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Among the different factors thought to affect dental wear, dietary consistency is possibly the least investigated. To understand tooth wear of herbivorous animals consuming different dietary consistencies with different abrasive potential, we fed 14 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) exclusively with a timothy grassmeal-based diet in either pelleted or extruded form, or the same diets with an addition of 5% fine sand abrasives (mean size 130 µm). First, we offered the rabbits the pelleted and extruded diets as well as the pelleted control and pelleted abrasive diet in a two-stage preference experiment. Then, the rabbits received each diet for 2 weeks in a randomised serial feeding experiment, where each animal served as its own control. Tooth measurements for wear, growth and height were achieved using a manual calliper, endoscopic examination and CT scans. The analysis of the diets as fed showed almost identical mean particle size, but the extruded diet had a lower density (volume/mass) and softer consistency compared to the pelleted one and was favoured by most rabbits. The rabbits selected against the diet with sand during the preference experiment, possibly because it caused more tooth wear, especially on the teeth most exposed to wear along the upper tooth row (upper P4 and M1). The maxillary teeth also showed evidence of an increased chewing laterality by the end of the experiment. The extruded diet led to a significantly lower cheek teeth height than the pelleted diet, potentially due to the higher chewing effort needed for a similar dry matter intake. The results suggest that dietary hardness alone is a poor predictor of dental wear. The regrowth of the teeth matched wear consistently.

Purpose Numerous studies have shown that tooth size is an important key to ideal occlusion. Bolton (Angle Orthod 28:13, 1958; 48:504, 1962) described a constant ratio between the widths of the upper and lower teeth that must be present to achieve an optimal occlusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Bolton discrepancies in patients with Class II malocclusion scheduled for mandibular advancement surgery. Patients and Methods This study included 126 patients (40 male, 86 female) with Class II malocclusion who had at least a mandibular advancement as part of their surgical treatment. The mesiodistal widths of the 6 anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth were measured on preoperative models using a caliper. The measurements were used to compute the anterior Bolton ratio. Results Seventy-three of 126 patients (57.9%) were found to have an anterior Bolton ratio greater than the Bolton norm, indicating too much lower tooth mass compared with the upper mass or too little upper tooth mass compared with the lower mass. Conclusion Tooth-size discrepancies are common in patients requiring mandibular advancement surgery. This can make it difficult to advance the mandible into a solid Class I relation at the time of surgery. Bolton discrepancies should be considered when planning treatment with presurgical orthodontics. In addition, if necessary, the width of the lower incisors should be decreased or a space distal to the maxillary lateral incisors should be created to allow the establishment of a solid Class I canine occlusion at the time of surgery.

A comprehensive understanding of morphological and morphometrical variation for systematically important characters is a prerequisite for reliable taxonomic analyses of extinct morphospecies. However, perception of such variation is commonly limited due to a paucity of fossil material that forms the basis of such analyses. Here we report a new record of Pleistocene Diprotodon optatum Owen, 1838 (Diprotodontoidea) represented by near-complete upper tooth rows that exhibit a high degree of individual variation within systematically important upper premolars. The individual possesses features (e.g. development of parastyle, anterocristae and anterior longitudinal groove) that are considered to be close to the polar extremes of premolar variation within the morphospecies, but occurring on either side of the palate. Although such morphologies were previously recognized on the basis of isolated specimens, they have never been observed as having occurred on either side of the tooth row within a single indvidual....

The aim of this study was to describe the differences in cranial size and shape that occur between different farmed blue fox populations within and between countries. The skulls were obtained at the pelting time from three Finnish, one Estonian, one Norwegian and seven Canadian farms. The material was subjected to a principal component (PC) analysis for each sex. The first PC-factor explained about 50% of variation. It was identified as the size factor; it discriminated Finnish blue foxes at one end and Nova Scotia foxes at the other end of the scale. The second PC-factor explained about 10% of variation in skull morphology but failed to discriminate the populations. The third factor, which was dominated by interorbital width, discriminated Nova Scotia foxes from the other populations. PC-factor 4 received its highest loading from the length of upper tooth row. This factor differentiated, although poorly, the Newfoundland fox populations, whether local or crosses between the local and the imported Finnish stock, from the others. The sexes were significantly different on most single parameters and the skulls of all farm populations were larger than those of wild Arctic foxes. However, there were also large differences in skull morphology between farms within one country. This shows that farmed blue foxes in different countries have not yet diverged into anatomically distinct populations.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:37Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:40:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-38049170625.pdf: 142078 bytes, checksum: 6dd9807148cacb85441082f9d985d404 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-01 Given that tobacco smoking habit is a risk factor for periodontal diseases, the aim of this study was to compare clinical periodontal aspects between smokers and non-smokers. The clinical status were assessed in 55 patients, 29 smokers and 26 non-smokers, aged 30 to 50 years, with mean age of 40. The clinical parameters used were: probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) for arches (upper and lower ) and teeth (anterior and posterior). Tooth loss was also evaluated in both groups. Multiple regression analysis showed: tendency of greater probing depth and clinical attachment level means for smokers; greater amount of plaque in smokers in all regions; greater gingival index means for non-smokers with clinical significance (p

