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Since 2010, Lesotho has implemented legal and institutional changes to allow female land ownership, established a new land agency, reduced the cost of registering land, and carried out systematic urban land titling. Analysis using administrative data shows that these reforms triggered discontinuous and sustained changes in quality of service delivery, female land ownership, and registered land sales and mortgage volume. Land and credit market activation is, however, exclusively due to policy reforms. While (subsidized) systematic land registration allows women to access documented land rights, these effects may not be sustained without further regulatory change, highlighting the importance of reducing fees and streamlining processes to improve urban land and financial market functioning as a key precondition for Africa’s expected wave of urbanization translating into productive cities and jobs.

İnsan topluluklarının örgütsel anlamda bir arada yaşamaya başlamaları çok eski çağlara dayanmaktadır. Dünyada ve Türkiye'de kentler, toplumun sosyo-ekonomik yapısına, yaşam biçimlerine ve inançlarına uygun olarak farklı biçimlerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Kentler, ilk zamanlarda insan topluluklarının üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin yürütüldüğü, yaşamsal ilişkilerin sürdürüldüğü alanlar olarak oluşturulmuştur. Daha çok bitkisel üretim ve hayvancılığa dayalı olan ekonomik yaşam, sanayileşme ile birlikte değişime uğramıştır. Sanayileşme süreci sonrası ortaya çıkan göç sorunu, nüfus patlaması, ekonomik ve sosyal problemler, kentsel alanın insan yaşamına uygunluğunu kaybetmesine ve kentsel alanlarda belli bölgelerin çöküntü alanı olarak ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye'de 1980'ler sonrası ortaya çıkan kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ilk başlarda, çöküntü alanlarına yönelik fiziki müdahale olarak algılanmıştır. Ancak günümüzde bu algı değişmiş ve kentsel dönüşüm, ekonomik, sosyal ve mekânsal boyutuyla da incelenmesi gereken bir kentsel planlama aracı olarak ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Türk hukukunda kentsel dönüşümü düzenleyen tek bir kanun bulunmamakla birlikte, kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde yararlanılan, iş bölümünü düzenleyen, idareler ve mal sahipleri arasında koordinasyonu sağlayan, kamulaştırma sürecini içeren farklı kanunlardan yararlanıldığı görülmüştür. Kentsel dönüşümün mevzuat kapsamının geniş olmasına rağmen, düzenlemeler arası farklılıkların olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde hak sahipleri ile idareler arasında ortaya çıkan hukuki uyuşmazlıkların çoğunlukla kamulaştırma, değerleme ve planlama sürecine ilişkin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada incelenen mahkeme kararlarında, kamulaştırma işlemlerinin ve kentsel alana yönelik planlamanın yasal mevzuata uygun yürütülmesi ve mülkiyet hakkının korunması ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Human communities began to live together in an organizational sense dates back to ancient times. Cities in the world and in Turkey have emerged in different forms in accordance with the socio-economic structure, lifestyles and beliefs of society. In the early days, cities were initially formed as areas where the production and consumption activities of human communities have been carried out and vital relationships have been maintained. The economic life mostly based on plant production and animal husbandry has changed with industrialization. The migration problem, population explosion, economic and social problems have emerged after the industrialization process caused in urban area to lose its suitability for human life and caused certain areas as declined area in urban areas. The urban transformation implementations emerged after the 1980s were perceived as physical intervention against the urban decline areas. However, today, this perception has changed and urban transformation has been considered as an urban planning tool which needs to be examined with its economic, social and spatial dimensions. Though there is no single law regulating the urban transformation in Turkish Legal System, but it has been observed that different laws are used to regulate the division of labor, to provide coordination between administrations and property owners, and to involve the expropriation process in urban transformation. Although the scope of the urban transformation is wide, it has been revealed that there are differences between the regulations. It has been determined that the legal disputes arising between the rights holders and the administrations in the process of urban transformation are mostly related to the process of expropriation, valuation and planning. The court decisions examined in this research revealed that the implementation of expropriation procedures and planning for urban areas in accordance with legal legislation and the protection of property rights have given emphasis. 139

The key objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical context and development of construction land and its relations to urban development in Serbia. The paper discusses global developmental contexts, legal frameworks and changes of the Serbian urban land policy from the end of the 19th century until today. We emphasize the delay of reforms in Serbian urban land policy as a consequence of the complexities of legal framework, especially under the conditions of the economic and societal transformation (after 2000). The paper presents the original results of the historical changes of the legal system in the field of urban land policy and its connection with the system of spatial/urban planning. Also, we provide recommendations for the future urban land policy, which include further transformations of the legal framework in the post-socialist/transitional period. There is a long lasting need for readjusting the current planning and urban land policy in Serbia, as well as for introducing new urban land policy tools.

O presente trabalho procura auxiliar na compreensão de processos de planejamento e gestão urbanísticos das cidades brasileiras. Neste sentido, procura investigar determinados mecanismos, que inseridos em desenhos de sistemas de planejamento, podem potencializar transações corruptas nestes ambientes. Busca, por meio de uma revisão da literatura que trata da corrupção urbanística, delinear quais elementos contribuiriam para esta dinâmica. Por meio de um esforço para contextualizar modos de controle do território no Brasil, procura entender de que forma laços entre atores estatais e privados operariam nas cidades. Além disso, discute de que maneira a eficiência de instâncias de participação social nos processos de planejamento e gestão pode ser afetada pela corrupção urbanística. Para isso, o trabalho foi estruturado por meio de um estudo de caso, que analisou a dinâmica de um sistema de planejamento e gestão em um município paulista durante o período de 1985-2016. Através do levantamento da legislação urbanística e da identificação dos atores participantes nos processos de expansão urbana no período, foi possível estabelecer de que maneira alguns elementos encontrados na literatura, possibilitaram a obtenção de privilégios nestes processos. This paper seeks to assist in the understanding of urban planning processes in Brazilian cities. Therefore, it intends to investigate certain mechanisms which are inserted in planning systems designs and may increase the corrupts transactions in those environments. Through a literature review, seeks to outline elements which would contribute to this dynamic. By an attempt to contextualize forms of territorial control in Brazil, it seeks to understand how ties between state and private actors would operate in the cities. In addition, it discusses how the efficiency of instances of social participation in urban planning processes can be affected by land-use corruption. The work is structured through a case study, which analyzed the dynamics of a urban planning system in a city between 1985 and 2016. Through the survey of the urban legislation and the identification of the actors involved in the processes of urban expansion in the period, it was possible to establish how some elements found in the literature allowed grant of privileges in these processes.

