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Urinary schistosomiasis remains a prevalent concern in certain regions of Nigeria, particularly where populations frequently come into contact with water bodies hosting the snail intermediate host of the parasite. In the Abua communities of Abua/Odual Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, a study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of urinary schistosomiasis among school-aged children. Midstream urine specimens were collected from 110 pupils (45 males and 65 females) across five schools (Okana, Omaraka, Amalem, Emilaghan, and Arukwo) and examined using the sedimentation technique. Results indicated an overall prevalence of 43.6%, with varying infection rates across the schools, though statistical analysis revealed no significant difference. Females exhibited a slightly higher infection rate (47.7%) compared to males (37.8%), with no significant disparity noted. Age group analysis revealed the 10-13 age group as most affected (56.3%), followed by the 6-9 age group (36.1%), and the 14 & above age group (30.8%). Risk factor assessment highlighted reliance on borehole water (52.7%) and irregular bathing habits as prominent contributors to transmission. The study underscores the persistent presence of Schistosoma haematobium in the area, particularly affecting children engaging in water-related activities. It advocates for government intervention through health awareness campaigns, provision of clean water sources, and anthelminthic treatment for infected individuals. These measures are crucial in mitigating the burden of urinary schistosomiasis and improving public health outcomes in the affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selective mass chemotherapy is known to be very effective in reducing and controlling the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis. However, re-infection and resurgence of Schistosoma (S) haematobium infection after effective mass chemotherapy is also common in the absence of other control programmes. Objective: To determine the prevalence of S. haematobium infection among primary school children in a rural community, ten years after effective mass chemotherapy in the same school. Subjects and Methods: The prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection were determined in a rural primary school by the nytel milipore filter method in 2003. The results were compared with those of a similar study carried out in the same primary school ten years earlier, before and after effective mass chemotherapy. Results: In the current study, two hundred and twenty six of the 443 children studied had urinary schistosomiasis giving a prevalence of 51.0 percent. One hundred and seventy five (77.4 percent) of those infected had infection of mild intensity (

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt • This study introduces an approach for the rapid screening and diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis using urinalysis in remote communities, where advanced diagnostic techniques are often unavailable. • By analyzing 600 school children across six Local Government Areas in Kaduna State, Nigeria, the research highlights significant associations between urinary schistosomiasis and specific urinalysis indicators, such as leukocytes, proteinuria, and micro-hematuria. • This method not only demonstrates the feasibility of immediate treatment initiation but also underscores the potential for preventing the chronicity and further community spread of the disease, addressing a critical gap in current public health strategies for rural settings. Full Abstract Urinary schistosomiasis is a disease that has persisted for a long time among children in Nigeria and other African countries. The persistence of schistosomiasis in people living in rural communities is attributed to the abundance of unsafe water bodies where both children and adults engage in activities such as irrigation, bathing, fishing, washing, or fetching water for domestic use. The lack of adequate community-based screening and treatment of infected cases has contributed to the continuous spread of schistosomiasis from endemic communities to new areas. Urinalysis can serve as a rapid method for screening for urinary schistosomiasis among populations in remote locations, enabling immediate treatment and the prevention of its transmission. In this study, 600 school children who gave their consent were enrolled across six Local Government Areas in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A fresh 10mL urine sample was collected from each subject, and eleven analytes were immediately determined upon submission using urine reagent test strips (SG11100-Uric 11V, Guilin Zhonghui Technology Co., Ltd, China). The urine samples underwent centrifugation at 3000 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes, and the sediment from each sample was examined microscopically for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The data were analyzed statistically at a 95% confidence interval using IBM SPSS Version 23. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among the children in the six LGAs of Kaduna State was 6.8%, with heavy infections at 2.2% and light infections at 4.7%. Significant associations were found between urinary schistosomiasis and the presence of leukocytes (18.5%, χ2=47.596, df=1, P=0.000, OR=8.822), proteinuria (23.1%, χ2=17.287, df=1, P=0.000, OR=4.959), and micro-hematuria (49.3%, χ2=213.184, df=1, P=0.000, OR=63.695). This study demonstrates that urinalysis can be effectively utilized for screening urinary schistosomiasis in remote communities where advanced techniques like microscopy may not be available, facilitating prompt treatment initiation. Therefore, early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing the chronicity and community spread of the disease.

Schistosomiasis and anemia, are one of the leading global public health problem among children between age 5 and 14 years in marginalized settings. In this study, we provide prevalence and intensity data for both conditions in three southwestern states of Nigeria, where such are lacking. Epidemiological assessment involving parasitological analysis of urine and blood samples was conducted among 1783 consenting school-aged children in Ondo, Osun, Ekiti States of Nigeria. Participants' age and sex data were obtained using field forms, and statistical analysis was performed in R software with a significance level of 95%. An overall prevalence of 26.8% and 29.5% was recorded for urinary schistosomiasis and anemia, respectively. Prevalence varied by location with (40.3% and 29.8%) in Ondo (34.4% and 37.5%) in Osun and (13.4% and 20.9%) in Ekiti for urinary schistosomiasis and anemia, respectively (p=0.00). Schistosoma infections were found among males (28.7%, p=0.05) and children between the age 9–11 years (30.0%, p=0.01). About 36% of children with anemia was also infected with schistosomiasis. Children who were positive for schistosomiasis (OR:1.51; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.93; p=0.001) and between the age category 15–16 years, (OR:1.86; 95% CI: 1.12, 3.09; p<0.05) were twice likely to become anemic. Our findings have shown that children infected with schistosomiasis are twice likely to become anemic than those without infection. It is important to complement ongoing MDA programmes targeted at schistosomiasis with nutrition intervention programs for example micronutrient supplementation for better impact and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of study: This study assessed the effectiveness of community-based interventions, health awareness, and treatment in controlling schistosomiasis among schoolchildren to improve policies and strategies. Methods: This pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in an Al-Alaqa male primary school, and systematic simple random sampling was used to investigate 237 participants, which resulted in 132 (55.7%) infected students. The infected and noninfected students (580 students) were treated by delivering the praziquantel doses immediately after the results; after 4 weeks, the infected students received the second dose. After 6 months, the rates were investigated again, and all procedures were performed after the height and weight of the students were recorded according to the protocol. Health education was provided for all participants using posters and leaflets. The data were collected via a questionnaire and urine test. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), and ANOVA and t-tests were used to determine the significant differences between the variables. Results: A urine investigation was conducted on 237 students; 132 (55.7%) had positive results which showed marked improvement and the prevalence in the school decreased to 3.8% after the intervention. The researcher found strong evidence of a relationship between the prevalence of schistosomiasis before the intervention and availability of water in the home (chi-square = 18.331, df = 1, p value = 000). ANOVA showed strong statistical significance (0.002 and F = 6.564) between the mean score of student age and reasons behind going to the pond. Conclusion: This study concluded that mass chemotherapy and treatment were highly effective when associated with a health program intervention. Mass chemotherapy alone may reduce the prevalence of disease for a short time. Recommendation: Community-based interventions should be applied in schools with an emphasis on health education programs through the training of schoolteachers on investigations for schistosomiasis, treatment with praziquantel, and the provision of materials (microscopes, reagents, and drugs).

