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1. Deconstructing plate tectonic reconstructions

Author: Maria Seton, Simon E. Williams, Mathew Domeier, Alan S. Collins, Karin Sigloch, Institut de sciences exactes et appliquées (ISEA), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Douglas Mental Health University Institute [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), King‘s College London, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and European Project: 639003,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,DEEP TIME(2015)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Pollution, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; Plate tectonic reconstructions have evolved from simple, rigid reconstructions to ones that incorporate the timedependent evolution of plate and their boundaries, deformation and/or the history of subduction from seismic tomography-Reconstructions can be powerfully predictive for a wide range of disciplines beyond tectonics, including palaeobiology, palaeoclimate, geodynamics, and seismologyThere is no 'one-size-fits-all' when it comes to reconstructing the Earth's tectonic plates: different data types and techniques are applicable for different time periods, resolutions and purposes.-Important areas of ongoing research include the quantification of uncertainty, linking reconstructions to physics-based deep-Earth to surface (and biogeochemical) models and the incorporation of machine learning techniques
Published: 2023

2. Atlantic circulation changes across a stadial-interstadial transition

Author: Claire Waelbroeck, Jerry Tjiputra, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Eystein Jansen, Natalia Vazquez Riveiros, Samuel Toucanne, Frédérique Eynaud, Linda Rossignol, Fabien Dewilde, Elodie Marchès, Susana Lebreiro, Silvia Nave, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire Géodynamique et enregistrement Sédimentaire (LGS), Géosciences Marines (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM), Ministère de la Défense, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Laboratorio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Departamento de Geologia Marinha, and European Project: 339108,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-ADG,ACCLIMATE(2014)
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Stratigraphy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Paleontology
Abstract: We combine consistently dated benthic carbon isotopic records distributed over the entire Atlantic Ocean with numerical simulations performed by a glacial configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model with active ocean biogeochemistry in order to interpret the observed Cibicides δ13C changes at the stadial–interstadial transition corresponding to the end of Heinrich Stadial 4 (HS4) in terms of ocean circulation and remineralization changes. We show that the marked increase in Cibicides δ13C observed at the end of HS4 between ∼2000 and 4200 m in the Atlantic can be explained by changes in nutrient concentrations as simulated by the model in response to the halting of freshwater input in the high-latitude glacial North Atlantic. Our model results show that this Cibicides δ13C signal is associated with changes in the ratio of southern-sourced (SSW) versus northern-sourced (NSW) water masses at the core sites, whereby SSW is replaced by NSW as a consequence of the resumption of deep-water formation in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas after the freshwater input is halted. Our results further suggest that the contribution of ocean circulation changes to this signal increases from ∼40 % at 2000 m to ∼80 % at 4000 m. Below ∼4200 m, the model shows little ocean circulation change but an increase in remineralization across the transition marking the end of HS4. The simulated lower remineralization during stadials compared to during interstadials is particularly pronounced in deep subantarctic sites, in agreement with the decrease in the export production of carbon to the deep Southern Ocean during stadials found in previous studies.
Published: 2023

3. Machine learning prediction of the mass and the velocity of controlled single-block rockfalls from the seismic waves they generate

Author: Clément Hibert, François Noël, David Toe, Miloud Talib, Mathilde Desrues, Emmanuel Wyser, Ombeline Brenguier, Franck Bourrier, Renaud Toussaint, Jean-Philippe Malet, Michel Jaboyedoff, Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des sciences de la terre [Lausanne] (ISTE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Modélisation, simulation et commande des systèmes dynamiques non lisses (TRIPOP), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Société Alpine de Géotechnique [Gières] (SAGE Ingénierie), SAGE, PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract: Understanding the dynamics of slope instabilities is critical to mitigate the associated hazards but their direct observation is often difficult due to their remote locations and their spontaneous nature. Seismology allows to get unique information on these events, including on their dynamics. However, the link between the properties of these events (mass and kinematics) and the seismic signals generated are still poorly understood. we conducted a controlled rockfall experiment in the Riou-Bourdoux torrent (South French Alps) to try to better decipher those links. We deployed a dense seismic network and inferred the dynamics of the block from the reconstruction of the 3D trajectory from terrestrial and airborne high-resolution stereo-photogrammetry. We propose a new approach based on machine learning to predict the mass and the velocity of each block. Our results show that we can predict those quantities with average errors of approximately 10 % for the velocity and 25 % for the mass. These accuracies are as good as or better than those obtained by other approaches, but our approach has the advantage of not requiring to localize the source and an a priori knowledge of the environment, nor of making a strong assumption on the seismic wave attenuation model. Finally, the machine learning approach allows us to explore more widely the correlations between the features of the seismic signal generated by the rockfalls and their physical properties, and might eventually lead to better constrain the physical models in the future.
Published: 2022

4. Synchrotron 4D X-Ray Imaging Reveals Strain Localization at the Onset of System-Size Failure in Porous Reservoir Rocks

Author: François Renard, Jessica McBeck, Jérôme Weiss, Dag Kristian Dysthe, Neelima Kandula, Benoit Cordonnier, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: Dilatant, PHASE CONTRAST, IN SITU AND REAL-TIME 3D MICROTOMOGRAPHY, PHASE CONTRAST MICROTOMOGRAPHY, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, IN SITU HIGH TEMPERATURE, Cataclastic rock, porous rocks, Geophysics, Shear (geology), Deformation mechanism, IN SITU EXPERIMENT, 3D TOMOGRAPHY, Geochemistry and Petrology, IN SITU, GEOLOGY, Deformation (engineering), Porosity, Shear band, X-ray tomography, Geology, brittle failure, Rock microstructure
Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms of strain localization leading to brittle failure in reservoir rocks can shed light on geomechanical processes such as porosity and permeability evolution during rock deformation, induced seismicity, fracturing, and subsidence in geological reservoirs. We perform triaxial compression tests on three types of porous reservoir rocks to reveal the local deformation mechanisms that control system-size failure. We deformed cylindrical samples of Adamswiller sandstone (23% porosity), Bentheim sandstone (23% porosity), and Anstrude limestone (20% porosity), using an X-ray transparent triaxial deformation apparatus. This apparatus enables the acquisition of three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray images, under in situ stress conditions. Analysis of the tomograms provide 3D distributions of the microfractures and dilatant pores from which we calculated the evolving macroporosity. Digital volume correlation analysis reveals the dominant strain localization mechanisms by providing the incremental strain components of pairs of tomograms. In the three rock types, damage localized as a single shear band or by the formation of conjugate bands at failure. The porosity evolution closely matches the evolution of the incremental strain components of dilation, contraction, and shear. With increasing confinement, the dominant strain in the sandstones shifts from dilative strain (Bentheim sandstone) to contractive strain (Adamswiller sandstone). Our study also links the formation of compactive shear bands with porosity variations in Anstrude limestone, which is characterized by a complex pore geometry. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the microscale mechanisms guiding strain localization are pore collapse and grain crushing in sandstones, and pore collapse, pore-emanated fractures and cataclasis in limestones. Our dynamic X-ray microtomography data brings unique insights on the correlation between the evolutions of rock microstructure, porosity evolution, and macroscopic strain during the approach to brittle failure in reservoir rocks.
Published: 2022

5. Honey bees and climate explain viral prevalence in wild bee communities on a continental scale

Author: Niels Piot, Oliver Schweiger, Ivan Meeus, Orlando Yañez, Lars Straub, Laura Villamar-Bouza, Pilar De la Rúa, Laura Jara, Carlos Ruiz, Martin Malmstrøm, Sandra Mustafa, Anders Nielsen, Marika Mänd, Reet Karise, Ivana Tlak-Gajger, Erkay Özgör, Nevin Keskin, Virginie Diévart, Anne Dalmon, Anna Gajda, Peter Neumann, Guy Smagghe, Peter Graystock, Rita Radzevičiūtė, Robert J. Paxton, Joachim R. de Miranda, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Universidad de Murcia, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), University of Zagreb, Cyprus International University, Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Abeilles et Environnement (AE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Imperial College London, Leipzig University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and European Project: COST
Subjects: Agriculture and Food Sciences, Viral epidemiology, PARASITES, Climate Change, Rain, Science, viruses, Virus-host interactions, ECOLOGY, complex mixtures, Article, BUMBLEBEES, BOMBUS-TERRESTRIS, Stress, Physiological, Animals, RNA Viruses, INFECTIOUS-DISEASES, TEMPERATURE, PATHOGENS, Multidisciplinary, 630 Agriculture, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, fungi, Temperature, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Bees, APIS-MELLIFERA L, viral prevalence, wild bees, honeybees, climate, Virus Diseases, Host-Pathogen Interactions, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Dicistroviridae, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Medicine, 590 Animals (Zoology), POPULATIONS, ACUTE PARALYSIS VIRUS, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Viruses are omnipresent, yet the knowledge on drivers of viral prevalence in wild host populations is often limited. Biotic factors, such as sympatric managed host species, as well as abiotic factors, such as climatic variables, are likely to impact viral prevalence. Managed and wild bees, which harbor several multi-host viruses with a mostly fecal–oral between-species transmission route, provide an excellent system with which to test for the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on viral prevalence in wild host populations. Here we show on a continental scale that the prevalence of three broad host viruses: the AKI-complex (Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus), Deformed wing virus, and Slow bee paralysis virus in wild bee populations (bumble bees and solitary bees) is positively related to viral prevalence of sympatric honey bees as well as being impacted by climatic variables. The former highlights the need for good beekeeping practices, including Varroa destructor management to reduce honey bee viral infection and hive placement. Furthermore, we found that viral prevalence in wild bees is at its lowest at the extreme ends of both temperature and precipitation ranges. Under predicted climate change, the frequency of extremes in precipitation and temperature will continue to increase and may hence impact viral prevalence in wild bee communities.
Published: 2022

6. The slip deficit on the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) in the Marmara Sea: insights from paleoseismicity, seismicity and geodetic data

Author: Murat Ersen Aksoy, Mustapha Meghraoui, Renaud Toussaint, Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: Seismic gap, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Seismic slip, North Anatolian Fault, FOS: Physical sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Slip (materials science), Induced seismicity, Fault (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Geophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Slip deficit, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geodetic datum, General Medicine, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), Moment (mathematics), Paleoseismicity, Earthquake catalogue, Seismology, Geology, Geodesy
Abstract: The North Anatolian Fault experienced large earthquakes with 250–400 years recurrence time. In the Marmara Sea region, the 1999 (Mw = 7.4) and the 1912 (Mw = 7.4) earthquake ruptures bound the Central Marmara Sea fault segment. Using historical-instrumental seismicity catalogue and paleoseismic results (≃ 2000-year database), the mapped fault segments, fault kinematic and GPS data, we compute the paleoseismic-seismic moment rate and geodetic moment rate. A clear discrepancy appears between the moment rates and implies a significant delay in the seismic slip along the fault in the Marmara Sea. The rich database allows us to identify and model the size of the seismic gap and related fault segment and estimate the moment rate deficit. Our modelling suggest that the locked Central Marmara Sea fault segment (even including a creeping section) bears a moment rate deficit $${\dot{M}}_{d}$$ = 6.4 × 1017 N.m./year that corresponds to Mw ≃ 7.4 for a future earthquake with an average ≃ 3.25 m coseismic slip. Taking into account the uncertainty in the strain accumulation along the 130-km-long Central fault segment, our estimate of the seismic slip deficit being ≃ 10 mm/year implies that the size of the future earthquake ranges between Mw = 7.4 and 7.5.
Published: 2021

