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Urban ecological planning uses ecology, environmental science, economics, and urbanology to adjust and transform various complex urban relationships, seeking to expand benefits and reducing risks. Environmental music, a kind of non appreciative music, can act on subject consciousness and may influence the urban ecosystem in which it is employed. Many connections appear between urban ecological planning and environmental music. This study took the university town of Hefei City, Anhui Province, China, as an example. This work was conducted to explore the effects of environmental music on the development of urban ecological planning by combining relevant studies of environmental science, urban ecology, urban planning, and musicology. The results showed that environmental music, as a cultural information flow, affected the urban ecosystem and had a typical function for different ecological function zones in the city. Different types of environmental music had spiritual and cultural publicity functions in regulating the main body of the urban ecosystem (residents and students), and it also influenced the growth of common plants in cities and had different ecological and environmental effects.

The role of student housing within social infrastructure provision is arguably overlooked. This is a vital issue, as purpose-built student accommodation provides a significant stock of affordable accommodation for students in European university cities while also supporting their social integration in the urban environment. Although an increasing involvement of for-profit student home developers and providers has been diversifying the landscape of student housing across European university cities in the last decade, this change has been mainly associated with the internationalisation of students’ mobility and the financialisation processes driven by private investors. Subsequently, this article expands these supply and demand side perspectives by localising student housing as social infrastructure. Using Vienna as a case study, the authors mapped purpose-built student accommodation locations and conducted qualitative interviews to analyse recent changes in the provision of student housing and to discuss its implications for the social dimension of purpose-built student accommodation. Accordingly, the respective analysis identifies different logics of student housing providers concerning expansion plans and housing quality, which, in turn, affect the function of student housing as social infrastructure. As a result, this article emphasises the need to critically reflect on the overlooked role of student housing as social infrastructure and the role of public actors as well as their policies in the financialisation of purpose-built student accommodation.

Sharing educational resources (ERs) among campuses in a university town (UT) could avoid the waste or repeated construction of ERs, which is beneficial to the sustainable utilization of resources. For hardware educational resources (HERs) greatly attached to land resources, whether they have surplus shareable potential is the key factor relating to inter-campus sharing. However, there is a serious lack of definition and quantitative research on HERs&rsquo, shareable potential. Based on the correlation between land resource utilization and HER sharing, we firstly defined the connotation of inter-campus sharable potential of HERs (ISPHERs), put forward its calculation method and carried out a case study in Longzi Lake UT of Zhengzhou City, Henan province, China. The results show that: (1) ISPHERs could be defined from the perspective of &ldquo, the best utilization degree&rdquo, which mainly depended on the utilization and development gap between the present area value and the possible most intensive one under certain conditions, (2) based on the area quota and the students&rsquo, number, the ISPHERs was calculated by the Delphi and multi-factor model methods, (3) the case study in Longzi Lake UT of Zhengzhou City, Henan province, China showed that the comprehensive ISPHERs was high in the south and low in the north, and the libraries and canteens in five colleges and universities mainly providing vocational skills training were insufficient. If all the 11 campuses could freely share HERs, there would be an overall surplus of the five kinds of HER (i.e., classroom, laboratory, library, indoor sports room and canteen). The comprehensive management framework should include sustainable concept guidance, cooperation system construction, planning control, benefit adjustment and technological innovation, etc.

Nach einer Phase von Stagnation und Verlusten gewinnt die Stadt Osnabrück seit einigen Jahren wieder an Einwohnern hinzu. Nach den Ursachen wird in diesem Beitrag in der Wanderungsstatistik gesucht, die die jungen Bildungswanderer als maßgebliche Träger des Wachstums ausweist. Folglich werden Universität und Hochschule Osnabrück im weiteren Verlauf auf ihre Bedeutung für eine bestehende und zukünftige Reurbanisierung zugunsten Osnabrücks untersucht. Dabei wird auch auf die Faktoren eingegangen, die die aufgezeigte Entwicklung begünstigt haben und deren Fortschreibbarkeit beeinflussen. Following a phase of stagnation and losses, for a number of years the city of Osnabrück has been regaining residents. This paper investigates the reasons for this trend using the migration statistics, which reveal young migrants relocating for educational reasons to be the main driver of growth. The universities in Osnabrück are therefore discussed in terms of their significance for the existing and future reurbanisation of Osnabrück. Consideration is given to factors that have favoured this trend and that influence its sustainability.