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of odontogenic jaw cysts may include one of the following four basic methods: enucleation, marsupialization, staged combination of marsupialization and enucleation, or enucleation with curettage. Enucleation/cystectomy, alone or combined with other procedures, is the preferred choice of treatment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the case report was to present the outcome of an ultrasound-assistant periapical cystectomy in a frontal upper tooth with indications for extraction. RESULTS: Postoperative recovery was uneventful. The functional result was satisfactory. On the follow-up X-rays a reduction of the intraosseous defect by a new bone formation could be observed. CONCLUSION: We found ultrasonic surgery to be a promising approach for safe and effective odontogenic jaw cyst removal reducing the risk of its recurrence.

The data on an isolated upper tooth (P4) of Deinotherium sp. from the Late Miocene beds of the Maikop 1 locality (Maikop, Republic of Adygea) are reported. This is the first record of Deinotherium from the Upper Miocene of Russia. The tooth crown of P4 is similar in size to D. proavum Eichwald, 1831 (= D. gigantissimum Stefanescu, 1892).

Pristina silvicola and P. terrena spp. nov. are described from soil samples of the primary rain forest at the Brazilian Agroforestry Research Facility near Manaus, Brazil. Living and preserved specimens were studied. The species are among the smallest oligochaetes known (1‐1.5 mm long) but they are conspicuous by their brilliant, highly refractile coelomocytes. Pristina silvicola is also described from sexually mature specimens. Its character combination invalidates Pristinella as a genus separate from Pristina. Both genera are reunited as Pristina. Pristina silvicola and P. terrena, species which lack a proboscis, share a character combination that is unique in the genus: stomach absent, first nephridia in segment VII, ventral chaetae uniform with upper tooth not longer than lower. They differ from one another in the shape of the brain and in other details of the chaetae.

Inflammation induced from an odontogenic origin rarely develops into orbital complications. We reviewed a patient complaining of double vision with orbital cellulitis after odontogenic treatment.A 58-year-old woman complained of left buccal swelling and symptoms of acute sinusitis following the treatment of caries of her left upper tooth. Exophthalmus and diplopia of her left eye were noted. After emergent surgical and medical treatment, she was relieved of all nasal and eye symptoms.

The needs of the dental treatment in the patients foroud a mutidiscipling work. It report a clinical case of one patient who exhibilidad a advanced periodontal disease, whith migration of the anterior upper teeth after the periodontal treatment (Motivation oral periodontal hygienic, root planning, periodontal autologos bore injerto it mode the orthodontic in the anterior upper tooth. Finally the patient recivea a bridge in the upper segment. Las necesidades de tratamiento odontológico en los pacientes plantea un trabajo multidisciplinario. Se reporta un caso clínico de una persona que presenta enfermedad periodontal avanzada, con secuelas de migración de piezas dentarias en el sector antero superior. Después del tratamiento periodontal (Motivación, raspaje, alisado radicular, cirugía periodontal, injerto óseo autólogo) se realizó el tratamiento ortodóntico en el sector antero superior. Finalmente se realizó el cambio de las coronas del segmento antero superior por unas coronas ferulizadas.