7. Ecological ramifications of adaptation to size-selective mortality

Author: Beatriz Diaz Pauli, Anders Herland, Charlotte Evangelista, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Joakim Sandkjenn, Julia Dupeu, Jacques Meriguet, Eric Edeline, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), CEREEP-Ecotron Ile de France (UMS 3194), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Science, Foraging, Ecology, Conservation and Global Change Biology, Biology, Mesocosm, Predation, fisheries-induced, evolution, Ecosystem, community composition, intraspecific variability, Research Articles, reproductive and urinary physiology, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Ecology, fungi, population dynamic, Light intensity, Benthic zone, ecosystem functioning, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Adaptation
Abstract: Size-selective mortality due to harvesting is a threat to numerous exploited species, but how it affects the ecosystem remains largely unexplored. Here, we used a pond mesocosm experiment to assess how evolutionary responses to opposite size-selective mortality interacted with the environment (fish density and light intensity used as a proxy of resource availability) to modulate fish populations, prey community composition and ecosystem functions. We used medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) previously selected over 10 generations for small size (harvest-like selection; small-breeder line) or large size (large-breeder line), which displayed slow somatic growth and early maturity or fast somatic growth and late maturity, respectively. Large-breeder medaka produced more juveniles, which seemed to grow faster than small-breeder ones but only under high fish density. Additionally, large-breeder medaka had an increased impact on some benthic prey, suggesting expanded diet breadth and/or enhanced foraging abilities. As a consequence, increased light stimulated benthic algae biomass only in presence of large-breeder medaka, which were presumably better at controlling benthic grazers. Aggregated effect sizes at the community and ecosystem levels revealed that the ecological effects of medaka evolution were of similar magnitude to those induced by the environment and fish introduction. These findings indicate the important environmental dependency of evolutionary response to opposite size-selective mortality on higher levels of biological organizations.
Published: 2021

8. A Pulmonary Lactobacillus murinus Strain Induces Th17 and RORγt + Regulatory T Cells and Reduces Lung Inflammation in Tuberculosis

Author: Bernard-Raichon, Lucie, Colom, André, Monard, Sarah, Namouchi, Amine, Cescato, Margaux, Garnier, Hugo, Leon-Icaza, Stephen, Métais, Arnaud, Dumas, Alexia, Corral, Dan, Ghebrendrias, Natsinet, Guilloton, Pauline, Vérollet, Christel, Hudrisier, Denis, Remot, Aude, Langella, Philippe, Thomas, Muriel, Cougoule, Céline, Neyrolles, Olivier, Lugo-Villarino, Geanncarlo, Marín Franco, José Luis, Genoula, Melanie, Duette, Gabriel, Ferreyra, Malena, Maio, Mariano, Dolotowicz, María Belén, Aparicio-Trejo, Omar Emiliano, Patiño-Martínez, Eduardo, Charton, Alison, Fuentes, Federico, Soldan, Vanessa, Moraña, Eduardo José, Palmero, Domingo, Ostrowski, Matías, Schierloh, Pablo, Sánchez-Torres, Carmen, Hernández-Pando, Rogelio, Pedraza-Chaverri, José, Rombouts, Yoann, Layre, Emilie, Maridonneau-Parini, Isabelle, Sasiain, María del Carmen, Balboa, Luciana, Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CNRS, Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (DEQ2016 0334894, FDT201805005210), Fondation Bettencourt Schueller, ANR-15-CE15-0012,MMI-TB,Rôle du microbiome dans la réponse des macrophages à Mycobacterium tuberculosis: un programme de recherche intégrant le microbiote, le métabolisme et l'immunité(2015), ANR-18-CE15-0004,GENDER-TB,Bases immunologiques de la susceptibilité différentielle des genres à la tuberculose(2018), and European Project: 267196,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2010-COFUND,AGREENSKILLS(2012)
Subjects: Tuberculosis, Regulatory T cell, T cell, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Immunology, Inflammation, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunity, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Lung, biology, business.industry, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine.symptom, business, 030215 immunology
Abstract: The lungs harbor multiple resident microbial communities, otherwise known as the microbiota. There is an emerging interest in deciphering whether the pulmonary microbiota modulate local immunity, and whether this knowledge could shed light on mechanisms operating in the response to respiratory pathogens. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a pulmonary Lactobacillus strain to modulate the lung T cell compartment and assess its prophylactic potential upon infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis. In naive mice, we report that a Lactobacillus murinus (Lagilactobacillus murinus) strain (CNCM I-5314) increases the presence of lung Th17 cells and of a regulatory T cell (Treg) subset known as RORγt+ Tregs. In particular, intranasal but not intragastric administration of CNCM I-5314 increases the expansion of these lung leukocytes, suggesting a local rather than systemic effect. Resident Th17 and RORγt+ Tregs display an immunosuppressive phenotype that is accentuated by CNCM I-5314. Despite the well-known ability of M. tuberculosis to modulate lung immunity, the immunomodulatory effect by CNCM I-5314 is dominant, as Th17 and RORγt+ Tregs are still highly increased in the lung at 42-d postinfection. Importantly, CNCM I-5314 administration in M. tuberculosis–infected mice results in reduction of pulmonary inflammation, without increasing M. tuberculosis burden. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for an immunomodulatory capacity of CNCM I-5314 at steady state and in a model of chronic inflammation in which it can display a protective role, suggesting that L. murinus strains found in the lung may shape local T cells in mice and, perhaps, in humans.
Published: 2021

9. Implementation of relativistic coupled cluster theory for massively parallel GPU-accelerated computing architectures

Author: Loïc Halbert, Michal Repisky, Hans Jørgen Aa. Jensen, Lucas Visscher, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Dmitry I. Lyakh, André Severo Pereira Gomes, Johann V. Pototschnig, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Physico-Chimie Moléculaire Théorique (PCMT), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark, Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under ContractDE-AC05-00OR22725, French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, region Hauts de France council and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) project CPER CLIMIBIO, French national supercomputing facilities (grants DARI A0070801859 and Joliot Curie grands challenges 2019 gch0417)., MESONM International Associated Laboratory (LAI) (ANR-16-IDEX-0004), Austrian Science Fund(FWF):J 4177-N36, Research Council of Norway through a Center of Excellence Grant (Grant No. 262695), ANR-11-LABX-0005,Cappa,Physiques et Chimie de l'Environnement Atmosphérique(2011), ANR-19-CE29-0019,CompRIXS,Calcul de la diffusion inélastique résonante de rayons X pour toute la classification périodique(2019), ANR-16-IDEX-0004,ULNE,ULNE(2016), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Theoretical Chemistry, and AIMMS
Subjects: Computer science, Dirac (software), FOS: Physical sciences, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Article, Field (computer science), Computational science, Set (abstract data type), Software, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Point (geometry), SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Massively parallel, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), 010304 chemical physics, business.industry, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Coupled cluster, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], Relativistic quantum chemistry, business
Abstract: International audience; In this paper, we report a reimplementation of the core algorithms of relativistic coupled cluster theory aimed at modern heterogeneous high-performance computational infrastructures. The code is designed for efficient parallel execution on many compute nodes with optional GPU coprocessing, accomplished via the new ExaTENSOR back end. The resulting ExaCorr module is primarily intended for calculations of molecules with one or more heavy elements, as relativistic effects on electronic structure are included from the outset. In the current work, we thereby focus on exact 2-component methods and demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the software. The module can be used as a stand-alone program requiring a set of molecular orbital coefficients as starting point, but is also interfaced to the DIRAC program that can be used to generate these. We therefore also briefly discuss an improvement of the parallel computing aspects of the relativistic self-consistent field algorithm of the DIRAC program.
Published: 2021

10. Coupled-Cluster Theory Revisited

Author: Csirik, Mihaly Andras, Laestadius, Andre, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and Csirik, Mihaly Andras
Subjects: [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], [MATH.MATH-MP]Mathematics [math]/Mathematical Physics [math-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], [MATH.MATH-MP] Mathematics [math]/Mathematical Physics [math-ph], [MATH.MATH-NA] Mathematics [math]/Numerical Analysis [math.NA], [PHYS.QPHY] Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], [MATH.MATH-NA]Mathematics [math]/Numerical Analysis [math.NA], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph]
Abstract: We propose a comprehensive mathematical framework for Coupled-Cluster-type methods. These aim at accurately solving the many-body Schrödinger equation. The present work has two main aspects. First, we rigorously describe the discretization scheme involved in Coupled-Cluster methods using graph-based concepts. This allows us to discuss different methods in a unified and more transparent manner, including multireference methods. Second, we analyze the nonlinear equations of the single-reference Coupled-Cluster method using topological degree theory. We establish existence results and qualitative information about the solutions of these equations that also sheds light on some of the numerically observed behavior. For the truncated Coupled-Cluster method, we derive an energy error bound for approximate eigenstates of the Schrödinger equation.
Published: 2021

11. Detection of Carbonates in Martian Weathering Profiles

Author: Bultel, Benjamin, Viennet, Jean‐Christophe, Poulet, François, Carter, John, Werner, Stephanie C., Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle de Luxembourg (MNHN), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Martian, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Noachian, Weathering, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, CRISM, Astrobiology, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Martian surface, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Carbonate, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Noachian surfaces on Mars exhibit vertical assemblages of weathering horizons termed as weathering profiles; this indicates that surface water caused alteration of the rocks that required a different, warmer climate than today. Evidence of this early Martian climate with CO 2 vapor as the main component causing greenhouse warming has been challenged by the lack of carbonate in these profiles. Here we report the analysis of Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars L-detector data leading to the detections of carbonates using a spectral signature exclusively attributed to them. The carbonates are collocated with hydroxylated minerals in weathering profiles over the Martian surface. The origin of CO 2 for the formation of carbonates could be the atmosphere. The widespread distribution of weathering profiles with carbonates over the surface of the planet suggest global interactions between fluids containing carbonate/bicarbonate ions with the surface of Mars in the presence of atmospheric water until around 3.7 billion years ago. Plain Language Summary The oldest surface of Mars witnessed an impact of dense and humid atmosphere leading to the formation of hydrated minerals. The analysis of remote sensing data allows identifying carbonates mixed with the hydrated minerals. These associations of carbonates and hydrated minerals are widespread on the surface of the planet. This indicates a planetary-scale process of formation involving the presence of fluids containing inorganic carbon. This finding allows a better understanding of the environment of Mars during the period suspected to be the most likely to have host habitable environment on the planet.
Published: 2019

12. Anticlockwise metamorphic pressure–temperature paths and nappe stacking in the Reisa Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides, northern Norway: evidence for weakening of lower continental crust before and during continental collision