In Turkey, urban regeneration projects are being used as an important land policy instrument to achievesustainable development. However, the failure to meet residents’ expectations and to establish a soundlegal framework, together with a and failure to establish an effective dialogue with the stakeholders, allhave implications for the sustainability and eventual success of these policies. Firstly, this study is anexamination of urban land development policies in Turkey, focusing on problems of urbanization andland management. Subsequently, urban regeneration projects in Konya, Turkey, were studied from anurban land development perspective and a proposal made for spatial objectives in an area planned forurban regeneration. The purpose of this study is to present spatial solutions the physical and socialstructural problems experienced in the old city center of the province of Konya in Turkey with urbanregeneration applications, which are implementation methods for sustainable estate policies. For thispurpose, firstly the methods that are used in Turkey for implementation of urban estate policies wereexamined in the light of the literature. Then, the urbanization-related problems in the selected site ofurban regeneration were presented, and spatial solution recommendations were made in relation torenewal of the physical structure and increasing the quality of life. This study is important in terms ofpresenting and discussing the process of creating spatial-functional goals for producing sustainableestate policies and urban regeneration applications related to the urban sprawl, property issues andsocial structure problems that occur in city centers that are getting old., Türkiye'de kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları, sürdürülebilir gelişmenin elde edilmesinde önemli bir arazikullanım politikaları aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak uygulamalarda yaşayanların beklentilerinecevap verilememesi, yasal dayanağın oluşturulamaması, katılımcı diğer gruplarla diyaloglarkurulamaması gibi sorunlar uygulamaların sürdürülebilirliğini ve başarısını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada,öncelikle Türkiye'de kentsel arsa üretimi politikaları kentleşme sorunları ve arazi yönetimi kapsamındadeğerlendirilmiştir. Ardından kentsel arsa üretiminde uygulama yöntemlerinden olan kentsel dönüşümuygulamaları Türkiye/Konya örneğinde ele alınmış ve planlanan bir kentsel dönüşüm alanına yönelikmekânsal hedefler oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada amaç, Türkiye’nin Konya ili eski kent merkezindeyaşanan fiziki ve sosyal yapı sorunlarına sürdürülebilir kentsel arsa politikaları uygulama yöntemlerindenolan kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ile mekânsal çözümler sunmaktır. Bu amaç kapsamında öncelikleTürkiye’deki kentsel arsa politikalarının uygulanmasında kullanılan yöntemler literatür kapsamındaincelenmiştir. Ardından seçilen kentsel dönüşüm sahasında kentleşme sorunları ortaya konularak fiziksel yapının yenilenmesi ve yaşam kalitesinin artırılmasına ilişkin mekânsal çözüm önerilerigeliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, eskiyen kent merkezlerinde oluşan çarpık kentleşme, mülkiyet sorunları vesosyal yapı sorunlarına ilişkin kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ile sürdürülebilir arsa politikaları üretilmesiiçin mekânsal-işlevsel hedeflerin oluşturulması süreci ve sürecin sorunlarının tartışılması açısındanönem taşımaktadır.

Both the characteristics of Serbia’s urban land policy, the delay in reforms and land development management of the Belgrade Metropolitan Area (BMA) illustrate the complexities following the reshaping of institutional framework under the conditions of economic and other uncertainties of societal transition. The negative implications of the prolonged crisis on the new urban development policy and urban land tools can postpone the establishment and application of guidelines for limiting the urban sprawl. This paper presents a brief literature review, as well as the current urban land policy and land-use efficiency in the BMA. Traditional urban land tools will be shortly described, followed by recommendations for limiting sprawl. There is a need for readjusting the current planning and urban policy regarding the urban sprawl, from an urban “command-and-control” approach to a “learn-and-adapt” approach. We suggest the introduction of more innovative and flexible urban land policy tools. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III47014]

Bu tezde, yeni kent paradigmasının ve buna bağlı olarak yeni kentsel politikaların Türkiye'deki büyükşehir belediye sistemini ve uygulanan kentsel politikaları nasıl dönüştürdüğü incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda öncelikli olarak yeni kent paradigmasının doğuşuna yol açan devlet krizi ele alınmıştır. Kuramsal çerçevenin oluşturulması için kriz sonrası ortaya çıkan yeni kentsel politikalar ve yeni kent yönetim kuramları açıklanmıştır. Tezin amacı ile uyumlu olan bu çerçeve ekseninde, yeni kent paradigmasının Türkiye'deki kentsel politikaları ölçek ve strateji olmak üzere iki açıdan etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda tezin ikinci bölümünde, metropoliten alana ilişkin modelleme çalışmaları ve kuramsal tartışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Ardından yerel yönetim reformları aracılığıyla Türkiye'deki büyükşehir belediyelerinde gerçekleştirilen değişiklikler yönetsel ve mali boyutları ile ele alınmıştır. Tezin üçüncü bölümde ise geniş kapsamlı planlamaya dayanan kentsel politikaların yerine, sermayeyi kentlere çekme amacı taşıyan kentsel girişimcilik stratejileri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, Türkiye'de kentsel politikaların yeni kent paradigmasının temel nitelikleri ekseninde dönüştüğü, ancak bu dönüşüm süreci içinde kendi dinamiklerinin belli noktalarda paradigmanın genel çizgisinden sapmalara neden olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. This work analyses how the new urban paradigm and new urban policies have transformed the metropolitan municipality system and urban policies in Turkey. In this context, firstly the state crisis that led to the emergence of the new urban paradigm was discussed. New urban policies and new urban government theories emerged after the crisis explained to establish the theoretical framework. It has been observed that the new urban paradigm influences urban politics in Turkey at two points: administrative scale and competitive strategies. For this reason, in the second part of the work, the metropoliten municipality models and theoretical discussions were evaluated. Subsequently, reforms in the Turkish metropolitan municipalities have been dealt with in different dimensions, both as administrative and financial. The third part of the thesis focused on urban entrepreneurialism which aims to attract capital to the cities instead of urban policies based on comprehensive urban planning. To sum up, the urban policies in Turkey were reconstructed according to the basic characteristics of the new paradigm. However, it has been seen that the new urban system is divided by its own dynamics into certain points from the general line of the new urban paradigm. 233

Konut sorunu temel görünümü ve boyutu itibariyle farklılık göstermesine rağmen her ülke bakımından önemli bir mesele niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkeler açısından konut sorununa ilişkin kamu konut politikaları geliştirilmesi ve aktif bir vaziyette bunların uygulanması kaçınılmaz bir durum olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Konut sorununa ilişkin olarak uygulanan politikaların sorunun mahiyeti, ülkelerin içinde bulundukları koşullar, sahip oldukları imkânlar ve mevcut siyasi otoritenin yaklaşımı gibi etkenler çerçevesinde şekillendiği görülmektedir. Konut sorununa ilişkin olarak Türkiye'de bugüne kadar izlenmiş olan kamu konut politikalarına bakıldığında kendi içinde gerek tarihsel gerekse de kurumsal anlamda bir belirlilik, bütünlük, kararlılık ve tutarlılıktan tam anlamıyla bahsedilememektedir. Bu durum konut sorununun giderilmesine yönelik etkili bir çözüm geliştirilmesi konusunda halen önemli bir engel niteliği taşımaktadır.Bu nedenle etkili çözüm önerileri ortaya konulabilmesi adına öncelikle Türkiye'de yaşanan konut sorununun önemi ve temel sebepleri irdelenmiş, sonrasında ise bugüne kadar izlenmiş olan politikaların sonuçlarına göre eksiklikler ve aksamalar ortaya konulmuştur. Bir diğer mesele de OECD ülkelerinden bazılarında konut sorununa ilişkin olarak ön plana çıkan politika uygulamalarının içeriği ve etkileri olmuştur. Bu çalışmayla, birçok ülkede uygulanarak başarılı sonuçlar alınmış olan bazı politikaların Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği üzerinde durulması amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye'deki konut sorununa yönelik öneri oluşturulmasında izlenen temel yöntem ise konuyla ilgili SWOT analizi yapılmak suretiyle konut sorununun net olarak kavranarak, bunun üzerinden mevcut kamu kurum ve kuruluşları çerçevesinde uzmanlaşma ve işbirliği odaklı bir model ortaya konulması olmuştur. Although the housing problem differs in terms of its basic appearance and size, it is an important issue for each country. For this reason, the development of public housing policies related to the housing problem and the application of them in an active situation are emerging as an inevitable situation. The politics applied to the housing problem seem to be shaped by factors such as the nature of the problem, the conditions they are in, the possibilities they have and the approach of the current political authority.With regard to the public housing policies that have been followed up in Turkey for the housing problem, it is impossible to talk about the certainty, integrity, stability and consistency in itself, both historically and institutionally. This is still a major obstacle to the development of an effective solution to the housing problem.For this reason, in order to be able to put forward an effective solution proposals, the importance and basic causes of the housing problem in Turkey had been investigated and after that, deficits and obstacles were revealed according to the results of the policies which have been followed up to now. The other issue, which has been taken into consideration was the content and the effects of the implementation of the housing policies in some of the OECD countries regarding to the housing problem. This study aims to emphasize the applicability of some successful policies, which have been applied in many countries, to the housing problem in Turkey. The basic method that is followed to form a proposal for the housing problem in Turkey is to understand the housing problem with a clear SWOT analysis and put forward a model focused on specialization and cooperation within the framework of existing public institutions and organizations. 307