Suggestions that short-faced members of the Felidae tend to lack the second upper premolar (P2) imply a possible shift in scaling associated with the palate and maxillary tooth row in Lynx, which lacks P2, as compared to felids that retain it. This hypothesis is tested using a scaling model that relates the lengths of the palate, and the upper tooth row and its components, to post-palatal skull length in the small to moderately large felids Felis catus (domestic cat), L. canadensis (Canada lynx), F. pardalis (ocelot), and F. concolor (cougar). Scaling relationships of both palate and tooth row length to post-palatal skull length do not differ significantly from isometry in all four species. However, ocelots have a significantly shorter palate and tooth row than lynxes over their overlapping ranges of post-palatal skull length, suggesting that the absence of P2 is not correlated with the length of the face in these species. CI, P3 and P4 tend to be relatively longer in larger felids; none the less, ocelots have a relatively small P3 and lynxes have a proportionately large P4. Because both lynxes and ocelots have a relatively small gap between CI and P3, the absence of P2 is not correlated with available space within the tooth row in adults. However, lynxes also appear to have a relatively long dP3 that almost obliterates the diastema within the deciduous tooth row. The absence of P2 in Lynx may be an engineering artefact that is associated with a shift in proportions within the deciduous toothrow, resulting in inhibition of the development of P2 and dP2 early in ontogeny. Despite the variable occurrence and polymorphism associated with P2 in the Felidae, this character has systematic value within this clade and is a synapomorphy for Lynx.

An adult male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus L.) which stranded in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, was found to have seven erupted teeth in its upper jaw—six on the left side, and one on the right side. Each upper tooth lay in the side of the pit into which the corresponding lower tooth fitted, and two bore a groove consistent with contact with a lower tooth.

Tobacco smoking has been shown to be a major risk factor for tooth loss. The present study was designed to examine tooth mortality and the patterns of tooth loss in smokers and nonsmokers over a wide age range in a selected population from Sana'a, Yemen.A total of 2506 persons between the ages of 15 and 64 years were examined, and every permanent tooth was assessed. Missing teeth included both extracted and missing teeth. Individuals currently smoking one or more boxes of cigarettes (20 cigarettes) a day for 5 years were considered as smokers, whereas individuals with no smoking history were considered as nonsmokers.Smokers had a higher mean tooth loss than nonsmokers. The difference was statistically significant at p0.001. Mean tooth loss was significantly higher in smokers across all age groups, except for those in the 45-54 years age group. Smokers had a significantly higher mean upper tooth loss than nonsmokers. Tooth loss decreased from the incisors to the canines and then increased, with peak loss in the first molars.Tooth loss among smokers is significantly higher than among nonsmokers. The central incisors, lateral incisors and first molars were the most commonly missing teeth in smokers, compared with nonsmokers.

Background: Infraorbital foramen is an important site for various surgical and anesthetic procedures. Accurate localization of the foramen holds the key to success, although racial variations exist in various population groups. Aims: To study the morphometry of infraorbital foramen and its location with respect to nearby anatomical landmarks. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 dry skulls (60 male and 40 female) were collected and observed for the study. Various parameters in the sagittal and transverse planes were noted from infraorbital foramen on both sides, together with its vertical and horizontal dimensions. In addition, the location of infraorbital foramen with respect to upper tooth and presence of any accessory foramina were noted. Results: We measured 198 sides in 100 Indian skulls. The most common position of infraorbital foramen was observed to be in line with second premolar tooth (64%). The mean distance from infraorbital foramen to infraorbital margin was 7.65 ± 1.35 mm on the right side and 7.11 ± 1.73 mm on the left side and from infraorbital foramen to lower border of alveolus of maxilla on the right and left sides (25.98 ± 1.89 and 25.27 ± 2.17 mm; P = 0.01). Conclusions: This study makes possible the identification of exact position of infraorbital foramen and its application in various surgical procedures.

Kouji Yamamoto,1 Sadao Tomizawa21Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, 2Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda City, Chiba, JapanBackground: The aim of the present paper was to develop two new asymmetry probability models to analyze data for tooth decay from 363 women and 349 men aged 18–39 years who visited a dental clinic in Sapporo City, Japan, from 2001 to 2005.Methods: We analyzed the probability relationship between grade of upper and lower tooth decay for men and women using the two new models, and tested goodness-of-fit for the models.Results: The probability that a woman's (man's) grade of lower tooth decay is i (i = 1,2) and her (his) grade of upper tooth decay is j(>i), (j = 2,3) is estimated to be at most 13.52 (10.23) times higher than the probability that the woman's (man's) grade of upper tooth decay is i and grade of lower tooth decay is j.Conclusion: From the data on tooth decay, decay of the upper teeth is worse than of the lower teeth in women and men, and the tendency becomes stronger as the numbers of decayed upper and lower teeth increase.Keywords: distance-proportional symmetry, asymmetry, square contingency table, teeth

