200 km along the coast and coastal hinterland of central and southern Zululand. In this region it occurs in a number of formal conservation areas, including Ongoye, Dlinza and Enseleni nature reserves managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, as well as the southern part of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site. Though not wide-ranging, its habitat is thus afforded a relatively high level of protection and the conservation of the species need not currently be viewed as a matter of concern., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 11-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Connolly M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: 1 - 660.","Herbert D. G. & Kilburn R. N. 2004. Field Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Eastern South Africa. Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg.","Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Genus Selatodryas gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 72AF5C89-20EB-44EE-B2F5-6390BD6E0183 Type species Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis Shell small, delicate and glossy, periphery at or just below mid-whorl; umbilicus absent, edge of columella lip reflected and slightly thickened with a thin, whitish callus; columella running into axis of coiling rather than fusing with the parietal region; protoconch essentially smooth. Optic tentacles conspicuously dark. Penis long, coiled inside sheath; epiphallus long; caecum elongate, situated just proximal to mid-point of epiphallus, well separated from insertion of penial retractor muscle; penial verge absent; vagina long. Terminal branches of spermatophore spines bluntly bifid; distal portion of spermatophore tail smooth and relatively short. Etymology From the Greek �����ε��������ς���, m., a snail, and �������υ��ς���, f., a Dryad or forest nymph; in reference to the delicate shell and preferred habitat of these snails. Gender feminine. Remarks The morphology of the penis and epiphallus, and the bluntly bifid branch tips of the spermatophore spines of Selatodryas gen. nov. suggest a close relationship with Sheldonia s.s. Similarly, the form of the columella region (complete absence of an umbilicus) is a character shared with some species of Sheldonia s.s. (such as S. trotteriana (Benson, 1848), S. natalensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) and S. cotyledonis (Benson, 1850)). However, two characters of Selatodryas gen. nov. set the genus apart from Sheldonia s.s., namely the smooth protoconch and the short distal portion of the spermatophore tail that lacks a double row of blunt projections. Preliminary mtDNA data confirm this close relationship, placing the two species of Selatodryas gen. nov. in a well-supported clade sister to, but distinct from Sheldonia s.s. (Herbert & Moussalli 2009). Selatodryas gen. nov. is known only from high altitude forest (Southern Mistbelt). From a biogeographical perspective the ranges of the two genera do not overlap. Sheldonia s.s. occurs over a large part of the Eastern and Western Cape, from the Mbhashe River valley west to St Helena Bay, whereas Selatodryas gen. nov. occurs as an almost parapatric isolate to the north-east of Sheldonia s.s., suggesting that Selatodryas gen. nov. diverged from the ancestral Sheldonia stock before Sheldonia s.s. radiated into the drier regions of the southern Cape and Karoo. The two species of Selatodryas gen. nov. described below differ conspicuously in body coloration and this is reflected in their respective species names. However, the taxonomic value of body colour as a diagnostic character in southern African urocyclid snails must be viewed with caution. A number of species show considerable intra-specific variation in this regard, including Kerkophorus terrestris sp. nov. described above (Fig. 17), as well as Sheldonia monsmaripi Herbert, 2016 and S. natalensis (Pfeiffer, 1846). Such colour differences may relate to ecological rather than genetic factors. The above notwithstanding, in the two species of Selatodryas gen. nov. the colour difference is pronounced and geographically consistent, and there are further correlated differences in genital anatomy and spermatophore morphology, providing confirmatory evidence that the two are distinct species., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Herbert D. G. & Moussalli A. 2009. Tail-wagger snails: molecules and morphology - systematics and biogeography (Pulmonata: Urocyclidae). Tenth Anniversary Conference of the Southern African Society for Systematic Biology, Illovo Beach, KwaZulu-Natal, 25 - 27 July, 2009: 20 - 21."]}