The paper focuses on developing the green infrastructure concept in the emerging strategies of urban resilience and sustainability in response to the multiple challenges facing European cities, including Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. In this context resilience is concerned with politically challenging questions about assumptions of equilibrium and the ability of humans to control the environment. Urban resilience can provide a common framework for multidisciplinary action by municipalities and other stakeholders, highlighting the impact of planning urban eco-systems with the development of green infrastructure to meet environmental and spatial challenges. This paper identifies some of these strategies and activities in Ljubljana on the basis of research conducted under the EU FP7 TURAS project (2011-2016). In the inner-city neighbourhood of Tabor, there is already a broad range of collaborative planning and community participation activities (both top-down and bottom-up) towards developing (public and private) green infrastructure. This diverse locality has been identified as a “bridging” area where urban resiliency strategies for green infrastructure development are considered as a tool for implementing urban revitalisation projects in order to sustain viability and improve the quality of life for local residents and other citizens in times of limited financial resources. The research in Tabor shows that developing green infrastructure in keeping with the urban resilience concept is not sufficiently integrated in official spatial planning and municipal action due mainly to institutional and social obstacles.

This is a presentation on the TURAS project which shows the structure and the work packages., Suggested Citation: Collier, Marcus J. (2016) Presentation on the TURAS FP7 project. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.3941055.

Magistrska naloga obravnava urbano zemljiško politiko kot del gospodarskega in družbenega sistema ter politike urejanja prostora, ki lokalnim skupnostim omogoča učinkovitejše gospodarjenje s prostorom ter zagotavljanje pogojev za izboljšano delovanje zemljiškega trga. Čeprav Strategija razvoja Slovenije (2005) urbano zemljiško politiko povezuje z izvajanjem ukrepov za izboljšanje gospodarjenja s prostorom in razvojem trga zemljišč preseneča dejstvo, da je to področje v zakonodaji ozko in pomanjkljivo opredeljeno. Tudi pregled strokovnih virov pokaže, da probleme na področju izvajanja zemljiške politike, ki sovpadajo z aktualnimi problemi v urejanju prostora, ne obravnavajo dovolj celovito. Dodana vrednost naloge je, da opozarja prav na ta primanjkljaj prostorske regulacije. Naloga izpostavlja številne dejavnike, ki pogojujejo specifične probleme izvajanja prostorskih aktov, s katerimi se najbolj pogosto srečujejo na lokalni ravni. Da se formalne prostorske odločitve doslej niso uresničevale kot so bile načrtovane, kaže na trende, ki ne potekajo v smeri trajnostnega prostorskega razvoja. Vzrokov za razkorak med načrtovanjem in izvajanjem prostorskih odločitev ne kaže iskati v strategijah, temveč v nizki urejevalni zmožnosti prostorskega sistema ter implementacijskem primanjkljaju pri izvajanju sprejetih odločitev. Sedanje prevladujoče normativno urejanje, ki je bilo sicer nujno v tranzicijskem obdobju, potrebuje dopolnitev v večjem upoštevanju trajnostnih principov in tržnih zakonitosti pri načrtovanju rabe zemljišč in izkoriščanju razvojnih potencialov. Ob upoštevanju spoznanj različnih strok, ki lahko prispevajo k celoviti obravnavi vloge zemljiške politike v procesih urbanega razvoja, ter z opozarjanjem na razvojne trende v državah z razvitim trgom stavbnih zemljišč, utemeljujem potrebo po oblikovanju nove urbane zemljiške politike kot sistemske, institucionalne ter instrumentalne podpore izvajanju prostorskih aktov na lokalni ravni. This master's degree thesis discusses urban land policies as part of the economic and social system and the spatial planning policy that enables local communities to manage space in more effective ways thus assuring them the means for an enhanced functioning of the land market. Even though Slovenia's development strategy (2005) associates the urban land policy with the improvement of spatial management and the development of the land market, it is surprising that the legislation defines this field in a narrow and insufficient manner. The review of professional sources shows that the problems in the enforcement of land policy, which coincide with the problems of the profession and the practicalities of spatial management, are not treated holistically enough. Warning about the deficit of spatial regulation is the added value of my work. The thesis exposes numerous factors that condition specific problems in the enforcement of spatial planning documents which are commonly encountered on the local level. The formal spatial decisions were not put into effect as they were planned, which shows that the actual trends are not proceeding in accordance with a sustainable spatial development. The causes for the breach between the planning and effectuation of spatial plans is not to be found in the strategies themselves, but rather in the low managing capabilities of the spatial system and the implementation deficit in the carrying out of decisions that have been accepted. The existing prevailing normative managing in the planning of land usage and the utilization of its developmental potentials, which was necessary in the period after Slovenia got its independence, necessitates a completion that would comply with the principles of sustainability and laws of the market. Taking in consideration the findings of various professions, that can contribute to an integrated treatment of the function of spatial policy in the processes of urban development and acknowledging the developmental trends in countries with a constituted land market, I argue that a new urban land policy in the form of a systematic, institutionalized and instrumental support to the execution of spatial planning documents on the local level is needed.