Crown and cusp areas, and buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters of maxillary molars of complete upper tooth rows (30 males, 30 females) were analysed in order to quantify changes in size and shape from the first to the third molar. Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed the mesial cusps, in particular the protocone (mesiolingual cusp), to be more stable than the other cusps. Although there is a gradient in size from the first to third molar, shape changes were found to be marked. Overall, the findings are in keeping with the field theory and the hypotheses of environmental constraints on later developing teeth. However, not all of the results could be entirely explained by these concepts. Functional aspects seem to account for the relative stability of the protocone and the buccolingual crown diameter. It appears that this functional complex is relatively stable despite the overall reduction of tooth size, which is probably secondary to processes occurring in the jaws and the cranium. This finding may have implications for studies on tooth reduction between populations of different time periods.

The paper deals with a new form ofSinoadapis from the Lufeng hominoid Locality, assigned toSinoadapis shihuibaensis sp. nov. Holotype PA 882 A fragment of right mandible with C,−M3. Other materials. PA 903 A fragment of left maxilla with P3−M3. PA 959 Left lower tooth row with I1−P2, P4. PA 902 Right upper tooth row with C′−P3. PA 964 An isolated left I1. PA 907 An isolated right I3. PA 972 An isolated right M3.

The possibility that community-wide character displacement exists among the gerbiline rodents that live in the sand dunes of the Mediterranean coastal plain, the northern Negev and the Arava (southern Negev), Israel, was examined. This was done by searching for equal size ratios in the greatest length of the skull (GTL) and the length of the upper tooth row (UT) of museum specimens of mine species of gerbils which live in these communities. Barton-David tests show that unusual equality of size ratios of UT exist for the northern Negev community and for the GTL for the coastal dunes. It is suggested that the above results are an outcome of competition over food: the smaller species, which have shorter tooth row, specialize in feeding on seeds and the larger species, with longer UT, eat more vegetation. The possible reasons for the difference in the number of species in each community are discussed.

Presentation of Case A 40-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of a question of a brain abscess. He was in excellent health until several months earlier, when he began to have pain in the region of a left upper tooth that was treated with aspirin. One month before entry the pain became more severe, with local tenderness. A dentist reported evidence of an apical abscess and prescribed penicillin, with resolution of his symptoms. A dental extraction was advised, but the patient declined it. Two weeks before admission headache developed and persisted. Two days before entry he was awakened . . .

A new species of Tertiary lungfish, Neoceratodus djelleh, is based on two well-preserved upper tooth plates, from Duaringa, Queensland. Both specimens are elongate and have curved mediolingual faces and poorly defined ridges, with little trace of crests or clefts on the flat occlusal surface. Each ridge is supported by a bony base which extends into a peak. Enameloid is present, showing growth lines without associated cusps on the labial surface. Another specimen from Billeroo Creek, South Australia, is referred to Neoceratodus cf. N. djelleh.

By using ungulates to illustrate the idea, I have attempted to explain the observation that the mammalian jaw joint almost always lies above the level of the upper tooth row. I describe how the same set of bilaterally symmetrical muscles, with relatively fixed directions of pull and without any forces in the wrong direction, are not only able to bring the teeth together but can also move the lower jaw in two different directions (i.e., medially from either side). Aspects of this explanation may be generally applicable since the ungulates and the mammals studied so far are similar in that they exhibit a medially directed power stroke with bilateral activity of corresponding masticatory muscles during trituration of food as well as jaw joints that lie above the upper tooth row.

Distinct tooth microwear patterns were observed in viverrids (Carnivora). Epoxy replicas of the upper tooth row of 32 specimens of 12 species of African viverrids were prepared and examined using a scanning electron microscope. Four general patterns emerged: (i) teeth with deeply scored grooves and scratches predominantly in the vertical direction, (ii) teeth with a preponderance of pits with little grooving or scratching, (iii) teeth with both pits and grooves, and (iv) teeth with lighter grooves running in both the vertical and horizontal directions. Microgrooves and scratches seemed to occur primarily in species that eat vertebrate food items while pitting appeared to occur mainly in those that eat invertebrate prey. The horizontal grooves are probably caused by the predator using the carnassial as a rake to remove flesh from prey while holding it between the forefeet.