Urinary Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The clinical picture is manifested by the accumulation of parasite eggs and the formation of granuloma and fibrous tissue around them. A 20-year-old male patient of Malian nationality applied to the infectious diseases' outpatient clinic of our hospital with a complaint of bleeding in the urine, which he had observed intermittently for the last year. Parasitic infiltration was detected in the lamina propria in the biopsy material and was reported as compatible with schistosomiasis. During differential diagnosis, individuals exhibiting hematuria during or after travel to endemic regions should be investigated for urinary schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undiagnosed and untreated cases of urinary schistosomiasis in females usually lead to severe gynaecological complications, collectively known as Female Genital Schistosomiasis. Periodic assessment of schistosomiasis in vulnerable endemic communities will prevent late diagnosis and treatment. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, knowledge, and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among female secondary school students in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. A Cross-sectional research design and multi-stage sampling technique were used to select 401 female secondary school students in the Ndokwa East Local Government Area. Participants' urine samples were obtained and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on the knowledge of schistosomiasis and exposure to known schistosomiasis risk factors from each participant. Urinary schistosomiasis was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Most students were uneducated (8% had good knowledge) regarding the infection. The absence of egg-patent prevalence in the samples may be due to mass administration of praziquantel to control the disease in the LGA. Knowledge about the disease was low. None of the independent variables was a significant predictor of knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary schistosomiasis is one of the parasitic diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. This cross-sectional, prospective study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in school children at Umuikwu-Anam, Anambra West LGA, Anambra state, Nigeria. A total of 232 children aged 7-14 years (Males 127, Females 105) were recruited into the study through systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain sociodemographic data with the help of their teachers and mothers. Urine samples were collected in clean universal bottles and packaged in ice packs and were taken to the Parasitology Laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi for analysis. Haematuria was tested using Combi-9 test strips. Microscopic examination of urine sample was done for ova of S. haematobium. Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) test was also employed as a diagnostic tool. The results showed that out of 232 children tested, 17 (7.3%) were positive for eggs. Out of 127 males, 12 (9.4%) were positive while 5 of the 105 females (4.8%) were positive. Children aged 13-14 years were significantly more affected than other age groups (P<0.05) Male children were significantly more affected than females (P<0.05). Children who visited the streams more often were more affected than others (P<0.05). Sixteen (16) out of 232(6.9%) children tested positive to CCA test. The study concludes that urinary schistosomiasis was prevalent in the study area and was significantly influenced by socioenvironmental factors. Further studies are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study intends to evaluate the prevalence of active Schistosomiasis in school children, as well as their awareness, attitude, and behavior towards the illness in El-Rahad province. Methods: This facility-based analytical cross-sectional study among 495 primary school children aged seven to 13 in five villages; Structured and pre-tested questionnaires were used to collect the data in face-to-face interviews, in addition, urine samples were collected from each pupil and then assessed microscopically for S. Haematobium eggs Presence. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: A total of 424 primary school students participated in the study. Almost all the students (96%) had poor knowledge about urinary schistosomiasis. In general, 100% of the students had poor practices. Attitude revealed that females have lower chance of having the infection than their male counterparts. About 27% (n = 115) of them had active urinary schistosomiasis infection at the time of the study. Conclusion: The study revealed poor level of awareness and knowledge, positive attitude, and poor practices among primary school students. There was also high level of active infection among participants.

Objective: To assess the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba, Kwale County, Kenya. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed to randomly sample 422 women of reproductive age (15-

Urinary schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is affecting the health of many children, especially in Nigeria. Awareness about schistosomiasis in some communities is low; hence more children undertake activities in unsafe bodies of water. This study determined the prevalence, socio-demography, risk factors and symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Giwa and Makarfi LGAs. A total of 200 school children were enrolled in this study and each of them submitted 10 mL urine sample. Each urine sample was concentrated by centrifugation and the sediment was examined using a light compound microscope. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 23 at 95% confidence interval. Overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in this study was 19(9.5%). Spatial prevalence was 10.0% and 9.0% in Giwa and Makarfi LGAs respectively. There was no infection among the females (0.0%), but 13.5% of infection occurred among the males (P=0.003, OR =1.156). School children within the age-group of 18-19 years old had highest infection of 20.0%, followed by 12.1% and 5.6% among those within agegroups of 14-15 and 12-13 years old respectively. The infection was more occurring among children in junior secondary school (10.4%) than among those in senior secondary school (7.7%). Significant risk factors were irrigation farming, swimming, fishing and washing of clothes in rivers (P<0.05, OR >1). Significant symptoms of the disease among them included painful urination and terminal haematuria (P<0.05, OR >1). However, infected individuals mostly encountered frequent urination and abdominal pains (OR>1). Urinary schistosomiasis prevails in the study area. It is important to create widespread awareness and treatment intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis negatively impacts children's health. Children expose themselves daily to schistosome infections due to lack of awareness and knowledge about the disease or the danger of infested water bodies. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence, risk factors and symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Kaduna South Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Four hundred (400) consented school children submitted 10mL urine each and responded to structured questionnaires. Sediment of each urine sample was examined by light microscopy, after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min. Overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 4.5%. Both male and female children were equally infected (4.5% each). Older children between 13-17 years old were more infected (5.0%) and more at risk (OR = 2.982) than younger children (8-12 years old) who had 1.7% of the infection. No infection was recorded among children who had awareness about the disease. Water-based activities that served as significant risk factors for the infection included swimming in river (8.7%, P=0.016, OR= 3.064), fishing (12.2%, P=0.005, OR=3.942) and washing of clothes in river (17.4%, P=0.002, OR=5.459). Significant symptoms of urinary schistosomiasis identified were frequent urination (12.5%, P=0.023, OR=3.612), abdominal pain (10.0%, P=0.045, OR=2.880), and terminal haematuria (13.6%, P=0.002, OR=4.526). Infected individuals were more at risk of experiencing pains during urination (7.4%, OR=2.047). Unawareness promotes the spread of schistosomiasis among Nigerian children; their continuous exposure to infested water poses a greater risk. Creation of awareness amongst children will help to control their play habits in unsafe water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nigeria is the global hotspot for schistosomiasisdespite several rounds of school-based preventive chemotherapy because reliable data regarding its geographical distribution are lacking and there is a need to know the current prevalence for the control plans. Objective: This study aimed to determine the current prevalence, intensity, and risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis among vulnerable primary school children in Silame, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was carried out in April 2021 on 188 primary school children in Silame, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Urine samples were collected and examined using the sedimentation technique for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Hematuria was tested using a urine dipstick. Results: Overall, 40 (21.3%) were positive for urinary schistosomiasis with a mean geometric count of 452 eggs/10 ml of urine. Gender was associated (p < /em>=0.0036) with Schistosoma haematobium infection and males 27 (14.4%) recorded higher prevalence than females 13 (6.9%). Hematuria was significantly associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection (p < /em>=0.0036) and water source (p < /em>