With a tradition of compact cities, generally strict planning controls, and variable growth rates, many cities in Europe have policies which aim to restrict low density growth patterns. However, there is clear evidence that low density growth is happening, and that it is essential to understand the nature, location, and extent of the urban forms emerging on the periphery of cities across Europe. In its extreme manifestation, such low density peripheral growth is labelled as sprawl and considered detrimental. Drawing on the extensive literature on defining and measuring urban form, we focus on the methodologies and measures applied in the European studies at the regional (metropolitan), city, and community level. Affirming that the assessment of urban form at the community level is undertaken only sporadically, we adapt the measures used by Knaap et al. (2007) in studying US urban form to explore their applicability and robustness in analysing the evolution of urban form in a European setting. We examine the change of urban form in the Dublin Region (Ireland) in terms of residential and commercial density, internal and external connectivity, and land use mix. We find that the measures used, when adjusted to meet availability and nature of local data, are strong in revealing the trends in urban development form. We conclude by discussing the significance of the trends revealed in the case of Dublin and point to the issues of data availability in terms of both spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, we speculate on how the measures at different scales are suited to inform different types of urban policies and planning approaches.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Cristina Tripoli Magalhaes.pdf: 11275908 bytes, checksum: c640dd6ca3f95aaf9702da77824119b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 This Paper aims to understand the production processes of urban space through the articulation between different scales and methods of analysis. As a study of urban configuration, this work not only attempts to analyze the resulting physical aspects, but also the understanding of the processes that forms the urban setting. This regard, it considers social dynamics and advocacy tools applied on urban land related to the use, occupation or processes that push for changes in land value. The urban morphology is related to the absence or presence of urban land policies and other elements that might interfere in the resulting urban form. By that, it is proposed as landscape reading and analysis method of the territory the identification of homogeneous regions, recognized for containing similar socio-spatial characteristics, called here as "morpho-territorial units". The adoption of a new term, justified through the paper, aims to make clear the methods and categories of analysis adopted. Take as territorial clipping the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC), whose has the characteristic of an intense process of fragmentation and urban sprawl. The paper developed a summary table that explicit characteristics, barriers and potentialities observed in each morpho-territorial unit identified in the RMC. The morpho-territorial units, while distinct, keep some features in common which enables the organization through "types" and groups. Mapping is the instrument used to perform spatial analyzes. Made the analysis in the metropolitan scale, the research has selected a particular morpho-territorial unit, considered representative of the RMC, in order to demonstrate that the exercise of understanding of these peculiarities in the morpho-territorial unit chosen, can, through the proposed method, be applied to any of the morpho-territorial units identified. It aims to understanding the urban form by analyzing the characteristics of the morpho-territorial units. It is believed that the proposed method assists in understanding specificities in the studied territorial clipping in order to guide actions of public management and planning. O presente trabalho visa a compreens?o dos processos de produ??o do espa?o urbano por meio da articula??o entre diferentes escalas e m?todos de an?lise. Como estudo da forma, o trabalho n?o se at?m unicamente aos aspectos f?sico espaciais resultantes, mas tamb?m ao entendimento dos processos que comp?em o cen?rio urbano. Neste sentido consideram-se as din?micas sociais e press?es atuantes sobre o solo urbano, seja no que se refere ao uso ou ocupa??o ou ainda nos processos que pressionam para uma altera??o do valor do solo. Relaciona-se ? morfologia urbana com a aus?ncia ou presen?a de pol?ticas de solo urbano e de elementos que possam interferir na forma urbana resultante. Para tanto, prop?e-se como m?todo de leitura da paisagem e an?lise do territ?rio, a identifica??o de regi?es homog?neas, reconhecidas por conter caracter?sticas socioespaciais semelhantes, denominadas aqui de "Unidades morfo-territoriais". A ado??o de um termo novo, justificado no decorrer do texto, objetiva indicar com clareza os m?todos e as categorias de an?lises adotadas pela pesquisa. Toma-se como recorte territorial a Regi?o Metropolitana de Campinas, cujo crescimento caracteriza-se pelo intenso processo de fragmenta??o e dispers?o urbana. O trabalho desenvolveu um quadro s?ntese que explicitam as caracter?sticas, os entraves e as potencialidades observadas em cada unidade morfo-territorial delimitada na RMC. As unidades morfo-territoriais apesar de distintas guardam caracter?sticas comuns possibilitando a organiza??o por meio de "tipos", e grupos. O mapeamento ? o instrumento utilizado para efetuar as an?lises espaciais. Feita a an?lise na escala metropolitana a pesquisa selecionou uma determinada unidade morfo-territorial considerada representativa da RMC com o objetivo de demonstrar que o exerc?cio de compreens?o das particularidades presentes na unidade morfo-territorial escolhida, pode, por meio do m?todo constru?do, ser aplicado a qualquer uma das unidades morfo-territoriais identificadas. Objetiva-se a compreens?o da forma urbana por meio da an?lise das caracter?sticas das unidades morfo-territoriais. Acredita-se que o m?todo proposto auxilie no entendimento das especificidades presentes no recorte territorial estudado de forma a orientar as a??es de gest?o e planejamento urbano.

O presente trabalho visa a compreensão dos processos de produção do espaço urbano por meio da articulação entre diferentes escalas e métodos de análise. Como estudo da forma, o trabalho não se atém unicamente aos aspectos físico espaciais resultantes, mas também ao entendimento dos processos que compõem o cenário urbano. Neste sentido consideram-se as dinâmicas sociais e pressões atuantes sobre o solo urbano, seja no que se refere ao uso ou ocupação ou ainda nos processos que pressionam para uma alteração do valor do solo. Relaciona-se à morfologia urbana com a ausência ou presença de políticas de solo urbano e de elementos que possam interferir na forma urbana resultante. Para tanto, propõe-se como método de leitura da paisagem e análise do território, a identificação de regiões homogêneas, reconhecidas por conter características socioespaciais semelhantes, denominadas aqui de "Unidades morfo-territoriais". A adoção de um termo novo, justificado no decorrer do texto, objetiva indicar com clareza os métodos e as categorias de análises adotadas pela pesquisa. Toma-se como recorte territorial a Região Metropolitana de Campinas, cujo crescimento caracteriza-se pelo intenso processo de fragmentação e dispersão urbana. O trabalho desenvolveu um quadro síntese que explicitam as características, os entraves e as potencialidades observadas em cada unidade morfo-territorial delimitada na RMC. As unidades morfo-territoriais apesar de distintas guardam características comuns possibilitando a organização por meio de "tipos", e grupos. O mapeamento é o instrumento utilizado para efetuar as análises espaciais. Feita a análise na escala metropolitana a pesquisa selecionou uma determinada unidade morfo-territorial considerada representativa da RMC com o objetivo de demonstrar que o exercício de compreensão das particularidades presentes na unidade morfo-territorial escolhida, pode, por meio do método construído, ser aplicado a qualquer uma das unidades morfo-territoriais identificadas. Objetiva-se a compreensão da forma urbana por meio da análise das características das unidades morfo-territoriais. Acredita-se que o método proposto auxilie no entendimento das especificidades presentes no recorte territorial estudado de forma a orientar as ações de gestão e planejamento urbano. This Paper aims to understand the production processes of urban space through the articulation between different scales and methods of analysis. As a study of urban configuration, this work not only attempts to analyze the resulting physical aspects, but also the understanding of the processes that forms the urban setting. This regard, it considers social dynamics and advocacy tools applied on urban land related to the use, occupation or processes that push for changes in land value. The urban morphology is related to the absence or presence of urban land policies and other elements that might interfere in the resulting urban form. By that, it is proposed as landscape reading and analysis method of the territory the identification of homogeneous regions, recognized for containing similar socio-spatial characteristics, called here as "morpho-territorial units". The adoption of a new term, justified through the paper, aims to make clear the methods and categories of analysis adopted. Take as territorial clipping the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (RMC), whose has the characteristic of an intense process of fragmentation and urban sprawl. The paper developed a summary table that explicit characteristics, barriers and potentialities observed in each morpho-territorial unit identified in the RMC. The morpho-territorial units, while distinct, keep some features in common which enables the organization through "types" and groups. Mapping is the instrument used to perform spatial analyzes. Made the analysis in the metropolitan scale, the research has selected a particular morpho-territorial unit, considered representative of the RMC, in order to demonstrate that the exercise of understanding of these peculiarities in the morpho-territorial unit chosen, can, through the proposed method, be applied to any of the morpho-territorial units identified. It aims to understanding the urban form by analyzing the characteristics of the morpho-territorial units. It is believed that the proposed method assists in understanding specificities in the studied territorial clipping in order to guide actions of public management and planning.

The first conclusion is, no doubt, that processes of urban sprawl have emerged in Bulgaria during the last couple of decades and already have changed the suburban patterns in the outskirts of Sofia. This is a simple, but critically important conclusion, because so far Bulgarian planners have underestimated this threat and, even, have failed to identify it. The main reasons for this omission were due to lack of experience with similar problems and, mainly, to specific traditions relating to comparatively high, though typical European densities and compact urban forms. Yet, due to its unplanned nature and scattered forms, sprawl always generates un- sustainable urban processes. All facts and findings of previous studies and the present one confirm the second main conclusion that, undoubtedly, Sofia suburbanisation pattern is of Western type, so it is characterized by a number of associated problems and issues like overconsumption of land, inefficient use of infrastructure and other resources. At the same time, Bulgarian sprawl in many aspects is shaped by local traditions established in the course of centuries and (especially, the 20th century) by the specific historical development – both socio-economic and urban. Sofia’s new suburbs are more compact than typical Western suburbs and they are characterized by higher densities and higher levels of social mix and mix of uses. Eventually, the third main conclusion is that suburbanisation around Sofia and around other big cities in the country is speeding up and, thus, Bulgarian sprawl turns closer to the Western patterns. This means that policy measures are already needed to avoid associated problems, especially in view of the insufficient land resources of Bulgaria. Apparently, all these issues should be subject to thorough and in depth studies as next steps of research in this area in order to elaborate efficient instruments of relevant policies.