Sheldonia fingolandensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8620960E-0BBC-49D2-9CF6-69D028EDB052 Figs 15, 31���34 Diagnosis Characterised by the axially striped colour pattern, large tumescent shell, finely punctate protoconch sculpture and arboreal habit. Etymology From Fingoland, the territory between the Kei and Mbhashe rivers, E Cape, inhabited by the Fingo people (amaFengu) after their flight south to escape the brutality of King Shaka in the early 1800s. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, Mbhashe River valley, Collywobbles, overlooking vulture colony, 32.00396�� S, 28.59530�� E, 585 m, sparse valley thicket invaded with Lantana, living on aloes, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., 20 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W9688/T3383, dry shell). Paratypes (listed north to south, all E Cape) SOUTH AFRICA: Mbhashe River valley, near N2 bridge, 31.92461�� S, 28.45113�� E, 470 m, riverine thicket, living on aloe leaves, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 23 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W4169/T3385, six dry shells with six bodies and eight whole specimens in ethanol); Mbhashe River valley, near N2 bridge, 31.92461�� S, 28.45113�� E, 470 m, riverine thicket, dead in leaf-litter and under fallen aloes, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 23 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W5373/T3386, two dry shells); same data as holotype (NHMUK 20160245, one dry shell; NMSA W4075/T3384, seven dry shells with bodies in ethanol; RMNH.5004187, one dry shell); Mbhashe River valley, Collywobbles, slope below carpark on neck, north-facing, valley thicket, under leaves of Aloe ferox, 23.00436�� S, 28.58169�� E, 510 m, M. Bursey leg., 20 Feb. 2006 (ELM W2927/T164, five dry shells with bodies in ethanol); Mbhashe River valley, Collywobbles, beside thatched picnic site, 32.004417�� S, 28.58172�� E, 510 m, valley thicket, living under green leaves of aloes, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., 20 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W3976/ T3387, 20 dry shells with 14 bodies in ethanol); Kei River valley, NNE of Stutterheim, Wedgeley Farm, Shed Camp, 32.28986�� S, 27.54674�� E, 835 m, valley thicket, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., 4 Mar. 2007 (NMSA W5345/T3388, one dry shell); Sihota, west bank of Kei River, approx. 2.5 km upstream of Kei Bridge, below Moordenaars Kop, 32.50445�� S, 27.94945�� E, 200 m, under Aloe ferox leaves, M. Cole leg., 9 Jan. 2008 (ELM W3263/T165, one dry shell with body in ethanol; NMSA W6386/T3389, six dry shells with two bodies in ethanol). Other material (listed north to south, all E Cape) SOUTH AFRICA: Kei Pass, 32.49364�� S, 27.99175�� E, 282 m, valley thicket, dead under rocks, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 23 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W5486); Mncotsho, Buffalo River valley, 32.917�� S, 27.583�� E, 360 m, under scattered bushes (esp. Coddia rudis) in grassland near beacon, M. Cole and C. Vernon leg., 6 Nov. 2007 (NMSA P0630). Description SHELL (Fig. 31). Subglobose to globose, spire prominent; periphery at or close to mid-whorl, evenly rounded; H:D 0.72���0.83 (N=9); suture rather distinctly indented, inserting just above periphery; thin, translucent straw-brown when fresh, sometimes with a greenish tint and with conspicuous pattern of unevenly spaced, opaque, pale buff-white axial lines and stripes; apical surface satin-like, base more glossy. Protoconch diameter 2.3���2.7 mm (N=6); junction with teleoconch sometimes clear, sometimes weakly marked; sculpture very fine, comprising numerous close-set, microscopic spiral lirae, these initially composed of microscopic punctae (Fig. 31E); punctae also with an axial alignment, producing a secondary collabral pattern; latter half whorl of protoconch with spiral lirae only (no longer punctate). Teleoconch of up to almost 3.0 whorls; early part of first whorl with fine spiral sculpture similar to that on protoconch, but finer; remainder of shell with only finest traces of close-set, microscopic lirae, producing satin-like shell surface; an axial component not evident in microsculpture, but uneven growth-lines frequent and appearing to coincide with axial variation in colour pattern; occasional sparse malleation also evident, but insignificant; base more glossy, microsculpture becoming obsolete below periphery. Umbilicus completely absent in adult specimens, edge of columella lip reflected and slightly thickened with whitish callus, running into axis of coiling rather than fusing with parietal region; juvenile and subadult specimens often minutely rimate, columella lip lacking callus thickening and umbilicus remaining as a narrow open channel inside reflected lip. Aperture subcircular, but indented by penultimate whorl in parietal region. Diameter up to 20.9 mm; holotype, diameter 18.7 mm, height 15.0 mm. LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 32). Head-foot mostly pale yellowish-buff, neck and mantle edge somewhat darker orange-buff, tentacles similarly pale, but caudal appendage slightly darker; coloration of spire viscera generally not visible through shell, but cream blotches sometimes evident overlying darker digestive gland. RADULA (Fig. 33). Formula R+17+1+(60���70); rachidian tricuspid; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone (scarcely more than a low bump); laterals followed by one intermediary tooth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved, bearing a large terminal cusp with a smaller subterminal cusp on outer (concave) margin, additional irregular cusps may be present on shaft, but these normally obscured by overlapping outer neighbouring tooth; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 34 A���D). Penis elongate and cylindrical, but conspicuously looped upon itself and surrounded by a thin sheath, 2���3 times longer when removed from sheath; retractor muscle attached to penis apex; basal half of penis relatively thin-walled, its lumen lined with close-set, irregularly sinuous transverse folds (Fig. 34D); apical half of penis with thicker wall, lumen lined by longitudinal ridges, these largely smooth near junction with epiphallus, but progressively stronger and more zig-zag toward mid-region of penis (Fig. 34C). Epiphallus short, with a stout, recurved caecum; caecum arising close to middle of epiphallus; lumen of caecum coarsely and irregularly papillate. Flagellum well developed, basal portion (f1) broader and with distinct transverse internal structure; distal portion (f2) longer and more slender, twisted into a spiral of several revolutions with little internal structure evident; junction of epiphallus and flagellum at insertion of vas deferens, with white contents; vas deferens simple and slender, in life running beside vagina and free oviduct to join spermoviduct. Genital atrium globose, lumen almost filled with a well-developed stimulator appearing as an irregularly folded and ridged mass, flaccid rather than muscular, its contracted shape variable between individuals, but occupying most of lumen wall (Fig. 34B). Vagina short; gametolytic sac ovate, thin-walled, its duct short and thickerwalled; free oviduct greatly hypertrophied and convoluted, pale apricot in fresh material, occupying much of body cavity posterior to buccal mass, both dorsal and ventral to gut; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 34E). Elbowed, with an elongate capsule and a long, spirally coiled tail of ca 6 revolutions (coiled length of tail approx. 4.1 mm); proximal portion of tail (first whorl) with paired branching spines; spines asymmetric, larger on one side; spines in middle part of this whorl largest, progressively smaller distally; spines arching outward and with branches on one side only; branch tips bluntly bifid, ending in short recurved hooks; mid-region of tail (�� 1.5 whorls) lacking spines; subsequent whorls (�� 2.5) of tail somewhat flattened and with short stout projections on both sides, these curve over flattened area delimiting a U-shaped channel that spirals along tail; tip of tail (�� one whorl) without spines. Distribution (Fig. 15) A relatively narrow-range endemic, known only from the lower catchments of the Mbhashe and Kei Rivers (formerly known as Fingoland) and southward to the Buffalo River valley near East London; from 200 m to 835 m above sea level. Habitat Mostly known from Eastern Valley Bushveld (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); living amongst the green leaf-bases of candelabra aloes. Remarks With its rather globose profile, the shell of Sheldonia fingolandensis sp. nov. resembles that of S. trotteriana (Benson, 1848), but it is less elevated, has a more strongly patterned shell and more rapidly expanding whorls. Furthermore, whereas S. fingolandensis sp. nov. is arboreal, S. trotteriana is evidently exclusively ground-dwelling. The aloe-dwelling habit of the new species is shared with S. aloicola (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890), but that species has a more depressed, more translucent shell of a more uniform colour. It seems likely, however, that the two are closely related, as the morphology of their distal genitalia is similar. S. fingolandensis sp. nov. may well have originated as a north-eastern isolate of the more southerly and more widespread S. aloicola. The shell of S. natalensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) may also have a colour pattern of narrow axial stripes, but it is more globose, has a smaller protoconch (diameter 1.7���1.8 mm) and never attains such a large adult size (diameter Kerkophorus terrestris sp. nov. are also applicable to Sheldonia fingolandensis sp. nov., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 43-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Kerkophorus piperatus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 34727BE3-D632-4478-ADEE-0C816F23244F Figs 2���6 Sheldonia inuncta (non Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) ��� Connolly 1939: 145 (in part). ��� Herbert & Kilburn 2004: 264 (in part), un-numbered figure. Diagnosis Characterised by the combination of moderate size, silky surface and red-brown spiral line situated well above mid-whorl, together with the generally brownish colour of the animal, dark speckling of the pulmonary lining and the absence of a stimulator in the genital atrium. Etymology From the Latin ' piper, piperatus ���, pepper, peppered; referring to the speckled black and cream pigmentation of the pulmonary lining visible through the shell. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal, Makowe, 27.9617�� S, 32.1179�� E, �� 500 m, J. Crosly leg. (NMSA A8172/T4057, shell only). Paratypes (listed north to south) SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga: Mariepskop Forest, 24.55952�� S, 30.88760�� E, 1420 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Horn leg., 28 Feb. 2005 (NMSA W4433/T4050, three dry shells with bodies in ethanol, plus one whole specimen in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest, 24.563�� S, 30.863�� E, 1400 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, A.C. and W.H. van Bruggen leg., 29 Jan. 1966 (NMSA W3652/T4048, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest, 24.56374�� S, 30.86293�� E, 1640 m, northern mistbelt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis and M. Cole leg., st. 14-22, 3 Dec. 2014 (ELM D18023 /T152, two dry shells); Mariepskop Forest, 24.56683�� S, 30.86232�� E, 1520 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Horn leg., 28 Feb. 2005 (NMSA W3717/T4053, 15 dry shells with bodies in ethanol, plus 10 whole juveniles in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest, Bushpig Trail, 24.56694�� S, 30.86270�� E, 1491 m, mistbelt forest, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 15 Dec. 2006 (NMSA W6002/T4052, one dry shell); Mariepskop Forest, Picnic Trail, 24.56847�� S, 30.85920�� E, 1545 m, northern mistbelt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis and M. Cole leg., st. 14-27, 4 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0229/ T 4051, 1 dry shell with body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest, M. Cole leg., 18 Oct. 2010 (NMSA W 9365/ T 4049, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest, on slope of escarpment, 24.570932�� S, 30.860407�� E, 1514 m, M. Cole leg., 18 Oct. 2010 (ELM D16958 / T 038, one dry shell). ��� KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome Forest, 27.824405�� S, 31.419130�� E, 1136 m on Clivia, W. Haselau leg., 15 Jun. 2010 (ELM W 3683/ T 153, whole specimen in ethanol); Ngome Forest, 27.850�� S, 31.383�� E, 800���1300 m, mistbelt and coastal scarp sections of forest, mostly under logs, occasionally also on understorey vegetation and bark, D. Herbert leg., Dec. 1995 (NMSA V 2250 / T 4056, 13 dry shells with nine bodies in ethanol, plus seven whole specimens in ethanol); same data as holotype (NMSA A 8173/ T 4058, two dry shells); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.04�� S, 32.10�� E, 170 m, forest patches in bushveld, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert leg., 2 Jan. 1996 (NHMUK 20160240, one dry shell; NMSA V 2360 / T 4055, six dry shells with four bodies in ethanol); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Mbombe Forest, 28.05654�� S, 32.05045�� E, 532 m, scarp forest, A. Armstrong and A. Gomez leg. (EKZNW 341146), 6 Oct. 2011 (NMSA W 9644/ T 4054, one dry shell with body in ethanol, plus one whole specimen in ethanol); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.067�� S, 32.040�� E, 450 m, scarp forest, on tree trunks, D. Herbert leg., 31 Dec. 1995 (NMSA V 2279 / T 4059, three dry shells with two bodies in ethanol; RMNH.5004183, one dry shell). Other material (listed north to south, NMSA) SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga: Mariepskop Forest, 24.56353�� S, 30.86252�� E, 1620 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, 3 m above ground in epiphytes of standing tree, J. Horn leg., 22 May 2005 (W 3680); Mariepskop Forest, 24.56374�� S, 30.86293�� E, 1640 m, northern mistbelt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis and M. Cole leg., st. 14-22, 3 Dec. 2014 (P 0277); Mariepskop Forest, 24.56708�� S, 30.8599�� E, 1540 m, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Horn leg., 24 Nov. 2005 (W 3906). ��� KwaZulu-Natal: Ngome Forest, 27.8017�� S, 31.4376�� E, mistbelt forest, active on understorey foliage, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 8 Jan. 2004 (W 3309); Ngome Forest, Ntendeka Wilderness Area, 27.80177�� S, 31.43765�� E, mistbelt forest, on understorey foliage, A. Moussalli and D. Stuart-Fox leg., 8 Jan. 2004 (W 5035); Ngome Forest, 27.8370�� S, 31.3917�� E, 1200 m, mistbelt Podocarpus forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, M. Seddon and P. Tattersfield leg., 2 Dec. 1998 (V 8553); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.05278�� S, 32.05327�� E, 568 m, forest, A. Armstrong leg. (EKZNW 323534), 30 Sep. 2002 (W 7301); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Mbombe Forest, 28.056539�� S, 32.050450�� E, 532 m, scarp forest, A. Armstrong and A. Gomez leg. (EKZNW 341146), 6 Oct. 2011 (W 9644); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.06377�� S, 32.04388�� E, 450 m, forest, under log, A. Armstrong and P. Sokhela leg. (EKZNW No. 478152), 28 Oct. 2013 (W 9760); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, in forest between research st. and perimeter fence, 28.07360�� S, 32.03909�� E, 460 m, scarp forest, D. Herbert leg., 12��� 14 Jan. 1995 (V 580); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.075�� S, 32.055�� E, 400 m, scarp forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, M. Seddon and P. Tattersfield leg., 30 Nov. 1998 (V 7664); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 28.077�� S, 32.045�� E, 460 m, scarp forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, M. Seddon and P. Tattersfield leg., 29 Nov. 1998 (V 7679); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Hilltop Camp walk, 28.0830�� S, 32.0417�� E, 400 m, scarp forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert leg., 31 Dec. 1995 (V 2162); Hlabisa, 28.145�� S, 31.882�� E, �� 540 m, H. C. Burnup leg., pre 1928 (A 8174). Description SHELL (Fig. 2). Lenticular to globose-lenticular; periphery at mid-whorl, evenly rounded; shell proportions variable, H:D 0.61���0.74 (N =15); suture shallowly indented, inserting well above periphery; thin, translucent, straw-buff when fresh, fading to pale buff, with a thin red-brown line level with suture and obscured by it on spire whorls; surface silky and lacking lustre. Protoconch diameter 1.65���1.90 mm (N =17); junction with teleoconch usually weakly marked; essentially smooth, but bearing faint, closeset, microspiral sculpture. Teleoconch of up to 3.3 whorls; coiling relatively tight, whorls not expanding rapidly; sculptured by weak growth-lines and exceptionally fine and close-set, microscopic spiral lines, slightly finer than those on protoconch; later whorls also with microscopic axial sculpture of a similar nature, giving surface its lustreless sheen. Umbilicus patent but narrow, mostly obscured by reflected upper portion of columella lip. Aperture roundly and obliquely lunate. Diameter up to 18.8 mm; holotype, diameter 18.6 mm, height 11.4 mm; specimens from Mpumalanga somewhat smaller (Fig. 2G), maximum diameter 14.0 mm. LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 3). Head-foot pale greyish-brown, neck and posterior of foot usually slightly darker; optic tentacles and their retractor muscles darker grey; body lobes of mantle of similar coloration to head-foot; shell lobes well developed, slender and elongate; caudal appendage dark grey; much of body, particularly the neck, body lobes of mantle and posterior of foot with microscopic cream or pale orange pigment granules. Lining of pulmonary cavity speckled, sometimes heavily so, with irregular black and cream blotches and spots; portion overlying reno-pericardial area cream with a distinct horizontal black band; mantle margin beneath outer lip of shell bordered by a narrow cream line. Spire viscera darker brown with scattered irregular cream markings. RADULA (Fig. 4). Formula R +14+(1���2)+(60���70); rachidian tricuspid, anterior margin of shaft base shallowly indented; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 teeth of intermediate shape and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved and bicuspid, with a large terminal cusp with a slightly smaller subterminal one on outer (concave) margin; shaft lacking serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 5 A���B). Penis encased in thin sheath and usually with a distinct S-shaped bend in basal half, sometimes another in apical half; retractor muscle attached to penis apex; base of penis defined by fusion with sheath and constriction of lumen; penis base may bulge into preputial region joining penis base to atrium; internally penis divided into two sections, basal third rather thin-walled, with two longitudinal ridges and lined throughout by microscopic papillae, apical two-thirds thickerwalled with more numerous, smooth longitudinal folds; junction between sections delimited by a slight constriction, but no verge evident in this region. Epiphallus very short; caecum well developed, considerably longer than epiphallus, cylindrical, but somewhat sinuous, distal portion slightly broader, with bluntly rounded apex; caecum lined internally with a complex lattice of interconnected folds and lumen largely obstructed; distal portion of caecum compartmentalised and sometimes with chalky contents; caecum arising very close to penis apex and insertion of retractor muscle; epiphallus, caecum and penis apex forming a triple junction. Basal part of flagellum (f1) stout, comprising �� 1 whorl, with distinct transverse internal structure; f2 slender, longer than f1, straight in some specimens, variously curved in others; little evidence of chalky material inside proximal epiphallus; vas deferens simple and slender. Genital atrium simple, lacking stimulator, its lining comprising an oblique latticework of narrow interconnected ridges; vagina short; gametolytic sac thin walled and irregularly pyriform, its duct of moderate length; base of free oviduct swollen, dark (brown/black) in fresh material; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 5C). Elbowed, with a crescent-shaped capsule (length approx. 4.7 mm) and a long coiled tail; proximal part of tail bearing two rows of stout branching spines spiralling around tail; primary row extending for approx. one coil; spines in mid-region larger and more complexly branched; a shorter, secondary row of approx. 10 spines on opposite side of proximal part of spinose region, these initially similar to those of primary row, but distal ones with progressively fewer branches; spines of primary row flabellate, terminating in deeply V-shaped bifurcations, their tips slender and pointed, not or at most weakly curved; distal half of tail lacking spines, very slender and variously curved or coiled. Distribution (Fig. 6) Endemic to north-eastern South Africa (and probably also Swaziland), ranging from the coastal escarpment of north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal to the Drakensberg of northern Mpumalanga; at altitudes between 170 m and 1640 m above sea level. Habitat Scarp Forest and both Southern and Northern Mistbelt Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); mostly in leaf-litter, under logs and low down on tree trunks, but occasionally on understorey vegetation. Remarks This and the following species have until now been confused with Kerkophorus inunctus (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1899) and were usually identified under that name (Connolly 1939; Herbert & Kilburn 2004). Kerkophorus piperatus sp. nov., however, has a more elevated shell than K. inunctus, less rapidly expanding whorls and does not attain such a large size (max. diameter 19 mm vs 25 mm). In addition, the present species lacks the large stimulator in the genital atrium that is found in both K. inunctus and K. vittarubra sp. nov. (below). In the field, the generally brownish colour of K. piperatus sp. nov., its silky shell and the dense dark speckling of the pulmonary lining are distinctive features. In K. inunctus the pulmonary lining lacks black speckling and the spire viscera exhibit much yellowishwhite pigmentation. Additional comments are given below in the remarks for K. vittarubra sp. nov. The apparent hiatus in the known range of the species, between the KwaZulu-Natal population and that in northern Mpumalanga, is almost certainly an artefact stemming from insufficient field surveys. Conservation Kerkophorus piperatus sp. nov. is a relatively widespread species and it is known to occur in a number of formal conservation areas (Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Ngome State Forest and Mariepskop State Forest). Provided that the integrity of these habitats is preserved, they will provide a degree of security. However, the preservation of indigenous forest in western Swaziland is also likely to be important for the conservation of this species, if future field research demonstrates its occurrence in this region., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 5-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Connolly M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: 1 - 660.","Herbert D. G. & Kilburn R. N. 2004. Field Guide to the Land Snails and Slugs of Eastern South Africa. Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg.","Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 02EF7ACF-2BE4-4435-A973-2FEEDC3BACA3 Figs 15, 23���26 Diagnosis Characterised by the low-spired, glossy yellowish-brown shell, non-punctate protoconch and columella that runs into the axis of coiling rather than fusing with the parietal region. Distal genitalia with relatively long flagellum of which f1 comprises approx. three whorls. Etymology From the Latin ��� roseus ���, rose-coloured, and the Greek ��� soma ���, body; referring to the reddish-pink coloration of the living animal. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, Maclear district, Redcliffe valley, 31.00750�� S, 28.16429�� E, 1538 m, patches of montane forest in gullies, M. Bursey leg., 23 Jan. 2007 (NMSA W5379/T3865, dry shell with body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed north to south, all E Cape) SOUTH AFRICA: same data as holotype, adults under logs, immatures under leaves (ELM W3162/ T162, two dry shells with bodies in ethanol; NMSA W5257/T3867, one dry shell with one body and one whole specimen in ethanol; NMSA W5380/T3866, eight dry shells); Maclear district, Redcliffe valley, 31.00962�� S, 28.16209�� E, 1500 m, southern mistbelt forest, in leaf-litter amongst Dietes clumps, D. Herbert, S. Bell-Cross and L. Davis leg., 11 Apr. 2014 (NHMUK 20160244, two dry shells; RMNH.5004186, two dry shells); Maclear district, Redcliffe valley, 31.01103�� S, 28.15975�� E, 1500 m, patches of montane forest in gullies, adults under dead logs, immatures under leaves, M. Bursey and S. Bell-Cross leg., 18 Feb. 2003 (NMSA W5005/T3870, two dry shells with bodies in ethanol; W5381/ T3864, three dry shells; ELM D15747 /T163, ten dry shells); Maclear district, Minniehaha, 31.02972�� S, 28.17888�� E, 1660 m, patches of montane forest in gullies, adults under dead logs, immatures under leaves, M. Bursey, 24 Jan. 2007 (NMSA W5382/T3869, one dry shell with body in ethanol); Prentjiesberg, 31.04192�� S, 28.20285�� E, 1386 m, indigenous forest, general searching, M. Hamer et al. leg., MTDP 5389, 9 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W4462/T3868, two dry shells with body of one in ethanol); Prentjiesberg, 31.06729�� S, 28.19450�� E, 1416 m, indigenous forest, ground searching, M. Hamer et al. leg., site F61, 8 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W5063/T3871, two dry shells, with two bodies and one whole specimen in ethanol); Prentjiesberg, 31.15505�� S, 28.20529�� E, 1534 m, indigenous forest, ground searching, M. Hamer et al. leg., site F65, 7 Feb. 2006 (NMSA W5073/T3872, three dry shells with three bodies and one whole specimen in ethanol). Other material (listed north to south, all E Cape, NMSA) SOUTH AFRICA: Maclear district, Woodcliffe valley, 30.94833�� S, 28.17194�� E, indigenous forest, under leaves, esp. Rapanea melanophoeos, M. Bursey leg., 17 Feb. 2003 (W9627, W9628, ethanol material only); Maclear district, Woodcliffe valley, 30.98818�� S, 28.15246�� E, 1415 m, southern mistbelt forest, dead in leaf-litter, D. Herbert and L. Davis leg., st. 14-04, 12 Apr. 2014 (W9724); Maclear district, Redcliffe valley, 31.00962�� S, 28.16209�� E, 1500 m, southern mistbelt forest, in leaf-litter amongst Dietes clumps, D. Herbert, S. Bell-Cross and L. Davis leg., 11 Apr. 2014 (W9722); Prentjiesberg, 31.06729�� S, 28.19450�� E, 1416 m, indigenous forest, ground searching, M. Hamer et al. leg., site F61, 8 Feb. 2006 (W9690); Prentjiesberg, 31.06895�� S, 28.18844�� E, 1447 m, indigenous forest, M. Hamer et al. leg., site F63, 4 Feb. 2006 (W5065); Prentjiesberg, 31.07319�� S, 28.17802�� E, 1640 m, indigenous forest, ground searching, M. Hamer et al. leg., site F64, 5 Feb. 2006 (W5071). Description SHELL (Fig. 23). Lenticular; periphery at mid-whorl, evenly rounded; H:D 0.61���0.69 (N=11); suture rather distinctly indented, inserting just above periphery; very thin and delicate; translucent, more or less uniformly yellowish-brown, some specimens with a greenish tint; apical and basal surfaces both glossy. Protoconch diameter 1.68���1.87 mm (N=10); essentially smooth, but with extremely fine, closeset, microscopic scratch-like spiral lines; no evidence of punctation; junction with teleoconch usually weakly marked. Teleoconch of up to 2.25 whorls; whorls expanding moderately rapidly; spiral sculpture virtually obsolete, later whorls with only the finest traces of microscopic, close-set, wavy, spiral ripples, even weaker on base; teleoconch otherwise only with weak, uneven growth irregularities. Umbilicus absent, edge of columella lip reflected and slightly thickened with a thin, whitish, somewhat pleated callus; columella running into axis of coiling rather than fusing with parietal region; aperture roundly lunate. Diameter up to 15.0 mm; holotype, diameter 14.9 mm, height 9.6 mm. LIVING ANIMAL (Fig. 24). Head-foot predominantly reddish-pink, coloration due to presence of numerous microscopic pigment granules; tentacles dark grey-black; caudal appendage well developed, dark grey; peripodial groove distinct and skin grooves on tail region well defined. Body lobes of mantle extensive, coloration similar to that of head-foot; shell lobes well developed; mantle edge bordered internally by a thin cream line behind which is a diffuse grey band; a small dark grey spot on mantle edge posterior to pneumostome; lining of pulmonary cavity with little pigmentation save for sparse irregular cream specks, particularly below suture; spire viscera brown with somewhat more conspicuous cream specks; primary ureter delimited by a diffuse grey band, kidney region pale orange-yellow. RADULA (Fig. 25). Formula R+11+(1���2)+(80���90); rachidian tricuspid, anterior edge of shaft base with V-shaped mid-line notch; laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; shaft of laterals rectangular (longer than wide) with mesocone set at a distinct angle to long axis of shaft; laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved, bearing a large terminal cusp with a smaller subterminal cusp on outer (concave) margin, followed by a series of small serrations; marginals progressively decreasing in size toward edge of radula, but otherwise morphologically similar. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 26 A���B). Penis long, enveloped in a thin sheath, apical part variously looped within sheath; basal half somewhat broader and with thin, spongy wall, lumen with fine close-set transverse folds throughout; apical half narrower, its wall muscular, lumen with longitudinal folds; retractor muscle attached to penis apex. Epiphallus long, distal portion little differentiated from penis; an elongate caecum arises at approx. one-third length of epiphallus from insertion of vas deferens; caecum curved or sinuous; proximal third of epiphallus wider, its wall less muscular. Flagellum of moderate length, tightly coiled; f1 comprising approx. 3.0 whorls, with distinct transverse internal structure; f2 very short, with tubular core. Base of flagellum and proximal region of epiphallus, close to insertion of vas deferens, with opaque white contents; vas deferens slender. Genital atrium small and simple, lacking any accessory modifications; penis base with a weak flange prior to its junction with atrium; vagina long. Gametolytic sac large, its duct relatively short; sac variable in shape and with thin wall. Base of free oviduct swollen, pale apricot in colour; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. SPERMATOPHORE (Fig. 26C). Elbowed, with a large capsule and well-developed tail (tail length approx. 5.5 mm); tail coiled into approximately three revolutions with branched spines; spines possessing up to eight T-shaped tips on initial 1.5 whorls, but those on distal whorl un-branched, the tip remaining T-shaped rather than pointed; spineless tip of tail short and slender. Distribution (Fig. 15) A narrow-range endemic, known only from the edge of the Great Escarpment in the Maclear���Ugie area (Prentjiesberg), E Cape, South Africa; at altitudes between 1385 m and 1660 m above sea level. Habitat Patches of Southern Mistbelt Forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006) on south-facing slopes below sandstone cliffs of the ���Little Berg���; under logs, amongst clumps of forest floor plants, e.g., Dietes spp. (mostly adults) and on the leaves of understorey plants (juveniles). Remarks Characters separating Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. from S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. are given in the remarks for that taxon. Conservation The limited range of Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov. renders it a species of conservation concern. The forests in which it occurs are located largely on privately owned farmland. On-going maintenance of the current relatively pristine condition of these forests is thus not secure and is dependent on the environmental oversight exercised by the landowners. Commercial forestry plantations exist in the area, but they are mostly situated at a slightly lower altitude, some distance away from the escarpment-edge forests. Potential threats include livestock disturbance of the forest understorey and runaway fires in the surrounding grasslands., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2017, A new genus and eight new species of tail-wagger snails from eastern South Africa, with a key to genera within Sheldonia s. l. (Gastropoda: Urocyclidae), pp. 1-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 309 on pages 33-37, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.309, http://zenodo.org/record/3827189, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