Author: C. Faber, H. Stünitz, D. Gasser, P. Jeřábek, K. Kraus, F. Corfu, E. K. Ravna, J. Konopásek, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Géodynamique - UMR7327, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Western Norway Research Institute [Sognda], Institute of Petrology and Structural Geology (IPSG), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental collision, Stratigraphy, Soil Science, Metamorphism, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Nappe, lcsh:Stratigraphy, Geochemistry and Petrology, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, lcsh:QE640-699, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Underplating, Subduction, Tectonostratigraphy, Continental crust, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Paleontology, Geology, Crust, lcsh:Geology, Geophysics
Abstract: This study investigates the tectonostratigraphy and metamorphic and tectonic evolution of the Caledonian Reisa Nappe Complex (RNC; from bottom to top: Vaddas, Kåfjord, and Nordmannvik nappes) in northern Troms, Norway. Structural data, phase equilibrium modelling, and U-Pb zircon and titanite geochronology are used to constrain the timing and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of deformation and metamorphism during nappe stacking that facilitated crustal thickening during continental collision. Five samples taken from different parts of the RNC reveal an anticlockwise P–T path attributed to the effects of early Silurian heating (D1) followed by thrusting (D2). At ca. 439 Ma during D1 the Nordmannvik Nappe reached the highest metamorphic conditions at ca. 780 ∘C and ∼9–11 kbar inducing kyanite-grade partial melting. At the same time the Kåfjord Nappe was at higher, colder, levels of the crust ca. 600 ∘C, 6–7 kbar and the Vaddas Nappe was intruded by gabbro at > 650 ∘C and ca. 6–9 kbar. The subsequent D2 shearing occurred at increasing pressure and decreasing temperatures ca. 700 ∘C and 9–11 kbar in the partially molten Nordmannvik Nappe, ca. 600 ∘C and 9–10 kbar in the Kåfjord Nappe, and ca. 640 ∘C and 12–13 kbar in the Vaddas Nappe. Multistage titanite growth in the Nordmannvik Nappe records this evolution through D1 and D2 between ca. 440 and 427 Ma, while titanite growth along the lower RNC boundary records D2 shearing at 432±6 Ma. It emerges that early Silurian heating (ca. 440 Ma) probably resulted from large-scale magma underplating and initiated partial melting that weakened the lower crust, which facilitated dismembering of the crust into individual thrust slices (nappe units). This tectonic style contrasts with subduction of mechanically strong continental crust to great depths as seen in, for example, the Western Gneiss Region further south.
Published: 2019

13. Generalization of Intrinsic Orbitals to Kramers-Paired Quaternion Spinors, Molecular Fragments, and Valence Virtual Spinors

Author: Souloke Sen, Michal Repisky, Bruno Senjean, Gerald Knizia, Lucas Visscher, Theoretical Chemistry, AIMMS, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institute for Theoretical Chemistry [Stuttgart], University of Stuttgart, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, VU University Amsterdam, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
Subjects: Physics, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), Spinor, Valence (chemistry), 010304 chemical physics, FOS: Physical sciences, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, Antibonding molecular orbital, 01 natural sciences, Quantum chemistry, Computer Science Applications, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Atomic orbital, Chemical bond, Quantum mechanics, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Molecular orbital, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Relativistic quantum chemistry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00964. Localization of molecular orbitals finds its importance in the representation of chemical bonding (and antibonding) and in the local correlation treatments beyond mean-field approximation. In this paper, we generalize the intrinsic atomic and bonding orbitals [G. Knizia, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2013, 9, 11, 4834–4843] to relativistic applications using complex and quaternion spinors, as well as to molecular fragments instead of atomic fragments only. By performing a singular value decomposition, we show how localized valence virtual orbitals can be expressed on this intrinsic minimal basis. We demonstrate our method on systems of increasing complexity, starting from simple cases such as benzene, acrylic acid, and ferrocene molecules, and then demonstrate the use of molecular fragments and inclusion of relativistic effects for complexes containing heavy elements such as tellurium, iridium, and astatine. The aforementioned scheme is implemented into a standalone program interfaced with several different quantum chemistry packages.
Published: 2021

14. Decrypting Magnetic Fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM) Through the Analysis of Mineral Shape Fabrics and Distribution Anisotropy

Author: J. Octavio Palma, Øyvind Hammer, Tobias Mattsson, Bjarne Almqvist, Olivier Galland, Steffi Burchardt, Benoît Petri, William McCarthy, University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry, Department of Geological Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [University St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland], Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo [La Plata] (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Geochemistry, 01 natural sciences, AARM, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), AMS, Anisotropy, Planète et Univers [physics]/Sciences de la Terre, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Distribution Anisotropy, GE, Mineral, Geofysik, DAS, MicroXCT, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Research council, Geology, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: The fieldwork was supported by the DIPS project (grant no. 240467) and the MIMES project (grant no. 244155) funded by the Norwegian Research Council awarded to O.G. O.P.'s position was funded from Y-TEC. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AARM and AIRM) are efficient and versatile techniques to indirectly determine rock fabrics. Yet, deciphering the source of a magnetic fabric remains a crucial and challenging step, notably in the presence of ferrimagnetic phases. Here we use X-ray micro-computed tomography to directly compare mineral shape-preferred orientation and spatial distribution fabrics to AMS, AARM and AIRM fabrics from five hypabyssal trachyandesite samples. Magnetite grains in the trachyandesite are euhedral with a mean aspect ratio of 1.44 (0.24 s.d., long/short axis), and > 50% of the magnetite grains occur in clusters, and they are therefore prone to interact magnetically. Amphibole grains are prolate with magnetite in breakdown rims. We identified three components of the petrofabric that influence the AMS of the analyzed samples: the magnetite and the amphibole shape fabrics and the magnetite spatial distribution. Depending on their relative strength, orientation and shape, these three components interfere either constructively or destructively to produce the AMS fabric. If the three components are coaxial, the result is a relatively strongly anisotropic AMS fabric (P’ = 1.079). If shape fabrics and/or magnetite distribution are non-coaxial, the resulting AMS is weakly anisotropic (P’ = 1.012). This study thus reports quantitative petrofabric data that show the effect of magnetite distribution anisotropy on magnetic fabrics in igneous rocks, which has so far only been predicted by experimental and theoretical models. Our results have first-order implications for the interpretation of petrofabrics using magnetic methods. Publisher PDF
Published: 2021

15. Discharge of a 2D magnetic silo

Author: Knut Jørgen Måløy, Louison Thorens, Mickaël Bourgoin, Stéphane Santucci, Maud Viallet, PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, M.A. Aguirre, S. Luding, L.A. Pugnaloni, R. Soto, and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Plane (geometry), Physics, QC1-999, [PHYS.MECA]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics], 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Volumetric flow rate, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Sphere packing, Amplitude, Ferromagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, Silo, Perpendicular, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics
Abstract: International audience; We investigate both experimentally and theoretically the apparent mass of a ferromagnetic granular assembly filling a cylindrical container and submitted to a magnetic field B, aligned vertically along the silo. We show that the mass of the ferromagnetic granular column depends strongly on the applied magnetic field. Notably, our measurements deviate strongly from the exponential saturation of the measured mass as a function of the true mass of the grain packing, as predicted by Janssen [H.A. Janssen, Vereins Eutscher Ingenieure Zeitschrift, 1045 (1895)]. In particular, the measured mass of tall columns decreases systematically as the amplitude of the magnetic field increases. We rationalize our experimental findings by considering the induced magnetic dipole-dipole interactions within the whole packing. We show the emergence of a global magnetic radial force along the walls of the silos, fully determined by the external magnetic field. The resulting tunable frictional interactions allows a full control of the effective mass of the ferromagnetic granular column.
Published: 2021

16. Temperature dependence of $^1H$ paramagnetic chemical shifts in actinide complexes, beyond Bleaney's theory: The An$^{VI}$O$_2^{2+}$ – Dipicolinic AcidcComplexes (An=Np, Pu) as an Example

Author: Autillo, Matthieu, Islam, Md. Ashraful, Héron, Julie, Guérin, Laetitia, Acher, Eléonor, Tamain, Christelle, Illy, Marie-Claire, Moisy, Philippe, Colineau, Eric, Griveau, Jean-Christophe, Berthon, Claude, Bolvin, Hélène, Commission des méthodes d'analyse du CEA (CETAMA), Département de recherche sur les procédés pour la mine et le recyclage du combustible (DMRC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Systèmes étendus et magnétisme (LCPQ) (SEM), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Karlsruhe] (JRC), ANR-17-CE06-0010,ACTIpNMR,déplacements de RMN paramagnétiques pour les actinides : au délà du modèle des lanthanides(2017), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques Laboratoire (LCPQ), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche « Matière et interactions » (FeRMI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry
Abstract: International audience; Actinide +VI complexes (An$^{VI}$ = U$^{VI}$, Np$^{VI}$ and Pu$^{VI}$) with dipicolinic acid derivatives were synthesized and characterized bypowder XRD, SQUID magnetometry and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, Np$^{VI}$ and Pu$^{VI}$ complexes were described by first principles CAS based and two-component spin-restricted DFT methods. The analysis of the $^1$H paramagnetic NMR chemical shifts for all protons of the ligands according to the X-rays structures shows that the Fermi contact contribution is negligible in agreement with spin density determined by unrestricted DFT. The magnetic susceptibility tensor is determined by combining SQUID, pNMR shifts and Evans’ method. The SO-RASPT2 results fit well the experimental magnetic susceptibility and pNMR chemical shifts. The role of the counterions in the solid phase is pointed out; their presence impacts the magneticproperties of the Np$^{VI}$ complex. The temperature dependence of the pNMR chemical shifts has a strong 1/$T$ contribution, contrarily to Bleaney’s theory for lanthanide complexes. The fitting of the temperature dependence of the pNMR chemical shifts and SQUID magnetic susceptibility by a two-Kramers-doublet model for the Np$^{VI}$ complex and a non-Kramers-doublet model for the Pu$^{VI}$ complex allows for the experimental evaluation of energy gaps and magnetic moments of the paramagnetic center
Published: 2021

17. Magnetic Janssen effect

Author: Stéphane Santucci, L Thorens, Knut Jørgen Måløy, Mickaël Bourgoin, PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Mechanical properties, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Magnetic properties and materials, 0103 physical sciences, Silo, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Saturation (magnetic), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Rest (physics), Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Magnetic field, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Amplitude, Ferromagnetism, 0210 nano-technology, Pile
Abstract: A pile of grains, even when at rest in a silo, can display fascinating properties. One of the most celebrated is the Janssen effect, named after the pioneering engineer who explained the pressure saturation at the bottom of a container filled with corn. This surprising behavior arises because of frictional interactions between the grains through a disordered network of contacts, and the vessel lateral walls, which partially support the weight of the column, decreasing its apparent mass. Here, we demonstrate control over frictional interactions using ferromagnetic grains and an external magnetic field. We show that the anisotropic pairwise interactions between magnetized grains result in a radial force along the walls, whose amplitude and direction is fully determined by the applied magnetic field. Such magnetic Janssen effect allows for the fine tuning of the granular column apparent mass. Our findings pave the way towards the design of functional jammed materials in confined geometries, via a further control of both their static and dynamic properties., The Janssen effect refers to the saturation of the apparent mass of a column of granular material, due to friction with the boundary of the column. Here, using ferromagnetic beads, Thorens et al. succeed in controlling the apparent mass of the column via an applied magnetic field.
Published: 2021

18. Multi-GPU based 3D numerical modeling of fluid migration and clay dehydration influence on Lusi hydrothermal activity (Java, Indonesia)

Author: Reza Sohrabi, Benjamin Malvoisin, Stephen A. Miller, Adriano Mazzini, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])
Subjects: 3D numerical modeling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, High-Performance Computing (HPC), Hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal system, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Porosity, Petrology, education, Geothermal gradient, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, Liquefaction, Permeability (earth sciences), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Magma, Outflow, Geology, Lusi
Abstract: International audience; The Lusi mud eruption in East Java has been active since May 2006. Magma emplacement at depth, clay dehydration, and mud liquefaction during seismic wave propagation have been invoked as mechanisms fueling this eruption. However, the respective roles of these processes are still poorly constrained. In this focused study, we numerically investigate the influence of clay dehydration, mass and heat transport on fluid outflow at the Lusi site using a fully coupled 3D model for this active system. Using a multi-GPU parallel processing algorithm, we propose an estimate of the 3D time evolution of pressure, temperature, porosity, permeability and water liberation in a large-scale (9 km - 14 km - 5.5 km) deep hydrothermal system at high-resolution. Simulations indicate that high-pressure fluids generated by dehydration reactions are sufficient to induce hydro-fractures that would significantly influence the porosity and permeability structures. Dehydration is an essential component for understanding the Lusi system, because the fluids generated contribute to the outflow and may have a considerable impact for the maintenance of the infrastructure required to keep the Lusi site safe. High-Performance Computing (HPC) offers high-resolution simulations for studying time evolution of such natural systems, and potentially for geothermal resource development for the surrounding population.
Published: 2021