Background: There is a scarcity of accurate data on Schistosoma haematobium infection on country-specific prevalence despite mass drug administration over the years. Prevalence estimates for the number of people infected and the number at risk of infection must still be made based on calculations of limited prevalence survey data at the country level. This study aimed to fill in the gap of data on prevalence in an urban setting that has been receiving mass drug administration with praziquantel and determine the risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection among school pupils. Method: A cross-sectional, stage-wise random sampling survey of S. haematobium infection, factors influencing its transmission and mass drug administration with praziquantel were studied among primary school pupils in Morogoro Municipality. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors, and urine samples were collected from pupils and examined for S. haematobium eggs and macro and microhematuria. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 12.0. Result: The overall prevalence rate of S. haematobium infection was found to be 32.5% (95% CI, - 3.1- 5.6%) in the ten schools that were sampled. It was observed that 228/884 (25.8%) of the pupils had low infection intensity and 82/884 (9.3%) had high infection intensity. The total number of pupils that had S. haematobium infection was 287, where 116 (40.42%) of them had microhematuria. The proportion of students that did receive praziquantel in the last general distribution was found to be 14.3% while 25.8% of the students had low infection intensity and 9.3% had high infection intensity across all age groups. Whereby 3.96% of pupils that received praziquantel in the last general administration also had S. haematobium infection (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.5-1.2) The risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection were playing, bathing, fishing in rivers and helping parents work in rice fields (p –value<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence and intensity are high enough to cause re-infection. Still, more effort is needed to enforce mass praziquantel administration among primary school pupils, alternative water sources for recreational activities, provision of proper latrines and further studies needed to explore the risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Bladder cancer is a possible outcome of chronic urinary schistosomiasis in many endemic countries. In Tanzania, the Lake Victoria area is one of the areas with the highest prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and higher incidences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. A previous study in the area over one decade (2001–2010) showed SCC to be common in patients aged below 50 years. With various prevention and intervention programs there are likely to be notable changes in schistosomiasis-related urinary bladder cancer, which is currently unknown. Updated information on the status of SCC in this area will be useful for giving an insights into efficacy of control interventions implemented and help guide the initiation of new ones. Therefore, this study was done to determine the current trend of schistosomiasis-related bladder cancer in lake zone, Tanzania. Methods This was a descriptive retrospective study of histologically confirmed urinary bladder cancer cases diagnosed at the Pathology Department of Bugando Medical Centre over 10 years period. The patient files and histopathology reports were retrieved and information was extracted. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and student t-test. Results A total of 481 patients were diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer during the study period whereby, 52.6% were males and 47.4% were females. The mean age regardless of histological type of cancer was 55 ± 14.2 years. The SCC was the commonest histological type accounting for 57.0%, followed by transitional cell carcinoma 37.6%, and 5.4% were adenocarcinomas. The Schistosoma haematobium eggs were observed in 25.2% and were commonly associated with SCC (p = 0.001). Poorly differentiated cancers were observed mostly in females (58.6%) compared to males (41.4%) (p = 0.003). Muscular invasion of the urinary bladder by cancer was observed in 11.4% of the patients, and this was significantly higher in non-squamous than in squamous cancers (p = 0.034). Conclusion Schistosomiasis-related cancers of the urinary bladder in the Lake zone of Tanzania is still a problem. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were associated with SCC type indicating the persistence of infection in the area. This calls for more efforts on preventive and intervention programs to reduce the burden of urinary bladder cancer in the lake zone.

Abstract Background Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Senegal river basin, the construction of the Diama dam led to an increase and endemicity of schistosomiasis. Since 2009, praziquantel has frequently been used as preventive chemotherapy in the form of mass administration to Senegalese school-aged children without monitoring of the treatment efficacy and the prevalence after re-infection. This study aims to determine the current prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium), the efficacy of praziquantel, and the re-infection rates in children from five villages with different water access. Methods The baseline prevalence of S. haematobium was determined in August 2020 in 777 children between 5 and 11 years old and a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to those positive. The efficacy of praziquantel and the re-infection rates were monitored 4 weeks and 7 months after treatment, respectively, in 226 children with a high intensity of infection at baseline. Results At the baseline, prevalence was low among children from the village of Mbane who live close to the Lac de Guiers (38%), moderate among those from the villages of Dioundou and Khodit, which neighbor the Doue river (46%), and very high at Khodit (90.6%) and Guia (91.2%) which mainly use an irrigation canal. After treatment, the observed cure rates confirmed the efficacy of praziquantel. The lowest cure rate (88.5%) was obtained in the village using the irrigation canal, while high cure rates were obtained in those using the lake (96.5%) and the river (98%). However, high egg reduction rates (between 96.7 and 99.7%) were obtained in all the villages. The re-infection was significantly higher in the village using the canal (42.5%) than in the villages accessing the Lac de Guiers (18.3%) and the Doue river (14.8%). Conclusion Praziquantel has an impact on reducing the prevalence and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis. However, in the Senegal river basin, S. haematobium remains a real health problem for children living in the villages near the irrigation canals, despite regular treatment, while prevalence is declining from those frequenting the river and the Lac de Guiers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04635553. Registered 19 November 2020 retrospectively registered, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04635553?cntry=SN&draw=2&rank=4

Abstract Urinary schistosomiasis, a water-based disease, is endemic to Nigeria. The infection is transmitted by trematodes known as Schistosoma haematobium. The goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in the Zaki Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 300 school pupils from three primary schools in Zaki was conducted between June and November of 2021. The urine samples were examined with the sedimentation technique to detect S. haematobium eggs. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were obtained through a well-structured questionnaire. In SPSS version 24, the associations between the dependent and independent variables were evaluated with Chi-square, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses. The strength of associations was determined with the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval. Urinary schistosomiasis was found in 29.7% of school-aged children in the three primary schools. Significantly higher prevalence was observed in the Almajiri (informal) school (59.6%) and one public primary school (31.5%), P = 0.001. Boys were four times more likely than girls to have schistosomiasis [AOR (95% CI): 4.38 (2.23–8.60)]. Children who played in shallow water had a higher risk of contracting schistosomiasis infection and were five times more likely to be infected [AOR (95% CI): 5.14 (1.97–13.37)]. Children who had blood in their urine (hematuria) were nearly nine times more likely to be infected [AOR (95% CI): 9.64 (4.79–20.66)]. The present study indicated that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic to the study area in the Zaki Local Government Area, with a moderate infection rate.