This report proceeds from the research work of the TURAS project, working package 6: Short Circuit Economies. The overall goal of the work package is to produce a model for urban resilience and sustainability transitioning. Within the TURAS project, this work package examines ways to improve urban resilience at the economic and business scale. The deliverables that will be produced will all focus on the supportive instruments that could be implemented by local authorities to enhance an increased reliance on local goods and services within the urban areas. The academic partners in work package 6 will critically review the concepts linked to achieving local, sustainable economic resilience and what are the important conditions for local authorities to provide the right framework for the transition towards resilience of urban economies. In the light of a new approach to establishing guidelines for fostering innovation, a decision was taken to use the concepts and insights of the literature on ‘adaptive governance’, and apply them to the research and evaluation of a series of case studies, each of which is dedicated to testing a public intervention to support local and sustainable economic activity. This has not been attempted in an urban economic setting. In designing this interaction between the research and the local authority partner case studies, this new aim is to produce a novel framework of analysis of economic resilience, to produce policy recommendations and to elaborate a practical tool for the use by a local authority to support economically resilient cities. Adaptive governance and collaborative processes are explicitly mentioned as core challenges in urban resilience planning within the original call of topic. This is also under investigation in different disciplines within TURAS work packages (2,3, and 4), but they are not expressly addressed through the research of those work packages. Therefore, a new research framework incorporating adaptive governance concepts provides a useful analytical framework for work package 6 to integrate within the general architecture of the different research work packages of TURAS. The research results will combine into the overall integration strategy for transitioning towards resilience at local level that TURAS is aiming to deliver in 2016. Furthermore, the outputs in terms of research around governance from an academic point of view and also from a practical point of view could contribute to cement the bonds between the different WPs and give consistency to the transversal layer of the different WPs. For additional information on this deliverable please email Paula Vandergert at p.vandergert@uel.ac.uk. For additional information on the TURAS project seehere, oremail marcus.collier@tcd.ie.

Why is governance so central to sustainability transitions? A superficial answer to this question would argue that these transitions are about the policies for and the politics of a significant move towards a resilient and sustainable society. This answer correctly emphasizes the important interplay between the State, civil society and the market in formulating appropriate measures (policies for transitions) as well as the importance of bargaining power when it comes to negotiating between alternative trajectories (politics of transition). But on a deeper and arguably more relevant level, the reason why governance constitutes both a bottleneck and a key to societal transitions is that the latter will involve a much broader, complex and fuzzier set of interventions than merely formulating adequate policies: changing the current social-ecological regimes in European cities and regions will require transcending the State-civil society-market triangle and overcome seemingly insurmountable barriers, powerful vested interests, incommensurate metrics, dazzling complexities and a multiplicity of agencies: in practice, the State is not a unified actor but includes both political and administrative agencies; civil society is also diverse and contains potentially antagonistic interests; finally, the market is a place where radically different players such as multinational corporations and small family business interact. Dealing with such an intricate problem as social-ecological transitions therefore requires new ways of approaching societal problems, forging new politico-economic alliances and reframing the terms of the debate – and many of the innovations necessary to achieve this are likely to be social and related to governance rather than technological. So how can we govern the adaption of European cities and regions to the urgency of the current social, environmental and economic crises? How can we make extant governance models more adaptive so as to ensure sustainable and resilient transitions rather than short-run solutions? For additional information on this deliverable please email Stephan Kampelmann at stephan@osmosnetwork.com For additional information on the TURAS project see here, or email marcus.collier@tcd.ie., Suggested citation: Kampelmann, Stephan, Vandergert, Paula, Van Den Abeele, Patrick and Collier, Marcus J. (2015) Adaptive Governance and Economic Resilience. Deliverable 6.8 of the TURAS FP7 Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941480.

Over the last three decades, Serbia has moved from a mixed centrally planned – deliberative – self-governing economy to a market-based economy, but key institutional reforms are still not complete. Based on the contextual framework of post-socialist countries and theoretical background, this research focuses on the interaction between spatial regularization and existing planning instrumentsversusurban land market and land-use policy, and their impact on urban expansion in the Belgrade metropolitan area (BMA). The intention is to clarify the implications of urban land use policies and their (im) balance with planning instruments and the land market. The contextual framework of post-socialist Serbia, the transformation of its urban land policy as well as the land development management in the BMA illustrate complexities of spatial regularization, further emphasized by the delay in introducing and adopting new urban land policy. Key findings include: extremely inefficient urban land use and excessive urban sprawl (in the last two decades the urban area has tripled; with high urban land consumption of 670m2per capita compared to other metropolitan cities); and important role of urban land policy (existing, still untransformed instruments contribute to urban sprawl).

This research contributes to the debate concerning the nature of planning in complex systems, and particularly to the theory of teleocracy (the approach based on direct provisions aimed at specific ends) and nomocracy (the approach based on rules aimed at general rather than specific ends). It draws parallels with the theory of regulation and establishes a connection between rules, regulation and the nomocratic planning of social activities. It then suggests that a property rights analysis of the forms of social coordination/organisation can be instrumental in understanding the nature of social interactions. Based on the theory of property rights, the study concludes that the use of different types of planning, regulation or market mechanisms of social coordination is closely related to the concrete form of ownership over the resources employed in any given social activity.

Urban regions face a wide spectrum of challenges. They are home to over half of the world population, but occupy a relatively small area, resulting in pressures related to a limited amount of natural resources such as space and water. Moreover, both the societal system and the natural system are in constant flux resulting in constantly changing boundary conditions. This relates to, inter alia, the climate, demographics and the economy. In order to adequately tackle todays and tomorrows challenges, urban areas need to anticipate and adapt in their planning policies for the city in a strategic way. This strategic urban planning concerns not only spatial planning, but relates to all sectors that are relevant in a city (e.g. energy, waste, water, transport). To support effective strategic urban planning, policy and decision makers need information on the changing state of their urban environment, on how certain measures/policies affects this, and how unwanted impacts (e.g. heat stress, flood risk, traffic jams) are reduced. Correspondingly, strategic urban planning requires the merge of environmental analyses and the policy process with all relevant stakeholders (which will be discussed in Chapter 2). This document reports on various tools and methods that have been developed to aid decision making within this joint analytical and policy framework. This research has been performed in various settings (cities) and related to various themes, namely energy (Aalborg), flooding and water management (Rotterdam and Ljubljana), green roofs (London), urban climate (Rotterdam) and transport (Ljubljana). Experiences from not only the research performed, but also from explicitly reflecting on past activities shed some light on the governance associated with the policy process and implementation. These experiences teach us that people and timing play a crucial role in the actual execution. Timing relates to the time horizons of different actors (e.g. researchers, politicians, practitioners) and processes (e.g. urban development and maintenance of embankments), as well as seizing opportunities when possible. Co-creation of knowledge and plans is important here, which requires coordination and cooperation from the very beginning between different actors. Above all, strategic urban planning comes down to people, at all levels (policy analysis, policy making, decision making). People with an open mind who are dedicated, value an integrated approach, and can work in interdisciplinary settings with various stakeholders. Time to build trust and a dedicated coordinator to keep the process going are required for this. The best way to cooperate is to start acting. While learning by doing, capacity is built in terms of knowledge and the right mind-set of people involved who can then recognize future opportunities and keep awareness and support high. By investing and engaging in the knowledge base of its people, a city will become more resilient when facing new challenges in the future. For more information on this Deliverable please email Hans de Moel at hans.de.moel@vu.nl For additional information on the TURAS project see here, oremail marcus.collier@tcd.ie.

