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Objective: To conduct a process evaluation of a pilot intervention program, culturally adapted using a Two-eyed Seeing approach, and designed specifically for Indigenous mothers and their school-aged children who have been impacted by intimate partner violence (IPV) and who are living in Calgary, Alberta in Treaty 7 Territory. Background: IPV perpetuated against Indigenous women in Canada is a persistent public health issue and human right abuse, with serious impacts for women, their children, their families, and society as a whole. Alberta ranked fourth highest among the ten provinces in 2020 for its rates of IPV and services, including Calgary’s shelters, are bursting at capacity. Sorely lacking is programming that is a) culturally integrated for an Indigenous population, b) evidence-based, c) specific to IPV, and d) being delivered to both mothers and their children concurrently. Research Design: The first research question addressed the perspectives of and lessons learned by those involved in the adaptation process. The second question investigated how the culturally responsive elements or concepts of the adapted programs were chosen, particularly around fit, familiarity, and meaningfulness. The results shone a light on how the effort to build relationships, renegotiate power, and integrate Indigenous cultural representation would come to define how the process through it went for the team. Six themes were identified from the transcripts: Power, Adaptation Barriers, Relationship Building, The Learning Journey, Integrating Indigenous Cultures, and Outcomes of the Adaptation Process. Conclusion: Bringing to light the experiences of those involved in this adaptation process, allowed for a deeper understanding of the positive and negative aspects of how the process unfolded, and provided clear recommendations concerning how others may undertake a similar process for their own communities. Creating a map of how it can be done is one way research becomes reciprocal wi

This thesis explores how archives, which manage records that document state perpetrated violence, can play a role in holding governments accountable for past atrocities and fostering truth and reconciliation. I argue for the importance of adopting a survivor-centered approach as a framework to fulfill this role. The victims, survivors and their families of Jeju 4.3(Jeju April Third, [Jeju sasam]) have endured the effects of state violence that have persisted for decades, but state-led truth and reconciliation processes, influenced by anti-communism in South Korea, have failed to adequately address the sufferings of all those affected. Despite the potential for archives to become dynamic agents in revealing the truth and making the government accountable for past injustices, current archival practices regarding the records of Jeju 4.3 have taken an administrative-centered approach. These practices sideline the perspectives of those subjected to state violence in Jeju, consequently impeding the archives’ role in holding the state accountable. Considering these shortcomings, the thesis argues that archives need to rethink their current practices and adopt a survivor-centered approach. Through this shift of framework, archives can provide a meaningful platform for marginalized voices, facilitate the truth and reconciliation process, and help to reduce the harms of anti-communism that are deeply rooted in South Korea. Shifting to a survivor-centered approach for the records of Jeju 4.3 involves four avenues of engagement: recognizing a broader spectrum of victims and survivors, engaging them as stakeholders in the archival process, adopting survivor-centered arrangement and descriptive practices, and valuing physical objects as meaningful records.

After half a century of armed confrontation with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP by its Spanish acronym), Colombia is implementing a peace agreement reached in 2016. Unfortunately, the conflict and the peace negotiation process left a highly divided country, resulting in an intense polarization around peace and the implementation of the 2016 final peace agreement. To shed light on what reconciliation means for Colombians and the related concerns, I use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Johan Galtung's Conflict Analysis Theory to analyze the main discourses serving to frame and shape public understanding of reconciliation. To this end, I tracked figurative representations found in public opinion editorials and such like from 2017 to 2021. I discovered that there has been insufficient discussion around reconciliation in public opinion, with a downward trend throughout the years. However, when Colombian public opinion addresses the topic of reconciliation, it is mainly to support instead of attack reconciliation processes. In public opinion, reconciliation is portrayed not only as a complex process and an end goal but also as a choice engaging unity, dialogue to agree on minimums, and acknowledgment of victims' suffering. Furthermore, the most controversial issues in pursuing reconciliation are the search for truth, the implementation of transitional justice, the politicization of peace, and the former combatants' political participation. To address discursive dissonance that endangers reconciliation, I propose shifting narratives around transitional justice and the dichotomy around friends and enemies of peace, among other peace-positive discourses that might be helpful to support reconciliation and peace processes in Colombia.

While research on green consumption has typically investigated how people choose green over non-green products, this thesis investigates consumers’ attitudes toward green product messages focusing on the environmental vs. utilitarian value of the product. The author argues that environmental (vs. utilitarian) appeals are more effective for consumers from socioeconomically defined lower classes because moral implications associated with environmental appeals provide a better opportunity for socioeconomically lower-class consumers to perceive their difference in terms of morality. Meanwhile, green product messages that focus on the utilitarian (vs. environmental) value of products may elicit stronger purchase intention for consumers who have higher (vs. lower) skepticism toward brands’ environmental claims.

In 1993, the recognized Oxford scholar John Keagan made the following assertation in his book A History of Warfare: “Women, however, do not fight. They rarely fight among themselves and they never, in any military sense, fight men. If warfare is as old as history and as universal mankind… it is an entirely masculine activity”. Almost 30 years have passed after combat roles were opened to women in at least 25 military institutions around the world and still, the mere presence of women in combat duty keeps being challenged. This investigation asks, what achievements and challenges do women face while serving in military combat and combat-support positions? This research is expected to contribute to the studies of women’s representation, recognition, and visibility in warfare, defense forces, and strategic studies with the analysis of women’s integration into military combat units. My research fills a void in Feminist IR theory inclined to view the women combatants based on the barriers and abuses they have experienced while serving in the military. I demonstrate and explore women’s unsuccessful and successful incorporation into the armed forces of two states: Israel and Canada - democratic industrialized nations that have enforced defence policy shifts to actively incorporate women into combat roles as earlier as 2000-2001.

Effective risk management is crucial for identifying, assessing, and monitoring risks in supply chain management and enables preventative action to protect businesses from financial losses. This thesis introduces novel data-driven strategies to enhance risk forecasting in supply chain operations. The first part of the study focuses on demand forecasting using the simple moving average (SMA), and the Bollinger bands. The research highlights the suitability of the data-driven approach utilizing $t$ distribution for constructing resilient Bollinger bands.~A novel data-driven resilient Bollinger band based on correlation-based estimating functions (EF) is proposed for demand forecasting.~The volatility estimates incorporating different correlation-based estimating functions (EF) are also discussed in some detail. Risk-adjusted forecasts (RAFs) are computed considering three risk measures based on sign correlation, skew correlation, and volatility correlation estimates. The resilient forecasts are derived using data-driven weighted moving average (DDWMA) and SMA methods, providing forecast intervals with coverage probabilities that evaluate the performance of the models. The second part of the study focuses on forecasting slow-moving items in supply chain management and introduces a data-driven exponentially weighted moving average (DDEWMA) model with seasonal index s = 30 to model the monthly seasonal demand for forecasting. The novelty of the proposed approach is to forecast demand for count time series of slow-moving items. The correlation-based approach effectively mitigates the effect of extreme values on seasonal demands and enhances the accuracy of risk forecasting (particularly for slow-moving seasonal items). A data-driven volatility estimate (DDVE) is introduced. Furthermore, the correlation-based DDVE provides better volatility forecasting for the neural network-based forecasts compared to the seasonal model and traditional Croston model. The proposed data-dri