International audience; The article explores the context of historic conservation in Europe and then considers how this has become the preserve of urban planner and architect, and what it means in terms of innovation and growth, within successful historic cities, and more particularly in university town of Grenoble. Specifically, the article explores the relationship between the town in the mountains, the industrial town and how the link between town, science and higher education provides a narrative and a platform to understand the history of its development as well as its success.

В статье выполнен анализ пространственной организации кампусов ведущих университетов мира, занимающих верхние позиции в рейтинге QS за 2016–2017 годы; исследованы исторические предпосылки формирования университетских городков и особенности территориального расположения кампусов в разных городах и странах мира. Исследование проводится в целях поиска оптимального типа пространственной организации университетского кампуса, отвечающего современным требованиям и обеспечивающего опережающее развитие университета в будущем, для обоснования проекта строительства нового кампуса Уральского федерального университета. 1 Исследование выполнено в рамках поддержанного РГНФ научного проекта № 17-22-07001 «Комплексный алгоритм культуральной регенерации малых индустриальных городов в контексте агломерационных процессов России и Европы»., The paper includes analysis of the spatial organization of campuses belonging to the leading Universities of the world with top positions of 2016–2017 QS rating, examines historical background for campus organization, and specifics of spatial layouts for university towns in different cities and countries. The research was undertaken in order to determine the optimal university campus layout, compliant with modern requirements, and allowing future advanced development in the future. Research results will be used to support project of constructing new campus for the Ural Federal University., №3(34) (2017)

Skozi leta se je izoblikovala strategija razvoja Univerze v Mariboru s poudarkom na dinamičnem razvoju in z upoštevanjem trenutnih družbenih in gospodarskih okoliščin. Do danes se je realizacija zaradi konkretnih potreb po izvedbi študijskih programov odvijala izključno v smeri izgradnje univerzitetnih objektov, medtem ko se ideja po skupnem univerzitetnem prostoru ni udejanjila. V okviru trajnostnega razvoja mesta je smiselno, da se ponovno (in vedno znova) osmisli in vitalizira univerzitetni prostor, s poudarkom na univerzitetnem središču, ki bo v interakciji z mestom gonilo razvoja. Naloga ponudi koncept in urbanistično skico Univerze v Mariboru iz začetka njenega delovanja, zasnovo in razvoj zametka kampusa tehniških fakultet na Smetanovi ulici v Mariboru ter analizo današnjega stanja. Praktični del naloge je usmerjen v zasnovo mestnega kampusa kot razpoznavnega centra mesta. Predstavljen je prostorski scenarij kampusa tehniških fakultet Univerze v Mariboru, ki mu sledi idejna zasnova ureditve vzhodnega dela območja kampusa. Ta zajema prenovo in širitev obstoječega objekta Fakultete za gradbeništvo, prometno inženirstvo in arhitekturo (FGPA), širitev kampusa na jug preko Koroške ceste z novim objektom Akademije za likovno umetnost in glasbo (ALUG) ter novim objektom Umetnostne galerije v Mariboru (UGM). The University of Maribor development strategy, highlighting a dynamic development and taking into account the current social and economic circumstances, has been shaped throughout the years.To date, the plans have only been realized in the field of the construction of the university facilities due to the actual needs to conduct study programmes. Although the idea of a common university space has not yet been realized, the time and the social changes are ripe to once again (and time and again) give the meaning to and to vitalize the university area with the emphasis on the university center, which will, in the interaction with the city center, present the development driving force. The thesis summarizes the concept and the urban design of the University of Maribor from the beginning of its operation, the plan and the development of the origin of the Campus of Technical Faculties on Smetanova street in Maribor, plus the analysis of the present situation. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the design of the urban campus as an identifiable city center. The thesis presents a spatial scenario of the Campus of Technical Faculties of the University of Maribor, followed by a conceptual design of the eastern part of the campus.This includes the renovation and the expansion of the existing building of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture (FGPA), expansion of the campus to the south and over the Koroška street, with a new facility at the Academy of Fine Arts and Music (ALUG) and a new facility at the Maribor Art Gallery (UGM).