At present urban sprawl is considered to be the main threat to sustainable urban development by most urban planners. As a trend that was first been observed in North America after the Second World War, it was not seen as a threat to urban development until the 1980s. It was then, with the evolution of the concept of sustainability, that the attitude of planners, most professionals and the wider public changed. In Europe, these problems were faced somewhat later – they became a focus of planners’ concern and research late in the 1990s and particularly in the 2000s. The European Environment Agency (EEA) issued several important documents raising public awareness about the threats that sprawl presented to the environment, the most important being the 2006 report “Urban sprawl in Europe – The ignored challenge”. Cities, as a rule, expand as they grow. To explain why urban sprawl is a threat, urban growth and expansion should be differentiated. Urban growth is, generally, positive – cities are growing because they are becoming more competitive, provide more and better jobs and bolster a vibrant, local economy. However, sprawl is excessive urban expansion, resulting in expansive, low density neighbourhoods. The proponents of sprawl argue that “sprawl is sweet” because it reflects the preferences of residents to live in larger plots in quiet, low density residential areas with a lot of open spaces and greenery. The opponents of sprawl, too, agree that the growth of cities is positive, but sprawl occurs when cities grow excessively, i.e. when the expansion of the urbanised area outstrips the growth of its population. Thus each resident consumes land for housing and for infrastructure excessively, as well as resources such as gas, for commuting. The EEA report of 2006 outlines several major negative impacts of sprawl. Sprawl above all excessively consumes land, raw materials and fuels. Excessive consumption of land means excessive loss of rural land, which is sealed and many of its properties are lost. Biodiversity is sharply reduced. In addition to land, raw materials and fuels, the consumption of water and the production of exhaust emissions are also excessive and affect the climate. Thus the price paid by society for sprawl is high, especially in view that most of the resources consumed are non-renewable. Although the residents of low density suburbs may enjoy open spaces, greenery and high standard of living, suburbs also often become dormitory housing areas, which are socially segregated and less lively than compact, urban settlements. For additional information on this deliverable please email Aleksandar Slaev at slaev@vfu.bg. For additional information on the TURAS project seehere, oremail marcus.collier@tcd.ie.

Orientadora: Profª Drª Silvana Zioni Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2014. As grandes cidades brasileiras são caracterizadas pela existência de significativos contingentes populacionais em situação de precariedade habitacional, resultado do modelo de desenvolvimento excludente característico do desenvolvimento do capitalismo nos países periféricos. A partir da década de 1980 surge o conceito de ZEIS ¿ Zona Especial de Interesse Social, que é um instrumento urbanístico implementado em áreas ocupadas com habitações precárias, ou a demarcação de áreas vazias, subutilizadas ou não utilizadas, voltadas prioritariamente ao acesso à moradia e à terra urbanizada para populações de baixa renda. A ZEIS constitui-se em um dos primeiros dispositivos institucionais de política urbana no país voltados à diminuição da desigualdade social urbana. Através do estudo da implementação das ZEIS de vazios no território do Grande ABC, buscou-se identificar os avanços concretos realizados com base nessa política e suas limitações e desafios na atuação do Estado na solução das questões fundiárias e de democratização do território. No cenário atual de crescimento das favelas e ocupações irregulares, por um lado, e ampliação da oferta de moradia através de políticas públicas de incentivo à obtenção de imóveis, por outro, os instrumentos urbanísticos voltados à diminuição da desigualdade urbana podem contribuir para democratizar o acesso à terra urbanizada. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa pretende avaliar o alcance e a efetividade da implementação de políticas públicas para contribuir criticamente para seu aperfeiçoamento, tendo como recorte a Região do Grande ABC. Brazil's big cities are characterized by the existence of substantial groups of people in precarious housing situation, result of exclusionary characteristic of capitalist development in the model of peripheral countries. Social Interest Special Zone (ZEIS: Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social), which is an tool implemented in urban empty, underused or unused, or busy areas with substandard housing, focusing primarily on access to housing and land. The ZEIS, created in 1980, constitutes one of the first institutional arrangements for urban policy in the country aimed at reducing urban social inequality. Through the study of the implementation of ZEIS empty in the territory in the Greater ABC sought to identify the progress made based on that policy and its limitations and challenges in the performance of the state in resolving land issues and democratization of the country. In the current scenario of growth of slums and irregular occupations, on the one hand, and expanding the supply of housing through public policies conducive to obtaining property, on the other, aimed at reducing urban inequality, urban instruments can help to democratize access to urbanized land. Thus, this research aims to assess the scope and effectiveness of the implementation of public policies to critically contribute to its improvement, with the spacial cutout in the Greater ABC Region.

The scope of this deliverable is to: Identify the necessary datasets by type, scale, availability, accuracy, format and accessibility. Identify the particular data needs, approaches and procedures to support the specific functional and analytical requirements for each of work packages 2 to 6. Establish a common lexicon and mutual understanding of the common needs for spatial data resources and analytical functions. Finalise the plans for development of the support framework for specific project management and communication needs. For additional information on this deliverable please email Zorica Nedović-Budić at znb.ucd@gmail.com. For additional information on the TURAS project see here, or email marcus.collier@tcd.ie., Suggested citation: Nedović-Budić, Z., Corcoran, A. and Collier, M.J. (2013) G-ICT based Inventory. Deliverable 1.1 of the TURAS FP7 Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940920.

Kapitalist sistemde özel mülkiyet zenginlik ve eşitsizlik dağıtımında önemli bir unsurdur ve hatta sistemin mevcudiyeti bu kavram üzerinden devam etmektedir. Planlama kavramı oluşturduğu kararlarla, mekanın örgütlenme biçimine müdahale ettiğinden eşitsizlik ve zenginlik oluşumuna neden olur. Bu bağlamda sistemin ve sistemle gelişen planlama kavramının buluştuğu nokta mülkiyet ve mülkiyet üzerinden gelişen kentsel ranttır. Bir başka deyişle kentsel rantın ve mülkiyet yapısının incelenmesi kent içinde yaşanan eşitsizlik ve zenginliğin kaynağını anlamak adına gereklidir.Bu çalışma mülkiyet, planlama ve yönetim sistemi üçgeninde şekillenen kent gelişiminin, sermaye sahipleri tarafından yönlendirilip yönlendirilemeyeceğini, plan kararları ve oluşturulan yasa maddeleriyle rantın yaratılması ve dağıtımının nasıl gerçekleştiğini araştırmaktadır. İmar planları, kanunlar, plan tadilatları ve rayiç değerler üzerinden değerlendirmeler yapan çalışma, bölgede yaşanan değer artışının yönlendirilebilir olup olmadığını, plan kararlarının alınması ve sonrasında yaşanan süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesini olanaklı kılmaya çabalamaktadır. Çalışmanın mekansal incelemesi kentsel rantın giderek yükseldiği, ticaret sektöründen hizmet sektörüne değişimin yaşandığı ve rayiç değerlerin hızla arttığı İstanbul ili Beşiktaş ilçesidir. Private ownership is a very crucial issue in distribution of wealth and inequality in capitalist system and also the existance of the system is continued upon this issue. Besides, because planning intervenes the distribution of space with its decisions, it causes inequality and wealth. At this point, where system and planning concept which develops from the system itself meets is the ownership and rant that develops from ownership. In other words, the analysis of urban rant and ownership is needed to understand the source of inequality and wealth in the city.This work analyse if the urban development which is formed inside of ownership, planning and governmental system triangle, can be directed by investors, and how the rant is created by the planning decisions and laws and how the it is distributed. Considering the development plans, laws, planning amendments and market values, this work tries to understand if the increasing values in a place can be directed and the process of making and applying the planning decisions. The special research is made in Besiktas, Istanbul where the spatial rant increasing, the retail sector changes into service sektor and the market value increases gradually. 145