The ever-increasing dependence on the internet for the performance of human functions blurs some distinctions between physical and virtual worlds. Tasks like the performance of surgical procedures in hospitals depend on digital tools for efficient and effective health delivery. Still, society is witnessing both new forms of violence and the transposition of violent forms from the physical world to the cyber world. Cyberspace provides an easier option for harm to be caused to individuals because both state and non-state actors can extend their actions beyond their physical reach; commercial spyware is being deployed against political opponents in many countries. Without obtaining express consent, some organizations may be involved in trading the personal data of clients for business gains. During all these, the search for cyber peace has become difficult because of divergent views on what constitutes cyberviolence and the potency of cyber weapons. This research seeks to integrate discussions among scholars and the perspectives of some cybersecurity practitioners on cyber peace and violence. The decision to interrogate cyber peace and violence from the perspectives of cyber-security practitioners will contribute towards building some stability for these evolving concepts within the peace and conflict doctrines. Four cybersecurity professionals were interviewed on the subject. The basic human needs theory, human rights, and social justice theories are used to interrogate the understanding of cyber peace and violence. The results indicate that cyber harms targeting both state and non-state actors and installations should be considered in conflict analysis. This approach helps to enhance the concept of positive and negative cyber peace as possibilities.

This thesis examines subjectivity within Jürgen Habermas’ theory of discourse ethics by overview of discourse ethics, the positions of two of its more prominent critics, and an evaluation of the arguments and disjunctions subsequent to these exchanges. The results from Seyla Benhabib suggest discourse ethics subject could benefit from more intersubjective empathy primarily through her concept of the concrete other while the John Rawls comments suggest additional precision for the description of Habermas’ procedure could ameliorate abstract uncertainties of the exact procedure itself as well as in the anticipated outcomes for the norms of discourse ethics. For discourse ethics, the subject is found to be the discursive participant that is founded upon communicative ethics and in the terms of moral cognitivism. Discourse ethics iterates subjects in communication. The speaker and their reasoning are indistinguishable in theory. The permissions and exclusions contoured by discourse ethics iterate self-evident truths about how rational communication develops into consensus. These contours illustrate both the framework of discussion and the character of subjectivity therein because of the presupposed unity of the two in communicative ethics and cognitivist morality. The ideas of Benhabib and Rawls accrue to show that there are more factors that can be accounted for and more worthwhile detail for factors already considered in Habermas’ theory.

This thesis explores how the Roman Catholic religious congregation the Oblates of Mary Immaculate have mediated the archival records from residential schools that the congregation operated in Southern Manitoba from the late nineteenth to mid twentieth centuries. This includes questions over the broader contexts that influenced these mediations, the role of other colonial entities, such as the Canadian state and other Catholic entities, and how such mediations have shaped the composition, custody, and management of school record collections. This in turn could impact how archival users can access and use these records alongside these collections’ access policies. To examine these questions, I use a close reading of primary and secondary texts about the Oblates’ involvement in the residential school system to identify contexts relevant to the creation and management of school records. As well, I examine the form and structure of school records to observe how these contexts impacted these records’ characteristics and compare these records to the obligations mandated for the Oblates by various government and Catholic authorities as to note any discrepancies. Finally, I use a variety of sources from the archives and draw on work by archivists who have managed school record collections to show these records’ custodial histories and the various archival environments they have existed in up to the present day. This thesis argues that while the Oblates have never had absolute control over school records, their pervasive autonomy in managing school records remains key to understanding the contents, contexts, and custodies of these records over time. Given this autonomy, there is a need to to examine the Oblates’ role in shaping record collections as a distinct entity due to their autonomy in both operating residential schools and managing school records. Ultimately, by documenting Oblate contexts and mediations, archivists and researchers can develop responsive policies, prac

The extensive use of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a veterinary antimicrobial in the Canadian swine industry increases its occurrence in manure. Land application of swine manure enhances the dispersal of SMX in the environment, increasing the risk of antibiotic resistance development in bacteria, one of the focal human health emergencies of our times. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (HA) from the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fraction in fresh liquid swine manure influence the sorption of SMX onto smectite clays, hence the environmental fate. This research aimed to elucidate the effect of fresh liquid swine manure DOC species in fresh liquid swine manure on SMX sorption onto bentonite. Specific objectives were to (i) elucidate the physicochemical characteristics of HA and FA isolated from fresh liquid swine manure DOC and (ii) assess their contribution to the mechanisms controlling SMX sorption onto bentonite clay. Humic substances were extracted and characterized for their physicochemical properties. A batch sorption study with a randomized complete block design was used to quantify the SMX sorption, explicit clay-mineral surface and interlayer sorption, and probe fluorescence quenching in humic substances by SMX. Results showed that FA was the dominant component of DOC in the fresh liquid swine manure examined in this study (10 FA: 1 HA). Thus, FA determined the major portion of organic matter coating on the mineral bentonite and binding of SMX. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that hydrophobicity (53.0% HA, 56.5% FA), hydrophilicity (34.0% HA, 35.1% FA), aromaticity (34.0% HA, 37.2% FA), and aliphaticity (66.0% HA, 62.7% FA) of the two humic substances were similar despite the differences in their functional groups. Solid state 13C-NMR data and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic data revealed that the core and the surface of HA and FA secondary structures were substantially different. The orientation of functional groups in clay mineral-bound HA and FA and free aqueou

This thesis examines three distinct periods of national film production which occurred during the ongoing period of restructuring and development the nation of Germany underwent throughout the twenty-first century. The goals of such an examination are to discuss the impacts of these film production periods on the processes which helped to shape the modern concept of Germany as it is now understood. Several films have been selected spanning an eight-decade long collection created by various governmental or private powers throughout Germany’s growth. This range will represent a pattern of attempts both of ideological influence and societal reflection throughout key periods in German history, revealing how the medium of film has in Germany both inspired and precipitated actual events and change, as well as reflected cultural identities and societal events. The existence of this pattern, the explanation of which constitutes the focus of this thesis, speaks to a degree of power within the medium of film, that which is significant enough to contribute to the machinations behind the development of a nation in a significant enough way to warrant popular recognition and discussion. This thesis seeks to call attention to the importance of film in the development of national identity, societal progression, and cultural preservation, with Germany and its film history at its focus. The pattern of influence and reflection present within the German films selected for review within this project will be shown to have been intimately connected with key moments of development and history within Germany. Film has established itself as a cultural phenomenon, capable of influencing and reflecting societies in ways unique to the medium. Germany is simply an early example of this medium’s potential.