Genus Sheldonia Ancey, 1887 (sensu lato) Sheldonia Ancey, 1887: 53. Type species: Helix trotteriana Benson, 1848, by subsequent designation (Connolly 1925: 467). Peltatus Godwin-Austen, 1908: 131. Type species (original designation) Helix hudsoniae (non Benson, 1864) Godwin-Austen, 1908 [= Vitrina huttoniae var. aloicola Melvill & Ponsonby, 1890, cf. Godwin- Austen 1912]. Sheldonia is currently a poorly understood and ill-defined genus that has been used sensu lato for an assemblage of heliciform urocyclids occurring in southern Africa. Unpublished anatomical and molecular studies clearly show that it is a composite entity comprising several distinct, monophyletic lineages that warrant recognition as distinct genus-level entities. In Sheldonia s.s. the epiphallus is of moderate length, the epiphallic caecum is elongate and arises close to or just distal to the mid-region of the epiphallus, the flagellum is long and divided into distinct F1 and F2 components, the atrium frequently possesses a stimulator and the free oviduct gland is conspicuously enlarged. There is no penial verge or atrial diverticulum and the vas deferens is not thickened and convoluted. In addition, the protoconch is usually punctate. The above is largely in accordance with the description of the genus given by Schileyko (2002), except that he stated that the penial retractor muscle was attached to the summit of the caecum when in reality it is attached to the penis apex. This discrepancy stems from the figure of the reproductive tract of S. hudsoniae provided by Godwin-Austen (1908) and was corrected in a subsequent paper (Godwin- Austen 1912) in relation to this species and several others, including the type species. Following Connolly (1939), Schileyko (2002) treated Kerkophorus Godwin-Austen, 1912 and Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912 as synonyms of Sheldonia, but ongoing studies indicate that this is an oversimplification. Further discussion of this is beyond the scope of the present contribution, but the morphological characters diagnostic of these taxa will be provided, together with a key, in a subsequent publication. The following two species clearly do not belong to Sheldonia s.s., nor are they clearly referable to either Kerkophorus or Microkerkus. Their position relative to other southern African helicoid urocyclids is unclear and for the time being I refer them to Sheldonia in its broadest sense. Clarification of their affinities must await analysis of molecular data., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2016, New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 236 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.236, http://zenodo.org/record/3847840, {"references":["Ancey C. F. 1887. Descriptions of new genera or subgenera of Helicidae. Conchologist's Exchange 1 (9 - 10): 53 - 54.","Connolly M. 1925. Notes on African non-marine Mollusca, with descriptions of many new species (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9, 15: 457 - 479, pl. 28.","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1908. On Peltatus, gen. nov. Zonitidarum: Type P. hudsoniae (Benson). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 8, 1: 131 - 133. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 24295840 [accessed 10 Aug. 2016]","Van Wyk A. E. & Smith G. F. 2001. Regions of Floristic Endemism in Southern Africa. Umdaus Press, Pretoria.","Schileyko A. A. 2002. Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 9. Helicarionidae, Gymnarionidae, Rhysotinidae, Ariophantidae. Ruthenica Supplement 2: 1167 - 1307.","Connolly M. 1939. A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum 33: 1 - 660.","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1912. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae [Part I]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 8, 9: 122 - 139. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18638879 [accessed 10 Aug. 2016]"]}