Knowledge-based development (KBD) is a widely practiced policy and is signified as an effective development approach particularly for the metropolitan city-region context. Even though, increasing recognition of this policy resulted in some initiatives in less favoured regions – such as regional university towns – its appropriateness for this context has not been investigated adequately. This paper explores the concept thoroughly in regional university town settings from the lens of the triple-helix model – a critical element for success in KBD. The study aims to broaden our understanding on the challenges of implementing a successful triple-helix model in regional university towns by providing evidence from different country contexts – Australia and Iceland. The methodology of the comparative case investigation incorporates policy and stakeholder perception analyses. Results reveal the journey of the investigated cases, their limited accomplishments and failure factors. Findings shed light on the developmental challenges of regional university towns by highlighting critical issues relating to suitability, appropriate implementation and effectiveness of the KBD policy.

RESUMO O objetivo deste texto é problematizar do ponto de vista pedagógico, arquitetônico e urbanístico o território da universidade brasileira, o modelo de câmpus. O caminho trilhado começou com a criação das universidades europeias no século XII, localizadas na cidade, passou pelas universidades norte-americanas, instaladas no campo, para chegar ao Brasil. Nossas primeiras universidades voltadas para a formação dos quadros necessários ao Estado, de lideranças político-culturais e de profissionais liberais, instalaram-se na cidade. Nos anos de 1960, com a modernização da sociedade brasileira, a universidade passou a ser vista como o lócus da pesquisa para acelerar o desenvolvimento. No planejamento e construção dos câmpus universitários, optou-se por uma arquitetura modernista racionalista. As razões dessa escolha bem como a crítica ao modelo foram focalizadas no texto. ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to discuss, from a pedagogical and architectural perspective, the Brazilian university territory, the university campus model. To that end, we traversed a path that began with the creation of European universities from the twelfth century, located in the cities, passed through North American universities that settled in the country, to get to Brazil. Our first universities, focused on training staff necessary to the State, the political and cultural leaders, settled in the city. In the 1960s, with the modernization process of Brazilian society, the university came to be seen as the research locus to accelerate scientific and technological development. In the planning of university campuses, modernist-rationalist architecture was chosen. The reasons for this choice as well as a critique of the model were focused on the text. RESUMEN El objetivo del texto es discutir el territorio de la universidad brasileña, el modelo del campus, considerado del punto de vista pedagógico y arquitectónico. El camino recorrido se inició con la creación de las universidades europeas nel siglo XII, ubicadas en la ciudad, pasó por las universidades norte americanas instaladas en el campo para llegar a Brasil. Nuestras primeras universidades para la formación de los cuadros necesarios al Estado y de los liderazgos culturales se instalaron en la ciudad. En los años 1960, con la modernización del país, la universidad pasó a ser vista como el locus de la encuesta para acelerar el desarrollo. En el planeamiento de los campus universitarios, se optó por una arquitectura moderna y racional. Las razones y la crítica del modelo fueron enfocadas en el texto.

La sustentabilidad en universidades tiene como reto proporcionar conocimientos que permitan el desarrollo institucional desde sus funciones sustantivas. De ahí que el estudio buscó construir un concepto de campus universitario sustentable identificando variables y dinámicas propias de las universidades. Para ello se planteó una metodología descriptiva con dos fases; la primera exploró teóricamente el término “desarrollo sostenible” en la historia, para entender el concepto de campus universitario sustentable; la segunda fase, de tipo cualitativo, indaga y reconoce la realidad de la Universidad Católica de Manizales (UCM) frente al ejercicio de la sustentabilidad en el campus. Se identificaron particularidades en las esferas del desarrollo sustentable ampliando el rango de las esferas a la académica y físicoespacial de los ambientes de aprendizaje internos y externos, encontrando su aplicación en los campus universitarios; por último, fue posible reconocer estrategias y acciones implementadas en la UCM, encaminadas a integrar conceptos de campus sustentables. Sustainability in universities faces the challenge of providing knowledge that allows institutional development based on its substantive functions. Hence, the study sought to develop a concept of sustainable university campus by identifying variables and dynamics proper to the university. For this purpose, a descriptive methodology was proposed with two phases. The first phase theoretically explores the term “sustainable development” in history, in order to understand the concept of sustainable university campus. The second phase, of qualitative type, investigates and acknowledges the reality of the Universidad Católica de Manizales (UCM) regarding the exercise of sustainability on campus. Distinctive features were identified in the fields of sustainable development, expanding their range to the academic and physical-spatial areas of internal and external learning environments, finding their application on university campuses. Finally, it was possible to evidence strategies and actions implemented at the UCM, aimed at integrating concepts of sustainable campus.