Urinary schistosomiasis is a human disease cause by trematodes (fluke) of genus schistosoma and species Schistosoma heamatobium. The prevalence study of urinary schistosomiasis was carried out to determine the incidence of the organism between the two villages of Lavun local government area of Niger state. A total of 259 urine samples were collected from the two villages of which 78 are from Dokomba and 181 are from Kudogi. Sedimentation technique was used for laboratory analysis of the urine samples. Sediment from each sample was placed on a clean slide and observed under light microscope. The overall prevalence percentage of Schistosoma heamatobium in both villages is 66.9%. The prevalence percentage from the two villages shows slight differences, that is 67.9% from Dokomba and 66.4% from Kudogi. The result also shows that Dokomba account for 55% of the eggs from the infected participant while Kudogi account for 44.8%. The gender analysis shows that male are more infected from the two villages with a prevalence percentage of 67.4% and that of female is 65.2. 80% of the eggs are from male while only 19.9% are from female. The study revealed that participant within the age group of 6-11 has higher prevalence of 72.9 and intensity of 50% and closely followed by age group of 12-19 with 70.9% prevalence and 23.2% intensity. The age group 20-35 has lowest prevalence of 56.4% while age group 36 and above have least intensity. From the prevalence percentage, the study revealed high incidence of the pathogens in the two villages with Dokomba slightly account for higher percentages hence the need for mass chemotherapy and provision of social amenities in the two villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent but neglected tropical disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, urogenital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic in several lowland areas. This study was designed to determine the current prevalence and intensity of the urogenital schistosomiasis among communities in Kurmuk District, western Ethiopia. Methods: Urine filtration technique and urine dipstick test were used to screen for S. haematobium eggs and hematuria, respectively. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 23. Logistic regression and odds ratio were used to measure associations and strength between prevalence, intensity, and independent variables. P -values <.05 at 95% CI were considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection as determined by urine filtration was 34.2% (138/403). In bivariate analysis, the most infected (45.4%) age groups were 5 to 12 years (odds ratio [OR] = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.36-12.67), followed by 13 to 20 years (OR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.01-10.35) with higher significant mean egg count (MEC). The mean egg intensity ranged from 2.39 in Ogendu (CI: 1.05-3.72) to 14.1 in Dulshatalo (CI: 4.98-23.12) villages. The main predictor of infection was swimming habits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.43 [CI: 1.19-4.94]). The prevalence of hematuria was 39.2% (158/403), the odds being 2.64 times higher among participants who resided in Dulshatalo than those who resided in Kurmuk (AOR 2.64 [95% CI: 1.43-4.87], P =.004). Conclusion: To reduce the infection and interrupt transmission, the PC in place in the area using PZQ should be strengthened and continued, alongside with provision of sanitary facilities, safe alternative water supplies and health education. The Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia should also collaborate with the health authorities of the Sudan government for the control of trans-boundary transmission of the disease as the transmission foci are shared between the 2 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nigeria is the global hotspot for schistosomiasis despite several rounds of school-based preventive chemotherapy because reliable data regarding its geographical distribution are lacking and there is a need to know the current prevalence for the control plans. Objective: This study aimed to determine the current prevalence, intensity, and risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis among vulnerable primary school children in Silame, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional laboratory-based study was carried out in April 2021 on 188 primary school children in Silame, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Urine samples were collected and examined using the sedimentation technique for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Hematuria was tested using a urine dipstick. Results: Overall, 40 (21.3%) were positive for urinary schistosomiasis with a mean geometric count of 452 eggs/10 ml of urine. Gender was associated (p=0.0036) with Schistosoma haematobium infection and males 27 (14.4%) recorded higher prevalence than females 13 (6.9%). Hematuria was significantly associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection (p<0.001) and males (13.8%) recorded higher frequency than females (7.5%). Participants with light intensity of infections 26 (65%) were more than moderate 12 (30%), and heavy infections 2 (5%). Factors significantly associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection are gender (p=0.0036) and water source (p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that a significant number of primary school children in Silame suffer from urinary schistosomiasis. Males are at higher risk of infections than females. Strengthening schistosomiasis surveillance systems to identify hotspots, sustainable chemotherapeutic intervention, and improving health education reduces schistosomiasis prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical snail-borne diseases of humans in Zambia. It's endemic in most communities, where water bodies and poor sanitation are prominent. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with Schistosomiasis propagation among pupils. A total of 321 urine samples and questionnaires were collected. The results showed that 10.6% (34/321) were infected including 3.7% of girls and 6.9% of boys. The results also indicated that 64.7% had 30mg/dL, 17.6% had 100mg/dL and 8.8% had 500mg/dL proteinuria while 18% showed 100mg/dL, 34% showed 300mg/dL and 12% showed 1000mg/dL haematuria. Of the 34 infected, 23.5% (8/34) were herdsmen, 26.6% (9/34) were swimming, and fishing, 17.6% (6/34) were washing plates and clothes, while 17.6% (6/34) were gardening. The boys were more at risk than girls (RR=1.6). Our results showed that not only proximity to the river could be a risk, but also water activities were the principal risks for contraction of Schistosomiasis. Our findings suggest that positive pupils were in contact with infective cercariae through various water activities. Therefore, there is a need to enhance educational campaigns on threats and prevention measures to reduce further infection.

Improper waste disposal, unsafe water and indiscriminate water-contact activities are major factors enhancing continuous spread of schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Many water bodies are prone to contamination with human wastes directly discharged into them or due to surface runoff, and are infested with parasites. Open defecation and discharge of household sewage into water channels is still practiced. Children conduct activities in these water bodies, thereby exposing themselves to infections with schistomes among other pathogens. Urine samples (10 mL each) were collected from 600 consented school adolescents across six Local Government Areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Information on their water-contact activities were obtained by means of questionnaires. Urine sediment was examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs by microscopy. No infection was recorded in adolescents who had awareness about the disease. Those who engaged in swimming (9.2 %, OR=2.2) and fishing (10.3 %, OR=2.1) were significantly more infected than those who did not (P=0.05). Adolescents who worked on irrigated farms (9.0 %, OR=1.4), washed clothes in rivers (9.0 %, OR=1.6), or fetch water from rivers for domestic purpose (10.0 %) were more infected than others who did not engage in those activities. Therefore, swimming and fishing are important factors enhancing the spread of schistosomiasis among school adolescents in Kaduna State. Irrigation farming, washing of clothes in rivers or fetching water from rivers exposed the adolescents to schistosome infections. Widespread awareness campaigns, provision safe water to communities, and standard water-based recreational centers are paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bladder cancer is a possible outcome of chronic urinary schistosomiasis in many endemic countries. In Tanzania, the Lake Victoria area is one of the areas with the highest prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and higher incidences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. A previous study in the area over one decade (2001–2010) showed SCC to be common in patients aged below 50 years. With various prevention and intervention programs there are likely to be notable changes in schistosomiasis-related urinary bladder cancer, which is currently unknown. Updated information on the status of SCC in this area will be useful for giving an insights into efficacy of control interventions implemented and help guide the initiation of new ones. Therefore, this study was done to determine the current trend of schistosomiasis-related bladder cancer in lake zone, Tanzania. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study of histologically confirmed urinary bladder cancer cases diagnosed at the Pathology Department of Bugando Medical Centre over 10 years period. The patient files and histopathology reports were retrieved and information was extracted. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and student t-test. Results: A total of 481 patients were diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer during the study period whereby, 52.6% were males and 47.4% were females. The mean age regardless of histological type of cancer was 55 ± 14.2 years. The SCC was the commonest histological type accounting for 57.0%, followed by transitional cell carcinoma 37.6%, and 5.4% were adenocarcinomas. The Schistosoma haematobium eggs were observed in 25.2% and were commonly associated with SCC (p = 0.001). Poorly differentiated cancers were observed mostly in females (58.6%) compared to males (41.4%) (p = 0.003). Muscular invasion of the urinary bladder by cancer was observed in 11.4% of the patients, and this was significantly higher in non-squamous than in squamous cancers (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Schistosomiasis-related cancers of the urinary bladder in the Lake zone of Tanzania is still a problem. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were associated with SCC type indicating the persistence of infection in the area. This calls for more efforts on preventive and intervention programs to reduce the burden of urinary bladder cancer in the lake zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Senegal river basin, the construction of the Diama dam led to an increase and endemicity of schistosomiasis. Since 2009, praziquantel has frequently been used as preventive chemotherapy in the form of mass administration to Senegalese school-aged children without monitoring of the treatment efficacy and the prevalence after re-infection. This study aims to determine the current prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium), the efficacy of praziquantel, and the re-infection rates in children from five villages with different water access. Methods: The baseline prevalence of S. haematobium was determined in August 2020 in 777 children between 5 and 11 years old and a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to those positive. The efficacy of praziquantel and the re-infection rates were monitored 4 weeks and 7 months after treatment, respectively, in 226 children with a high intensity of infection at baseline. Results: At the baseline, prevalence was low among children from the village of Mbane who live close to the Lac de Guiers (38%), moderate among those from the villages of Dioundou and Khodit, which neighbor the Doue river (46%), and very high at Khodit (90.6%) and Guia (91.2%) which mainly use an irrigation canal. After treatment, the observed cure rates confirmed the efficacy of praziquantel. The lowest cure rate (88.5%) was obtained in the village using the irrigation canal, while high cure rates were obtained in those using the lake (96.5%) and the river (98%). However, high egg reduction rates (between 96.7 and 99.7%) were obtained in all the villages. The re-infection was significantly higher in the village using the canal (42.5%) than in the villages accessing the Lac de Guiers (18.3%) and the Doue river (14.8%). Conclusion: Praziquantel has an impact on reducing the prevalence and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis. However, in the Senegal river basin, S. haematobium remains a real health problem for children living in the villages near the irrigation canals, despite regular treatment, while prevalence is declining from those frequenting the river and the Lac de Guiers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04635553. Registered 19 November 2020 retrospectively registered, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious threat in endemic territories of Africa and the Middle East. The status of female urinary schistosomiasis (FUS) in published literature between 2016 and 2020 was investigated. Methods A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, based on the ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses’ checklist, and a meta-analysis using random-effects model to calculate the weighted estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were done. Results Totally, 113 datasets reported data on 40,531 women from 21 African countries, showing a pooled prevalence of 17.5% (95% CI: 14.8–20.5%). Most studies (73) were performed in Nigeria, while highest prevalence was detected in Mozambique 58% (95% CI: 56.9–59.1%) (one study). By sample type and symptoms, vaginal lavage [25.0% (95% CI: 11.4–46.1%)] and hematuria 19.4% (95% CI: 12.2–29.4%) showed higher FUS frequency. Studies using direct microscopy diagnosed a 17.1% (95% CI: 14.5–20.1%) prevalence rate, higher than PCR-based studies 15.3% (95% CI: 6.1–33.2%). Except for sample type, all other variables had significant association with the overall prevalence of FUS. Conclusions More studies are needed to evaluate the true epidemiology of FUS throughout endemic regions.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the expression of different immunohistochemical markers in Bladder Carcinomas (BC) in patients with Neurogenic Bladder (NB) and Urinary Schistosomiasis (US) infection. Materials and methods: We collected tissue samples from patients with Neurogenic Bladder and Bladder Carcinoma (NBC Group) and from patients with Urinary Schistosomiasis infection and Bladder Carcinoma (SBC Group). We compared to these two groups to control samples from resection from patients with Urinary Schistosomiasis without Bladder Carcinoma (US Group); we also investigate patients' characteristics according to urothelial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histopathological differentiation. The expression of markers in all groups (CK7, CK14, CK20, FoxP3, GATA3, STAG2, CD3, CD8, Ki67, and P53) was analyzed using immunohistochemistry of tissue micro-array sections (TMA). Results: Overall, 136 patients were included in the study (n = 72 in the NBC group, n = 33 in the SBC group, and n = 31 in the US group). In the TCC subgroup, the expression of CK7, CK14, CK20, and Ki67 was significantly higher compared to US controls (p 0.002; p < 0.001; p 0.036; p < 0.001). In the SCC subgroup, the expression of CK7, CK14, and CK20 was significantly higher compared to US controls (p 0.007; p < 0.001; p 0.005). Both in TCC and SCC subgroups, no difference in the expression of any tested markers was found comparing NBC and SBC groups. In US group, a significant higher expression of STAG2 was found compared to SCC subgroup (p 0.005). Conclusion: Based on our results, the profile of immunohistochemical biomarkers' expression in both NBC and SBC groups is similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary schistosomiasis is of public health significance in sub-Saharan Africa with its prevalence being linked to carcinogenesis. However, there is a paucity of data to support this relationship. This study explored the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infections and its associations with cancer and hepatorenal function alterations in villages along the Asejire dam in the State of Osun, Nigeria. Urine samples from 152 consented participants (aged 18-75 years) from four communities were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium using the microscopy method. The blood serum of randomly selected infected and non-infected individuals (10 per group) was screened for tumor, inflammatory and hepatorenal function biomarkers. From the results, only one out of the four communities recorded cases of schistosomiasis with a prevalence of 26.5% (22/83) and overall infection prevalence was 14.47% (22/152). There was no statistical difference (p = 0.05) in kidney, liver antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation markers in the infected and non-infected participants. The concentrations of antioxidants, inflammatory, and tumor markers were higher in Schistosoma infected individuals as compared with non-infected individuals. This justifies the need to monitor schistosomiasis-infected individuals for tumor, inflammatory and hepato-renal function biomarkers before they develop into cancer, liver, and kidney failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aimed to detect the presence of urinary schistosomiasis, the associated risk factors and its impact on blood parameters among Almajiris in two selected rural communities of Kaduna State. Urine samples were collected from 193 Almajiri subjects and processed by sedimentation method and examined under the microscope. Blood samples were also collected from the subjects and processed using SWELAB auto analyser for full blood count. A well-structured knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire was administered to the subjects and used to obtain demographic and other associated risk factors. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the 2 study areas was 16.1%. Bomo recorded 17.5% while Rafin Guza recorded 22.9% prevalence respectively. Subjects in the age-group 11-16 years had a higher prevalence of 33% (p