A new genus and eight new species of urocyclid snails are described from eastern South Africa. The supra-specific taxa Kerkophorus Godwin-Austen, 1912 and Microkerkus Godwin-Austen, 1912 are considered distinct from Sheldonia Ancey, 1887 and are treated as separate genera. The diagnostic morphological features of all three genera are detailed and a fourth genus, for which there is no existing name, is described as new: Selatodryas gen. nov. A provisional key to genus-level taxa within Sheldonia s.l. is provided. Eight species are described as new: Kerkophorus piperatus sp. nov., K. vittarubra sp. nov., K. scrobicolus sp. nov., K. terrestris sp. nov., Microkerkus sibaya sp. nov., Selatodryas roseosoma gen. et sp. nov., S. luteosoma gen. et sp. nov. and Sheldonia fingolandensis sp. nov.

Sheldonia wolkbergensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C7607188-AF52-4258-BF6A-4956282B6671 Figs 8, 13���16 Etymology Named after the Wolkberg massif, to which the species is endemic. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Wolkberg, Baccarat Forest, 23.88680�� S, 30.01633�� E, 1485 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-09, 26 Nov. 2014, diameter 7.7 mm, height 5.2 mm (NMSA P0156 /T4074, body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed north to south) SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Wolkberg, Grootbosch Forest, 23.76551�� S, 30.00253�� E, 1600 m, Afromontane forest, living in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, stn L109, Dec. 2001 (NMSA W2263/T4108, three dry specimens); Wolkberg, Swartbos Forest, 23.88189�� S, 29.99411�� E, 1425 m, Afromontane forest, in leaflitter, J. Swaye, stn L133, Dec. 2001 (NMSA W2084/T3166, two specimens, bodies in ethanol); same data as holotype (NMSA P0351/T4075, four specimens, bodies of two in ethanol); Wolkberg, Baccarat Forest, 23.88680�� S, 30.01633�� E, 1485 m, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, stn L103, Dec. 2001 (NMSA W2260/T3167, one dry specimen); Wolkberg, New Agatha Forest, 23.98298�� S, 30.07696�� E, 1620 m, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, stns L121, L125, Dec. 2001 (NMSA W2258/T3168, two specimens, body of one in ethanol). Type locality SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Wolkberg, Baccarat Forest, 23.88680�� S, 30.01633�� E, 1485 m. Identification A small species characterised by its glossy, uniformly yellowish-brown shell, smooth protoconch and rimate columella lip. Distal genitalia with an atrial diverticulum, a large gametolytic sac with a very short duct, and a curved epiphallic caecum situated much closer to insertion of vas deferens than to penis retractor. Description SHELL (Fig. 13). Small, globose-lenticular to subglobose; largest specimen with diameter 9.4 mm, height 6.5 mm; H:D 0.65���0.75; periphery close to or just below mid-whorl, evenly rounded; suture shallowly but distinctly indented, inserting well above periphery; very thin and delicate. Protoconch diameter 1.40���1.53 mm; junction with teleoconch indistinct; smooth except for indistinct microscopic scratchlike spiral lines. Teleoconch of up to 2.5 whorls; whorls expanding moderately rapidly, with irregular and mostly weak growth-lines; spiral sculpture obsolete. Columella concave, its adapical region reflected over umbilical region and fused to adjacent part of base, forming a narrow flattened umbilical channel; aperture roundly lunate. Translucent, more or less uniformly yellowish-brown; apical and basal surfaces both glossy. EXTERNAL FEATURES (Fig. 14). Head and neck dark grey dorsally, pale yellowish-buff ventrally, grey pigmentation associated with skin granules and thus appearing as dense spotting; tentacles brownish grey; posterior of foot more uniformly darker grey, particularly caudal appendage, but also with minute white pigment granules scattered between skin grooves; pulmonary region strongly pigmented. Mantle edge with well-developed right and left body lobes bearing some grey pigmentation; right and left shell lobes elongate-trigonal when extended over shell, pale and translucent, with scattered minute cream pigment granules. Pulmonary lining behind mantle edge bordered with cream and black blotches in a variable pattern; additional dark blotches and bands posterior to this with a very prominent and welldefined black band overlying primary ureter, to right of pale tissues of kidney; a further well-defined line of cream pigment to right of (i.e., dorsal to) black band. Spire viscera brown with occasional cream blotches and sparse, irregularly branching cream venation, but little or no black pigmentation. The caudal pit and appendage well developed. RADULA (Fig. 15). Formula R+8+(1���2)+(40���50); rachidian tricuspid, laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved, bearing a large terminal cusp with a smaller subterminal cusp, followed by a series of finer serrations on concave outer margin, these proportionately stronger on smaller teeth toward edge of radula. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 16). Penis of moderate length, tapering somewhat toward apex, enclosed in a thin sheath, upper portion with a single coil; retractor muscle attached above this at penis apex; interior of penis with a verge at about one-third to half length from base (Fig. 16B); verge comprising a smooth trigonal flap encircling a central pore; penis lumen below verge (preputial region) with numerous, close-set papillae; lumen above verge with slender longitudinal folds. Epiphallus with a short, recurved caecum arising one-quarter of its length from insertion of vas deferens; proximal portion of epiphallus between vas deferens and caecum swollen, its lumen contents opaque white; distal portion more slender and resembling penis. Flagellum divided into F1 and F2; F1 short, swollen and with 6���7 transverse internal diverticulae; F2 somewhat longer, with 1���2 tight coils, with a simple tube-like internal core. Vas deferens simple and slender, tracking course of penis and vagina in life. Genital atrium large, with a conspicuous diverticulum arising on its antero-medial side; in life diverticulum lies beneath buccal mass; interior of diverticulum with anastomosing ridges and a large fleshy fold (stimulator), itself with superficial ridges (Fig. 16C). Vagina short, somewhat swollen; gametolytic sac large and thin-walled, globose but narrowing apically; gametolytic duct very short; base of free oviduct swollen, off-white; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. In one specimen the male distal genitalia were partially everted (Fig. 16D) with both the penis and the atrial diverticulum occupying a position in the genital atrium. The diverticulum was completely evaginated, with the fleshy stimulator at its tip. Spermatophore unknown. Distribution (Fig. 8) A narrow-range endemic, known only from the Wolkberg region of the northern Drakensberg Escarpment in Limpopo, South Africa; at altitudes between 1425 and 1620 m above sea level. Habitat Northern mist-belt forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); all material collected to date was found in leaflitter. Remarks Sheldonia wolkbergensis sp. nov. is superficially similar to S. monsmaripi sp. nov. from forests on the neighbouring escarpment to the south, and both are unusual in possessing an atrial diverticulum. However, as discussed above, the similarities may be convergent. In terms of shell morphology, the two are easily distinguished on the basis of the columella lip morphology. In S. monsmaripi sp. nov., the columella is not reflected to form a rimate umbilical channel and an umbilicus is completely absent. There are additional differences in the distal genitalia that are detailed in the remarks relating to S. monsmaripi sp. nov. The pigmentation of the viscera is similar in both species, but in S. monsmaripi sp. nov. the spire viscera are darker and there is more cream pigmentation. S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. is evidently a small species, with individuals of 6.5 mm shell diameter possessing well-developed distal genitalia. The morphology of the distal genitalia of this species resembles that of species of Angustivestis Pilsbry, 1919 from central Africa (Van Mol 1970), but the duct of the gametolytic sac is much shorter in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. and the whorls of the shell do not expand so rapidly., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2016, New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 236 on pages 21-26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.236, http://zenodo.org/record/3847840, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.","Van Mol J. J. 1970. Revision des Urocyclidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) - anatomie - systematique - zoogeographie. Premiere partie. Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques 180, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren."]}