Çalışmanın amacı; kentsel mekân kullanımında, genelde Türkiye'de özelde Denizli'de değişim ve dönüşümü hikâye etmek; bu değişimin neden, nasıl, nerede hangi aktörler ve faktörlerin etkisiyle gerçekleşmekte olduğu sorusunu farklı teoriler ve kavramların yardımıyla kamu yönetimi perspektifinden cevaplandırmaktır. Bir diğer amacı, küreselleşmenin kentsel mekân kullanımına etkilerini Türkiye geneli ve Denizli özelinde irdelemek ve bu değişimde rol oynayan aktörleri ve faktörleri belirleyerek özellikle kamusal aktörlerin rollerini tespit etmektir. Bu çerçevede, Denizli'de ticaret, konut ve sanayi alanlarında değişim irdelenmiştir.Çalışmada veri değerlendirme yöntemi olarak; kentsel mekân kullanımında değişim gerçekleştirilirken etkin olan aktörler, kurum ve kuruluşlar belirlenmiştir. İlgili kişilerle görüşmeler teyp kaydı ile yapılmıştır. Kente ait çeşitli yıllardan derlenmiş haritalar, fotoğraflar ile kentsel mekân kullanımının yıllar itibariyle değişimi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Sonuç olarak; Denizli'de kentsel mekânın kullanımında, yerel ekonominin küresel piyasalarla üretim ve tüketim zincirleri aracılığıyla eklemlenmesi süreci belirleyici bir etkiye sahiptir. Kentin gelişim yönü, yatırımların ne tür alanlarda olacağı, her ne kadar kamu yönetiminin etkisi ve yönlendirmesinde oluşsa da, bu süreçte girişimciler, spekülatörler ve mülk sahipleri belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Yeni üretim ve tüketim ilişkileri ve hizmetler sektörünün yeniden organizasyonu ile birlikte, gelir gruplarında ve bu gelir gruplarının yaşam alanlarında (konut, çalışma, eğlenme, dinlenme) önemli farklılıklar oluşmakta ve bu durum mekânın kullanımına da yansımaktadır. Küreselleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlardan birisi olan tüketim toplumunun izleri Denizli'de görülmektedir. Küreselleşme ile ekonomik vurgulu yeni dünya değerlerinin kentsel mekân üzerindeki belirleyicilikleri nettir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel Mekân, Mekân Kullanımında Değişim, Kentsel Dönüşüm, Denizli. The purpose of this study is to to document the traces of the change and transformation of the use of urban space in Turkey in general and Denizli in special; to search for answers, to the question of why, how, where and which of the actors and factors effect the change from the perspective of public administration with the help of different theories and terms. The other objective is to study the effects of globalization in the use of urban space in Turkey and in Denizli particularly and to identify the actors and the factors especially public actors and their roles in this process of change. In that framework; the transitions in the fields of commerce, housing and industry are examined in Denizli.As the method of data analysis; first of all, the active actors, corporations and foundations that have been active in the transformation in the use of urban space are determined. The interviews with related persons are taped. The traces of change is tried to be followed in urban space in retrospect with the help of the maps and photos from different years.As a result; the process of articulation of local economies with global markets? manufacture and consumption chains has a significant effect in the use of urban space in Denizli. Even if the way of the evaluation of the city, where the investments are going to be made is decided by the local authorities; in this process the investors, speculators and the land owners have a significant role. With the new manufacture and consumption relations and the reorganization of service sector, income groups and the living areas of the income groups (housing estate, work, recreational activities, rest), significant differences occur and this situation also effects the use of urban space. The traits of consumption society which is a result of globalization is seen in Denizli. The new world?s values definers which have global and economic orientation are clear on urban space.Keywords: Urban Space, Change In The Use Of Urban Space, Urban Transformation, Denizli 377

Dopo alcuni essenziali riferimenti ai principi della Costituzione italiana in merito alla proprietà immobiliare, il saggio dapprima illustra le caratteristiche dei Piani urbanistici di tradizione e l’importante ruolo che essi assegnavano alle espropriazioni per pubblica utilità, quindi espone il cambiamento degli strumenti urbanistici in riferimento alle nuove esigenze di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. Nel mutato contesto, sono discussi gli effetti della pianificazione urbanistica sul regime immobiliare ed illustrate le ragioni che motivano la diffusione, nei Piani comunali delle città italiane, della perequazione urbanistica. Il campo di analisi si espande quindi dai principali interventi del legislatore nazionale in materia di determinazione delle indennità di esproprio per pubblica utilità alla fiscalità immobiliare locale, quindi ai diritti edificatori che i Piani comunali possono riconoscere a vario titolo alla proprietà immobiliare ed infine al partenariato pubblico privato. Nella parte conclusiva sono riportate le questioni al centro del dibattito attuale. / After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. Este ensayo describe, después de algunas referencias a los principios esenciales de la Constitución Italiana sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria, en primer lugar, las características de los Planes Urbanísticos tradicionales y la importante función que esos asignaban a la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública y, a continuación, expone el cambio en las herramientas urbanas en relación con las nuevas necesidades de gestión urbana. En este nuevo contexto, se examinan los efectos de la planificación urbana sobre la gestión inmobiliaria y se explican las razones de la propagación, en los Planes Municipales de las ciudades italianas, de la equiparación urbana. El campo de análisis se expande desde las principales intervenciones de la legislación nacional con respecto a la determinación de la indemnización por expropiación por causa de utilidad pública a la fiscalidad inmobiliaria local, luego se analizan los derechos de edificación que los Planos Municipales pueden reconocer, por razones distintas, a la propiedad inmobiliaria y, por último, a las asociaciones privadas. En el último capítulo se exponen las cuestiones que están en el centro del debate actual. Aquest assaig descriu, després d’algunes referències als principis essencials de la Constitució Italiana sobre la propietat immobiliària, en primer lloc, les característiques dels Plans Urbanístics tradicionals i la important funció que aquests assignaven a l’expropiació per causa d’utilitat pública i, a continuació, exposa el canvi en les eines urbanes en relació amb les noves necessitats de gestió urbana. En aquest nou context, s’examinen els efectes de la planificació urbana sobre la gestió immobiliària i s’expliquen les raons de propagació, en els Plans Municipals de les ciutats italianes, de l’equipació urbana. El camp d’anàlisi s’expandeix des de les principals intervencions de la legislació nacional respecte a la determinació de la indemnització per expropiació per causa d’utilitat pública a la fiscalitat immobiliària local, després s’analitzen els drets d’edificació que els Plans Municipals poden reconèixer, per diferents raons, a la propietat immobiliària i, per últim, a les associacions privades. En l’últim capítol s’exposen les qüestions que estan en el centre de l’actual debat.

In the article authors consider a good practice of urban planning in the light of urban land use in the Belgrade. The paper pointed out discuss the practice of urban planing and mechanisms of management in the field of land use. The paper discuss the legislation in the field of land economics and land politics, which caused many problems, like that: capitalized investment, particularly in the central cities zones (or CBD - central business districts), investment of urban renewal, avoidance balance approach and many forms of cost - benefit methods in the locations use, on efficiency investment in the land use, privacy of citizens ownship and safety of private land of citizens. There is concludеd that process of urban planning must to be “sustainable”. Authors assumе that efficient urban development is dependent on the consolidated urban land market, regulative mechanisms and institutions, new methods in the urban land investment. There are recognized the need for detailed studies in the field of urban redevelopment, like: market movements, establishment of market institutions in the urban lands, feasibility analysis, development gain, plans gain assessment and socio-economic and environmental consequences. Урeници: Борислав Стојков, Владимир Николајевич Белоусов Рад у оквиру научно-истраживачког пројекта 09Т11 „Oбнoвa и рeкoнструкциja грaдoвa Србије“, 1996-2000, у сарадњи са Руском академијом архитектуре и грађевинских наука

