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Background: Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects >10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to >800 million individuals. Thyroid hormones are required for the kidney's embryological development and growth. On the other hand, thyroid hormone metabolism, degradation, and elimination are all influenced by the kidney. Due to association between thyroid hormones and kidney function there will be a spectrum of abnormalities with respect to thyroid hormones in chronic kidney disease patients. Objectives: To quantify thyroid function anomalies in people with chronic kidney disease and correlate them with severity of renal failure. Settings & Design: A community based Cross sectional Study conducted in Kurnool. Methods & Materials: A total of 200 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending nephrology department in government general hospital, Kurnool were considered as study population. T3, T4, TSH, Free T3& Free T4 were measured. Patients with past history of any medication for thyroid disorder or family history of thyroid disorder or history of any surgery or radiological exposure to thyroid gland were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis: Collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel & SPSS trial version-22. Results: Out of 200 CKD patients, 62% patients have thyroid abnormalities while 38% remain euthyroid. Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism is seen in 27.5% whereas Euthyroid Sick Syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism is seen in 28.5%, 1.5%, 4% of study population respectively. There was a positive correlation between T3, FT3 and eGFR; negative correlation between T3, FT3 and Serum creatinine in CKD stage 4 & 5. Conclusion: High prevalence of SCH in present studystudy population than in normal population, but it is not statistically significant. SCH is an additional risk factor in CKD patients and the present study finds SCH & ESS as very common thyroid dysfunctions in CKD patients not requiring chronic dialysis. In the study revealed a significant association between CKD progression and thyroid dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our study aimed to assess medical students' knowledge and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine as well as the effects of a brief educational intervention. This was done because there is a lack of knowledge about the potential of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in India, even among medical personnel. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a government teaching hospital. Participants were given a 22-item questionnaire about their understanding and acceptance of the HPV vaccine both before and after an educational intervention. An informative group lecture served as the intervention. Results: In August 2022, a total of 168 students were surveyed, followed by a lecture on the same day. The same students were asked to fill out the same questionnaire again in October, which was 3 months after the intervention. The results showed that after the intervention, 97.3%(138/142) of the participants recognized HPV as a sexually transmitted infection, compared to 92.9%(156/168) before, (p < 0.05). Additionally, awareness of HPV affecting all genders increased from 81.5%(137/168) to 95.2%(135/142), (p < 0.01). The participants also demonstrated a better understanding of HPV's association with various cancers. Furthermore, awareness of the vaccine's availability for all genders increased from 75.6%(127/168) to 87.5%(124/142), (p < 0.01) and the willingness to receive the vaccine significantly rose from 76% (114/150) to 92.4% (118/128), (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the positive impact of educational interventions on HPV-related knowledge and attitudes among medical students. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated a significant improvement in medical students' knowledge and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine following an educational intervention. To enhance HPV vaccination rates, targeted awareness campaigns, education, and improved accessibility are essential in reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases and preventing cervical cancer. Addressing these challenges will help achieve broader vaccine acceptance and protect the population from the consequences of HPV infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate and standardize HPV education programs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects >10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to >800 million individuals. Thyroid hormones are required for the kidney's embryological development and growth. On the other hand, thyroid hormone metabolism, degradation, and elimination are all influenced by the kidney. Due to association between thyroid hormones and kidney function there will be a spectrum of abnormalities with respect to thyroid hormones in chronic kidney disease patients. Objectives: We aimed to quantify thyroid function anomalies in people with chronic kidney disease and correlate them with severity of renal failure. Settings & Design: A community based Cross sectional Study conducted in Kurnool. Methods & Materials: A total of 200 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients attending nephrology department in government general hospital, Kurnool were considered as study population. T3, T4, TSH, Free T3& Free T4 were measured. Patients with past history of any medication for thyroid disorder or family history of thyroid disorder or history of any surgery or radiological exposure to thyroid gland were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis: Collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel & SPSS trial version- 22. Results: Of 200 CKD patients, 62% patients have thyroid abnormalities while 38% remain euthyroid. Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism is seen in 27.5% whereas Euthyroid Sick Syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism is seen in 28.5%, 1.5%, 4% of study population respectively. There was a positive correlation between T3, FT3 and eGFR; negative correlation between T3, FT3 and Serum creatinine in CKD stage 4 & 5. Conclusion: we observed a high prevalence of SCH in our study population than in normal population, but it is not statistically significant. SCH is an additional risk factor in CKD patients and the present study finds SCH & ESS as very common thyroid dysfunctions in CKD patients not requiring chronic dialysis. Our study revealed a significant association between CKD progression and thyroid dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]