Статья посвящена основным задачам позиционирования Томска в качестве университетского города и вариантам их решения. The article is devoted to the basic problems of positioning Tomsk as a university town.

"Analysen der Zu- und Fortzüge nach Wanderungsdistanz und -richtung in Baden-Württemberg zeigen, dass es die Reurbanisierung im Sinne eines Zurück der Suburbanisierer in die Stadt nicht gibt. Sehr wohl aber einen verstärkten Zuzug ganz spezifischer Altersgruppen in die Oberzentren. Es sind junge Erwachsene von 18 bis unter 25 Jahren, die durch ihre Präferenz für Oberzentren bzw. genauer für Hochschulstandorte als Wohnort, die positive Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Zentren im Wesentlichen verursachen. Die Zuzüge an die Hochschulstandorte nahmen sowohl aus anderen Gebieten Baden-Württembergs als auch über die Landesgrenzen in den letzten Jahren linear mit der Entwicklung der Studienanfängerzahlen zu. Wenn die derzeit starken Studierendenjahrgänge ihr Studium beenden und schwächere Jahrgänge von Studienanfängern nachfolgen, lässt sich aus den vorgenommenen Analysen ableiten, dass die Reurbanisierung an Schwung verlieren wird. Da allerdings auch die Abwanderungsneigung in anderen Altersgruppen etwas abgenommen hat, ist ein deutlicher Bevölkerungsverlust in den Oberzentren in der nächsten Zeit nicht wahrscheinlich. Bevölkerungsrückgänge bei insgesamt sinkender Einwohnerzahl des Landes werden vor allem Umlandgemeinden von Mittelzentren zu bewältigen haben." (Autorenreferat) "Analyses of in- and out-migration according to distance migrated and direction of migration within Baden-Württemberg show that re-urbanization in the sense of a return of suburbanizers to the city does not exist. However, there is indeed increased in-migration of very specific age groups into the high-order centres. It is young adults aged from 18 to under 25 who are the main cause of the positive population trends in the centres, owing to their preference for high-order centres or - more specifically - for places with institutions of higher education. In recent years relocations from other parts of Baden-Württemberg and from outside the state to places with institutions of higher education have increased in line with increases in the number of those starting courses of higher education. This analysis suggests that when the present numerically strong cohorts complete their degrees and are followed by less numerous cohorts, re-urbanization will lose some of its momentum. However, as the out-migration trend in other age groups has declined somewhat, notable loss of population from the high-order centres is unlikely in the near future. The districts surrounding middle-order centres are those that will particularly need to tackle decreases in population that are accompanied by an overall sinking number of residents in the country as a whole." (author's abstract)

Our university town, Higashihiroshima city, that had been made of 4 villages in 1974, has industrialized and urbanized. But politically she seems more conservative and pastoral, as formerly called `Kingdom of Conservatives', than other cities in Hiroshima Prefecture. So I tested the democratic hypothesis, that every pairliament should reflect the public, according to the election statistics, census, and interview data of some municipal assemblies. As a result, it turned out that the old political structure is maintained in this city, partly because undergraduates and graduates as newcomers have never been mobilized in elections yet. But, the `rejuvenating effect' through elections was found in many cases, as long as the average ages of members of assemblies are fixed at the 50 s year old.

The porpose of this paper is to examine the conditions of lifelong lerning in Higashihirosima city. We distributed guestionnaries among 2.001 inhabitants in the city in December 2000. The findings are as follow : (1) Life-stage and life-environment made a fifference in guality of learning. (2) Learning experiencies were provided for learning areas. (3) "Self-directed Learning radiness" ware provided for participation and volition for learning.

International audience; This paper examines the issues related to the double-sided dimension of wellbeing: subjective and objective. In the theoretical framework developed by Fleuret and Atkinson (2007, The New Zealand Geographer 63 106–29), spaces of wellbeing are shaped by four dimensions (spaces of security, spaces of capability, therapeutic spaces and integrative spaces). In the case of the student population in Angers, we observe a major imbalance: the component that really stands out is capability, which is quite logical because students are a population in a transition between youth and adulthood. The results reveal that the student population has a specific relation to space due to a transitory presence in the university town, with, as a consequence, a simultaneous embedding in different places. This could explain why the students do not perceive the characteristics of place to be a major influence on their wellbeing; instead it is the perception they have of their wellbeing that influences their perception of place.