19. 31 P Chemical Shifts in Ru(II) Phosphine Complexes. A Computational Study of the Influence of the Coordination Sphere

Author: Christophe Raynaud, Odile Eisenstein, Eliott Norbert-Agaisse, Brian R. James, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Department of Chemistry [Vancouver] (UBC Chemistry), University of British Columbia (UBC), Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: Denticity, Coordination sphere, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Ligand, Chemical shift, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Bond length, Chemical species, Crystallography, Density functional theory, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Natural bond orbital
Abstract: International audience; NMR chemical shift has been the most versatile marker of chemical structures, by reflecting global and local electronic structures, and is very sensitive to any change within the chemical species. In this work, a set of Ru(II) complexes with the same five ligands and a variable 6 th ligand L (none, H2O, H2S, CH3SH, H2, N2, N2O, NO + , C=CHPh, and CO) is studied, using as the NMR reporter, the phosphorus PA of a coordinated bidentate PAN ligand (PAN = o-diphenylphosphino-N,N'dimethylaniline). The chemical shift of PA in RuCl2(PAN)(PR3)(L) (R = phenyl, p-tolyl or p-FC6H4) was shown to increase as the RuPA bond distance decreases, an observation that was not rationalized. This work, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reproduces reasonably well the observed 31 P chemical shifts for these complexes, and the correlation between the shifts and the RuPA bond distance as L varies. An interpretation of this correlation is proposed using a Natural Chemical Shift (NCS) analysis based on the Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) method. This analysis of the principal components of the chemical shift tensors shows how the s-donating properties of L have a particularly high influence on the phosphine chemical shifts.
Published: 2020

20. Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library project: 2. building a laboratory facility for MicrOmega characterization

Author: Damien Loizeau, Lionel Meslier-Lourit, J. P. Bibring, François Poulet, Guillaume Lequertier, Cedric Pilorget, Stephanie C. Werner, Vincent Hamm, Cateline Lantz, Fernando Rull, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), and University of Valladolid
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Computer science, Natural Earth, Hyperspectral imaging, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Characterization (materials science), Laboratory facility, Spectral database, Space and Planetary Science, Flight model, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Multiple spectroscopic techniques have been selected on previous, present and forthcoming missions to explore planetary surfaces in the Solar System. In particular, forthcoming ESA/Roscosmos and NASA missions to the surface of Mars will bring instruments capable of near-infrared (NIR), Raman and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopies to analyze the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks. The PTAL (Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library) project aims at building a multi-instrument spectral database of a large variety of natural Earth rock samples, including Mars analogues. The NIR hyperspectral microscope MicrOmega was selected to characterize the mineralogy of these analogues within the PTAL project. The instrument model used for the PTAL project is a spare flight model that requires specific care. For the safety of the instrument, and because of the large number of samples in the PTAL library and the requirement to optimize the observational conditions, a dedicated and semiautomated setup was built for the use of the MicrOmega instrument for this project. This paper presents the requirements specified for this setup, the technical solutions that have been selected, their implementation and the performances of the setup. Sample preparation and operations during sample observations are explained, and a characterization example is presented to briefly illustrate the capabilities of MicrOmega in this setup. The complete results from the MicrOmega characterizations of the PTAL rock analogues will be presented in a forthcoming paper (Loizeau et al. in prep).
Published: 2020

21. Location Is Everything, but Climate Gets a Share: Analyzing Small-Scale Environmental Influences on Breeding Success in the White-Throated Dipper

Author: Anna L. K. Nilsson, Trond Reitan, Thomas Skaugen, Jan Henning L’Abée-Lund, Marlène Gamelon, Kurt Jerstad, Ole Wiggo Røstad, Tore Slagsvold, Nils C. Stenseth, L. Asbjørn Vøllestad, Bjørn Walseng, Uppsala University, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Polar Institute, Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Avian clutch size, clutch size, Cinclus cinclus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Evolution, hydrology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Freshwater ecosystem, habitat quality, brood size, lcsh:QH540-549.5, lcsh:QH359-425, Keystone species, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, biology, Reproductive success, Ecology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Brood, 010601 ecology, Habitat, 13. Climate action, polygamy, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Ecological and evolutionary effects of environmental variation on wild populations are of particular interest in a changing world. Large-scale environmental indices are classically used as environmental explanatory variables to study climate change effects on wild populations. However, these measures neglect the fact that individuals are affected by the local conditions in their home ranges. Freshwater ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change induced alterations in precipitation and discharge affecting lower trophic level prey and cascading up the food chain to impact keystone species. Here, we study how small-scale environmental variation at the level of each territory affects fitness-related traits and in particular reproductive success in the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus, a bird dependent on aquatic prey. We take advantage of a long-term study of breeding dippers in a natural river system in Norway (1978–2015). We relate daily river discharge and other important hydrological and territory location variables to clutch and brood size simultaneously, while accounting for male and female age, polygyny, and population density. We also address uncertainty in estimates of both clutch and brood size when modeling reproductive success. The most influential variable overall was the altitudinal gradient, where birds breeding at higher altitudes laid fewer eggs and fledged fewer young. Clutch size decreased with increased population density and high temperatures, while it was positively affected by female age. Brood size varied greatly among territories, where some territories had consistently larger broods than others. Increased minimum and maximum temperatures, river discharge above 10 l/s and increased variability in snow depth had a positive effect on brood size, whereas polygyny had a negative effect. In conclusion, territory-specific variables explained a large amount of the variation in the reproductive output in the dipper, emphasizing the importance of the local habitat, and not only climatic variation, in a keystone species in freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2020 Nilsson, Reitan, Skaugen, L’Abée-Lund, Gamelon, Jerstad, Røstad, Slagsvold, Stenseth, Vøllestad and Walseng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Published: 2020
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22. Density-dependent consequences of size-selective induced life-history changes to population fitness in medaka ( Oryzias latipes )

Author: Charlotte Evangelista, Beatriz Diaz Pauli, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Eric Edeline, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), University of Bergen (UiB), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Council of Norwaymobility program from the RCNIDEX SUPER Region Bretagne, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, education.field_of_study, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Oryzias, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Persistence (computer science), Density dependent, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Life history, Size selective, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: There is an increasing concern about the potential for size-selective harvest to impair population persistence. Yet little is known about the relative contribution of the evolutionary (shifts in life history) and demographic effects (decreased population density and size truncation) of harvesting to changes in fitness. Using medaka (Oryzias latipes), we experimentally investigated the fitness consequences of antagonistic size-dependent selection under contrasted levels of density (low versus high) and size structure (uniform versus truncated). The size-dependent selection generated large- and small-breeder lines with fast growth and late maturity versus slow growth and early maturity life histories, respectively. A decrease in density had a positive effect on almost all fitness components, while size truncation only had a positive effect on fish growth. Small-breeder fish grew slower and had a greater probability of reproducing, at least when considering small-sized females. The number of larvae and juveniles did not differ between the two lines. Finally, the positive effect of decreased density on population asymptotic growth rate was less pronounced in small-breeders than in large-breeders of medaka. These findings stress the importance of considering the ramifications of fishing-adapted life history to population persistence in the light of density-dependent population dynamics.
Published: 2020

23. Nano-scale earthquake records preserved in plagioclase microfractures from the lower continental crust

Author: Petley-Ragan, Arianne J., Plümper, Oliver, Ildefonse, Benoit, Jamtveit, Bjørn, Structural geology and EM, Structural geology & tectonics, Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Structural geology and EM, and Structural geology & tectonics
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Metamorphic rock, Stratigraphy, Soil Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, engineering.material, Fault (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Feldspar, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, Plagioclase, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wall rock, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, QE1-996.5, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental crust, Palaeontology, Paleontology, Crust, Geology, Granulite, QE640-699, Geophysics, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering
Abstract: Seismic faulting causes wall rock damage driven by both mechanical stress and thermal energy. In the lower crust, coseismic damage has important implications for wall rock permeability, the progress of subsequent fluid-driven metamorphic reactions, and rock rheology. Wall rock microstructures reveal high-stress conditions near the slip surface during lower crustal earthquakes, however, there is limited documentation on the thermal effect. Here, we present a transmission electron microscopy study of coseismic microfractures in plagioclase feldspar from lower crustal granulites from the Bergen Arcs, Western Norway. Focused ion beam foils are collected 1.25 mm and 1.8 cm from a 2 mm thick eclogite facies pseudotachylyte vein. Dislocation-free plagioclase aggregates fill the microfractures and record a history of recovery from a short-lived high stress-temperature (σ-T) state caused by seismic slip and frictional melting along the nearby fault surface. The plagioclase aggregates retain the crystallographic orientation of the host rock and shape preferred orientation relative to the fault slip surface. We propose that plagioclase partially amorphized along the microfractures at peak stress conditions followed by repolymerization to form dislocation-free grain aggregates within the timeframe of pseudotachylyte formation. The heat from the slip surface dissipated into the wall rock causing a short-lived temperature peak. Subsequent cooling led to exsolution of intermediate plagioclase compositions by spinodal decomposition within a few millimeters distance to the fault surface. Our findings provide microstructural evidence for the high σ-T conditions that are expected in the proximity of seismic faults, highlighting the importance of micro- and nanostructures for the understanding of earthquakes ruptures.
Published: 2020

24. Mud Flow Levitation on Mars: Insights from Laboratory Simulations

Author: Adriano Mazzini, M. E. Sylvest, N.T. Mueller, Susan J. Conway, Petr Brož, Ernst Hauber, Manish R. Patel, J. Raack, Matthew R. Balme, Ondřej Krýza, Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IG / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Open University (School of Physical Sciences), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: sedimentary volcanism, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mars, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, analogue experiments, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Geochemistry and Petrology, Latent heat, Boiling, Martian surface, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), levitation, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Martian, Atmospheric pressure, Mars Exploration Program, Frost boil, low pressure chamber, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Mudflow, mud flow, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Sediment mobilisation occurring at depth and ultimately manifesting at the surface, is a process which may have operated on Mars. However, the propagation behaviour of this mixture of water and sediments (hereafter simply referred to as mud) over the martian surface, remains uncertain. Although most of the martian surface is below freezing today, locally warmer surface temperatures do occur, and our current knowledge suggests that similar conditions prevailed in the recent past. Here, we present the results of experiments performed inside a low pressure chamber to investigate mud propagation over a warm (~295 K) unconsolidated sand surface under martian atmospheric pressure conditions (~7 mbar). Results show that the mud boils while flowing over the warm surface. The gas released during this process can displace the underlying sand particles and hence erode part of the substrate. This "entrenched" flow can act as a platform for further mud propagation over the surface. The escaping gas causes intermittent levitation of the mud resulting in enhanced flow rates. The mud flow morphologies produced by these phenomena differ from those produced when mud flows over a frozen martian surface as well as from their terrestrial counterparts. The intense boiling removes the latent heat both from the mud and the subsurface, meaning that the mud flow would eventually start to freeze and hence changing again the way it propagates. The diverse morphology expressed by our experimental mudflows implies that caution should be exercised when interpreting flow features on the surface of Mars and other celestial bodies.
Published: 2020