A description is given of a docodont lower jaw from the Forest Marble of Kirtlington Quarry in Oxfordshire. This specimen has one premolariform and two molariform teeth and it has been placed in a new genus and species Simpsonodon oxfordensis, gen. and sp. nov. Five isolated upper and five isolated lower teeth have been referred to the same species. One upper tooth comes from Watton Cliff in Dorset, the rest arc from Kirtlington Quarry. The new docodont is remarkable in having a well-defined ‘pseudotalonid’ lying mesial to the ‘trigonid’, and the upper molars are functionally similar to the quadritubercular molars of the Placentalia. The evolutionary significance of this is discussed.

It is still next to impossible to distinguish species using immature worms of theLimnodrilus genus. A method was developed to separate mixed immature populations ofLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri andLimnodrilus claparedeianus into each species. The ratio of setal upper tooth length to lower tooth length, inL. hoffmeisteri andL. claparedeianus, ranged from 0.9 to 1.6 and from 1.3 to 2.1, respectively. Even if the median value of the frequency overlapped, this indistinguishable portion did not exceed 6% of each population.

SUMMARY. 1Molarization of the premolars in perissodactyls is reviewed in the light of that of the milk-molars. The premolar patterns are closely related to those of the milk-molars, the closest resemblance being shown, in most forms, to the milk-molar that the premolar replaces. In a few Eocene forms, however, the premolars seem rather to resemble milk-molars placed further forward in the series. 2In primitive perissodactyls, each premolar differs from the corresponding milk-molar in a number of ways, the most striking of which are the weak development of the talonid on the lower tooth and of the middle part of the crown on the upper tooth. The paracone and metacone of the upper premolar are more closely united than in the corresponding milk-molar, and the protocone and hypocone are represented by a single cusp, the deuterocone. This condition is termed hyposphyric. 3In the course of evolution the hyposphyric condition gives place to an isosphyric condition in which each premolar closely resembles in pattern the corresponding milk-molar. If the milk-molar is not yet molariform, further molarization of the milk-molar and premolar take place together. 4The lingual cusp (deuterocone) must be considered as homologous with the protocone and hypocone taken together. When on the milk-molar the hypocone is larger than the protocone, the deuterocone of the premolar corresponds mainly to the hypocone and is converted into the hypocone as isosphyry increases, the protocone developing from its anterior crest. When the protocone and hypocone of the milk-molar are equal. the deuterocone divides equally. 5On P4 the development of the hypocone is retarded, and the deuterocone corresponds mainly to the protocone. The hypocone when it first develops on P4 is smaller, lower and less lingual than the protocone. In most rhinocerotoids and some tapiroids a lesser degree of retardation of the hypocone occurs on P3. 6Molarization of the premolars is thus a complex of a number of processes which can be detected in all perissodactyls. Differences in the method of molarization from group to group are due to the lack of correlation between the processes involved. Differences in the course of evolution followed by adjacent premolars, as in Eocene Equidae and Oligocene Rhinocerotoidea. are to be explained in the same way. 7Premolar occlusion is closely related to that of the milk-molars, corresponding cusps having similar occlusal relations in the two series.

The monotypic genus Pseudalces Flerov 1962 (Mammalia: Cervidae), containing P. mirandus Flerov 1962 from the middle Pliocene near Stavropol, is described on the basis of few cranial fragments including two partial upper tooth rows. The genus is distinguished from other cervids by its elongated muzzle and lachrymal, its tapering forehead, its antler pedicle orientation and other features.—C. E. Ray

We report here the discovery of two mammal teeth from the early Cretaceous of Cameroon. These, and some jaw fragments, all from Cameroon, are the only fossil evidence of mammalian evolution from Africa between late Jurassic and Paleocene, a span of at least 85 million years. A triangular upper tooth lacks the principal internal cusp of marsupials and placentals and is therefore of a similar evolutionary grade to most Jurassic and early Cretaceous therian mammals, but more primitive than the metatherian-eutherian grade. Early Cretaceous, or older, therian mammals are now known from all southern continents except Antarctica. The new find from Cameroon is consistent with the hypothesis that marsupials, the dominant living mammals of South America and Australia, were not present on any Gondwana continents until after the early Cretaceous separation of Africa by the opening of the South Atlantic.