У статті аналізується динаміка й основні закономірності чернівецького науково-університетського життя в силовому полі філософії культури. Зокрема визначаються базові ознаки університетського міста; розвиваються тези про секулярну спрямованість освітнього процесу й про релігійну та національну толерантність викладачів і студентів; простежуються основні закономірності формування в стінах Чернівецького університету вчених світової слави та видатних культурних і громадських діячів., В статье анализируются динамика и основные закономерности черновицкой научно-университетской жизни в силовом поле философии культуры. Определяются базовые признаки университетского города, развивается тезисы о секулярной направленности образовательного процесса и о религиозной и национальной толерантности преподавателей и студентов; прослеживаются основные закономерности формирования ученых мирового масштаба и выдающихся культурных и общественных деятелей., The article analyzes the dynamics and basic regularities of Chernivtsi University scientific life in the force field of culture philosophy. In particular, there are main features of a university town identified, a secular dimension of the educational process as well as religious and national tolerance of teachers and students discussed, basic regularities in formation within Chernivtsi University of outstanding world-famous scholars as well as prominent cultural and public figures observed.The development of the University is traced throughout the 20th century. The names of distinguished scholars who reflected glory on the institution during its Austrian development stage are reviewed: the lawyers O. Erlich and G. Gross, the historian R. Knaidl, the economist A. Schumpeter, the psychologist G. Muller et al.Concurrently, build-up processes of the national Bukovina school are set out, which are associated with the names of such famous Ukrainian scientists and public figures as K. Tomashchuk, О. Makovei, С. Vorobkevych, І. Franko, О. Kolessa, L. Martovych, Y. Kobylianskii et al.A detailed analysis of disadvantages and achievements of the educational and scientific process during the Soviet time (1940-1991) and the contemporary Ukrainian period is presented.It is shown that at all times, even when political doctrines greatly affected the educational and scientific situation, the Chernivtsi scholars have belonged to one type of 'Bukovina nation'.

Denna studie fokuserar på flickors och pojkars syn på yrken ur ett kulturgeografiskt perspektiv. En enkätundersökning genomfördes på barn i årskurs 5 där de ombads att skriva vad de skulle vilja arbeta med när de blir stora samt att motivera sina yrkesval. De fick även ta ställning till tänkbara framtida arbeten utifrån en given yrkeslista. Undersökningen utfördes i Gimo, en mindre bruksort och Uppsala, en universitetsstad. De populäraste yrkena bland barnen kan sorteras in i några större kategorier: djurrelaterade, artistrelaterade, idrottsproffs och kock/bagare. De flesta barn motiverar sina yrkesval med att yrket verkar roligt, men somliga ville tjäna pengar eller ta hand om djur och människor. Vår undersökning visar att det finns både likheter och olikheter i barns yrkesval beroende på bostadsort. När det gäller flickor och pojkar kan man se stora skillnader i resultatet. Generellt sett är olikheterna större mellan könen än mellan bostadsorterna. This study focuses on the perceptions of occupations among girls and boys from a cultural geographical perspective. A questionnaire was given to children in fifth grade. They were asked to write their preferred occupation as grown-ups and to give an explanation to the selected occupation. They also considered possible future careers by selecting from a list of pre-set occupations. The survey was carried out in Gimo, a small industrial community, and Uppsala, a town with an old university. The most popular occupations among the children can be grouped in four larger categories: animal related, artist related, professional sportsmen and chef/baker. The majority of the children chose their preferred occupation because it seems enjoyable, but some valued making money or taking care of people or animals. The result shows both differences and similarities in children's career choices depending on their place of residence. There are, however, large discrepancies when comparing gender. The differences are more significant when comparing boys and girls than when comparing location.

Rezension von: Marko A. Pluns: Die Universität Rostock 1418-1563. Eine Hochschule im Spannungsfeld zwischen Stadt, Landesherren und wendischen Hansestädten. Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau 2007 (581 S.; ISBN 978-3-412-20039-8 ; 64,00 EUR).