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in the world today, particularly in developing countries including Nigeria. Chronic infection can affect the genitourinary system. School pupils, particularly the informal Almajiri school pupils are at increased risk of the infection. Study Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among primary and Almajiri school pupils in Kura Local Government Area (LGA) aged 5–15 years. We also aim to determine the presence of haematuria and proteinuria among these pupils. Subjects and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study involving 200 primary and 200 Almajiri school pupils aged 5–15 years in Kura LGA who met the inclusion criteria. Urine samples were analysed by the dipstick urinalysis and microscopically examined for the egg S. haematobium. Results: The Almajiri school pupils had a significantly higher infection (55.5%) than the primary school pupils (43.0%). The infection was predominantly of light intensity in both school types (67%). The overall mean egg intensity was 51.6 ± 35 EPC. The infection was higher among boys and those aged 10 years and above. Majority of the pupils had microhaematuria (88.3%) and and proteinuria (71.1%), which were statistically significantly associated with the infection with P < 0.1 and P < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis is higher among the Almajiri school pupils compared to the primary school pupils. Control programmes should focus on these Almajiri pupils in addition to the primary school pupils.

Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease in sub-Saharan Africa, with the greatest number of infected people residing in Nigeria. Several factors have been shown to facilitate the continuous transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic countries, especially water activity in freshwater bodies where the snail vector lives and socio-economic factors. Available control efforts rely on epidemiological information for better targeting of intervention; however, this information is lacking in some research-naive communities in Ekiti State. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Ago-Aduloju community. The urine sample was collected from 315 consenting community-based school children and screened for schistosomiasis infection using the filtration technique. Data were gathered utilizing questionnaires and laboratory analysis. 315 participants within the age range of 5-19 years comprising 55.2% males, 44.8% females were examined. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was found to be 6.35% with 4.44% in females and 1.91% in males. Among the participant, the questionnaire revealed 84.1% and 95.6% had received praziquantel and albendazole, respectively. 6.41% of the participant who took praziquantel tested positive for schistosomiasis infection. Haematuria was positive in 0.95% of participants. Although 61.3% of participants are aware of schistosomiasis infection, none of them knew the intermediate host involved in the transmission. The findings showed that there is a significant difference (p>0.05) between respondents that have taken praziquantel and those that are positive for schistosomiasis. Conclusively, the study revealed that schistosomiasis is still of concern among the school children in the Ago-Aduloju community and that continuous Mass Drug Administration and health education is imperative to sensitize and educate the school children on transmission, risk, and prevention of schistosomiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary schistosomiasis is a chronic and acute disease that is widely spread among the poor. It is caused by blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma, and transmitted to humans through water related activities by way of skin penetration. While schistosomiasis is rarely fatal, it could impact negatively on the economy and health status of infected individual. We evaluated the prevalence and dissimilarity of schistosomiasis among farmers in a cross sectional study, while grouping the farmers into different categories. Prior to the initiation of the study, we sought permission from the community head (Emir) and properly enlightened the community about the study. Then, we collected and analyzed urine samples from the consenting farmers using sedimentation techniques. The infection rate among participants was 46.3% (56/121), although with varying prevalence across different farming categories. We found no statistical difference among Muslim and Christian farmers even though there was higher infection rate (50.7%) among the Muslim than Christian (40%). Conversely, when classifying farming type by gender, male farmers, especially the male vegetable farmers were significantly different from female farmers of other farming types, while there was no statistical difference in the classification of farming type by religion. Although we found no statistical difference in the primary demographic factors of the participants, however the significant difference recorded in some of the combination of the participants' demographic factors shows that religion and gender might be an underlining factors that are responsible for the prevalence of the infection among the study participants. Therefore, this study will guide the decision makers in appropriately allocating future interventions among the endemic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and is usually associated with lesions in the genito-urinary tracts of affected people. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine factors influencing the occurrence of the disease among inhabitants of the IDP camps located in Maiduguri between October 2016 and June 2019. Information on demography, major sources of water supply and water-contact behaviours were obtained using pre-validated structured questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard methods. A sample yielding at least one egg was considered positive while a sample that did not yield any was considered to be negative. The characteristics and disease risk factors were compared between respondents that tested positive and those that were negative for the infection using univariable statistical analysis and factors found to be significant were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. The results showed the overall prevalence of infection among the IDPs to be 21.9% (95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI= 19.54-24.42%). The multivariable logistic regression model showed that the statistically significant (p<0.05) predictors of infection including sex, occupation (X2 = 9.873, df=4, p=0.04), participation in water sporting activity and having washed/bathed in open water body before displacement, presence of signs of the disease in a tent/room member, knowledge of the disease and major source of water supply (X2 = 72.467, df=2, p<0.001) before the displacement. The relatively high prevalence of the disease in the study area may have negative effects on the reproduction and productivity of the IDPs. Based on the identified risk factors, behavioural changes, improved sanitation and safe water supply were recommended as control measures against urinary schistosomiasis in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium may lead to serious complications, including bladder carcinoma. Although it is recommended that only bladder masses not regressing within 6 months after praziquantel intake should be investigated invasively, cystoendoscopy is still often performed at diagnosis even in the absence of further signs of concern. No prospective study so far evaluated the evolution of bladder lesions after treatment in case of no risk of reinfection, which could inform case management.Methods: Adult African migrants with active S. haematobium infection, as assessed by positive urine PCR or microscopy for eggs in urine or bladder biopsy, underwent urinary tract ultrasound at enrolment and at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after praziquantel treatment. Patients in advanced pregnancy or with known Schistosoma-unrelated chronic pathology of the urinary tract were excluded.Results: Twenty-one patients, aged 18-29 years, participated in the study; ten (47.6%) had bladder masses on ultrasound. Follow-up ≥6 months was completed by 16 (76.2%) patients; ≥12 months by 14 (66.7%) and 24 months by 11 (52.4%). All patients with bladder lesions on enrolment completed a follow-up of ≥6 months. Lesions resolved completely by 6 months in all cases and no new development/re-appearance was observed.Conclusions: This is the first prospective, long-term follow-up study with ultrasound of patients with urinary schistosomiasis outside endemic areas. Mucosal masses in young patients regressed after treatment without recurrence, supporting the recommendation that invasive procedures should be avoided unless lesions or other symptoms/signs of concern persist for > 6 months. Further studies should assess the evolution of bladder lesions after treatment in larger populations, including older age groups, and, ideally, with parallel assessment of other biomarkers of urinary pathology and of residual S. haematobium active infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In an effort to complement the current chemotherapy based schistosomiasis control interventions in Shinyanga district, community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices were qualitatively assessed using focus group discussions and semi structured interviews involving 271 participants in one S. haematobium prevalent community of Ikingwamanoti village, Shinyanga district, Northwestern, Tanzania. Methods In October, 2016 we conducted 29 parent semi structured interviews and 16 focus group discussions with a total of 168 parent informants. Adult participants were conveniently selected from three sub-villages of Butini, Miyu, and Bomani of Ikingwamanoti village, Shinyanga district. In March, 2017, a total of 103 children informants participated in 10 focus group discussions and 20 semi structured interviews, administered to children from standard four, five, six and seven attending Ikingwamanoti Primary School. Note taking and digital recorders were used to collect narrative data for thematic analysis of emergent themes. Results Among participants, 75% parents and 50% children considered urinary schistosomiasis as a low priority health problem. Of the informants, 70% children and 48.3% parents had misconceptions about the cause, modes of transmission and control of schistosomiasis demonstrating gaps in their biomedical knowledge of the disease. Assessment of treatment seeking behavior for urinary schistosomiasis revealed a combination of traditional and modern health care sectors. However, modern medicines were considered effective in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis. Lack of alternative sources of water for domestic and recreational activities and unhygienic water use habits exposed community members to high risk of acquiring urinary schistosomiasis. Conclusion Use of Schistosoma haematobium contaminated water sources for daily domestic and recreational use facilitated contraction of urinary schistosomiasis among community members in Shinyanga district. People’s perceptions of urinary schistosomiasis as a less priority health problem promoted persistence of the disease. Future efforts to control urinary schistosomiasis should take into account integrated approaches combining water, sanitation and hygiene, health education, alternative sources of clean and safe water to facilitate behavior change.

Abstract Background A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Wamakko Local Government, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Four hundred terminal urine samples were collected from primary school pupils and analysed using standard filtration technique. Results Out of the 400 urine samples examined, 192 (48%) were found to be infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Males had a higher prevalence (49.49%) than females (43.93%), although statistical analysis indicated no significant association of S. haematobium infection with gender. The highest infection rate was recorded among pupils aged 4–6 years (62.82%) while the least was found among pupils aged 7–9 years; this did not attend significant level (p > 0.05). The occurrence of S. haematobium infection did not significantly associate with a source of drinking water and water contact activity (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study indicates the presence of urinary schistosomiasis in the study area and that all pupils in the study area are equally exposed to the source of infection. Therefore, prompt intervention is highly advocated.

Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern in Zambia. Urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is the most widely distributed infection. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis and identify the strain of S. haematobium among children in the Siavonga and Lusaka districts in Zambia. Urine samples were collected from 421 primary school children and S. haematobium eggs were examined under light microscopy. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the socio-demographic characteristics and the potential risk factors for urinary schistosomiasis. DNA of the parasite eggs was extracted from urine samples and the internal transcribed spacer gene was amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 9.7% (41/421) (95% CI: 7.16–13.08), male participants made up 6.2% (26/232) (95% CI: 4.15–9.03), having a higher burden of disease than female participants who made up 3.5% (15/421) (95% CI: 2.01–5.94). The age group of 11–15 years had the highest overall prevalence of 8.3% (35/421) (5.94–11.48). Participants that did not go fishing were 0.008 times less likely to be positive for schistosomiasis while participants whose urine was blood-tinged or cloudy on physical examination and those that lived close to water bodies were 9.98 and 11.66 times more likely to test positive for schistosomiasis, respectively. A phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that S. haematobium isolates were closely related to pure S. haematobium from Zimbabwe and hybrids of S. haematobium × S. bovis from Benin, Senegal and Malawi. The current study shows that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in the study areas and is associated with water contact, and S. haematobium isolated is closely related to hybrids of S. bovis × S. haematobium strain, indicating the zoonotic potential of this parasite.