DR. L. S. B. LEAKEY has reported1,2 the discovery at Olduvai of what he regards as a large second lower deciduous molar of a hominid exhibiting affinities with Sinanthropus and the Heidelberg jaw, but not with australopithecines. Associated with it was a worn deciduous canine. The purpose of this communication is to show that the molar is, in fact, a permanent upper tooth, probably of an australopithecine.

It has been suggested that distinctions among the classes of high, mid, and low vowels are produced by “quantally” different amounts of contact of the sides of the tongue with the hard palate and upper teeth [K. N. Stevens, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, S70 (A) (1975)]. Low vowels would have no contact; mid vowels, slight contact; and high vowels, maximal contact. In a test of this hypothesis, direct palatographic and cineradiographic observations of the productions of American English vowels in the utterance /hə′bVb/ have been made for one speaker. The cineradiographic and palatographic measurements agree with one another in showing the classical height distinctions and in showing no tongue to upper tooth or palate contact for low vowels. Evidence for clear‐cut distinctions in contact patterns for mid versus high vowels is obscured by differences along the front‐back dimension. Front vowels do show the hypothesized mid versus high difference, but if the same difference exists for back vowels, it is manifested further back in the oral cavity than in the region normally observed by direct palatography. Further palatographic observations made to beyond the posterior limit of the maxillary alveolar ridge on additional subjects should enable us to explore the hypothesis further. [This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant NS04332.]

The combined mouth gag and tongue depressor, shown in the accompanying illustrations, needs little further description. The gag never pinches the lip. The screw shown in Figure 2 touches the chin rest—as shown in Figure 4-and thus holds down the tongue depressor, which fits in the groove shown in Figure 2. There is always room for the tongue between the tooth rest and the tongue depressor, so that it is not necessary to draw the tongue to one side. As the screw is turned, the blade presses on the tongue and the chin rest presses on the chin. The two counterpressures —upward and forward—hold the tongue depressor firmly in place. The chin rest swings free so as to be easily adjusted to a receding or a protruding chin. The upper tooth rest should be covered with gauze or rubber tubing to protect the teeth and hold the mouth gag steady.

1. Size smaller; tail musculature usually bicolored or, when striped, with the stripe nearly parallel to the long axis of the tail; tail fins with scattered melanophores and not usually blotched; head broad with interpupillary distance .49 or more in body length or with product of interpupillary ratio and oral disc ratio equal to 1.10 or more; 3rd lower labial tooth row shorter, equal to less than .30 in first upper tooth row. Pseudacris n. feriarum 2. Size larger; tail musculature usually with a well defined lateral stripe meeting the long axis of the tail at an oblique angle; tail fins often with much dark pigment and blotched in full grown larvae; head and body narrower with interpupillary distance usually less than .49 in body length or with product of interpupillary ratio and oral disc ratio equal to 1.10 or less; 3rd lower labial tooth row longer, usually more than .30 in first upper tooth row...H. andersoni C. Tail musculature usually more or less uniformly pigmented or with irregular blotches or reticulations; tail fins usually relatively deep; labial tooth row formula 2/3 or sometimes 2/2; without other characters in A. 1. Size smaller; snout-spiracle distance usually .70 or more in body length; body narrower and oral disc smaller with mean product of interpupillary ratio and oral disc ratio equal to about 1.20; 3rd lower tooth row very short, shorter than median gap in 2nd upper labial tooth row or sometimes absent; tail fins heavily blotched with dark...H. c. crucifer 2. Size larger; snout-spiracle distance usually less than .70 in body length; body wider and oral disc larger with mean product of interpupillary ratio and oral ratio equal to about 1.30; 3rd lower labial tooth row wider than median gap in 2nd upper labial tooth row; tail fins heavily blotched with dark and frequently with red-orange pigmentation in life...H. v. versicolor

This case is of unusual interest because of the size of the foreign body and the length of time it had been tolerated in the esophagus. A man, aged 65, who was syphilitic and an habitual user of alcohol, ate a large oyster stew, Dec. 4, 1925, and a few hours later went into a. cafe and ordered two dozen fried oysters. While waiting to be served he had a severe choking spell for several minutes, when the trouble subsided; but he was unable to eat and went home. He continued to have considerable difficulty in swallowing, breathing and talking, but had no pain. A day or so later a physician made a diagnosis of possible laryngeal diphtheria and gave antitoxin, but the patient continued having difficulty in breathing, talking and swallowing, and could take only liquids. January 5, I found him talking huskily and