The Lemba are a self-identified ethnic group in Southern Africa. Their claim to Jewish ancestry and identity has led to several genetic studies which have brought them international attention. Drawing on the concept of “inventive tradition,” this thesis explores how the Lemba’s connection to Judaism has been depicted by others and by Lemba themselves. Although it is widely contested, for many Lemba people, Jewishness is a significant motif in their origin stories. It also acts as a marker of ethnic identity, especially in the context of their struggle for ethnic recognition during and after apartheid. Moreover, their relationship to Judaism has led to diverse relationships between Lemba people and different Jewish communities throughout Africa and the Western world. It is also important to clarify the Lemba’s Jewish identity as an identity with a particular history, composed of vastly different perspectives about what it means to be recognized as a Lemba and as a Jew. Through a close reading of the scholarship on the Lemba, and of the Lemba themselves, I will trace how the Lemba have constructed a Jewish identity that challenges monolithic and essentialized notions of religion, race, and ethnicity.

This thesis examines supportive housing facilities serving criminalized Indigenous women in Winnipeg, Ottawa and Greater Vancouver. Inspired by her own experiences working for the Elizabeth Fry Society of Manitoba and concern about the mass imprisonment of Indigenous women, the author draws attention to community-based supportive housing as an alternative to imprisonment and a re-entry tool. She investigates housing facilities and programs offered by three local Elizabeth Fry Societies, considering the purposes they serve within the criminal justice system, within communities and in the lives of criminalized Indigenous women. Connections are made between the aims of these facilities and programs, the aims of socially-just urban planning and the goals of reconciliation outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s Calls to Action (2015). As a practitioner-researcher, the author is action-oriented and seeks to highlight organizations that, while operating with limited funding and within the confines of a restrictive and punitive system, try their best to provide meaningful opportunities for women.

The thesis focuses on the place of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church during World War II– one of the most tragic periods in the world history. At the time of the war, the population of western Ukraine, which was Greek-Catholic in its majority, experienced occupation of two regimes, Soviet and Nazi, which set up challenges for the locals. The thesis will focus on the relations of the Church with Soviet state and present state policies towards the UGCC, which interfered with its normal life. In this context, official church policies will be presented, and the methods church leaders used to “normalize” the situation will be described. This discussion will lead to deeper analysis of the adaptation of official church policies by local Greek-Catholic priests. The influence of national and religious identity on clerical understanding of politics will be taken into account. At this point, I will argue that three groups of clergy can be identified on the basis of their response to Soviet policies. What are these groups? How did average priests adapt to new realms? Why did they act in the way they did? All of these questions will be answered through the analysis of primary NKVD-KGB documents found in a couple of major Ukrainian archives.

Introduction: Asthma has a significant impact on the Manitoba healthcare system. Asthma related health expenditures in Canada are around $2 billion annually and are the leading causes of emergency treatment for the younger demographic. Asthma is, however, challenging to diagnose at an earlier age and routine checks are not possible within the younger age groups. Wheezing however is one of the symptoms of asthma but is not exclusive to asthma. Ideally a predictive model for asthma development to have the most clinical impact is needed before children reach the age of two, which current models fail to provide. Objectives: The objectives were to: (1) determine at what extent does location affect the severity of wheezing in Manitoba, and (2) determine how wheezing severity changes throughout childhood. Methods: This project used data from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) which is a prospective longitudinal pregnancy cohort. The study population comprised of 1,055 participants from Manitoba for which recruitment of pregnant mothers was conducted from 2009-2012 within a radius of Winnipeg and Morden-Winkler. A logistic longitudinal model was developed which used wheezing severity as a response and incorporated area and individual effects into the model. The study used the 96 regional health authority districts (RHADs) as small areas in Manitoba. A zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) model with random effects was also developed to model the number of wheezing episodes for children within the CHILD study. The two types of models were used to determine how wheezing frequency and severity changed throughout thus covering two definitions of wheezing severity. Area-level logistic and ZIP models were used to answer the first objective of this project by mapping the predicted proportions and rates for each small area in Manitoba. The second objective was also assessed by using the longitudinal logistic and ZIP models. Results: The unit-level binary logistic mo

Molecules containing a methyl rotor can undergo internal rotation. The methyl's rotation relative to the molecule's frame leads to complicated splitting patterns in the rotational spectra, which are challenging to model and interpret. Researchers readily observe these splitting patterns using microwave spectroscopy, owing to the high resolutions obtainable in a collision-free environment. Still, molecules containing internal rotors have received less study due to their complexity. This research studied molecules that have complex internal dynamics. Specifically, two custom-built microwave spectrometers and high-level quantum chemical calculations enabled measurements and models of methyl cyanoacetate (MCA), 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (2M2O) and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (2E2O). These molecules’ spectra exhibit fine and hyperfine splittings due to the methyl rotor and the 14N quadrupole nucleus. These were analyzed to derive their barriers to internal rotation. This research studied the effects of hyper-conjugative interactions on MCA’s conformational stability and methyl barrier by comparing the derived barriers to those of similar molecules. For 2M2O and 2E2O, this work highlighted that the factors that govern the barriers in methylated molecules containing a partially unsaturated ring are poorly understood, as there has been little study on such molecules to date. As such, this work provides the basis for future studies on molecules with flexible ring systems containing a methyl rotor, which would aid our understanding of these types of molecules and the development of better computational models for analyzing and predicting their spectra.

Olfaction contributes significantly to the ability of the Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens to sense its environment and is a crucial mechanism for feeding. The olfactory epithelium consists of multi-lamellar mucosal folds, which are in constant contact with the external environment. The olfactory epithelium contains three olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)¬—ciliated, microvillous, and crypt cells—that detect unique compounds such as amino acids, bile salts, and pheromones, respectively. I used electro-physiological and behavioural techniques to evaluate diet cue detection and potential transduction pathways of olfaction in one-year-old Lake sturgeon to current hatchery and wild-type diet cues in two separate experiments. The amplitude of electro-olfactogram (EOG) response did not correlate to increased foraging activity in the behavioural arena, although a significant behavioural response to hatchery diet was observed. Additionally, I observed detection of complex dietary cues required both ciliated and microvillous OSNs. To investigate if treatment with a simple amino acid L-alanine during early life stage influenced olfactory development and survival, I reared larval Lake sturgeon and acutely exposed them to L-alanine. I used molecular, electro-physiological and behavioural techniques to assess the effects of L-alanine. Acute treatment with L-alanine elicited significant differences in mRNA transcript abundance of key olfactory genes V2R 1-like, V2R 26-like, OR 1-like and TAAR 1-like as well as differences in foraging behaviour in age-0 Lake sturgeon. These finding suggests that olfactory cues in the environment could play a role in early larval and juvenile development creating low performance phenotypes in hatchery programs as release of these fish raised in non-native waters fed consistent diets could result in a mismatch between these fish and the environment they are transferred to.