Die Autorin blickt als Stadtplanerin auf die 'Universitäten als Stadtbaustein': Sie geht von der These aus, dass eine bessere und gezieltere Ausnutzung der universitäts- und wissensbezogenen Potenziale der Schlüssel zur erfolgreichen Behauptung der ostdeutschen Universitätsstädte im Wettbewerb der Regionen sei. Anhand dreier Fallstädte (Potsdam, Dresden und Weimar) wird nach den wichtigsten Rahmenbedingungen gefahndet, die Potenziale einer wissensbasierten Stadtentwicklung freisetzen könnten. Die drei untersuchten Städte könnten, so das Fazit, bislang noch nicht als Prototypen der Stadt in der Wissensgesellschaft gelten - gleichwohl Potenziale dafür vorhanden seien. (HoF/Text übernommen)

'In einer theoriegeschichtlichen und systematischen Analyse des Brokers-Windows-Ansatzes erweist sich dieser in erster Linie als ökologische Kriminalitätstheorie. Diese wurde in einer empirischen Analyse, die auf Strukturdaten und Befragungsdaten von zwei Universitätsstädten basiert, untersucht. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen ökologischen Strukturen auf der Stadtteilsebene und Kriminalitätsbelastung bzw. Kriminalitätsfurcht entsprechen zwar weitgehend dem Broken-Windows-Ansatz, legen aber eine Modifikation nahe. Eine Ergänzung dieses Ansatzes kann durch die Verknüpfung mit Viktimisierungstheorien, den Lebensstilansätzen von Hindelang sowie von Hermann und Dölling erreicht werden. Dies führt zu einer Erhöhung des Erklärungspotentials. Demnach sind Kriminalitätsbelastungen in einem Stadtteil nicht nur von den Strukturbedingungen in diesem Stadtteil abhängig, sondern auch von den Lebensstilen der Bewohner.' (Autorenreferat) 'From a theoretical and a systematic point of view, the broken windows approach proves to be a mainly ecological theory of crime. This paper investigates the theory through all empirical analysis of structural and survey data from two university cities. The correlations between ecological structures in different neighbourhoods and the level of crime and the fear of crime broadly support the broken windows theory. A modification of the theory was introduced by, integrating theories of victimization namely the lifestyle studies by, Hindelang as well as Hermann and Dölling's theory. This produced a better fit of the data. The level of crime in a neighbourhood does not only depend on its structural characteristics, but in addition on the lifestyles of its inhabitants.' (author's abstract)