Ptilototheca gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 51C2C9E7-9514-43DF-A09B-3E391D3B61DD Type species Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis Shell small, delicate and glossy, periphery below mid-whorl, base narrowly umbilicate; protoconch with close-set spiral lines of small punctations. Epiphallus very short, flagellum squat, vas deferens long, thickened and convoluted, penial verge present; spermatophore tail with well-developed, finely divided, branching spines. Etymology From ptilon, ptilotos (Gr.) a ���feather, feathered��� and theca (L.) a ���case or container���; referring to the plumose ornamentation of the spermatophore. Gender feminine. Remarks Within a southern African context, the spirally punctate protoconch of Ptilototheca gen. nov. might suggest an affinity with Sheldonia s.s., but the distal genitalia of the present species are quite distinct and clearly discount any close relationship between the two. Although few other southern African heliciform urocyclids possess such a protoconch, the character is commonly present in semi-slug genera from further north in Africa (Van Mol 1970). In terms of its distal genital anatomy, P. soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov. is unlike any other southern African heliciform urocyclid species. The extremely short epiphallus, short squat flagellum, ornately bristled spermatophore and long, thick, convoluted vas deferens are distinctive characters not seen in other species from the region. In addition, the presence of a penial verge and a papillate preputial region are also unusual features among local species, but these are also present in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. (see below). That species, however, lacks a spirally punctate protoconch, possesses an atrial diverticulum, has a short, slender, non-convoluted vas deferens, and an epiphallus and flagellum of more conventional length for Sheldonia s.l. Species of the central African semi-slug genus Angustivestis Pilsbry, 1919 also possess a penial verge and a papillate preputial region, as well as a long, thick, convoluted vas deferens, but again in that genus the protoconch is not spirally punctate, the epiphallus and flagellum not conspicuously shortened and there is usually an atrial diverticulum (Van Mol 1970). Considered collectively, the conchological and anatomical features exhibited by P. soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov. strongly suggest that it is not closely related to other southern African heliciform urocyclids and that it belongs to a distinct lineage that may perhaps have closer affinities with central African genera. Its distribution in the extreme north of South Africa is consistent with this. Helicarion pumilio Melvill & Ponsonby, 1909, the type species of Andrarion Godwin-Austen, 1912, was also described from the Soutpansberg. This remains a poorly known and enigmatic species, but it differs from the present material in having a smaller, more depressed shell with a smooth protoconch and a rapidly expanding last whorl [confirmed by examination of the type material: lectotype (des. Connolly 1912: 101) NHMUK 1910.1.5.12 (maj. diameter 6.8 mm) and three paralectotypes NHMUK 1937.12.30.4113���5]. The original specimens remain the only material available and I strongly suspect that they are simply juveniles of a larger species of Sheldonia (Kerkophorus), at least one species of which occurs in the Afrotemperate forests of Limpopo. This remains a matter requiring further investigation, but for the present it is sufficient to confirm that the material discussed herein is undoubtedly distinct from H. pumilio., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2016, New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 236 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.236, http://zenodo.org/record/3847840, {"references":["Van Mol J. J. 1970. Revision des Urocyclidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) - anatomie - systematique - zoogeographie. Premiere partie. Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques 180, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren.","Godwin-Austen H. H. 1912. A review of the South-African land-Mollusca belonging to the family Zonitidae [Part I]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 8, 9: 122 - 139. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18638879 [accessed 10 Aug. 2016]","Connolly M. 1912. A revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 11: 59 - 306."]}

One new genus and five new species of land snails are described from high altitude, insular, Afrotemperate forest habitats in northern South Africa. The distribution of these species is discussed in relation to other narrowly endemic land snails occurring in this and neighbouring regions. The new genus is Ptilototheca gen. nov.; the five new species are: Gulella davisae sp. nov., G. hadroglossa sp. nov., Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov., Sheldonia monsmaripi sp. nov. and S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.