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in the world today, particularly in developing countries including Nigeria. Chronic infection can affect the genitourinary system. School pupils, particularly the informal Almajiri school pupils are at increased risk of the infection. Study Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among primary and Almajiri school pupils in Kura Local Government Area (LGA) aged 5-15 years. We also aim to determine the presence of haematuria and proteinuria among these pupils. Subjects and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study involving 200 primary and 200 Almajiri school pupils aged 5-15 years in Kura LGA who met the inclusion criteria. Urine samples were analysed by the dipstick urinalysis and microscopically examined for the egg S. haematobium. Results: The Almajiri school pupils had a significantly higher infection (55.5%) than the primary school pupils (43.0%). The infection was predominantly of light intensity in both school types (67%). The overall mean egg intensity was 51.6 ± 35 EPC. The infection was higher among boys and those aged 10 years and above. Majority of the pupils had microhaematuria (88.3%) and and proteinuria (71.1%), which were statistically significantly associated with the infection with P < 0.1 and P < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis is higher among the Almajiri school pupils compared to the primary school pupils. Control programmes should focus on these Almajiri pupils in addition to the primary school pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Schistosomiasis is a chronic, progressive and granulomatous disease which is not immediately fatal but constitutes enormous medical and public health implications. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, intensity, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils (aged 4-16 years) in Owena town, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methods: Urine specimens were collected and examined, using a 325 Wire Mesh filter and microscopy. The conclusive diagnosis was based on the presence of the characteristic eggs of Schistosoma haematobium, while the intensity of infection was described as the number of eggs per 10 ml of urine (eggs/10ml). 464 school children, comprising 268 (57.8%) boys and 196 (42.2%) girls, were examined. Results: Altogether, 175 (37.7%) of the pupils examined had the characteristic egg of S. haematobium in their urine. Boys, (42.3%), were significantly more infected than girls, (31.6%) (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of infection (47.2%) was seen among pupils in the age range of 8-10years while the lowest (28.0%) occurred among 11-13years. Boys had significantly higher mean (SD) egg-count 428 (5.8) eggs/10 ml/SD and prevalence of macro-hematuria (70.2%) than girls 373.0 (3.1) eggs/10ml/SD and 29.8% respectively] (p <0.05). The relationship between water-contact activities and prevalence of infection was statistically significant (x2 = 24.17, p<0.05). Conclusion: This study identified protracted water-contact activities, ignorance, and lack of safe water supply as the major risk factors promoting endemicity of S. haematobium in Owena town. It is therefore imperative that interventions and control measures, such as health education, safe water supply, and chemotherapy are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious public health challenge in some communities of Ebonyi State, south-east Nigeria, partly resulting from a lack of adequate epidemiological data for the institution of effective control strategies. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of Ebonyi State, south-east Nigeria. Methods: A total of 300 students, comprising 185 boys and 115 girls, were randomly selected for the study between July and December 2016. A questionnaire was administered to all participants to determine the risk factors for the disease in the area. Urine specimens collected from the participants were processed by sedimentation and examined microscopically for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium. Results: The overall prevalence rate for urinary schistosomiasis was 8.0%. Students aged 6–10 years had the highest prevalence of infection (10.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher amongst male students (10.3%; p = 0.038) compared with female students (4.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between schistosomiasis infection and freshwater contact activities (p = 0.007; odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval: 4.33–16.17). Contact with stream, pond, river and well water were associated with infection rates of 25%, 14%, 5.3%, and 4.4%, respectively. Conclusion: A relatively low prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was found in the area. Participants’ socio-economic status and dependence on contaminated water sources were core modifiable risk factors. Health education and development of potable water infrastructure, amongst other interventions, would likely reduce the burden and transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in this locality.

Background: Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. In 2014, over 258 million people worldwide required treatment for the disease. Schistosomiasis is known to be prevalent in the northern region of KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, especially among school-going children but less is known about their knowledge of the disease and their attitude towards being treated for the disease at school. Methods: The study was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional survey conducted through self-administered questionnaires among grades 5 and 7 learners from 10 randomly selected rural primary schools in iLembe and uThungulu, KwaZulu-Natal. Teachers from the same schools participated during the same period. Results: A total of 730 learners and 78 teachers took part in the study. Among the learners, 73.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 69.7% – 76.4%) correctly identified freshwater contact as a risk for schistosomiasis, but only 42.7% (95% CI: 38.8% – 46.8%) knew how to prevent it. Among the teachers, 96.8% (95% CI: 87.8% – 99.4%) knew the risk and 69.0% (95% CI: 55.3%– 80.1%) knew the prevention of schistosomiasis. Almost 70% (95% CI: 65.9% – 72.8%) of the learners and 67.6% (95% CI: 42.1% – 65.6%) of the teachers reported their willingness to receive treatment with praziquantel at school. Conclusion: This study showed that basic knowledge about the risk of schistosomiasis among the participants was high, but the cause and prevention of the disease were less well understood. There is need to include schistosomiasis in health education both at school and through community awareness programmes.

Urinary schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium is very common in Nigeria, with Ebonyi State implicated to have the highest prevalence in the southeastern part of the country. The aim of this review was to estimate the status of urinary schistosomiasis in the State with regards to the elimination goals of World Health Organization (WHO). A comprehensive search of published articles on urinary schistosomiasis in Ebonyi State, Nigeria from 2006 to 2017 was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed and African Journals Online (AJOL) databases. Out of 26 retrieved articles, 15 met the inclusion criteria. The MetaXL software was used to compute the pooled prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis using the random effect model and results are presented as forest plot. Based on meta-analysis output, the pooled prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 26.02% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 17.91–35.04%]. The pooled prevalence was higher before 2014, the year when treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) was started. Of the senatorial zones, Ebonyi North had the highest pooled prevalence of 34.57% (95% CI = 10.50–61.32%). In addition, the prevalence of the disease was higher when all the age groups were sampled (31.33%; 95% CI = 12.75–51.98%) than when only schoolchildren were used as sampling population (25.23%; 95% CI = 15.66-35.93%). The pooled prevalence revealed that despite the mass drug distribution (MDA) of PZQ in the State, there is continued transmission of urinary schistosomiasis. Hence, if the WHO elimination goal of the disease has to be met, focused control and elimination programmes along with intense complementary public-health interventions are necessary.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of praziquantel in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium over a 2-year period in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. Methods: This cohort study enrolled 173 school-going children in September 2017 who had participated in a baseline survey conducted in 2015 in the Ndumo area. Questionnaire interviews were conducted to collect information on the risk factors related to the transmission of schistosomiasis. The filtration technique was performed to detect Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine. Infection intensity was classified as light or heavy. The Chi-square test was used to assess the associations between variables at the 95% confidence level, and p = 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 173 participants screened 2 years post-treatment, 10 were infected. Six of these were new infection cases, while four were cases of re-infection. The intensity of infection had decreased significantly (p = 0.001) at the time of the follow-up survey compared to the baseline survey. However, no significant difference was found among the risk factors for schistosomiasis 2 years later. Conclusions: The prevalence of S. haematobium had decreased significantly in the cohort at 2 years post praziquantel treatment, during a period of persistent drought in the area. Risk factors that were significantly associated with schistosomiasis at baseline were no longer significantly associated at 2 years following treatment.

Schistosomiasis is frequently detected in persons entering Europe. In 2017, we detected a Schistosoma mansoni–Schistosoma haematobium hybrid parasite infection in a migrant boy from Côte d’Ivoire entering France. Because such parasites might be established in Europe, as illustrated by an outbreak on Corsica Island, vectors of these parasites should be investigated.