25. 'Oumuamua as a Cometary Fractal Aggregate: the 'Dust Bunny' Model

Author: Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Renaud Toussaint, Jane Luu, Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Comet, Dust particles, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Fractal, 0103 physical sciences, Low density, Comets, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Oort cloud objects, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 'oumuamua, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, asteroid, interstellar, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Aggregate (data warehouse), Astronomy and Astrophysics, comae, Accretion (astrophysics), Radiation pressure, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract: International audience; The first known interstellar object, 1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua, displayed such unusual properties that its origin remains a subject of much debate. We propose that 'Oumuamua's properties could be explained as those of a fractal dust aggregate (a "dust bunny") formed in the inner coma of a fragmenting exo-Oort cloud comet. Such fragments could serve as accretion sites by accumulating dust particles, resulting in the formation of a fractal aggregate. The fractal aggregate eventually breaks off from the fragment due to hydrodynamic stress. With their low density and tenuously bound orbits, most of these cometary fractal aggregates are then ejected into interstellar space by radiation pressure.
Published: 2020

26. P Wave Anisotropy Caused by Partial Eclogitization of Descending Crust Demonstrated by Modeling Effective Petrophysical Properties

Author: Timm John, Frederik Tilmann, Torgeir B. Andersen, Sascha Zertani, Loïc Labrousse, Johannes C. Vrijmoed, Institute of Geological Sciences [Berlin], Department of Earth Sciences [Berlin], Free University of Berlin (FU)-Free University of Berlin (FU), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Seismic anisotropy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Tectonics and Structure, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, P wave anisotropy, Geochemistry and Petrology, eclogitization, Convergent boundary, descending crust, Anisotropy, Eclogitization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Subduction, P wave, Crust, Geophysics, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Tectonics and Structure, Geology
Abstract: Eclogitization occurs deep in subduction and collision zones inaccessible to direct observation. Field-based studies dealing with crustal material previously transformed at eclogite-facies conditions and exhumed to the surface provide information from the micro scale up to a few kilometers. On the other hand, geophysical methods aim at imaging the ongoing processes in-situ. However, these methods are limited by the achievable resolution and typically only sensitive to structures a few kilometers in size, leaving a large gap between the scales at which observations are interpreted. In this study we try to discern the implications of structures mapped in field-based studies to interpretations of geophysical imaging. We therefore calculated effective anisotropic P wave velocities for a suite of representative structural associations using the finite element method. The structural associations are directly extracted from observations of partially eclogitized assemblages on the island of Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs of western Norway. Physical properties of the constituting lithologies are taken from laboratory measurements of the same rocks and the calculations are performed on a variety of scales, from the 20-m scale up to the kilometer scale to be able to predict how the effective seismic properties change with varying scale. Our results show that the P wave velocity of the effective medium is solely controlled by the volumetric fraction of the constituting lithologies and their elastic properties. We find that the structural relationship of the different lithologies has no significant influence on the resulting seismic velocities. P wave anisotropy, however, is controlled by the constituting lithology with the highest initial anisotropy and to a lesser extent by the modal abundance of the different lithologies. Further, our results show that seismic anisotropy is largely transferable across scales validating the assumptions often made when measuring seismic velocities on centimeter-sized sample volumes. On the kilometer scale, a scale that is potentially resolvable by geophysical methods, our results show that an eclogite-facies shear zone network such as the one exposed on Holsnøy would indeed produce a significant P wave anisotropy on a crustal scale. This anisotropy is produced by the eclogite-facies shear zones themselves even though eclogites are typically considered to be low-anisotropy rocks. Comparison of our results with active settings of continental collision and subduction zones reveals that eclogite-facies shear zones have the potential to produce a significant backazimuthal bias of the retrieved signal in geophysical imaging and underline the significance of seismic anisotropy as a tool to further increase the sensitivity of seismological methods to lithological variations.
Published: 2020

27. Competition between slow slip and damage on and off faults revealed in 4D synchrotron imaging experiments

Author: François Renard, Jessica McBeck, Benoit Cordonnier, Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental crust, Slip (materials science), Surface finish, Aseismic creep, Fault (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Catastrophic failure, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Differential stress, Geology, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Wall rock
Abstract: In the continental crust, faults may accommodate deformation through aseismic creep, slow slip events, or seismic slips that produce dynamic damage, or a combination of these endmembers. A variety of parameters controls the occurrence of these mechanical behaviors. In a series of laboratory experiments, we image centimeter-scale faults during sliding under in situ conditions. We perform four experiments of slip on centimeter-scale crystalline rock samples prepared with a saw-cut interface at 45° from the direction to the maximum compressive stress and at stress conditions of 2–3 km depth. We image fault slip and off-fault fracture development using 4D synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Three faults have an initial rough interface, and deformation occurs with increasing differential stress by a combination of slow slip events and off-fault damage, until catastrophic failure and the formation of new faults. Conversely, the pre-cut fault with a smooth initial surface deforms mainly by slow slip, develops numerous striations along its slip plane, and no microfractures are detected in the wall rock. Our experiments reproduce aseismic and seismic faulting behavior, and demonstrate that the roughness of the fault plane is one of the parameters that control the transition between these two behaviors. A fault with a rougher interface may tend to develop more off-fault damage and seismic behavior. For the rough fault experiments, the secondary faulting occurs along a network of faults oriented at high angles from the pre-existing saw-cut plane, a behavior similar to several earthquake sequences that occurred along orthogonal faults.
Published: 2020

28. The DIRAC code for relativistic molecular calculations

Author: Joost N. P. van Stralen, Jon K. Laerdahl, Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen, Hans Jørgen Aagaard Jensen, André Severo Pereira Gomes, Bruno Senjean, Ephraim Eliav, Marta L. Vidal, Stefan Knecht, Małgorzata Olejniczak, Erik D. Hedegård, Kenneth G. Dyall, Malaya K. Nayak, Radovan Bast, Miroslav Iliaš, Roberto Di Remigio, A. Sunaga, Ignacio Agustín Aucar, Elke Faßhauer, Benjamin Helmich-Paris, Trond Saue, Avijit Shee, Timo Fleig, Lucas Visscher, Markus Pernpointner, Christoph R. Jacob, Loïc Halbert, Groupe Méthodes et outils de la chimie quantique (LCPQ) (GMO), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry [Tromsø], University of Tromsø (UiT)-University of Tromsø (UiT), Physico-Chimie Moléculaire Théorique (PCMT), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica (CONICET), Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences (Hylleraas), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Dirac Solutions, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Aarhus], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Coal Research), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University (UMB), Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry [Braunschweig], Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie (ETH-LPC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw (UW), Kybeidos GmbH, Instituut Lorentz (INSTITUUT LORENTZ), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Department of Chemistry [Michigan], Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System-Michigan State University System, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo Metropolitan University [Tokyo] (TMU), French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, region Hauts de France council, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) project CPER CLIMIBIO, Slovak Research and Development Agency and the Scientific Grant Agency, APVV19-0164 and VEGA 1/0562/20, respectively., Financial support from the European Commission (MetEmbed, Project No. 745967) and the Villum Foundation (Young Investigator Program, Grant No. 29412), Financial support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant No. 17J02767, and JSPS Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers, Grant No. 201880193., Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)., Funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through various programs, This research used resources of the High Performance Computing Center of the Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica using the HPC infrastructureacquired in Project Nos. ITMS 26230120002 and 26210120002 (Slovak Infrastructure for High Performance Computing) supported by the Research and Development Operational Programme funded by the ERDF, Support by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme, Project No. 262695, and through its Mobility Grant scheme, Project No. 261873., Support of the Polish National Science Centre (Grant No. 2016/23/D/ST4/03217)., Support from CONICET by Grant No. PIP 112-20130100361 and FONCYT by Grant No. PICT 2016-2936, Financial support from the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence scheme(Project No. 262695)., ANR-16-IDEX-0004,ULNE,ULNE(2016), ANR-11-LABX-0005,Cappa,Physiques et Chimie de l'Environnement Atmosphérique(2011), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Universiteit Leiden, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Matej Bel University, Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Theoretical Chemistry, AIMMS, Groupe Méthodes et outils de la chimie quantique (LCPQ) [GMO], Physico-Chimie Moléculaire Théorique [PCMT], and Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie [ETH-LPC]
Subjects: Física Atómica, Molecular y Química, MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, Field (physics), Ciencias Físicas, Implicit solvation, Dirac (software), ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Polarizable continuum model, QUANTUM CHEMISTRY SOFTWARE, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Theoretical physics, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Physics::Chemical Physics, Physics, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, 010304 chemical physics, RELATIVISTIC MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS, Multireference configuration interaction, Propagator, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Coupled cluster, Embedding, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract: DIRAC is a freely distributed general-purpose program system for 1-, 2- and 4-component relativistic molecular calculations at the level of Hartree--Fock, Kohn--Sham (including range-separated theory), multiconfigurational self-consistent-field, multireference configuration interaction, coupled cluster and electron propagator theory. At the self-consistent-field level a highly original scheme, based on quaternion algebra, is implemented for the treatment of both spatial and time reversal symmetry. DIRAC features a very general module for the calculation of molecular properties that to a large extent may be defined by the user and further analyzed through a powerful visualization module. It allows the inclusion of environmental effects through three different classes of increasingly sophisticated embedding approaches: the implicit solvation polarizable continuum model, the explicit polarizable embedding, and frozen density embedding models. DIRAC was one of the earliest codes for relativistic molecular calculations and remains a reference in its field., The following article has been submitted to The Journal of Chemical Physics. After it is published, it will be found at https://aip.scitation.org/toc/jcp/current
Published: 2020

29. Dissolution Phase Diagram in Radial Geometry

Author: Eirik Grude Flekkøy, Knut Jørgen Måløy, Piotr Szymczak, Renaud Toussaint, Le Xu, PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Institute of Theoretical Physics [Warsaw], Faculty of Physics [Warsaw] (FUW), University of Warsaw (UW)-University of Warsaw (UW), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Materials Science (miscellaneous), Flow (psychology), Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, dissolution, Geometry, 01 natural sciences, Instability, 0103 physical sciences, reaction-infiltration, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, Dissolution, Mathematical Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Phase diagram, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Hele-Shaw cell, lcsh:QC1-999, phase diagram, Damköhler numbers, instability, Hele-Shaw flow, Fracture (geology), Porous medium, lcsh:Physics
Abstract: International audience; Fractures play an important role as flow paths in porous media. When an undersaturated reactive fluid is flowing in a fracture, the dissolution process will alter the flow paths locally. Dissolution patterns grow slowly, but they may lead to a dramatic reorganization of the flow. Here, we study dissolution in a radial geometry, which is relevant for a number of practical applications, e.g., the acidization of oil reservoirs. Different dissolution patterns are presented in a phase diagram with the Péclet and Damköhler numbers as parameters. We also analyze quantitatively the density of wormholes and the relation between the aperture roughness and the ramified patterns.
Published: 2020

30. Ecosystem consequences of multi-trait response to environmental changes in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes

Author: Beatriz Diaz Pauli, Eric Edeline, Charlotte Evangelista, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Research Council of Norway
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, media_common.quotation_subject, growth, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, intraspecific biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, Predation, Mesocosm, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ecosystem processes, Nature and Landscape Conservation, media_common, Boldness, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, Interspecific competition, stoichiometric traits, behaviour, Light intensity, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, community structure, Research Article
Abstract: Intraspecific trait variation has large effects on the ecosystem and is greatly affected by human activities. To date, most studies focused on single-trait analyses, while considering multiple traits is expected to better predict how an individual interacts with its environment. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment with fish Oryzias latipes to test whether individual growth, boldness and functional traits (feeding rate and stoichiometric traits) formed one functional pace-of-life syndrome (POLS). We then tested the effects of among-individual mean and variance of fish functional POLSs within mesocosms on invertebrate community (e.g. zoobenthos and zooplankton abundances) and ecosystem processes (e.g. ecosystem metabolism, algae stock, nutrient concentrations). Stoichiometric traits correlated with somatic growth and behaviours, forming two independent functional POLS (i.e. two major covariance axes). Mean values of the first syndrome were sex- and environment-dependent and were associated with (i) long-term (10 generations; 4 years) selection for small or large body size resulting in contrasting life histories and (ii) short-term (6 weeks) effects of experimental treatments on resource availability (through manipulation of light intensity and interspecific competition). Specifically, females and individuals from populations selected for a small body size presented fast functional POLS with faster growth rate, higher carbon body content and lower boldness. Individuals exposed to low resources (low light and high competition) displayed a slow functional POLS. Higher mesocosm mean and variance values in the second functional POLS (i.e. high feeding rate, high carbon:nitrogen body ratio, low ammonium excretion rate) were associated to decreased prey abundances, but did not affect any of the ecosystem processes. We highlighted the presence of functional multi-trait covariation in medaka, which were affected by sex, long-term selection history and short-term environmental conditions, that ultimately had cascading ecological consequences. We stressed the need for applying this approach to better predict ecosystem response to anthropogenic global changes.
Published: 2020

31. Pastoralism increased vulnerability of a subalpine catchment to flood hazard through changing soil properties

Author: Bajard, Manon, Poulenard, Jérôme, Sabatier, Pierre, Bertrand, Yann, Crouzet, Christian, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Blanchet, Claire, Messager, Erwan, Giguet-Covex, Charline, Gielly, Ludovic, Rioux, Delphine, Chen, Wentao, Malet, Emmanuel, Develle, Anne-Lise, Arnaud, Fabien, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali = Department of Materials Science [Milano-Bicocca], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Pedogenesis, Erodibility, Weathering, Climate, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Pastoralism, Lake sediments
Abstract: International audience; Soil erosion is strongly linked to both precipitation patterns and land-use. We examine the effects of erosion and its drivers (i.e. human or/and climate) on soil evolution from the study of lacustrine archives in the northern French Alps. Multi-proxy analyses of the Lake Gers sediment sequence combined with the study of soils and rocks of its catchment allowed to reconstruct its evolution over the past 4.6 kyr. This included 14C dating, short-lived radionuclides, geochemistry, loss on ignition, grain-size analyses, as well as plant and mammal DNA analyses. A total of 127 instantaneous deposits were identified among the continuous sedimentation in the lake and 93 were interpreted as flood deposits. Erosion was quantified for the whole catchment considering both the continuous sedimentation and the flood deposit thicknesses.The catchment is mainly formed by andesitic sandstones over which Andosols and Podzols can develop. However, low weathered materials from colluviation constitute the main input to the lake.Four main phases of changes in soil weathering were recorded by increases in K2O/TiO2 ratios, associated with an increase in both erosion and flood-frequency. Two phases were associated with climate cooling in the Western Alps, from 2.65 to 2.5 and from 1.45 to 1.3 cal kyr BP. The two others (1.9–1.75 and 0.9–0.4 cal kyr BP) were triggered with deforestation, with cow grazing during the Roman period, and with grazing of cows, sheep and goats during the Medieval period, amplified by the onset of the Little Ice Age. The increase in erosion and flood frequency after 950 cal yr BP indicates substantial damages to soils of the catchment including increase of their erodibility over the last millennia.
Published: 2020

32. Gravitational and Finite‐Size Effects On Pressure Saturation Curves During Drainage

Author: Knut Jørgen Måløy, Gerhard Schäfer, Renaud Toussaint, Monem Ayaz, Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Subjects: Materials science, capillarity, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, Gravitation, percolation, pore-pressure relation, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Drainage, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, 020701 environmental engineering, 010306 general physics, Saturation (chemistry), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: We experimentally and numerically study the influence of gravity and finite-size effects onthe pressure-saturation relationship in a given porous medium during slow drainage. The effect of gravityis systematically varied by tilting the system relative to the horizontal configuration. The use of a quasi two-dimensional porous media allows for direct spatial monitoring of the saturation. Exploiting the fractal nature of the invasion structure, we obtain a relationship between the final saturation and the Bond numberS^F_{nw}=Bo^0.097 using percolation theory. Moreover, the saturation, pressure, and Bond number are functionally related, allowing for pressure-saturation curves to collapse onto a single master curve, parameterized by the representative elementary volume size and by the Bond and capillary numbers. This allows to upscale the pressure-saturation curves measured in a laboratory to large representative elementary volumes used in reservoir simulations. The large-scale behavior of these curves follows a simple relationship, depending on Bond and capillary numbers, and on the flow direction. The size distribution of trapped defending fluid clusters is also shown to contain information on past fluid flow and can be used as a marker of past flow speed and direction.
Published: 2020

33. Mid-Eocene thrusting in the Northern Lesser Antilles:Unraveling the eastern imprint of the Bahamas Bank collision

Author: Melody Philippon, Cornee, J. J., Leveneur, E., Philippe Munch, Marcelle Boudagher-Fadel, Lydie-Sarah Gailler, Frédéric Quillévéré, Maincent, G., Leon Boschman, Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Lebrun, J. F., Serge Lallemand, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Upper plates in subduction zones are prone to record slab dynamics as their strain pattern, uplift-subsidence records and volcanic arc activity accommodate variations of slab parameters in terms of dip, density and rheology. The ANR GAARAnti aims at tracking the timing of land emersions and submersions along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, which is key to understand the long-term mechanical behavior of this subduction zone. Here we focus on the subduction of a buoyant anomaly that flattens the slab, slows down subduction rate and can even lead to collision and crustal thickening if the anomaly is large enough. Although the accommodation by the upper plate of such episodes is rather well described across colliding zones (Cyclades, Cuba, Tibet), the along strike evolution of the trench from collision to flat slab remains poorly studied. In this frame, the junction between the Greater and Lesser Antilles appears to be an ideal target to track the lateral impact of such collision within the upper plate: indeed, at 56 Ma, the buoyant Bahamas Bank entered the Greater Caribbean subduction zone at its eastern tip and collided with the volcanic arc from West to East diachronically. To the West, along Cuba the collision led to the suture of the subduction zone. Along Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, the upper plate shortening, which is limited to the southeast by the Anegada Trough, accommodated the oblique collision. Combining onshore (structural and geological mapping, absolute dating and biostratigraphy) and offshore investigations (seismic profiling from the 2017 GARANTI Cruise), we evidence an unprecedently described episode of Mid-Eocene shortening, south of the Anegada Trough. After a restoration of the Cayman Trough to the Mid Eocene, the regional compressive structures are interpreted to be the eastward propagation of the compressional domain that accommodated the N-S shortening triggered by the collision of the Bahamas Bank. A crustal-scale cross section drawn from the forearc to the backarc across the thrusts allows us to discuss the origin of crustal thickening, magmatism and tectonics, in the study area.
Published: 2019

34. Stoichiometric consequences of size-selective mortality: An experimental test using the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Author: Charlotte Evangelista, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Beatriz Diaz Pauli, Eric Edeline, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), University of Bergen (UiB), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Council of NorwayIDEX SUPER Region BretagneFrench National Research Agency (ANR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Ecology: 488 [VDP], Male, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Evolution, Nitrogen, Oryzias, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, Mesocosm, Animal science, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Waste Management and Disposal, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Evolusjon, biology, Phosphorus, Japanese Medaka, biology.organism_classification, Pollution, Carbon, Light intensity, chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Composition (visual arts), Female, Økologi: 488 [VDP], Stoichiometry
Abstract: The determinants of intraspecific stoichiometric variation remain difficult to elucidate due to their multiple ori- gins (e.g. genetic vs. environmental) and potential interactive effects. We evaluated whether two size-selected lines of medaka (Oryzias latipes) with contrasted life-history strategies (small- and large-breeder lines with slow growth and early maturity vs. fast growth and late maturity) differed in their organismal stoichiometry (percentage and ratios of carbon [C], nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) in a mesocosm experiment. We also tested how size-selection interacted with environmental conditions (i.e. two levels of fish density and light intensity), body condition and sex. Results showed that large-breeder fish were significantly N-enriched compared to small-breeders, while the two size-selected lines did not differ in body P composition. Size-selection interacted with density – high density only affected small-breeders leading to decreasing %C and C: N – and with sex – large-breeder females had higher %C and C:N values than large-breeder males. Finally, C:P and N:P ratios in- creased with body condition due to decreasing %P. Overall, our results show that the ecological consequences of size-selective mortality extend to organismal stoichiometry and may, from there, change nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. publishedVersion
Published: 2019

35. The Key Role of the Hemiaminal Intermediate in the Iron-Catalyzed Deaminative Hydrogenation of Amides

Author: David Balcells, Odile Eisenstein, Ainara Nova, Karen I. Goldberg, Mats Tilset, Nilay Hazari, Zuzana Culakova, Wesley H. Bernskoetter, Lluís Artús Suàrez, Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Departmental of medicinal chemistry, University of Washington, University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System-University of Missouri System, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Department of Chemistry [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry [Oslo] (CTCC), and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo]
Subjects: hemiaminal, 010402 general chemistry, DFT, 01 natural sciences, Medicinal chemistry, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Aniline, catalyst poisoning, Hydrogenolysis, Amide, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Dimethylamine, bifunctional catalysts, methanol, 010405 organic chemistry, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, General Chemistry, amide, Fe, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Hemiaminal, Dimethylformamide, reaction mechanism, Protonolysis
Abstract: International audience; Amides functionalities are among the most widely found groups in biologically active molecules, and their selective catalytic reduction is an important target for synthetic methods. Recent advances in base metal catalysis have identified efficient systems for selective hydrogenolysis of the amide C–N linkage. This study examines in detail the mechanism for deaminative hydrogenation of formanilide and dimethylformamide (DMF) to the corresponding amines (aniline and dimethylamine, respectively) and methanol catalyzed by (iPrPNHP)Fe(H)2(CO) (iPrPNHP = HN{CH2CH2(PiPr2)}2) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic modeling. Following an initial hydrogenation of the amide carbonyl group, protonolysis of the C–N bond of the hemiaminal intermediate produces amine and formaldehyde, which is further hydrogenated to methanol. Remarkably, protonolysis of the C–N bond of the hemiaminal intermediate follows different pathways, depending on the nature of the substrate and the experimental conditions (presence or absence of cocatalyst) to yield the same products. In particular, cleavage of the C–N bond can be facilitated by either the metal catalyst or one of the organic species present (the amide substrate itself or an amide cocatalyst), with interesting consequences on the kinetics as evidenced by simulations using DFT calculated energy profiles for the entire pathway. This study reveals the subtle interplay between the nature of the substrate and the need for additives and changes the long-established principle that the hydrogenation of electron rich carbonyl substrates is governed by their carbonyl hydrogenation step and, therefore, only metal-hydride hydricity is relevant for catalyst design.
Published: 2018

36. Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore

Author: Benedikt Gehr, Atle Mysterud, Francesca Cagnacci, Marco Heurich, Petter Kjellander, A. J. Mark Hewison, Max Kroeschel, Pavel Sustr, Sandro Nicoloso, Ferdinando Urbano, Leif Soennichsen, John D. C. Linnell, Wibke Peters, Anne Berger, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Robin Sandfort, Nicolas Morellet, Ophélie Couriot, Sonia Saïd, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), LWF BAVARIAN STATE INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY FREISING DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Independent Consultant, Bavarian Forest National Park, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension ((D.R.E.Am. Italia)), Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Leibniz Association, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), National Park Sumava, Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), CNERA Cervidés Sanglier (ONCFS), Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre d'études biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Dipartimento delle Arti e del Disegno Industriale [Venice], IUAV University Venice, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Service d'oncologie médicale [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Laboratoire de Comportement et d'Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, INRA, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France, University of Zurich, and Couriot, Ophélie
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Resource (biology), Range (biology), Resource distribution, migration, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Homing Behavior, Capreolus, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biology.animal, Animals, roe deer, Herbivory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Herbivore, biology, Ecology, Deer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, sub-seasonal functional home range, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Roe deer, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, plasticity, 570 Life sciences, 590 Animals (Zoology), Local environment, Seasons, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, residency
Abstract: Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multirange tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment. Migration · Residency · Sub-seasonal functional home range · Plasticity · Roe deer
Published: 2018

37. Seismic faults triggered early stage serpentinization of peridotites from the Samail Ophiolite, Oman

Author: Aupart, Claire, Morales, Luiz, Godard, Marguerite, Jamtveit, Bjørn, the Oman DP Science Team, Crispini, Laura, Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Géosciences Montpellier, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: fracturing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, serpentinization, Fault (geology), Oman ophiolite, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Ophiolite, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Lithosphere, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wall rock, Peridotite, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Crust, Tectonics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geology, Oman Drilling Project
Abstract: International audience; Serpentinization of mantle peridotites has first order effects on the rheology and tectonic behavior of the oceanic lithosphere, on the global water cycle, and on the biosphere at mid-oceanic ridges. Investigating serpentinization of abyssal peridotites is limited by the scarce occurrences of peridotites at or close to the ocean floor at slow and ultra-slow ridge environments where peridotite is exposed by long-lived detachments. The processes controlling hydration of the upper mantle below a thick magmatic crust at fast spreading ridges are poorly constrained. Here we present results based on samples from cores drilled in peridotites from the Samail ophiolite obtained during the Oman Drilling Project. We describe an early generation of highly localized brittle faults ubiquitous through all the peridotite cores and investigate their relation to the main serpentinization event represented by mesh-textured serpentinites. We combine microstructural observations with mineral and bulk chemical analyses as well as oxygen isotope microanalyses obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Asymmetric wall rock damage, weakening of crystal preferred orientation (CPO) in small fault clasts, and intense fragmentation within the fault zones even in association with very small displacements suggest that the early stage faults represent seismic events and predate mesh formation. Hydration and mesh texture formation follows in the wake of this faulting. Serpentinization is associated with moderate enrichment of fluid mobile elements including B, Li, Rb and U, indicative of fluid rock interaction characterized by relatively low fluid/rock ratios. This is consistent with a scenario where serpentinization took place below a thick magmatic crust following an earthquake-induced permeability increase. The oxygen isotope compositions of mesh serpentine are consistent with off-axis serpentinization at temperatures in the range 200-250 °C
Published: 2021

38. Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of carbonates in a prominent lithologically mixed unit in the central South Norwegian Caledonides

Author: Johannes Jakob, Philippe Boulvais, Torgeir B. Andersen, Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), 223272, Norges Forskningsråd (NO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Total organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stable isotope ratio, Metamorphic rock, Carbonate O and C isotope composition, Geochemistry, Metamorphism, Orogeny, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Scandian Orogeny and metamorphism, S Norwegian Caledonides, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Isotopes of carbon, Group (stratigraphy), Fossil hyperextended magma-poor passive margin, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Carbonate, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; A prominent pre-Scandian lithologically mixed unit in the central South Norwegian Caledonides contains more than 100 partly carbonated and hydrated metaperidotite bodies and locally fossiliferous detrital serpentinites. The lateral consistency of this mixed unit was not fully appreciated in the past. Therefore, parts of the mixed unit along strike were interpreted to belong to several different tectonostratigraphic levels. Here, we present new carbonate stable isotope data that suggest that the carbonates of the mixed unit between Bergen and Otta (re-)equilibrated at unit-wide similar peak metamorphic conditions. The isotope compositions are characteristic for this unit and indicate that it represented one single tectonic unit during the Scandian Orogeny. The carbonates in the mélange are characterized by a narrow range of δ18O (SMOW) values between + 11 and + 15.5‰ and three groups of δ13C (PDB) values: (I) + 1.6 to + 0.3‰, (II) − 1.8 to − 3.9‰, and (III) − 6 to − 8.6‰. Carbonates of group III probably were affected by decarbonation or by a fluid containing organic carbon, whereas carbonates of group I and II overlap with δ13C values typical for Ediacaran–Silurian marine carbonates and may have retained their initial δ13C imprint. We suggest that the δ18O values (re-)equilibrated with unit-wide released metamorphic fluids during Scandian metamorphism. An outcrop-scale homogenisation of the δ13C values reflects the local carbon isotope signature of the released metamorphic fluids that circulated channelized through the mélange unit.
Published: 2017

39. Osmium isotope evidence for rapid melt migration towards the Moho in the Oman ophiolite

Author: Delphine Klaessens, Laurie Reisberg, David Jousselin, Marguerite Godard, Claire Aupart, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], and University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Moho, Geochemistry, Pyroxene, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Ophiolite, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Osmium isotope, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Oceanic crust, Transition zone, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Peridotite, biology, Partial melting, Crust, biology.organism_classification, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Melt migration, Geology
Abstract: The oceanic crust, covering two-thirds of the Earth's surface, is formed along mid-oceanic ridges by crystallization at shallow levels of melts formed at depth by partial melting of mantle peridotite. Yet, the process of melt transport to the ridge axis remains poorly understood. Ophiolites, which provide a window into the uppermost mantle, contain dunite bodies often interpreted as relics of melt flow conduits, formed by pyroxene dissolution during melt-peridotite interaction. Here, we present structural and geochemical data on peridotites from the southeastern Oman ophiolite where three types of dunite, corresponding to the Moho transition zone (MTZ), the main and basal mantle sections, are identified. We focus on osmium isotopes, which are particularly well-adapted to tracing melt flow through peridotites. Osmium isotope signatures from host harzburgites accord with abyssal peridotite values and do not vary systematically with setting. In contrast, dunite Os compositions depend on structural context. Basal dunites display compositions similar to harzburgite values, while MTZ dunites have highly radiogenic compositions similar to those of the overlying crust, requiring extensive interaction with melts more radiogenic than MORB. Modeling shows that melts percolating through and equilibrating with dunite channels would acquire unradiogenic compositions, inconsistent with the observed Os signatures of MTZ dunites and lower crust. Thus, our findings require melt transport without equilibration with dunite or harzburgite, arguing for rapid or at least chemically isolated melt migration from the mantle source to the Moho.
Published: 2021

40. Long-term evolution of a plume-induced subduction in the Neotethys realm

Author: Mathieu Soret, Mathieu Rodriguez, Maëlis Arnould, Nicolas Coltice, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Géodynamique - UMR7327, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Diachronous, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Ophiolite, 01 natural sciences, Mantle plume, Paleontology, Mantle convection, Continental margin, Geochemistry and Petrology, Lithosphere, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, ophiolites, Indian Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Neotethys, Subduction, Tectonics, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, mantle plume, subduction, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The head of a mantle plume can weaken the oceanic lithosphere through the combined action of its buoyancy forces and excess temperature, which eventually induces intra-oceanic subductions. However, the dynamics of plume-induced subductions, their lifetime and their ability to propagate at the scale of an entire ocean remain unknown. Here, we combine a quantitative synthesis of the ophiolitic record of the Neotethys subduction in the Late Cretaceous with 3D spherical modeling of mantle convection self-generating plate-like tectonics to propose that the pre-Deccan plume initiated the Southern Neotethys Subduction. We suggest that this subduction retreated at 5-10 cm yr−1 until it reached the continental margins of Arabia and India. The sequential segmentation of this subduction during its retreat and the diachronous deactivation of the resulting segments drove the Late Cretaceous-Eocene series of plate reorganization events recorded in the Indian Ocean's fabric.
Published: 2021

41. Distribution patterns and population structure of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans

Author: Jaime Mejuto, Kotaro Yokawa, Rodrigo Forselledo, Seiji Ohshimo, Bernardo Perez, Felipe Carvalho, Andrés Domingo, Evgeny V. Romanov, Ciara Wögerbauer, Wen-Pei Tsai, Federico Mas, Rui Coelho, Aldrin Masawbi Mwilima, Charlene da Silva, Pascal Bach, Fábio H. V. Hazin, Philippe S. Sabarros, Miguel N. Santos, Blanca García-Cortés, Enric Cortés, Pedro G. Lino, William Roche, Victoria Ortiz de Zárate, A. Ramos-Cartelle, Freddy Arocha, Kwang-Ming Liu, Dean L. Courtney, Direccion Nacional de Recursos Acuaticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Av. Dom Manuel s/n, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), UMR 212 EME 'écosystèmes marins exploités' (EME), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, fishery observer programmes, Sede Central IEO, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Fish measurement, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Peninsula, size distribution, Temperate climate, Pesquerías, 14. Life underwater, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, pelagic fisheries, spatial distribution, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Swordfish, Prionace glauca, Tropics, Pelagic zone, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Cosmopolitan distribution, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is the most frequently captured shark in pelagic oceanic fisheries, especially pelagic longlines targeting swordfish and/or tunas. As part of cooperative scientific efforts for fisheries and biological data collection, information from fishery observers, scientific projects and surveys, and from recreational fisheries from several nations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans was compiled. Data sets included information on location, size and sex, in a total of 478,220 blue shark records collected between 1966 and 2014. Sizes ranged from 36 to 394 cm fork length. Considerable variability was observed in the size distribution by region and season in both oceans. Larger blue sharks tend to occur in equatorial and tropical regions, and smaller specimens in higher latitudes in temperate waters. Differences in sex ratios were also detected spatially and seasonally. Nursery areas in the Atlantic seem to occur in the temperate south-east off South Africa and Namibia, in the south-west off southern Brazil and Uruguay, and in the north-east off the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores. Parturition may occur in the tropical north-east off West Africa. In the Indian Ocean, nursery areas also seem to occur in temperate waters, especially in the southwest Indian Ocean off South Africa, and in the south-east off south-western Australia. The distributional patterns presented in this study provide a better understanding of how blue sharks segregate by size and sex, spatially and temporally, and improve the scientific advice to help adopt more informed and efficient management and conservation measures for this cosmopolitan species., Sí
Published: 2017