Wolf Krötke's effect on Protestantism in the DDR served to re-frame Luther's theology away from its application through German history, thereby confronting the existence of a "God-Forgottenness" that developed during secularization. Krötke addressed the phenomenon within the DDR, drawing a line from Luther to the actions of German Protestants during the Second World War. Krötke's theological language addressing the role of the Protestant Church within the DDR was informed by Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, allowing Krötke to address the then-current secularization initiated by the application of Luther's theology in German culture. As history unfolded, strict adherence and potential misunderstandings of Luther's theology fell short of the needs of East German Protestants. The social and economic conditions left in wake of the "forgetting of God" caused by secularization in tandem with the church’s capitulation to National Socialism opened the door for a further cultural rejection of Christianity and its immediate influence in post-war Germany. Krötke makes a case for the significance of God in his confrontation with the "God-Forgottenness" of East Germany, developing a commentary on the secularism found in German Protestantism. Krötke's theology confronts the existential questions developed in the German mind that historically separated the spiritual and the secular. This is shown to be, not the absence of God, but instead the absence of the relevance of religion. For Krötke, God is very much present, no longer limited to the delineations of previous religious comprehension, now open to various possibilities of personal religious relatability. The social situation within the DDR was a context in which Krötke could establish new theological ideas speaking to a relationship with God, against a systematically secularizing government. No longer an abstraction, Krötke's theology confronts "God-forgottenness" with an immediate disclosure of God's personal re

Two-Spirit people have often been the subjects and victims of archives and archival power. However, efforts toward decolonization and changing ideas in archives have the potential to disrupt this narrative. In this thesis I look at the ways institutional or mainstream archives can work with community groups – specifically Two-Spirit communities – to create effective and lasting partnerships to preserve social memory in a western archival format. I begin by sharing the words of several Two-Spirit people who have spoken about what that identity means to them as a way to emphasize what non-Two-Spirit archivists do not know and cannot know about what being Two-Spirit means. This necessary knowledge also serves as the basis to discuss some of the other implications for archiving Two-Spirit records. I then profile four Queer archives, ONE, ArQuives, Lesbian Herstory Archive and rukus! to provide context for how these archives come together, what their relationships with institutions are like and what some of the causes for collecting are. Last, I discuss practical ways for mainstream or institutional archives to build effective partnerships with Two-Spirit communities using the Two-Spirit Archives at the University of Winnipeg Archives as a case study. I use Michelle Caswell’s survivor-centred approach as a way to offer suggestions for archives wanting to build these kinds of relationships and evaluate the success of the Two-Spirit Archives at the University of Winnipeg.

Scholarship widely recognizes the reign of Augustus (30 BCE – 14 CE) as a time of heightened economic development for Rome, mostly credited as a fortunate by-product of the pax augusta that resulted from a lack of wars, civil and foreign. However, the Augustan government took a far more active role in ensuring economic prosperity for the Roman citizens during this time. The crux of this thesis posits that the economic ‘boom’ which happened under Augustus has the expansion of maritime trade as one factor. Having newly captured territory in the form of the Roman province of Egypt provided access to the Red Sea, which allowed the Romans to utilize the trade routes therefrom and create economic relationships with new trading partners. In particular, the Roman economy established trade routes to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean trade spheres, allowing for the establishment of relationships with new trading partners and the import of new goods, including luxury products. Changes to laws and improvements in infrastructure facilitated mercantile investments, while diplomatic relations with Arabia, India, and minor kingdoms maintained a hospitable trading environment for Roman merchants and their proxies. Upgrades to Rome’s existing ports ensured they would be able to accommodate the increases in imports and exports. The combined result of these changes means that the Augustan regime created the conditions for an expanding and more diversified economy.

With ever-increasing disruptions in supply chains throughout the world, like pandemics, political conflicts, and trade wars, power generation is becoming one of the major concerns of global and local economies. The recent increasing energy cost in Europe and North America is one of the main consequences and, at the same time, contributes to these disruptions. Therefore, electricity demand forecasting is crucial in power markets to increase cooperation and integration between players in a power grid. This study aims at reviewing the managerial implications of demand forecasting in the electricity supply chain. Also, some recent statistical and machine learning techniques for electricity demand forecasting used in the literature are analyzed and applied to Ontario's historical dataset. A descriptive analysis of electricity demand characteristics in Ontario, post, and pre-pandemic, is conducted. Furthermore, the forecasting performance of methods like dynamic regression, neural network autoregression, and prophet model are discussed and compared. Another contribution of this study is to include fuzzy hourly demand forecasts for a Canadian dataset.

I aim to explore intragroup conflicts among the Syrian opposition diasporic community leaders (SODCLs) and the potential of peace interventions that might enhance peace leadership in this community. I asked: what are the topical, relational, identity, and process conflict goals among Syrian opposition diaspora community leaders? What type of conflict transformation interventions might help Syrian opposition diasporic community leaders improve their capacity to transform conflicts and serve as peace leaders? I have employed the content analysis method to conduct qualitative research and collected my data from published online databases. Also, I have used the Facebook wall posts of SODCLs, as a study sample, to enhance the credibility of my findings. My research confirms the utility of the topic, relationship, identity, and process (TRIP) model of Hocker and Wilmot (2017) and expands its scope of use to include the analysis of ethnic intragroup conflicts. I find that changing the identity of the Syrian state is the manifest topic and identity goal among the SODCLs. This dispute also includes latent issues such as the meaning of freedom and equality, representation in political and social organizations, and access to resources. Relations among SODCLs are built on domination rather than cooperation and are mostly established on being anti-Assad only, which is an insufficient base for alliances. I conclude that community leaders working with peace interveners may achieve conflict transformation through shift-thinking about conflict narratives and potential resolutions as well as viewing each grievance as a unique and important human experience. I also find that nonviolence is key to successful peace talks, and understanding the culture, religion, identity, and communication styles of disputants contribute to the formation of peaceful leadership. Keywords: intragroup conflicts, conflict transformation, Islamists, secularists, Arabs, Kurds, identity, Syria, peace

Introduction: Neighbourhood walkability has been suggested to influence walking behaviors. However, few studies focused on their relationships in Canadian older adults. The aims of this study were (1) to compare outdoor walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity time (MVPA) time in older adults with self-reported difficulty in different cities in Canada; (2) to estimate the associations between outdoor walking and subscale scores and the total scores of neighbourhood walkability; and (3) to estimate the associations between MVPA time and subscale scores and the total scores of neighbourhood walkability. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis of the Getting Older adults OUTdoors (GO-OUT) study. We used data from the baseline evaluation from 190 participants who had self-reported difficulty in outdoor walking in Edmonton (n=51), Winnipeg (n=53), Toronto (n=50), and Montreal (n=36). We compared the between-city differences in outdoor walking and MVPA time. We also attempted to use parametric tests to investigate the relationships between neighbourhood walkability, assessed by Neighbourhood Environmental Walkability Scale (NEWS), and outdoor walking and MVPA. Since the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances and homoscedasticity were all violated, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman’s rho were conducted. Results: We found (1) significant differences in MVPA time but not outdoor walking time between participants who resided in Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, and Montreal, and (2) significant but weak associations between land-use mix diversity and land-use mix access, and outdoor walking (Spearman’s rho = 0.172 to 0.233) and (3) between residential density, land-use mix access and street connectivity and MVPA time (Spearman’s rho = -0.235 to 0.208). Conclusion: Several aspects of neighbourhood walkability play a significant role in outdoor walking and MVPA time among community-dwelling older adults. Understanding the relationships between neighbourhood