The aim of the study was to determine urinary schistosomiasis in primary school pupils in some selected communities in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria, the risk factors of schistosomiasis with the view of suggesting control measures suitable to reduce infectivity and morbidity. Urine samples were collected and investigated using centrifugation and sedimentation techniques for the presence of S. heamatobium eggs. Also, the urine was examined using the chemical reagent strip, Medi-test Combi-9 for the presence of haematuria and proteinuria in the urine. Of 140 urine samples collected and examined, haematuria and proteinuria shows prevalence of 61 (43.6%) and 94 (67.1%) respectively, and an overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection of 25% was recorded. Males (51.9%) had higher infection rate than females (17.4%). Children within age 10-13 years had the highest occurrence (55.4%), due to frequent visit in the water bodies to swim, paddle, play in the mud, fish, wash, fetch water from the infected water while the least was recorded among children within age 3-5 seen as infant whose parents restrict from visiting the river often. Emago-Kugbo recorded the highest infection with (32.3%), but the least was recorded in Akani-Kugbo with (15%). Statistical analysis showed that the infection varied significantly among sexes, age at p>0.05, community infection was equally significant at 0.05. The result of this study has shown the presence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Kugbo Clan, though prevalence was below 50%. The children have no knowledge about schistosomiasis infection in the area. Also the presence of snail species especially the Bulinus globosus and increase contact with fresh water were taught to be responsible for the occurrence of the infection in the Kugbo Area. The results show that the communities around the Kugbo Clan are prevalent with schistosomiasis and that there is immediate attention for mass drug distribution of praziquantel and public health education in curbing the disease in the study-area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Urine reagent strips remained highly sensitive in low transmission settings. • Visual haematuria was the least sensitive tests in both transmission settings. • All indirect tests had low positive predictive values in low transmission settings. • The risk of schistosomiasis was high in areas closer to water sources. • Primary or higher parental education was associated with a reduced risk of schistosomiasis. Indirect diagnostic tests are used to assess the disease burden and to monitor the impact of different interventions in areas endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. This study was performed to assess their accuracy in the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in low and moderate transmission areas in the districts of Mpwapwa and Chakechake, respectively. School children were interviewed regarding their history of haematuria and participation in treatment campaigns. Urine samples were collected and inspected for macro-haematuria (visual haematuria) and tested for micro-haematuria using urine reagent strips and Schistosoma haematobium eggs by urine filtration method. The prevalence of S. haematobium was 6.8% in Mtera Dam area and 38.7% in Uwandani Shehia. In Mtera Dam area, a history of haematuria and visual haematuria had low sensitivity (<60%) with high specificity (>90%). The urine reagent strips had high sensitivity and specificity (≥75%). In Uwandani Shehia, a history of haematuria had high sensitivity and specificity (>60%). Visual haematuria had low sensitivity (<50%) but high specificity (>80%). The urine reagent strips maintained high performance in all parameters assessed. The study findings suggest that urine reagent strips will continue to serve as a very useful adjunct test for monitoring the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious public health challenge in some communities of Ebonyi State, south-east Nigeria, partly resulting from a lack of adequate epidemiological data for the institution of effective control strategies. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of Ebonyi State, south-east Nigeria. Methods: A total of 300 students, comprising 185 boys and 115 girls, were randomly selected for the study between July and December 2016. A questionnaire was administered to all participants to determine the risk factors for the disease in the area. Urine specimens collected from the participants were processed by sedimentation and examined microscopically for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium. Results: The overall prevalence rate for urinary schistosomiasis was 8.0%. Students aged 6–10 years had the highest prevalence of infection (10.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher amongst male students (10.3%; p = 0.038) compared with female students (4.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between schistosomiasis infection and freshwater contact activities (p = 0.007; odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval: 4.33–16.17). Contact with stream, pond, river and well water were associated with infection rates of 25%, 14%, 5.3%, and 4.4%, respectively. Conclusion: A relatively low prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was found in the area. Participants' socio-economic status and dependence on contaminated water sources were core modifiable risk factors. Health education and development of potable water infrastructure, amongst other interventions, would likely reduce the burden and transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in this locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has put Nigeria as a country with the highest burden of schistosomiasis in Africa with about 29 million persons living with the disease. Lack of adequate information about the disease has increased the risk of infection in endemic areas. This study evaluated the knowledge and perceptions about urinary schistosomiasis in Bende Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia, where the disease is endemic. A cross-sectional study of 150 consented respondents comprised 30 persons per community (Igbere, Ozuitem, Akoli imenyi, Item and Alayi) were selected using simple random techniques. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain data on their socio-demographic characteristics and information bothering on the knowledge, attitude and perception about urinary schistosomiasis. Less than half 63(42.0 %) of the respondents had the knowledge of the disease. The majority of those who knew about the disease was ignorant of the intermediate host 52(82.5 %) and drug of choice for the treatment 51(81.0 %). A greater number 48(76.2 %) recognized their streams as the source of infection. 1.6 % perceived those living with the disease as people suffering from their wrongdoing. Interestingly, most respondents 99(66.0%) have regular contact with the water bodies in the area and often experience skin itch afterwards 28(18.7 %). The study suggests a low awareness of urinary schistosomiasis in the study area. Health education programmes with emphasis on the intermediate host and the praziquantel for the treatment is recommended for a sustainable elimination strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to evaluate the efficacy of artesunate and praziquantel on urinary schistosomiasis was conducted in children between ages of 5-19 years in some communities in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of three hundred and two (302) individuals who gave consent were assessed for the disease using the concentration technique. 55(18.21%) infected individuals were exposed to the drugs in various regimens; Artessunate (4mg/kg x 3 times daily = 12mg/kg); Praziquantel (single oral dose of 40mg/kg) and Artesunate + Praziquantel combination (single oral dose of 40mg/kg + 4mg/kg x 3 times daily = 12mg/kg). A 40(74.43%) reduction in the geometric egg count (eggs/ 1ml of urine) was recorded in the study with Artesunate single oral dose recording 11(64.70) cure, Praziquantel; 15(88.24) and the Artesunate + Praziquantel Combination; 14 (82.35). The three drug regimens variably reduced the clinical symptoms; heamaturia and proteinuria in the infected children. Sex and age of the children did not influence efficaciousness of the drugs. Praziquantel was more efficacious followed by the Artesunate + Praziquantel regimen. Arsunate single dose can substitute effectively for the chemotherapy of urinary schistosomiasis in endemic malarious regions of Nigeria. The study had revealed Artesunate as a cost effective intervention in the control of urinary schistosomiasis in the sampled areas of Abua/ Odua LGA of Rivers State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing an epidemiological transition from a predominance of infectious diseases to non-communicable and lifestyle related conditions. However, the pace of this transition and the pattern of disease epidemiology are uneven between affluent urban and rural poor populations. To address this question for a remote rural region located in the central African rainforest region of Gabon, this study was conducted to assess reasons for health care attendance and to characterize the epidemiology of malaria and other major infectious diseases for the department of Tsamba Magotsi. Methods Major causes for health care attendance were collected from local hospital records. Cross sectional population based surveys were performed for the assessment of local malaria epidemiology. Pregnant women attending antenatal care services were surveyed as a sentinel population for the characterization of chronic viral and parasitic infections in the community. Results Infectious diseases were responsible for 71% (7469) of a total of 10,580 consultations at the formal health care sector in 2010. Overall, malaria – defined by clinical syndrome – remained the most frequent cause for health care attendance. A cross sectional malaria survey in 840 asymptomatic individuals residing in Tsamba Magotsi resulted in a Plasmodium spp. infection prevalence of 37%. The infection rate in 2–10 year old asymptomatic children – a standard measure for malaria endemicity – was 46% (100 of 217) with P. falciparum as predominant species (79%). Infection with other plasmodial species (P. ovale and P. malariae) presented most commonly as coinfections (23.2%). Prevalence of HIV, HBV, and syphilis were 6.2, 7.3, and 2.5%, respectively, in cross-sectional assessments of antenatal care visits of pregnant women. Urogenital schistosomiasis and the filarial pathogens Loa loa and Mansonella perstans are highly prevalent chronic parasitic infections affecting the local population. Conclusions Despite major improvements in the accessibility of Tsamba Magotsi over the past decade the epidemiological transition does not appear to have majorly changed on the spectrum of diseases in this rural Gabonese population. The high prevalence of Plasmodium infection indicates a high burden of malaria related morbidity. Infectious diseases remain one of the most important health issues and further research activities in the field of tropical medicine and infectious diseases could help improve health care for the local population.