Sheldonia monsmaripi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C26E39F-EB96-4864-8F82-B7ABCBDD0F1F Figs 8���12 Etymology From mons (L.) ���mountain��� and Maripi in reference to Chief Maripi Mashile of the Bapedi tribe, after whom the type locality, Mariepskop, is named. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.59563�� S, 30.82600�� E, 790 m, indigenous riverine forest, in leaf-litter on forest floor, J. Horn, 25 May 2006, diameter 12.2 mm, height 8.7 mm (NMSA W4413 /T3300, body in ethanol). Paratypes SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.563�� S, 30.863�� E, 1400 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, A.C. & W.H. van Bruggen, 29 Jan. 1966 (W3653/T3169, nine specimens, bodies in ethanol; ELM D18067 /T151, one dry specimen); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.56353�� S, 30.86252�� E, 1620 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, 3 m above ground in epiphytes of standing tree, J. Horn, stn L42, 22 May 2005 (NMSA W3679/T3170, one specimen, body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.56374�� S, 30.86293�� E, 1640 m, northern mist-belt forest, under Streptocarpus leaf on tree trunk, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-22, 3 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0276/T4073, one specimen, body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, Bushpig Trail, 24.56694�� S, 30.86270�� E, 1491 m, mistbelt forest, A. Moussalli & D. Stuart-Fox, 15 Dec. 2006 (NMSA W5741/T3171, one specimen, body in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.56708�� S, 30.85990�� E, 1540 m, Afromontane forest, in Clivia cluster on live tree ca 1 m above ground, J. Horn, stn L64, 24 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W3900/T3172, six specimens, bodies in ethanol; NHMUK 20160039, one dry specimen; RMNH.5004143, one dry specimen); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.56795�� S, 30.86138�� E, 1520 m, Afromontane forest, in Clivia cluster on live tree, ca 1 m above ground, J. Horn, stn L64, 24 Nov. 2005 (NMSA W3899/T3173, four specimens, bodies in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, Picnic Trail, 24.56847�� S, 30.85920�� E, 1545 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-27, 4 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0228/T4072, five specimens, bodies of two in ethanol); Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.59563�� S, 30.82600�� E, 790 m, indigenous riverine forest, in leaf-litter on forest floor, J. Horn, 25 May 2006 (NMSA W9581/T3301, one specimen, body in ethanol); God���s Window, 24.8746�� S, 30.8909�� E, Afromontane forest, active on understorey foliage, A. Moussalli & D. Stuart-Fox, 25 Feb. 2004 (NMSA W3335/T3178, two specimens, bodies in ethanol); God���s Window, 24.875�� S, 30.891�� E, rainforest, W. Haselau, Mar. 2006, don. M. Bursey (NMSA W4858/T3179, three specimens, bodies in ethanol). Other material SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, Mariepskop summit, 24.54933�� S, 30.87170�� E, 1920 m, rocky Afromontane fynbos, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-21, 3 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0278); Mariepskop, just below summit, 24.55649�� S, 30.86662�� E, 1830 m, Afromontane fynbos/ forest border, in leaf-litter beneath Clivia plants, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-25, 4 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0255). Type locality SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 24.59563�� S, 30.82600�� E, 790 m. Identification Characterised by a combination of shell and anatomical characters, notably the glossy, globose, uniformly yellowish-brown shell, smooth protoconch and non-rimate columella lip; distal genitalia with an atrial diverticulum, a gametolytic duct of moderate length, and a curved epiphallic caecum situated much closer to penial retractor than to insertion of vas deferens. Description SHELL (Fig. 9). Globose-lenticular to subglobose; diameter generally less than 13.0 mm, but specimens from high altitude fynbos habitat reaching 18.0 mm; H:D 0.68���0.75; periphery close to mid-whorl, evenly rounded; suture shallowly but distinctly indented, inserting above periphery; very thin and delicate. Protoconch diameter 1.7���1.8 mm, junction with teleoconch indistinct; sculpture virtually smooth, with only traces of the finest microscopic scratch-like spiral lines. Teleoconch of up to 2.25 whorls; whorls expanding moderately rapidly; spiral sculpture virtually obsolete, some extremely fine traces of closeset, wavy, spiral lines, even weaker on base; teleoconch otherwise only with weak, uneven growth-lines, strongest below suture. Umbilicus absent, edge of columella lip whitish, reflected and somewhat raised, spiralling into axis of coiling rather than fusing with parietal region; aperture sub-circular. Translucent, more or less uniformly yellowish-brown to pale olive-brown, some specimens with slightly darker olive-brown axial bands in the last half-whorl; apical and basal surfaces both glossy. EXTERNAL FEATURES (Fig. 10). Head and neck brownish to grey dorsally, not conspicuously spotted (cf. S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.), paler ventrally; tentacles darker grey with conspicuous dark retractor muscles passing down neck; posterior of foot and caudal appendage more uniformly darker grey dorsally, paler ventrally; some specimens with minute orange-brown pigment granules scattered throughout the skin, but particularly in the dorsal neck region; pulmonary region strongly pigmented. Body lobes of mantle edge grey; right and left shell lobes elongate-trigonal in preserved material. Mantle edge bordered with an irregular cream band, behind which the pulmonary lining is boldly and variably marked with irregular black and cream spots, blotches and bands, often more black than cream; black band overlying primary ureter, less conspicuous and often more irregular than in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov., and sometimes without a well-defined line of cream pigment to its right. Spire viscera dark grey-black with irregularly branching and anastomosing aggregations of cream pigmentation. A single living individual collected in the montane fynbos on top of Mariepskop was of a strikingly different coloration (Fig. 10 C���D), the head-foot and optic tentacles being predominantly pale brick-red, and the pulmonary lining and viscera rather less densely pigmented. RADULA (Fig. 11). Formula R+12+(1���2)+(50���60); rachidian tricuspid, laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved and terminally bicuspid, tips of cusps bluntly rounded; outer marginals often with a third cusp on concave outer edge. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 12). Penis rather slender, cylindrical but narrowing slightly toward apex, enclosed in a thin sheath, mid-region may be bent or coiled inside sheath in contracted state; retractor muscle attached to penis apex. Lumen of basal portion of penis with longitudinal folds, two of which are somewhat larger; folds more slender in apical portion; no evidence of a penial verge. Epiphallus short, relatively narrow near its junction with penis, but broader toward insertion of vas deferens; a well-developed, rather bulbous caecum arising one quarter to one third its length from penis. Flagellum divided into a short basal portion with transverse internal diverticulae (F1), and a longer, more slender, loosely coiled, apical portion with a simple tube-like internal core (F2). Junction of epiphallus and flagellum, at insertion of vas deferens, with opaque white contents; vas deferens simple and slender, tracking course of penis and vagina in life. Genital atrium simple, but with a large, elongate, thick-walled diverticulum arising adjacent to vagina and extending diagonally backward beneath penis and oesophagus to opposite side of body cavity; diverticulum connected to pedal floor by fine muscle fibres; lumen of diverticulum with two longitudinal ridges, between which are numerous fine, close-set transverse folds; ridges themselves also pleated with close-set, wavy, transverse folds. Vagina short; gametolytic sac elongate-reniform to obovate, thin-walled; its duct of similar length; base of free oviduct somewhat swollen, off-white; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. Spermatophore elbowed (Fig. 12D), with a large sinuous capsule and slender tail; early part of tail with several branched spines, the last of which is largest; tips of branches bifid; later part very thin, smooth and variously coiled. Distribution (Fig. 8) A narrow-range endemic, known only from the edge of the Drakensberg Escarpment in northern Mpumalanga, South Africa; at altitudes between 790 and 1920 m above sea level. Habitat Northern mist-belt forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); in leaf-litter, but more commonly among epiphytic plants growing on trees. Remarks Most of the available material was collected in forest habitat and such specimens are to be considered typical. Additional specimens of a larger size (diameter up to 18 mm) (Fig. 9F) and with markedly different, orange-red, body pigmentation (Fig. 10 C���D) have been collected in the Afromontane fynbos vegetation of the summit region of Mariepskop. However, although seemingly distinct on the basis of size and body colour, these specimens are otherwise indistinguishable from the forest form and have the same unusual, large atrial diverticulum. Pending evidence to the contrary, I consider these specimens to be an ecomorph of S. monsmaripi sp. nov. associated with the colder summit habitat of Mariepskop. Nevertheless, I have included in the type material only specimens from forest habitat. Sheldonia monsmaripi sp. nov. is perhaps related to S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. from the neighbouring Wolkberg massif. The superficial features of the living animals are extremely similar and both possess an atrial diverticulum, an unusual feature in southern African Sheldonia species. There are, however, consistent differences in the form of the columella lip (non-rimate in S. monsmaripi sp. nov. and rimate in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.); in the length of the gametolytic duct (very short in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.); in the position of the epiphallic caecum relative to the penial retractor and the insertion of the vas deferens (close to penial retractor in S. monsmaripi sp. nov. and closer to vas deferens in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.) and in the position of the atrial diverticulum (beneath oesophagus in S. monsmaripi sp. nov. and beneath buccal mass in S. wolkbergensis sp. nov.). In addition, S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. is smaller than S. monsmaripi sp. nov. and possesses a penial verge. The non-rimate columella lip of S. monsmaripi sp. nov. is similar to that seen in some species of Sheldonia s.s., as well as ��� Sheldonia ��� leucospira (Pfeiffer, 1847) and two additional undescribed species of Sheldonia s.l. from E Cape (Herbert unpubl. obs.), but none of these species possesses an atrial diverticulum. The presence of an atrial diverticulum has not previously been observed in shelled urocyclids from southern African. Van Mol (1970) reported such a structure in several Central and West African urocyclid genera, noting that its occurrence was sporadic and not fixed within members of the same genus. It may be present in one species, but absent in another, seemingly closely related species. The phylogenetic significance of its presence in both S. monsmaripi sp. nov. and S. wolkbergensis sp. nov. is thus difficult to evaluate, the more so since the internal structure of the organ differs in the two species. Given that they also differ with respect to several other features of distal reproductive tract morphology, the possession of an atrial diverticulum may be convergent., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2016, New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 236 on pages 16-21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.236, http://zenodo.org/record/3847840, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.","Van Mol J. J. 1970. Revision des Urocyclidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata) - anatomie - systematique - zoogeographie. Premiere partie. Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences zoologiques 180, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren."]}

Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F3F6A7DF-A655-483B-9865-AB0AA56DCCE8 Figs 4���8 Etymology Named after the Soutpansberg massif, to which the species is endemic. Material examined Holotype SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Soutpansberg, Sibasa area, Phiphidi Falls, 22.9483�� S, 30.3950�� E, ~ 1000 m, indigenous forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, 20 Nov. 1997, diameter 9.2 mm, height 6.1 mm (NMSA V5567 /T4069, body in ethanol). Paratypes (listed west to east) SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Soutpansberg, Hanglip Forest, picnic site, 22.99951�� S, 29.88643�� E, 1540m,northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter,leg.D.Herbert, L. Davis &M.Cole, stn 14-14, 29 Nov.2014 (NMSA P0214/T4070, three specimens, body of one in ethanol); Hanglip Forest, 23.017�� S, 29.900�� E, indigenous forest, J. Swaye, Mar. 2001 (NMSA V9485/T4071, five dry specimens; ELM D18041 /T039, one dry specimen); Goedehoop Forest, 23.067�� S, 30.121�� E, 1250 m, sorted from leaf-litter, C. Symes, 30 Oct. 1999 (NMSA V7506/T4066, six dry specimens); Entabeni Forest, 22.99092�� S, 30.27829�� E, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, L91, L95, Oct.���Nov. 2001 (NMSA W2259/T4067, nine dry specimens, seven in ethanol); Entabeni Forest, environs of Kliphuis, 22.98589�� S, 30.28127�� E, 1345 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-17, 30 Nov. 2014 (NMSA P0183/T4068, 11 specimens, bodies of five in ethanol; NHMUK 20160040, one dry specimen; RMNH.5004144, one dry specimen); Entabeni Forest, environs of Kliphuis, 22.98455�� S, 30.28272�� E, 1365 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-16, 30 Nov. 2014 (NMSA P0186/T4063, 10 specimens, bodies of five in ethanol); Thathe Vondo Forest, 22.87705�� S, 30.35026�� E, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, L41, Oct.���Nov. 2001 (NMSA W2080/T4064, 18 dry specimens, two in ethanol); Thathe Vondo Forest, near sacred shrine, 22.92649�� S, 30.35270�� E, 1075 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-18, 1 Dec. 2014 (P0225/T4065, one specimen, body in ethanol; ELM D18049 /T040, one dry specimen); Thathe Vondo Forest, near sacred shrine, 22.92173�� S, 30.35760�� E, 1090 m, northern mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, D. Herbert, L. Davis & M. Cole, stn 14-19, 1 Dec. 2014 (NMSA P0304/T4060, two specimens, body of one in ethanol). Other material (listed west to east, all in NMSA) SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Soutpansberg, Dundee Forest, 23.017�� S, 29.515�� E, 1525 m, sorted from leaf-litter, C. Symes, 24 Jul. 1999 (V7516); Hanglip Forest, 23.00002�� S, 29.88789�� E, 1360 m, mist-belt forest, in leaf-litter, A. Moussalli & D. Stuart-Fox, 16 Dec. 2006 (W5637); Hanglip Forest, 23.017�� S, 29.900�� E, 1370 m, A.C. & W.H. van Bruggen, Feb. 1965 (A8342); Entabeni Forest, 23.013�� S, 30.080�� E, 1175 m, sorted from leaf-litter, C. Symes, 16 Jul. 1999 (V7494); Goedehoop Forest, 23.07253�� S, 30.11494�� E, 1190 m, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, L59, Oct.���Nov. 2001 (W2064); Entabeni Forest, 23.000�� S, 30.233�� E, indigenous forest, J. Swaye, L19a, Mar. 2001 (V9475); Entabeni, Matiwa Kop, 22.983�� S, 30.250�� E, 1310 m, in forest, A.C. & W.H. van Bruggen, Feb. 1965 (A8352); Entabeni Forest, 22.983�� S, 30.250�� E, 1160 m, A.C. & W.H. van Bruggen, Feb. 1965 (A8341); Entabeni Forest, 22.99541�� S, 30.28023�� E, Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Swaye, L30, Feb.���Mar. 2001 (W2261); Thathe Vondo Forest, 22.872933�� S, 30.338783�� E, 1280 m, indigenous Afromontane forest, in leaf-litter, J. Horn, 1 Mar. 2006 (W7717); Thathe Vondo Forest, 22.876�� S, 30.349�� E, 1430 m, indigenous forest, in leaf-litter, C. Symes, 4 Nov. 1999 (V7639). Type locality SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, Soutpansberg, Sibasa area, Phiphidi Falls, 22.9483�� S, 30.3950�� E, ~ 1000 m. Identification Easily identified on account of the fact that it is the only heliciform urocyclid occurring in the Soutpansberg that has a spirally punctate protoconch. Additional distinctive anatomical characters are given in the generic diagnosis above. Description SHELL (Fig. 4). Small, globose-lenticular, largest specimen with diameter 10.0 mm, height 4.9 mm; H:D 0.62���0.71; periphery below mid-whorl, evenly rounded; suture indented, but not strongly so, inserting above periphery; very thin and delicate. Protoconch diameter 1.1���1.4 mm; junction with teleoconch weakly marked; nucleus more or less smooth, but protoconch thereafter with numerous microscopic punctations arranged in close-set spiral lines (Fig. 4 E���F), also with some collabral alignment; in last quarter whorl punctations coalesce to form fine incised spiral lines. Teleoconch of up to 2.5 whorls; whorl expansion moderate; sculptured with fine, close-set, microscopic spiral striae, relatively weak on first whorl but strengthening and relatively distinct from start of second whorl onward; teleoconch otherwise only with weak, uneven growth irregularities. Columella concave, adapical region whitish and reflected over umbilical region and fused to adjacent part of base, forming a distinct umbilical channel; aperture obliquely lunate. Translucent, more or less uniformly yellowish-brown; apical and basal surfaces both glossy. EXTERNAL FEATURES (Fig. 5). Head and neck usually dark grey dorsally, pale greyish-white ventrally; grey pigmentation associated with skin granules and thus appearing as dense spotting; pigmentation weaker in some specimens; tentacles brownish-grey, yellowish-brown in pale individuals; posterior of foot more uniformly grey, caudal appendage somewhat darker. Body lobes of mantle edge grey; right and left shell lobes elongate-trigonal to spathulate when extended over shell, pale and translucent; posterior of foot and mantle lobes with scattered, minute, bluish-grey pigment granules. Pulmonary lining behind mantle edge variously bordered with cream and black pigmentation, often as collabral bands; additional dark blotches and lines posterior to this, with a very prominent and well-defined black band overlying primary ureter, to the right of pale tissues of kidney, sometimes with a further well-defined line of cream pigment to the right of (i.e., dorsal to) black band (Fig. 5B). Spire viscera dark brown with irregularly branching, cream venation, usually sparse and sometimes virtually absent. Caudal pit and appendage well developed. RADULA (Fig. 6). Formula R+9+(1���2)+(70���80); rachidian tricuspid, laterals essentially bicuspid with a mesocone and strong basal ectocone, but also with a minute endocone on side of mesocone; laterals followed by 1���2 intermediary teeth and then a long series of marginals; marginals curved and terminally bicuspid, but with a series of smaller cusps or serrations on concave outer edge, these proportionately stronger on smaller teeth toward radula margin. DISTAL GENITALIA (Fig. 7). Penis cylindrical, tapering toward apex, surrounded in a thin sheath, occasionally slightly kinked in mid region; penis divided into two portions, a thick muscular apical region (~�� of penis length) ending at a conical penial verge, and a basal thinner-walled preputial region lined internally by coarse rounded papillae (Fig. 7B). Epiphallus extremely short, with a small caecum arising close to penis-epiphallus junction; retractor muscle attached to penis apex, close to base of caecum. Flagellum very short and squat, divided into F1 and F2, but not sharply so (Fig. 7C); F1 broad basally, twisted into approximately one revolution, internal diverticulae poorly delineated; F2 a small papilla-like structure at tip of F1, internal diverticulae more visible. Vas deferens long, thick and much convoluted in proximal portion between base of spermoviduct and penis base; inserts at junction of epiphallus and flagellum without evidence of chalky internal material. Genital atrium simple; vagina short; gametolytic sac capacious, its duct of moderate length; base of free oviduct somewhat swollen, pale apricot; spermoviduct divided into distinct prostatic and oviductal portions. Spermatophore elbowed (Fig. 7D), with a relatively slender capsule; most of tail with well-developed, fan-like spines with multiple branches (often in clumps), the tips finely pointed and recurved; tail initially relatively slender, but broader and more robust in mid-region; unbranched tip of tail very short. Distribution (Fig. 8) A narrow-range endemic, known only from the Soutpansberg massif, Limpopo, South Africa; at altitudes between 1000 and 1525 m above sea level. Habitat Northern mist-belt forest (Mucina & Rutherford 2006); all material collected to date has been found in forest floor leaf-litter., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2016, New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 236 on pages 10-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.236, http://zenodo.org/record/3847840, {"references":["Mucina L. & Rutherford M. C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria."]}

While the most fundamental question as to how many species inhabit the earth still remains to be one of the enigmatic aspects of biodiversity, it continues to be the challenge for systematists to cope with taxonomic redundancy. Synonymies, being in the past essentially produced due to the dominating typological approach to deal with morphological disparity and taxonomical diversity, are at the heart of this problem. Therefore, the type procedure established as nomenclatural practice has not lost its usefulness. Quite to the contrary, types as name-bearing specimens deserve our full attention, more today than ever before. Supplementing a preceeding paper on a total of 43 extant types of mostly vaginulid and agriolimacid slugs originally described by the German zoologist Heinrich Simroth, we in this second catalogue compile information on other tropical slugs in the Malacozoological Collection of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. We here list a total of 36 slug types described by several other authors, with the majority being again Vaginulidae (n = 30). In addition, information on six types of slugs from three other families, viz. Limacidae (3), Urocyclidae (2), and Agriolimacidae (1), are given, following a brief account with biographic information on those collectors who have contributed the majority of this type collection of vaginulids and related slugs. We end with a brief discussion of the geographic occurrence of these taxa involved. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Nineteen stations were surveyed and 46 species of terrestrial molluscs were recorded from an 18×55 km area in the north-eastern corner of Mozambique. Three stations on Cabo Delgado (a peninsula at the northern extremity of the Quirimbas Archipelago) yielded 19 species that were not found on the inland-sampled area and 18 species that occur inland were not found on Cabo Delgado, with nine species inhabiting both areas. The main ecological difference between Cabo Delgado and the inland area is the abundance of limestone in the former and the total lack of it in the latter. The reference to the original publication, type locality, size of the type specimen(s) and summary geographical distribution as well as colour photographs are provided for each recorded species. One new species of Gulella (Pulmonata: Streptaxidae) is described from Cabo Delgado.

As presently used, the helicarionoid genus Thapsia Albers, 1860 embraces a large, heterogeneous assemblage of species. As a first step in the revision of this group of taxa, the genus Thapsia (type species Helix troglodytes Morelet, 1848) is redefined anatomically and conchologically. In the absence of alcohol-preserved material of T. troglodytes, Thapsia ebimimbangana spec. nov. from Cameroon and T. wieringai spec. nov. from Gabon are described to characterize the soft parts morphology of Thapsia. Three new genera are introduced, viz. Saphtia gen. nov. (type species S. granulosa spec. nov.), Pseudosaphtia gen. nov. (type species P. brunnea spec. nov.) and Vanmolia gen. nov. (type species Thapsia sjoestedti d’Ailly, 1896). A second species of Saphtia, S. lamtoensis spec. nov., is described to illustrate the large conchological variability of the genus. The identity of Helix calamechroa Jonas in Philippi, 1843 (now Saphtia calamechroa stat. nov.), Thapsia buchholzi Bourguignat, 1885, and Thapsia rosenbergi Preston, 1909 is briefly discussed.

Trochozonites arabica sp. nov. (Fig. 25) Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018988. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman. Stratum typicum: Paludal biomicritic limestones of the Zalumah Formation. Age: Late Priabonian. Material: This species is only represented by the holotype specimen. Etymology: arabica for its presence on the Arabian Peninsula. Diagnosis: Broad conical shell with strong opisthocline ribs. Description: Shell broad conical; protoconch blunt, consisting of ca. 2 whorls without any obvious sculpture; last teleoconch whorl rapidly increasing, with a sharp peripheral keel; whorls only slightly rounded, suture simple and shallow; teleoconch whorls covered by strong opisthocline ribs; lower part of the shell (below the periphery) smooth; aperture depressed oval, peristome (probably) simple, sharp; form of umbilicus not clearly discernible, however, it seems to be quite narrow. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 25): H = 5.04 mm; W = 5.27 mm; Wh > 5. Remarks: The specific opisthocline ribs discriminate this shell from all cerastid shells, which have orthocline ribs. The shell form immediately recalls the shells of the afrotropical helicarionid genus Trochozonites PFEFFER, 1883. To facilitate comparison, the figure of Trochozonites plumaticostata PILSBRY, 1919 from the Congo Basin is here provided (Fig. 26). In his diagnosis of the species, Pilsbry (1919: 251) explicitly describes the "oblique, rather widely spaced, retractive, undulating riblets", which is close to what can be seen in T. arabica sp. nov. Nonetheless, the affiliation to such a badly understood genus remains with some doubts, because important character sets like the protoconch sculpture and microrelief are not preserved., Published as part of Neubert, Eike & Damme, Dirk van, 2012, Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman, pp. 1-28 in Contributions to Natural History 20 on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080, http://zenodo.org/record/5838544, {"references":["Pilsbry, H. A. (1919): A review of the land mollusks of the Belgian Congo chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909 - 1915. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 40: 1 - 370, plates I - XXIII."]}

Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080

Bukobia uhehensis Verdcourt, 1965 Fig. 63 Bukobia uhehensis: Verdcourt 1965: 282, fig. 8 (Iringa, Tanzania; length 49 mm, sole width 6 mm). A rare eastern African species, previously known by a single specimen from the type locality in central Tanzania, about 600 km NW of the study area. Found at one station inland. Differs from all other species of the genus Bukobia, as well from two following species of the family, by the presence of a single large soft stimulator without any calcareous elements inside the shortly elongated diverticulum of the atrium., Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203

Trochonanina bloyeti Bourguignat, 1889 Fig. 50 Trochonanina bloyeti: Bourguignat 1889: 21 (Near Kondoa, Usambara, north-eastern Tanzania; 7× 15 mm). A rare eastern African species, with a general distribution from northern Tanzania to central Mozambique. A single shell found inland. Quite similar to the preceding species, differing from it by the wider spaced, stronger axial ribs on the upper side of the more depressed, uniformly coloured shell. The shell illustrated here has lighter spots in places of the damaged periostracum., Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 280, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203, http://zenodo.org/record/7913493, {"references":["BOURGUIGNAT, J. R. 1889. Mollusques de l'Afrique equatoriale: de Moguedouchou a Bagamoyo et de Bagamoyo au Tanganika. Paris: Dumoulin et Cie."]}