This thesis investigates the factors affecting fruit and vegetable intake in rural and urban Bangladesh to explore how the consumption of these foods relates to the widespread presence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Data was collected from consumers and policymakers/experts through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, with the results being analyzed via quantitative and qualitative techniques. The present study has three key objectives: i) to assess the economic factors that influence fruit and vegetable consumption; ii) to examine the non-economic determinants (socio-demographics, social prejudices, and practices) of fruit and vegetable consumption; and iii) to map the perceptions and awareness of the public and experts/policymakers regarding the low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption in Bangladeshi society, and to identify the facilitators and barriers to increasing the consumption of these food sources. The results of this study revealed that people were inclined to buy more meat and fish instead of fruits and vegetables when their incomes increased. In addition, price responsiveness to different products (especially rice) was generally higher in rural areas, which suggests that income differences are significantly higher in these areas. Overall, gender had no significant influence on fruit and vegetable intake, although women who identified as housewives tended to consume lower levels of these foods. On an average, 75-92% of study participants did not consume the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables each day; however, there was a significant correlation between higher income and increased fruits and vegetable consumption. The perceptions of the public and experts revealed that the public generally understood and addressed their problems via first-hand experience, while the experts/policymakers relied heavily on scientific knowledge. The wide gaps in the perceptions of these groups can only be minimized

The Centre for Research in Cultural Studies (CRiCS) increases research capacity on campus by providing a context for developing methods and tools for Cultural Studies research, supporting the program of the Canada Research Chair in Culture and Public Memory, and connecting student Research Assistants, Research Associates, Visiting Scholars, and Postdoctoral Fellows to the projects of the Centre. CRiCS aims to build sustainable, socially relevant research programs and raise the national and international profile of UWinnipeg as an outstanding place to do Cultural Studies research.

Up to the middle of the twentieth century, microfilm was a cutting-edge recordkeeping technology, much like digital technologies today. Commercial use of this technology changed the face of recordkeeping, ultimately affecting archival practice as well. The use of microfilm by archives has brought losses and gains in terms of materiality, access and preservation. Microfilmed records of the Department of the Interior demonstrate the importance of information being held in this particular medium, as these reels communicate the history of the dispossession of Indigenous communities, and the lack of Indigenous perspectives in the management of the records and the telling of their own story. Understanding the histories of recordkeeping practices of records containing Indigenous experiences allows archivists to update archival theory and practice to include Indigenous perspectives and decolonize records about the colonization of the West, which is achieved through the incorporation of Indigenous memory traditions into the records, and by digitizing the records and reordering them to reflect Indigenous perspectives. Records microfilmed in the early and mid-twentieth century are now prime candidates for digitization, a tool being used for preservation and access. Microfilm digitization projects, such as The Alberta Land Settlement Infrastructure Project and Canadiana Online are creating a new foundation to preserve records of the past and those being created now and in the future. This thesis will link microfilm’s past with its future, while discussing its current status in archives in relation to archival theory and practice.

This study analyzes several facets of the Sudanese police forces using a transformative change approach from Peace and Conflict Studies, namely storytelling as peacebuilding (autoethnography). While I have conducted this study to raise awareness about widespread violence in Darfur, Sudan, it is critical to assess how storytelling affects social identity and structural violence and whether such autoethnographic accounts could help achieve new horizons for desired realities. The thesis discusses my experiences as a senior police officer in the Sudanese police force. It then analyzes some of my narratives, which cover critical themes concerning the social reorientation of theology and its impact on police institutions. It also establishes three analytical categories: (1) distribution of power, (2) social stratification, and (3) effectuating violence. Throughout the thesis, I examined how an Islamic theological orientation in the Sudanese police institution fostered contested images of policing and squandered an opportunity to promote peace in Sudan. It considers the relationship between peace-oriented community policing and police identity, arguing that community policing will resolve the role of theology in the Islamization of police forces in Sudan. The findings of this study, based on structural violence, demonstrate a shift in police agency and police identity that corresponds to the struggle for nation-building. This shift in police identity is inextricably linked to the level of violence, group classification, and membership in two Sudanese social structures: Sheikh and Indigenous.

Temperature plays a key role in the physiology of aquatic ectotherms. Northern Crayfish (Faxonius virilis) are a keystone freshwater macroinvertebrate found in North America from Oklahoma to Manitoba and therefore are subjected to a wide variety of water temperatures. The current study investigates the thermal physiology of F. virilis across a wide range of temperatures between 5C to 25C for 14 days and to acute heat stress. The animals’ routine and maximum oxygen consumption (MO2) and associated hemolymph acid-base parameters were assessed. Additionally, MO2 and metabolically produced ammonia was measured in isolated gill tissue. Warmer temperatures resulted in predictable increases in the animal’s ammonia excretion rates and MO2. Notably, the isolated gill tissue of F. virilis had 4-14 times higher rates of oxygen consumption compared to the whole animal, signifying its importance for respiration. Hemolymph measurements resulted in a significant pH and [HCO3-] decrease at higher temperatures, suggesting a metabolic acidosis. Acute exposure to a +5C increase relative to baseline conditions caused a significant increase in ammonia excretion rates and MO2 in both the whole animal and isolated gill tissue. Crayfish acclimated to 5C resulted in drastically different physiological outcomes compared to warmer acclimated crayfish, signifying a reduced metabolic state. Overall, F. virilis is capable of rapid adjustments to oxygen consumption, excretion, and associated hemolymph parameters needed to respond to heat stress of +5C for 6 hours, and demonstrates a high degree of plasticity to temperatures between 5C and 25C.

The face conveys a wide range of cues. Facial expression can signal how an individual is feeling, and gaze can signal where their attention is focused. Integrating information about others’ expressions and gaze influences how we direct our own attention, form impressions of others, and assess threats. This study was designed to explore how people with certain personality traits such as alexithymia and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), as well as those with mental health problems characterized by anxiety integrate expression and gaze cues when viewing faces signaling two different kinds of “threat” cues: anger and fear. Participants N = 74 (49 female; Mage = 20.45 years, SD = 4.64) with varying degrees of alexithymia and SPS were administered self-report questionnaires on their mood, and levels of anxiety, social anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity. They then completed two tasks requiring speeded judgments in which they decided if an expressive stimulus face was looking at them or not (gaze task) and if the stimulus face was angry or fearful (expression task). A series of ANOVAs and exploratory correlation analyses were used to test the relationship between variables with task performance. Results revealed that: (1) the order in which gaze and expression judgment tasks are completed is an important determinant of task performance; (2) the cone of gaze is more symmetrical when viewing angry (vs. fearful) faces; and (3) anxiety-related problems, SPS, and difficulties with emotional appraisal are negatively associated with problems in fear processing when gaze is strongly averted and viewers are focused on performing mental state attributions and self-directed threat assessment. This research furthers our understanding of individual difference factors that may influence the form of gaze-by-expression interactions that help shape one’s social perception. Additionally, the findings emphasize the importance of investigating the differences between left and right averted g