Analysiert werden die Sozialstruktur und mögliche soziale Veränderungen in vier Hafenstädten um 1800: Altona, Kiel, Rostock und Wismar. Als Quellen dienen Einwohnerlisten und Steuerregister, aus denen über 70.000 Fälle in die Datenbasis aufgenommen wurden und die nach einer statistischen Auswertung Auskunft über die Arbeitssituation und die wirtschaftliche Stärke der Haushalte geben. Ausgehend von den Systemen der Besteuerung in Holstein und Mecklenburg sowie von der Entwicklung sozialer Polarisation werden im Ergebnis unterschiedliche Profile der vier Städte ausgemacht: Altona war ein Zentrum für Handel, Verkehr und Bankwesen; Kiel eine Handels- und Universitätsstadt; Rostock ein Zentrum von Verkehr und Handel, ergänzend auch als Universitätsstadt; Wismar eine Stadt des Handels und Verkehrs, obgleich weniger wichtig als die anderen Städte. Während Altona und Rostock wirklich wichtige Seehäfen mit vergleichbaren Funktionen in Handel und Dienstleistungen waren, bewahrte Kiel mehr eine traditionelle soziale Struktur. Wismar blieb zurück mit unterentwickelten Dienstleistungen und einem vergleichsweise hohen Anteil an ungelernter Arbeit. (prh) 'The research project Seaports in Northern Germany in 1800 aimed to analyze the social structure and possible social change in four cities: Altona, Kiel, Rostock, and Wismar. The sources are census lists and tax registers from which about 70,000 cases were written into databases. Two items of social structure will be statistically analyzed in this article: employment and economic strength (measured in taxation) of the households. As a result, different profiles of the four cities can be traced. The vocational structure was urban as the first economic sector was unimportant, though there were some activities in fishing in Rostock and Wismar. The second and the third sector reached equal levels in Altona, Kiel, and Rostock, whereas in Wismar the third sector was clearly weaker. Within the second sector we mostly find conformity in the basic equipment with crafts on the following ranks of branches: 1. clothing, 2. building, 3. victualling, 4. timber- and woodcraft, 5. metal processing crafts. The third sector, however, shows special profiles with different ranks. Altona: 1. commerce, 2. transportation, 3. banking and insurances, 4. health and hygiene, 5. teaching and culture on equal level with accommodation; Kiel: 1. commerce, 2. teaching and culture, 3. transportation, 4. accommodation, 5. health and hygiene; Rostock: 1. transportation, 2. commerce, 3. teaching and culture, 4. accommodation, 5. health and hygiene; Wismar: 1. commerce, 2. transportation, 3. health and hygiene, 4. teaching and culture, 5. accommodation. Hence we may infer that Altona was a centre of commerce, transportation, and banking; Kiel a commercial and university city; Rostock a centre of transportation and commerce, additionally a university city; Wismar a town of commerce and transportation, though clearly less important than her sisters. Unskilled labour had significantly less importance in Altona and Rostock than in Kiel and Wismar, which indicates similarity in higher developed professionalised employment in both Altona and Rostock. Solvency, measured in taxation, reveals different patterns of social inequality. Calculated within the systems of taxation in Holstein and Mecklenburg, the lower classes were more numerous in Altona than in Kiel, the middle classes stronger in Kiel, whereas the upper classes reached equal proportions, but payed higher amounts in Altona. on a lower level, which is mainly due to a slightly digressive taxation in Mecklenburg, the same difference existed between Rostock and Wismar. Thus in the cities of Altona and Rostock social polarization was more significant than in Kiel and Wismar, which seem to have been more harmonious in their social structure. If we suppose that sophisticated services and proceeding social polarization were signs of preindustrial modernization, the four cities may be characterized as follows. Altona and Rostock were real seaports with similar functions in commerce and services. Kiel preserved a more traditional social structure, stabilized by its function as a university town. Wismar remained backward with underdeveloped services and a comparatively high proportion of unskilled labour. The databases allow further research, for example in demography or, combined with maps, in social geography.' (author's abstract)

"Die Bildungspolitik im wiedervereinigten Deutschland muß davon ausgehen, daß in den neuen Bundesländem geschichtlich überbrachte Bildungsunterschiede zwischen Regionen fortwirken. Es gibt in Ostdeutschland soziale Räume mit gleichem sozialgeograpischem Verhalten. Sie stellen unterschiedliche Strukturierungskontexte sozialer Lagen und Handlungschancen von Individuen dar. Obwohl die DDR in den 40 Jahren ihrer Existenz im Rahmen von Modernisierungsprozessen gleiche Bildungschancen für alle Bürger proklamierte und ein hohes Maß an Einheitlichkeit in der Bildungspolitik - auch sozialräumlich gesehen - anstrebte, blieben sowohl beim Erwerb der Hochschulreife und beim Zugang zum Studium als auch in der Entwicklung der schulischen und beruflichen Bildung der Bevölkerung bemerkenswerte regionale Differenzierungen bestehen. Sie existieren zwischen städtischen Dienstleistungszentren, besonders den Universitätsstädten und den agrarisch strukturieren Räumen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Brandenburg sowie den Industrierevieren in Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen. Auffallend hohe Bildungsniveaus der Bevölkerung und eine hohe Bildungsbeteiligung weisen die Universitätsstädte im mitteldeutschen Raum auf, die Zentren frühbürgerlicher Entwicklung waren und geschichtlich starke Bindungen an den Protestantismus besitzen. Offensichtlich wirken in den hier in Wissenschaft, Bildung, Kultur und Administration besonders stark konzentrieren Kreisen der Intelligenz und der Angestellten protestantische bildungbürgerliche Traditionen fort. Ländliche, agrarisch strukturierte Räume in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Brandenburg haben ihre traditionelle Bildungsferne nicht verloren, obwohl die Bildungspolitik der DDR dazu beigetragen hat, die Bildungsunterschiede außerhalb der großen Städte zu mildern und das Bildungsniveau der hier lebenden Bevölkerung sukzessive zu erhöhen. Die Differenzen ländlicher Regionen gegenüber Industrieregionen beim Erwerb der Hochschulreife und beim Zugang zum Studium haben sich deutlich verringert." (Autorenreferat)