Elisolimax flavescens (Keferstein, 1866) Fig. 64 Parmarion flavescens: Keferstein 1866: 70, pl. 2, figs 2–8 (Inhambane, Mozambique; length 35 mm – contracted). A common eastern African species, with a general distribution from southern Tanzania to the Eastern Cape in South Africa. Found at two stations on Cabo Delgado. Differs from other continental species of the genus Elisolimax, as well as from the preceding and the following species of the family, by the long, narrow diverticulum of the atrium with two large longitudinal folds inside., Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 283, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203, {"references":["KEFERSTEIN, W. 1866. Ueber Parmarion flavescens sp. n. aus Mossambique. Malakozoologische Blatter 13: 70 - 76."]}

Trochonanina albopicta (von Martens, 1869) Fig. 49 Nanina mossambicensis var. albopicta: von Martens 1869 a: 56, pl. 1, fig. 2 (East Africa; 11× 18 mm). Ledoulxia albopicta (von Martens, 1869): Connolly 1925: 135. A common East African species, with a general distribution from southern Kenya to central Mozambique. Found at four stations inland. Possibly just a colour variety of Trochonanina mossambicensis (Pfeiffer, 1855), as it was originally described by von Martens. Can easily be recognized by the characteristic pattern of lighter, nontranslucent specks oriented in spiral lines on a darker, semi-translucent, corneous background, as well as alternating zones of lighter and darker close-set axial riblets on the upper side of the shell with only microscopic spiral striation on the base. The shell illustrated here is much faded., Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 280, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203

Urocyclus kirki Gray, 1864 Fig. 65 Urocyclus kirki: Gray 1864: 251 (Near the mouth of the River Zambezi, Mozambique). A common eastern African species, with a general distribution from southern Tanzania to Zululand in South Africa. Found at a single station inland. Differs from all other species of the family by the large, muscular diverticulum of the atrium with a single large calcareous dart inside., Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 283, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203, http://zenodo.org/record/7913493, {"references":["GRAY, J. 1864. On Urocyclus, a new genus of terrestrial gasteropodous Mollusca from Africa. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 32 (2): 250 - 251."]}

Elisolimax Cockerell, 1893 Type species Elisa bella Heynemann, 1882 (M). Madagascar., Published as part of Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, pp. 1-148 in Zootaxa 2462 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2462.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5312710

Subfamily Urocyclinae Remarks. Urocyclinae has been regarded as a subfamily within Urocyclidae by most previous authors (Baker 1941a; Hausdorf 1998; Solem 1966; van Goethem 1977; Van Mol 1970b). Schileyko (2002b) included it as a subfamily of Helicarionidae but we disagree with his findings (see Helicarionidae Remarks) and follow the traditional classification, with key characters defined as follows: Shell highly reduced (less than two whorls), plate-like, covered by mantle. Visceral mass incorporated into foot. Flagellum absent, small lime-sac present; stimulator absent or present., Published as part of Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, pp. 1-148 in Zootaxa 2462 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2462.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5312710, {"references":["Baker, H. B. (1941 a) Zonitid snails from Pacific Islands Part 3: Genera other than Microcystinae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 166, 205 - 346.","Hausdorf, B. (1998) Phylogeny of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 64, 35 - 66.","Solem, A. (1966) Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand, with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 24, 1 - 110.","Van Goethem, J. L. (1977) Revision systematiques des Urocyclinae (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Urocyclidae). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Annales, Sciences Zoologiques, 218, 1 - 355.","Van Mol, J. - J. (1970 b) Revision des Urocyclidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata): anatomie, systematique, zoogeographie. Premiere Partie. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Annales, Sciences Zoologiques, 180, 1 - 234.","Schileyko, A. A. (2002 b) Treatise on Recent Terrestrial Pulmonate Molluscs, Part 9: Helicarionidae, Gymnarionidae, Rhysotinidae, Ariophantidae. Ruthenica, Supplement 2, Moscow."]}

Family Urocyclidae Remarks. Urocyclidae was created for taxa from Africa (Simroth 1889) and has often been treated since as an endemic African group (e.g., Baker 1941a; van Goethem 1977). Hausdorf (1998) defined Urocyclidae as containing taxa in which stimulator section A 5 was absent, although noted that the stimulator was missing in some taxa. Since both taxa included in the current study had no stimulator, Hausdorf’s (1998) synapomorphy could not be confirmed. The sample size was too small to allow any comments on urocyclid monophyly. Schileyko (2002b) pointed out that there are difficulties in interpreting urocyclid taxonomy since the two major revisors (van Goethem 1977; Van Mol 1968, 1970a,b, 1973) did not cover any common ground but instead focused on separate subsets of taxa. Schileyko (2002b) divided Urocyclidae between subfamilies and tribes of Helicarionidae and Ariophantidae, based primarily on reproductive anatomy. Winter (2008) recently redescribed the west African helicarionoid genus Thapsia Albers, 1860 and described three new genera. Winter (2008) commented on the difficulties of assigning these taxa to a family, due in part to the paucity of information available about taxa from this region. It is possible that some African species currently assigned to Urocyclidae actually belong to the other helicarionoid families, rendering Urocyclidae polyphyletic (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005; Winter, 2008). Our analysis indicated that the urocyclids can be recognised as a distinct grouping within Helicarionoidea, which is defined as follows: Shell complete or reduced. Stimulator absent or present; where present, sections A 3, A 4 and A 5 are missing. Some fibres of the penial nerve run through the cerebral ganglion (Hausdorf 1998). Epiphallic retractor caecum and flagellum absent or present; lime-sac absent (Trochonanininae) or present (Urocyclinae). Description. Shell complete, partially reduced or fully internalised. Mantle laps and lobes absent or present, varying in size and degree of fusion. Sole of foot tripartite; caudal apparatus present, formed from curled up sole (Muratov’s 1999 helicarionid type). Kidney unilobed; minor venation on the roof of the mantle cavity present. Genital system oviparous; oviduct glandular. Bursa copulatrix inserted on vagina. Capsular gland present. Stimulator absent or present; where stimulator is present, stimulator section A 5 (apical gland) is missing; dart and/or papilla in stimulator section A 2 can be absent or present. Penial sheath present; distal end fused to epiphallus. Epiphallic retractor caecum absent or present; epiphallic flagellum absent or present; epiphallic lime-sac present in some Urocyclinae. Spermatophore in form of soft capsule with long hard tailpipe, or in taxa with lime-sac in form of soft-walled tube closed at both ends.

Hyman, Isabel T., Ponder, Winston F. (2010): A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462. Zootaxa 2462 (1): 1-148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2462.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2462.1.1

As presently used, the helicarionoid genus Thapsia Albers, 1860 embraces a large, heterogeneous assemblage of species. As a first step in the revision of this group of taxa, the genus Thapsia (type species Helix troglodytes Morelet, 1848) is redefined anatomically and conchologically. In the absence of alcohol-preserved material of T. troglodytes, Thapsia ebimimbangana spec. nov. from Cameroon and T. wieringai spec. nov. from Gabon are described to characterize the soft parts morphology of Thapsia. Three new genera are introduced, viz. Saphtia gen. nov. (type species S. granulosa spec. nov.), Pseudosaphtia gen. nov. (type species P. brunnea spec. nov.) and Vanmolia gen. nov. (type species Thapsia sjoestedti d’Ailly, 1896). A second species of Saphtia, S. lamtoensis spec. nov., is described to illustrate the large conchological variability of the genus. The identity of Helix calamechroa Jonas in Philippi, 1843 (now Saphtia calamechroa stat. nov.), Thapsia buchholzi Bourguignat, 1885, and Thapsia rosenbergi Preston, 1909 is briefly discussed.

Trochozonites adansoniae (Morelet, 1848) Helix Adansoniae Morelet, 1848: 351. LOCALITÉ TYPE. — Gabon. DESCRIPTION. — Coquille étroitement ombiliquée, de faible taille (hauteur maximale 12,5 mm pour un exemplaire provenant de Soubré, Côte d’Ivoire, sur les bords du fleuve Sassandra), de forme générale régulièrement conique, à peine bombée en dessous. Spire composée de six tours régulièrement croissants séparés par de profondes sutures et ornés, dès les tours embryonnaires, de costulations fortes, obliques, très nettement marquées. Le dernier tour présente une carène saillante. Ouverture ovalaire, à bord columellaire triangulairement réfléchi sur l’ombilic. Coloration brune. DISTRIBUTION. — Habite le Congo, le Gabon, le bassin du Chari, le Cameroun et la Côte d’Ivoire. Les exemplaires du mont Nimba que j’ai examiné provenaient de Ziéla, à 550 m d’altitude., Published as part of Résumé, Jacques Daget, 2003, Les Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles du mont Nimba, pp. 183-210 in Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 190 on page 194

Zonitarion dewildei spec. nov. and Z. wakaensis spec. nov., both belonging to the subgenus Belonarion, are described from the rain-forest area of Gabon, western Africa. This is the first record of urocyclid semi-slugs from this malacologically poorly known area. Descriptions are provided of both external and internal organs, viz., jaw, radula, genital system, pallial organs and spermatophore.

Morphological studies and analysis of gut contents indicate that two species of montane Ethiopian frogs are specialized for selective feeding on terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Certain bony elements of the skull, such as the palatines and prevomers, are reduced and deflected dorsally, while lateral elements of the maxillary arch, such as die quadratojugals and maxillaries, are expanded. The nasal apparatus in both species is situated in an extreme anterior position. The two species are removed from the genus Kassina Girard and placed in die genus Tomierella Ahl. Morphology of the head suggests that these frogs grasp mollusks with their jaws, pull diem from die substrate, and swallow them whole. The sensory cues which trigger feeding are as yet unknown. Apparently, diese frogs are the first terrestrial vertebrates known to feed exclusively on whole mollusks, wimout crushing them or removing the soft parts from the shell.

Zonitarion dewildei spec. nov. and Z. wakaensis spec. nov., both belonging to the subgenus Belonarion, are described from the rain-forest area of Gabon, western Africa. This is the first record of urocyclid semi-slugs from this malacologically poorly known area. Descriptions are provided of both external and internal organs, viz., jaw, radula, genital system, pallial organs and spermatophore.