Electricity price forecasting plays an important role in decision-making on bidding strategies of selling and buying electricity. This thesis computes one-day-ahead quantile forecasts of electricity prices in a highly volatile market by applying regression models to a pool of point forecasts. Three data-driven forecasting methods are implemented to generate day-ahead point forecasts of the Ontario market’s electricity prices. In order to generate the three sets of point forecasts, I use: i) the Triple Exponential Smoothing (TES) method, ii) a Neural Network (NN) that combines layers of Convolutional neurons and Gradient Recurrent Units (GRU), iii) an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) non-linear regression approach. The performance of the three models is compared against a benchmark that considers the forecast of electricity prices as the average price of the same hour and day during the last four weeks. The TES method decreases the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of the benchmark model from 10.29 to 9.42. The Convolutional GRU (ConvGRU) model and XGB regression also reduce the MAE to 8.20 and 7.06, respectively. Finally, Quantile Regression Averaging (QRA) is applied to the pool of point forecasts obtained by TES, ConvGRU, and XGB methods to compute day-ahead quantile forecasts of electricity prices. Moreover, the QRA method is further developed in this thesis by employing Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR). It follows from my real data analysis that the GBR method provides more reliable quantiles and tighter prediction intervals with smaller forecasting errors than QRA. The obtained probabilistic forecasts are used to find the optimal energy procurement plan for a large consumer and the linear programming method is applied to solve the problem. The simulation results indicate that using probabilistic forecasts of electricity prices leads to a more flexible and efficient bidding strategy than using point forecasts. Moreover, the regularized probabilistic forecast of day-ahe

L’exotisme joue un grand rôle dans le roman d’aventures, un genre littéraire popularisé peu après le début du 20e siècle. Nous avons fait une lecture approfondie de quatre romans d’aventures : La bête errante de Louis Frédéric Rouquette (1923), Un homme se penche sur son passé de Maurice Constantin-Weyer (1928), La forêt de Georges Bugnet (1935) et Le Carcajou de Bernard Clavel (1995). Nous nous sommes fixé le but d’identifier et d’analyser l’exotisme au Canada, et ce, par rapport aux éléments suivants : les Autochtones, la faune, la végétation, le paysage et le climat. Par la suite, nous étudions l’impact de cette représentation de réalités spécifiques du Canada, une représentation souvent exagérée aux yeux de lecteurs avertis. Nous avons déterminé que grâce à l’exotisme dans un roman d’aventures, le lecteur a l’impression d’entrer dans un monde inconnu, loin de la réalité et de sa vie quotidienne.

Introduction: Several Canadian studies have reported that Canadian children and adolescents do not consume the recommended amount of nutrients. Studies have also shown that dietary habits developed during adolescence are likely to persist during adulthood. The transition from late adolescence to early adulthood accompanies a shift in eating pattern especially among young adults entering university. Health-related behaviors acquired by students while in the university have a strong impact on their future health. Thus, this study investigates the dietary intakes of university students enrolled in an introductory nutrition course at the University of Manitoba. Objectives: 1) To estimate the energy and nutrient intake and estimate the adequacy of nutrient intake according to the recommendations by applying the Cut-point method. 2) To estimate the number of servings of four food groups and the adequacy according to Canada's Food Guide (CFG) recommendations. 3) To investigate whether the reported energy intake was corresponding to the energy required depending upon physical activity level, sex group, age, height, and weight. Methodology: This cross-sectional study obtained data from the 3-day food log (n=68; 44 females and 24 males) from Summer 2015 and Summer 2016. For food analysis, Food Focus software version 4.1 was used. Students younger than 19 years of age, with the incomplete food log and pregnant women were excluded. Intake of energy, 32 nutrients and the number of servings from four food groups were estimated. Compliance with the dietary recommendations was assessed by applying the Cut-point method. This study was performed in an anonymized manner. Results: On average, 19% of students were below the lower end of AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for carbohydrate and 16% were above the upper end of AMDR for total fat. The prevalence of inadequacy for micronutrient intake was higher among males than females. The average intake of sodium was excess

Despite ongoing relationship building efforts at the community level, Indigenous and immigrant and refugee newcomer communities in Canada continue to experience a fractured relationship characterized by misperceptions, misunderstandings and tension. One of the predominant reasons for this ongoing fractured relationship is the lack of community-driven, decolonial information that each community receives about the other. This project sought to respond to this reality, by exploring the experience of an online relationship building Talking Circle and video-making process, where Indigenous and newcomer youth reflected on their identities as newcomer or Indigenous peoples and the possibilities for transformed relationships between both communities. The video that was created then went on to be shared with Indigenous and newcomer serving organizations within Winnipeg and was posted free online, becoming a potential community-driven, decolonial relationship building resource for community members to access. This project was guided by an Indigenous research paradigm, as well as the visiting way, storytelling and arts-based methodologies. Overall, this project found an imbalance in perceptions between both communities, alongside relationship building possibilities within increasing opportunities for community-driven, decolonial information to be transferred, shared minority experiences and cultural strengths, and the need for both formal and informal relationship building opportunities. Several key implications for social work practice are discussed and recommendations for bridging relations between Indigenous and newcomer communities are proposed.

Throughout history, the Yazidis, a minority ethnic group from the Middle East, have faced centuries of religious persecution, socioeconomic deprivation, human rights violations, and genocides. In 2014 a genocide took place when the so-called Islamic State entered the area of Mount Shingal in Nineveh Province of northern Iraq and carried out a plan to eradicate the Yazidi people. This attack and mass exodus of the Yazidis from their homeland resulted in the upheaval of 400,000 people and the abduction or death of 11,000 to 14,000 Yazidis. In addition to this genocide, Yazidi community has experienced both individual and collective trauma. This study explores the personal narrative and lived experiences of eight Yazidi women in Winnipeg. It is an act of witnessing their experiences of trauma, survival, bravery, and hope, and provides an opportunity for the reader to bear witness to the survivors of this study. These stories help to identify the complex and ongoing challenges this group has faced and continue to experience. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured, open-ended questions which allowed the participants to express their personal experiences and narratives.

The Canadian legal system has become increasingly inaccessible to those it governs. Cost, delay and complexity have created barriers preventing meaningful access to justice. To date the courts have recognized cost and delay as barriers that trigger a constitutional right to access to justice. This thesis argues that this constitutional right should be extended to include the barrier of complexity. Grounded in an expectation that Canadians understand both their legal rights and responsibilities, the complexity of Canadian laws and processes has created a fundamental contradiction where persons are required to adhere to laws that they cannot understand. Using both a qualitative content analysis research approach and a doctrinal analysis research approach, this thesis explores the history of complexity, its impacts on specific populations, and its modern day treatment by courts. It then concludes by providing a legal framework against which the constitutional right to access to justice can be extended to include the barrier of complexity.

Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), once widespread throughout North America, are now considered endangered in much of their natural range. However, there are areas where a presumably strong population has resulted in recreational fisheries, with catch and release (C&R) being common practice. Here, we evaluate physiological and behavioural impairment of lake sturgeon following C&R angling. Fish were captured by volunteer anglers and transferred to a holding pen in the Winnipeg River to recover and facilitate sampling post-angling. Measured physiological traits included blood osmolality, haematocrit, pH, glucose, cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone. Behavioural impairment was measured as a binary score using Reflex Action Mortality Predictors (RAMP) in addition to ventilation rate. The effect of season and angler experience on these measured variables were assessed. C&R angling resulted in an immediate physiological stress response and behavioural impairment in all lake sturgeon, regardless of treatment. Though generally we observed a recovery of changes in the acid-base balance, ion balance and reflex impairment by 24 h. Cortisol and glucose were elevated throughout the recovery period, possibly indicating interactive stressors of holding and repeat sampling. Sex steroid concentrations were highly variable, and indicated no clear response to C&R. Angling in the summer period caused increased ventilation rate and decreased osmolality at all timepoints, compared to spring angling. Novice anglers caused higher reflex impairment in sturgeon immediately post-capture compared to experienced anglers. This is the first study to examine the response of wild lake sturgeon to C&R. The data show an apparent resilience of lake sturgeon to C&R, and can be used to assess the validity of C&R as a management strategy in the conservation of lake sturgeon.

This autoethnographic study delves deeply into my journey as a sibling who lost his brother through murder. The research will draw heavily on my own experience while making connections with theories and concepts such as violence, grief, structural violence, trauma, vicarious trauma, and sibling attachment theory. The qualitative nature of this study provides profound and personal insight into this challenging experience while also suggesting potential adjustments to various systems that could have made a difference in my life. In the end, I answer the following question: What effects do losing my brother to murder, as a young adult, have on my life and what recommendations may have mitigated the adverse effects? This study is significant for improved services, programming, and future research for people, especially young people, who have lost a sibling.

Western cultural paradigms have led to unsustainable environmental practices as well as a psycho-spiritual unrest (Fisher, 2012). This theoretical research study examines the underlying 21st century cultural paradigms of materialism and individualism and outlines how they have contributed to our current psychological well-being and ecological crises. The need for cultural rebuilding through education is proposed as a way to address both presenting issues.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the leading cause of death in Belize, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. The purpose of this study is to understand the everyday realities of people living with T2DM in Belize (e.g., barriers to care, strengths, health practices), how these affect diabetes self-management (DSM), and implications for health care. Data generation methods include interviews with T2DM patients, discussions with key informants, field notes, and participatory observation which took place in February and March of 2020. Principal findings were categorized into three main themes. The first is that patients experience numerous difficulties, including a tiered health care system privileging those with more resources, communication barriers with health care providers, and major gaps in prevention, education, and social supports. Secondly, many Belizeans with T2DM engage in spiritual practices that provide for mental strength, stress relief, lifestyle guidance, overcoming addictions, overcoming denial, and building determination toward health promoting, life-affirming attitudes and actions. Further, geographies can empower DSM. Home is a domain where personal power is most focused. A community domain that is conducive to active living is crucial. People use a plethora of local plant medicines instead of, alongside of, or to complement pharmaceuticals for DSM without disclosure to HCPs. Plant medicine usage and cultural-spiritual healing is pervasive in this population; therefore, health care can optimize T2DM outcomes through open dialogue and collaboration with patients, herbal doctors, traditional Indigenous medicine practitioners, community leaders, and faith leaders. Integrating these understandings will be key for moving forward to improve DSM education and support, as well as culturally safe care.

Chopping carcasses into segments for effective distribution and processing is an essential part of the butchery process from the distant past to the modern era. However, identification criteria, definitions, and experimental work pertaining to chop marks is lacking in the zooarchaeological literature. Butchery marks on archaeological faunal assemblages provide indirect evidence for utilitarian tool use related to food processing and mitigates the need for the physical presence of the tool itself. This thesis uses an experimental approach to determine the axe material type (bronze, copper, ground stone, or chipped stone) that created the prominent chop marks found on the Early Bronze Age faunal assemblage from Göltepe, Turkey. Experimentation shows that both width and sharpness of the axe are the major aspects of the chopping tool that effect the morphology of the chop mark. A thick, dull axe is more likely to crush the bone rather than cut through it, and often leaves the bone highly fragmented. A thin, sharp axe is more likely to cut through the bone with little to no crushing, and leaves a smooth sheared surface extending from the point of entry. All chop marks can be classified according to both their levels of crushing and shearing on a scale from 1-5. Chop marks falling between a Class 1 and a Class 3 were likely created by stone axes, whereas chop marks that fall between a Class 4 and Class 5 were likely created by metal axes. The experimental results indicate that metal axes created the majority of the chop marks on the Göltepe faunal assemblage even though no metal axes were recovered from the site. The extensive level of shearing on many of the chop marks and relatively high number of bronze artefacts recovered from Göltepe, suggest that the dominate material type for axe heads used for butchery were either bronze or arsenical-copper.

Productive specialization is a component of all models for the evolution of complex and urban societies. However, it is difficult to measure this in terms of food provisioning. In any settlement or society, food provisioning is essential. In this thesis, I test the assumption that food provisioning will become more and more specialized as a society becomes more complex and consumers become more and more divorced from growing their own crops and raising their own animals. One aspect of food provisioning is animal butchering, and whether skilled or unskilled individuals are butchering animals. In a situation where there is household butchering, it is expected that the butchers will be unskilled. In contrast, where butchering is taking place on a large and regular scale, it is expected that the butchers will become more and more skilled. This thesis uses Butchering Incidences to quantify the nature of the butchered specimens and Butchering Mark Frequency as a weighted measure of butchering efficiency and skill. The faunal remains from the Early Bronze Age site of Tel Arad, Israel are used to test whether butchering skills change as the site evolves from an open-air settlement to a walled regional urban centre. The results indicate that all butchery activities for sheep and goats were conducted by relatively unskilled individuals over time at the site. There was not difference across the site as well. In contrast, the low Butchering Mark Frequency values for cattle disarticulation possibly suggest that they were butchered by individuals with higher skill levels. In general, however, most of the other cattle butchery activities were also conducted by lower skilled individuals. In general, the results from the site do not support a model of increasing specialization in food production as the site evolved into an early urban centre.

