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The global rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been reported in children both in developed and developing countries, and these figures have been projected to increase further in coming years. Childhood obesity increases the risk of adulthood obesity and obesity-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. The most common cause of obesity in children is a positive energy balance due to caloric intake in excess of caloric expenditure combined with a genetic tendency for weight gain. Several studies highlight recent proof regarding the role of genetics, age, gender, birth weight, dietary pattern (i.e., eating fast foods and snacks, skipping breakfast, and behavioral characteristics), sedentary lifestyle, less physical activity, and sleeping hours related to occurrence of obesity in children. There is finite information on the efficacy and safety of medications for weight loss in children. Involvement related to changing dietary practices and maintenance of regular physical activity among children through parental step and social support in natural settings such as at home and in schools, or afterschool care services are most important to avert childhood obesity.

In African countries Ebola virus has been responsible for several deaths. In addition to being a global health concern, the virus is also considered a potential biological threat. Ebola viruses are incompletely understood pathogens that cause severe, often fatal, illnesses in humans and non-human primates. Ebola virus disease affects most of the human being and finally mortality rate increases in that county. Most of the countries are on alert for the ebola virus because peoples have worked within the boundaries of the affected area of Africa. Such people are not permitted to enter in the resident country without proper test at airport or other places. In this review we have discussed ebola virus disease and it affects the peoples worldwide. Peer Review History: Article received on- 3 August; Revised on- 10 September; Accepted on- 15 October , Available online 15 November 2016 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Viney Chawla, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Sadiq Road, Faridkot-Punjab 151203, drvineychawla@gmail.com Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to explore the antioxidant effect of Spirulina maxima in rat model along with the histopathological observations. Diabetes was induced by feeding 10% fructose solution orally to Wistar rats (n = 6) for 30 days, analysed for plasma blood glucose and the markers of the oxidative stress [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)]. These biochemical studies were associated with histopathological examination of liver and kidney sections. The microalga Spirulina maxima being rich in proteins and other essential nutrients is widely used as a food supplement. S. maxima at a dose of 5 and 10% per kg and the metformin (500 mg/kg) as reference drug were given orally for 30 days to the diabetic rats. Diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.001) elevations in plasma blood glucose, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and significant reduction in catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione activity. Oral administration of 5 and 10% aqueous extract of S. maxima for 30 days restored not only of blood glucose levels but also markers of oxidative stress. Histopathological observations of tissues manifested that the S. maxima administration had the protective and therapeutic effects against fructose-induced abnormalities in diabetic rats. It is concluded that S. maxima is effective in reinstating the antioxidant activity in addition to its antidiabetic effect in type 2 diabetic rats.

World wise genomic analysis is beginning to move from the laboratories of basic investigators to large-scale clinical trials. The potential of this technology is to improve diagnosis and tailored treatment of various human diseases. In addition, new data from the emerging proteomics platforms add another layer of molecular information to the study of human disease, as scientists attempt to catalogue a complete list of the proteins encoded by the genome and to establish a ‘bio-signature' profile of human health and disease. In the medical sciences identification of human genome sequence is a significant milestone for all the genes and their regulatory regions which provides the required framework for the genetic blueprint of humankind and that will make possible to recognize the molecular premise of disease. It is accepted that, together, these technologies genomic and proteomic will make easier to study all aspects of genes, gene products and signaling pathways so that the objective of personalised molecular medicine can be achieved.

Spirulina is a photosynthetic, filamentous, spiral-shaped and multicellular edible microbe. It is the nature's rich- est and most complete source of nutrition. Spirulina has a unique blend of nutrients that no single source can offer. The alga contains a wide spectrum of prophylactic and therapeutic nutrients that include B-complex vitamins, minerals, pro- teins, � -linolenic acid and the super anti-oxidants such as � -carotene, vitamin E, trace elements and a number of unex- plored bioactive compounds. Because of its apparent ability to stimulate whole human physiology, Spirulina exhibits therapeutic functions such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti- diabetic and plethora of beneficial functions. Spirulina consumption appears to promote the growth of intestinal micro flora as well. The review discusses the potential of Spirulina in health care management.

Background & objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. Several natural products have been isolated and identified to restore the complications of diabetes. Spirulina maxima is naturally occurring fresh water cyanobacterium, enriched with proteins and essential nutrients. The aim of the study was to determine whether S. maxima could serve as a therapeutic agent to correct metabolic abnormalities induced by excessive fructose administration in Wistar rats. Methods: Oral administration of 10 per cent fructose solution to Wistar rats (n=5 in each group) for 30 days resulted in hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Aqueous suspension of S. maxima (5 or 10%) was also administered orally once daily for 30 days. The therapeutic potential of the preparation with reference to metformin (500 mg/kg) was assessed by monitoring various biochemical parameters at 10 day intervals during the course of therapy and at the end of 30 days S. maxima administration. Results: Significant (P

Arsenic-induced abnormalities in glucose metabolism: Biochemical basis and potential therapeutic and nutritional interventions