This report proceeds from the research work of the TURAS project, working package 6: Short Circuit Economies. The overall goal of the work package is to produce a model for urban resilience and sustainability transitioning. Within the TURAS project, this work package examines ways to improve urban resilience at the economic and business scale. The deliverables that will be produced will all focus on the supportive instruments that could be implemented by local authorities to enhance an increased reliance on local goods and services within the urban areas. The academic partners in work package 6 will critically review the concepts linked to achieving local, sustainable economic resilience and what are the important conditions for local authorities to provide the right framework for the transition towards resilience of urban economies. In the light of a new approach to establishing guidelines for fostering innovation, a decision was taken to use the concepts and insights of the literature on ‘adaptive governance’, and apply them to the research and evaluation of a series of case studies, each of which is dedicated to testing a public intervention to support local and sustainable economic activity. This has not been attempted in an urban economic setting. In designing this interaction between the research and the local authority partner case studies, this new aim is to produce a novel framework of analysis of economic resilience, to produce policy recommendations and to elaborate a practical tool for the use by a local authority to support economically resilient cities. Adaptive governance and collaborative processes are explicitly mentioned as core challenges in urban resilience planning within the original call of topic. This is also under investigation in different disciplines within TURAS work packages (2,3, and 4), but they are not expressly addressed through the research of those work packages. Therefore, a new research framework incorporating adaptive governance concepts provides a useful analytical framework for work package 6 to integrate within the general architecture of the different research work packages of TURAS. The research results will combine into the overall integration strategy for transitioning towards resilience at local level that TURAS is aiming to deliver in 2016. Furthermore, the outputs in terms of research around governance from an academic point of view and also from a practical point of view could contribute to cement the bonds between the different WPs and give consistency to the transversal layer of the different WPs. For additional information on this deliverable please email Paula Vandergert at p.vandergert@uel.ac.uk. For additional information on the TURAS project see here, or email marcus.collier@tcd.ie., Suggested citation: Kampelmann, Stephan, Vandergert, Paula and Collier, Marcus J. (2015) Plan of work for developing a strategy to support Sustainable and Resilient Economic Activity Locally (SREAL). Deliverable 6.7 of the TURAS FP7 Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941486.

At present urban sprawl is considered to be the main threat to sustainable urban development by most urban planners. As a trend that was first been observed in North America after the Second World War, it was not seen as a threat to urban development until the 1980s. It was then, with the evolution of the concept of sustainability, that the attitude of planners, most professionals and the wider public changed. In Europe, these problems were faced somewhat later – they became a focus of planners’ concern and research late in the 1990s and particularly in the 2000s. The European Environment Agency (EEA) issued several important documents raising public awareness about the threats that sprawl presented to the environment, the most important being the 2006 report “Urban sprawl in Europe – The ignored challenge”. Cities, as a rule, expand as they grow. To explain why urban sprawl is a threat, urban growth and expansion should be differentiated. Urban growth is, generally, positive – cities are growing because they are becoming more competitive, provide more and better jobs and bolster a vibrant, local economy. However, sprawl is excessive urban expansion, resulting in expansive, low density neighbourhoods. The proponents of sprawl argue that “sprawl is sweet” because it reflects the preferences of residents to live in larger plots in quiet, low density residential areas with a lot of open spaces and greenery. The opponents of sprawl, too, agree that the growth of cities is positive, but sprawl occurs when cities grow excessively, i.e. when the expansion of the urbanised area outstrips the growth of its population. Thus each resident consumes land for housing and for infrastructure excessively, as well as resources such as gas, for commuting. The EEA report of 2006 outlines several major negative impacts of sprawl. Sprawl above all excessively consumes land, raw materials and fuels. Excessive consumption of land means excessive loss of rural land, which is sealed and many of its properties are lost. Biodiversity is sharply reduced. In addition to land, raw materials and fuels, the consumption of water and the production of exhaust emissions are also excessive and affect the climate. Thus the price paid by society for sprawl is high, especially in view that most of the resources consumed are non-renewable. Although the residents of low density suburbs may enjoy open spaces, greenery and high standard of living, suburbs also often become dormitory housing areas, which are socially segregated and less lively than compact, urban settlements. For additional information on this deliverable please email Aleksandar Slaev at slaev@vfu.bg. For additional information on the TURAS project see here, or email marcus.collier@tcd.ie., Suggested citation: Slaev, A., Krunic, N., Zekovic, S., Vujosevic, M., Pichler-Milanovic, N., Baffioni, C., Guttadauria, I., Odorico, M., Vallocchia, S., Voglino, A.M., Maricic, T.; Petric, J., Bajic, T., Nikiforov, N., Konakchiev, D., Nikolov, N., Daskalova, D., Lyubenov, Y., Topchiev, H. and Collier, Marcus J. (2014) Report on the balance between planning and the market relating to sustainable and resilient development of suburban areas. Deliverable 5.6 of the TURAS FP7 Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3941456.

Urban regions face a wide spectrum of challenges. They are home to over half of the world population, but occupy a relatively small area, resulting in pressures related to a limited amount of natural resources such as space and water. Moreover, both the societal system and the natural system are in constant flux resulting in constantly changing boundary conditions. This relates to, inter alia, the climate, demographics and the economy. In order to adequately tackle todays and tomorrows challenges, urban areas need to anticipate and adapt in their planning policies for the city in a strategic way. This strategic urban planning concerns not only spatial planning, but relates to all sectors that are relevant in a city (e.g. energy, waste, water, transport). To support effective strategic urban planning, policy and decision makers need information on the changing state of their urban environment, on how certain measures/policies affects this, and how unwanted impacts (e.g. heat stress, flood risk, traffic jams) are reduced. Correspondingly, strategic urban planning requires the merge of environmental analyses and the policy process with all relevant stakeholders (which will be discussed in Chapter 2). This document reports on various tools and methods that have been developed to aid decision making within this joint analytical and policy framework. This research has been performed in various settings (cities) and related to various themes, namely energy (Aalborg), flooding and water management (Rotterdam and Ljubljana), green roofs (London), urban climate (Rotterdam) and transport (Ljubljana). Experiences from not only the research performed, but also from explicitly reflecting on past activities shed some light on the governance associated with the policy process and implementation. These experiences teach us that people and timing play a crucial role in the actual execution. Timing relates to the time horizons of different actors (e.g. researchers, politicians, practitioners) and processes (e.g. urban development and maintenance of embankments), as well as seizing opportunities when possible. Co-creation of knowledge and plans is important here, which requires coordination and cooperation from the very beginning between different actors. Above all, strategic urban planning comes down to people, at all levels (policy analysis, policy making, decision making). People with an open mind who are dedicated, value an integrated approach, and can work in interdisciplinary settings with various stakeholders. Time to build trust and a dedicated coordinator to keep the process going are required for this. The best way to cooperate is to start acting. While learning by doing, capacity is built in terms of knowledge and the right mind-set of people involved who can then recognize future opportunities and keep awareness and support high. By investing and engaging in the knowledge base of its people, a city will become more resilient when facing new challenges in the future. For more information on this Deliverable please email Hans de Moel at hans.de.moel@vu.nl For additional information on the TURAS project see here, or email marcus.collier@tcd.ie., Suggested citation: de Moel, H., Derkzen, M.L., Koks, E.E., Aerts, J., Verburg, P., van Barneveld, N., Nijhuis, L., Nielsen, S., Möller, B., Rijavec, R., Griessler-Bulc, T., Detellbach, S., Jarni, K., Kompare, B., Krivograd-Klemenčič, A., Pichler- Milanović, N., Šemrov, D., Uršič, M., Velkavrh, J., Žura, M., Trbižan, G.. Gojčič, M., Brimicombe, A., LI, Y. and Collier, Marcus J. (2014) Improved planning for urban resilience and sustainability – tools, measures and recommendations. Deliverable 4.5 of the TURAS FP7 Project. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940969.