This Master of Social Work thesis focuses on the personal accounts and teachings of Indigenous Knowledge Holders from Canadian communities in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and north-western Ontario. The purpose of this research study was to develop a deeper understanding of contributing factors to high rate of suicide among Indigenous youth, and to explore potential remedies found in the wisdom and experience of individuals versed in Indigenous cultural knowledge

Contemporary Indigenous funerary rituals in urban settings is a subject that has virtually been ignored, despite funerary ritual having such a profound impact on the cultures and identity of Indigenous people. This thesis explores perspectives of death, dying, and the funerary process within the dominant Indigenous cultures in Manitoba, and how modern funeral homes cater to the unique needs of an Indigenous population living in an urban or per-urban community. Data was obtained my conducting structured and semi-structured interviews with funeral home employees and Indigenous people who have utilized professional funerary services. Trends in the funeral home industry point to people becoming less involved in the funerary process, relying on professional services offered by the modern funeral home. In contrast, Indigenous funerary practices continue to emphasize the importance of taking responsibility for their own, utilizing professional services only when necessary. Interviews with key informants revealed that in some cases funeral directors can play a vital role in preserving Indigenous funerary traditions by providing resources for those who have lost any connection with their community. This analysis of contemporary perspectives of Indigenous mortuary rituals in urban environments represents only a small portion of a much larger discussion of the current state and preservation of Indigenous knowledge and cultures in Manitoba.

Digital Record formats have various dependencies tied to hardware and software that must be fulfilled if a record is to be rendered and therefore accessible. This relationship has proven difficult to preserve due to the fragility and obsolescence of digital records, media, and environments. In response to this challenge a consensus has formed within the digital preservation community around format management through format migration. To remain ahead of obsolescence and move away these dependencies digital records are often migrated to more open formats that are more platform independent. Format migration often does not preserve the original functionality of formats, which can also present difficulties rendering data, and removes the migrated record from the original context in which it was created. This raises two questions, which will be answered in this thesis: first, what are the effects of failing to preserve digital environments; and second, how might we go about preserving them? This thesis will examine, in addition to format managements, several alternative methods of preservation aimed at preserving digital environments and communicating original record-environment relationships to users. These include: preservation of legacy environments; emulation, including efforts to modern combine cloud computing power with the “as-a-service” model to enable widespread adoption of emulation; and, expanding upon existing archival descriptions by including existing data and materials and supplementary documentation. This thesis will conclude with a case study of the William O. Pruitt Jr. fonds at the University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections (UMASC). This fonds was selected as a case study as it contains digital records from the early era of desktop computing. This offers a good example of what is gained and lost when preserving these records through format management, which is the approach to digital preservation followed by UMASC, or if preserved through e

The use of World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-banned substances is not limited to elite sport settings, but permeates all levels of sports, including amongst recreational gym users. The prevalence of recreational gym users in Canada who use WADA-banned substances is unknown, and few interventions have been implemented to attempt to decrease this usage. The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of use of WADA-banned substances amongst recreational gym users exercising within the recreational facilities of a major Canadian university and determine if any risk factors identified in the research literature (including gender, body image, dietary supplements, age and sport type) contribute to the use of these substances by recreational gym users. This study also measures the participants’ attitudes toward WADA-banned substances and their knowledge about WADA-banned substances. Participants were 278 male and female recreational gym users who use the selected university’s recreational facilities. Each participant completed an online questionnaire containing questions about demographics, sport type, dietary supplement use, body dissatisfaction, and attitudes towards doping in sport (the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale: PEAS, Petróczi, 2006). The data indicates that WADA-banned substances use is relatively high (13.7%) amongst recreational gym users. The results also indicate that males, participants who use nutritional supplements, participants who are not satisfied with their current body image, and participants who are in their mid-20s are more likely to take WADA-banned substances. Therefore, all risk factors including gender, body image, use of nutritional supplements, age and sport type indicate a positive relationship with doping behaviour. Participants’ knowledge of WADA-banned substances is low. The results of this study suggest administrators of recreational gyms need to be concerned about WADA-banned substance use by recreational gym users due to

The Athabasca Oil Sands is an extraction industry with many complexities that require reclamation practices following their closure. What could be the future uses of oil extraction mining sites? An opportunity presents itself for landscape architecture in generating adaptations to climate change for the future of this region. Can landscape architecture aid in planning for the resilience of future ecologies and success of these landscapes of avulsion? The past and present uses of this area have contributed to a wealth of information that is beneficial in determining goals of a renewed ecological function. This research and design practicum proposes a set of ecological strategies for a site known as Tar Island, near Fort McMurray, Alberta. These strategies can be implemented as a framework for similar sites as the industry continues their presence in the Oil Sands with the plans and excavations which leave behind an altered landscape.

Rapidly parsing complex words into their morphological components can facilitate word recognition. This process is semantically blind in its early stages: adult typical readers experience facilitation in primed lexical decision tasks with both morphological primes that include semantic and orthographic information, and pseudo-suffixed primes that include only orthographic information (e.g., corner- CORN). However, reading-impaired (RI) children show facilitation with complex morphological primes only (e.g., worker- WORK), indicating benefits of semantic (and not orthographic) information in word recognition. The current study tested whether neural and behavioural patterns in RI children were consistent with facilitation of word recognition via semantic information only. Early temporal dynamics of word recognition in 10 RI children in Grades 5 and 6, 16 chronological-age typical-reader controls (CA), and 12 reading-age controls in Grade 2 (RA) were examined using event related potentials (ERPs) recorded during a primed lexical decision task. A reduced N400 ERP component (a negative spike in electrical voltage occurring approximately 400ms after target onset) indicates facilitation in lexical access, with smaller negative amplitude corresponding to lower cognitive load with related primes compared to unrelated primes. Results showed the expected reduction in N400 in CAs: facilitation with morphological and pseudo-suffixed primes relative to unrelated primes. As well, stronger amplitude reduction was found for morphological related primes compared to pseudo-suffixed related primes. CAs also experienced an N250 reduction in response to related primes, indicating sensitivity to orthographic overlap. N400 patterns for RIs showed, unexpectedly, priming effects in both related suffix-type conditions. RAs did not show priming in their ERP patterns, likely a result of slow and laborious serial letter processing inhibiting benefits from the brief prime display. The results hav

Through an examination of the complex history of cartographic records in their archival contexts, this thesis explores the inherent subjectivity of maps, the archives that acquire them, and the digital technologies routinely used to create these materials. I discuss parallels between archival and cartographic theory from the nineteenth century to the present and demonstrate that recent developments in the two fields are mutually reinforcing, as they emphasize the subjectivity of professional cartographers and archivists while rejecting simplistic assumptions about the objectivity and purportedly technical nature of mapmaking and archiving. Focusing on theoretical and practical developments in archives and cartography, this thesis supports self-reflexive and transdisciplinary approaches to cartographic materials in Canadian archives. The first chapter delves into the theoretical foundations and more recent developments in the two fields. This exploration continues in the subsequent chapters, where the two case studies explore the creation of cartographic materials and their processing by archives (i.e. their appraisal, arrangement and description, preservation and being made available to archival researchers). The first case study illustrates the rift between theory and practice, focusing on Canada Land Inventory (CLI) materials held by Library and Archives Canada. An analysis of the creation and ongoing management of these materials reveals the role of cartography and archives in the formation of Canada as a modern colonial state, and in the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous Peoples. The second case study is situated within the broader history of digital technologies, focusing on the digital cartographic tools deployed through Cybercartography while exploring how these might be employed in support of decolonization and reconciliation processes. This case study illustrates the benefits of crossing these two fields, articulating a new, transdisciplinary approach to