42. Can we make human plague history? A call to action

Author: Holger C. Scholz, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Inès Vigan-Womas, Y Yazadanpanah, C Demeure, Peter Horby, Paul S. Mead, Eric Bertherat, G Carrara, A Fontanet, Nils Christian Stenseth, Ratsitorahina M, Xavier Vallès, Romain Girod, J Hinnebusch, Angulo Joc., Eric D'Ortenzio, Javier Pizarro-Cerdá, Laurence Baril, Jane Lynda Deuve, Steven R. Belmain, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Unité Peste - Plague Unit [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Yersinia, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre National de Référence de la Peste et autres Yersinioses - National Reference Center Plague and Yersinioses (CNR), University of Greenwich, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories NIH-NIAID Hamilton, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), REACTing, Division International, Oficina General de Epidemiologia [Lima, Peru], Ministerio de Salud de Perú [Lima], Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Diseases Research Group (ERGO), Demeure, Christian E., Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)
Subjects: Pneumonic plague, Population, Wildlife disease, Bubonic plague, [SDV.IMM.II]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, medicine, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, [SDV.IMM.ALL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology, education, [SDV.IMM.II] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Innate immunity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, lcsh:R5-920, biology, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), 030503 health policy & services, Health Policy, Mortality rate, Zoonosis, public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, R1, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 3. Good health, Yersinia pestis, [SDV.IMM.IA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology, [SDV.IMM.IA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Adaptive immunology, Commentary, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, epidemiology, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 0305 other medical science, business, lcsh:Medicine (General), [SDV.IMM.ALL] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology
Abstract: Plague is a communicable rodent-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacillus member of the Enterobacteriaceae\ud family. As a zoonosis, plague is primarily a wildlife disease that occasionally spills over to the human population, resulting in seasonal surges in human cases and localised outbreaks. The predominant clinical form among humans is bubonic plague, which,\ud if untreated, has a lethality of 60%–90% but is readily treatable with antibiotics, reducing the death rate to around 5% if administered shortly after the infection. One to two per cent of all bubonic cases develop into secondary pneumonic plague, which in turn may be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets, producing primary pneumonic plague in close contacts.\ud Without antibiotic treatment, pneumonic plague is nearly 100% fatal, but early antibiotic treatment substantially improves survival. Today, Y. pestis is present in at least 26 countries, with more than 30 different flea vectors and over 200 mammal host species. Although human plague cases continue to be reported from Asia and the Americas, most cases currently occur in remote, rural areas\ud of sub-Saharan Africa, mostly in Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar (around300–500 per year). However, large-scale\ud transmission may also occur. During the 14th century, the Black Death, caused by Y. pestis, is estimated to have killed 30%–40% of the European population. It is important to emphasise that human\ud plague is mostly a poverty-related disease. Therefore, given that population density and the absolute number of people living in extreme poverty are both increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, there is no likelihood of plague being eliminated as a public health threat in the foreseeable future. However, the WHO does not consider plague to be either a neglected tropical disease or a ‘priority pathogen’ that poses a public health risk because of its epidemic potential. In September 2017, an unprecedented urban outbreak of pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, striking primarily its capital Antananarivo and the major seaport of Toamasina. This episode once again brought international attention to plague, reminding\ud us of the capacity for human plague to spread in urban settings and cause substantial societal and economic disruption. This should\ud raise alarm bells that a research agenda is needed.
Published: 2019

43. Relations between the characteristics of granular column collapses and resultant high‐frequency seismic signals

Author: Maxime Farin, Renaud Toussaint, Julien de Rosny, Phuong-Thu Trinh, Anne Mangeney, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Langevin - Ondes et Images (UMR7587) (IL), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PoreLab [Oslo], Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Oslo] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), INSU Aleas, ANR-11-BS01-0016,LANDQUAKES,Modélisation des glissements de terrain et des ondes sismiques générées pour détecter et comprendre les instabilités gravitaires(2011), European Project: 617472,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-CoG,SLIDEQUAKE(2014), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Paris (UP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut Langevin ondes et images, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ESPCI ParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)
Subjects: Scaling law, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Mechanics of the fluids [physics.class-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mechanics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Column (database), Physics::Geophysics, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Geophysics, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Deducing relations between the dynamic characteristics of landslides and rockfalls and the resultant high‐frequency (>1 Hz) seismic signal is challenging. To investigate relations that can be tested in the field, we conducted laboratory experiments of 3‐D granular column collapse on a rough inclined thin plate, for a large set of column masses, aspect ratios, particle diameters, and slope angles. The dynamics of the granular flows were recorded using a high‐speed camera, and the generated seismic signal was measured using piezoelectric accelerometers. Empirical scaling laws are established between the characteristics of the granular flows and deposits and that of the generated seismic signals. The radiated seismic energy scales with particle diameter as d 3, column mass as M and aspect ratio as a 1.1. The increase of the radiated seismic energy as slope angle increases correlates with a similar increase in particle agitation. Based on our experimental results, we revisit scaling laws reported in the field and discuss their possible physical origin. The discrepancy between field and experimental observations can be explained by the complex influence of the substrate on seismic signal and the difference of flow initiation in both cases. However, our empirical scaling laws allow us to determine which flow parameters could be inferred from a given seismic characteristic in the field. In particular, by assuming the flow average speed is known, we show that we can retrieve parameters d , M , and a within a factor of two from the seismic signal.
Published: 2019

44. Architecture and P-T-deformation-time evolution of the Chinese SW-Tianshan HP/UHP complex: Implications for subduction dynamics

Author: Benoit Caron, Léa Bayet, Zhou Tan, Timm John, Tuo Jiang, Tao Hong, Bo Wan, Jun Gao, Philippe Agard, Patrick Monié, Xin-Shui Wang, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Shandong University, Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Wuhan Centre of China Geological Survey, University of Ottawa [Ottawa] (uOttawa), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry [Wuhan], China Geological Survey, and University of Ottawa [Ottawa]
Subjects: Blueschist, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, Cold subduction regim, Lithology, Metamorphic rock, Subduction dynamics, P-T-deformation-time historie, 40Ar-39Ar in situ laser ablation analyse, Window (geology), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Phengite, Juxtaposition, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, UHP/HP metamorphism, Chinese SW-Tianshan, Eclogite, Petrology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Zircon
Abstract: International audience; We present the first comprehensive P-T-deformation-time and kinematic constraints for HP/UHP eclogite, blueschist and greenschist-facies metavolcano-sedimentary rocks cropping out in the Chinese SW-Tianshan metamorphic complex (within the ~30 km wide N-S Akeyazi-Kebuerte area). We reappraise this HP/UHP “mélange”, which should be divided into three main tectonic units, from north to south, according to their discrepant lithologies and P-T-time-deformation histories. These three units crop out in a tectonic window beneath greenschist-facies metavolcanics. P-T estimates point to 1) UHP-LT conditions around 2.6–2.9 GPa at ~520 °C for the metavolcano-sedimentary rocks of the northern HP/UHP unit, 2) HP-LT conditions of 1.8–2.1 GPa and ~500 °C for the central blueschist horizon and 3) lower-blueschist facies conditions of 1.0–1.5 GPa at ~485 °C for the southern ultramafic-mafic unit. In situ laser probe Ar-Ar age constraints (with textural control) on recrystallized phengites from the HP/UHP unit cluster within 315 to 325 Ma. Phengite ages from the central blueschist horizon are 10–15 Ma older, at ~325–345 Ma. Laser-ICP-MS U-Pb dating on zircon from the south ultramafic-mafic unit yield ages around ~360 Ma for metamorphic overgrowths. In contrast, step-heating Ar-Ar phengite age constraints for the greenschist-facies metavolcano-sediments fall within 280–300 Ma. These new field and P-T-time data disclose an episodic exhumation of three main tectonic slices, respectively from ~85 km, ~65 km and ~45 km depths, and a progressive change of metamorphic gradients from ~12 to ~6–7 °C/km, which could reflect a cooling of the subduction system with time. Final juxtaposition at ~20 km was probably achieved around 300 Ma, prior to collision.
Published: 2019

45. Size-dependent harvesting modifies the trophic niche of medaka Oryzias latipes in a mesocosm experiment

Author: Evangelista, C, Dupeu, J, Sandkjenn, J, Diaz Pauli, B, Herland, A, Meriguet, J, Vøllestad, L, Edeline, Eric, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), European Society for Evolutionary Biology, Edeline, Eric, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

46. Minimal model for slow, sub-Rayleigh, supershear, and unsteady rupture propagation along homogeneously loaded frictional interfaces

Author: David S. Amundsen, Julien Scheibert, François Renard, Kjetil Thøgersen, Henrik Andersen Sveinsson, Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, FOS: Physical sciences, Supershear earthquake, Slip (materials science), Mechanics, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph], 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Minimal model, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Dynamical friction, Rayleigh scattering, 010306 general physics, Physics - Computational Physics, Nonlinear Sciences::Pattern Formation and Solitons, Dimensionless quantity
Abstract: International audience; In nature and experiments, a large variety of rupture speeds and front modes along frictional interfaces are observed. Here, we introduce a minimal model for the rupture of homogeneously loaded interfaces with velocity strengthening dynamic friction, containing only two dimensionless parameters; τ, which governs the prestress, and ᾱ which is set by the dynamic viscosity. This model contains a large variety of front types, including slow fronts, sub-Rayleigh fronts, super-shear fronts, slip pulses, cracks, arresting fronts and fronts that alternate between arresting and propagating phases. Our results indicate that this wide range of front types is an inherent property of frictional systems with velocity strengthening branches.
Published: 2019

47. Dynamics of microscale precursors during brittle compressive failure in Carrara marble

Author: Elodie Boller, François Renard, Benoit Cordonnier, Dag Kristian Dysthe, Jérôme Weiss, Neelima Kandula, Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physics of Geological Processes [Oslo] (PGP), Department of Physics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Department of Geosciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: PHASE CONTRAST, Phase transition, STRESS, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, IN SITU DEFORMATION, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Power law, Brittleness, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Geotechnical engineering, Scaling, Microscale chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Coalescence (physics), IN SITU AND REAL-TIME 3D MICROTOMOGRAPHY, PHASE CONTRAST MICROTOMOGRAPHY, Geophysics, ROCKS, Space and Planetary Science, Catastrophic failure, Differential stress, Geology, MINERAL PHASES, IN SITU EXPERIMENTS
Abstract: International audience; Microscale heterogeneities influence failure mechanisms in the crust. To track the microstructural changes in rock samples when loaded until failure, we employed a novel experimental technique that couples dynamic X-ray microtomography imaging with a triaxial deformation apparatus. We studied the brittle failure of Carrara marble under triaxial compression. Dynamic tomographic data revealed the spatial organization of microfractures and damage increments characterizing the precursory activity toward catastrophic failure. We quantified the emergence of scaling relationships between microstructural parameters, including total damage volume, incremental damage volume, the largest connected microfracture, and the applied differential stress. The total volume of microfractures accumulated from the beginning of the experiment as well as the incremental damage showed power law increase. The growth of the largest connected microfracture was related to differential stress as a power law with divergence at failure. The microfracture volume increments were distributed according to a power law with an upper cutoff that itself spanned the entire volume toward failure. These characteristic features of brittle failure in Carrara marble under compression are in agreement with theoretical models that consider failure as a critical phase transition. We also observed that, very close to failure, several power law relationships broke down, which we interpret to be related to the coalescence of the largest microfractures in a finite size volume. Scaling laws and associated exponents computed from our data are compared with predictions made from theoretical and numerical models. Our results show that precursors of macroscopic brittle failure in Carrara marble follow predictable trends.
Published: 2019

48. The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in Morocco

Author: Fida Medina, Alberto Zanetti, Mohamed Khalil Bensalah, Andrea Marzoli, Hervé Bertrand, Laurie Reisberg, Massimo Chiaradia, Hind El Hachimi, Sarah I Brownlee, Christian Tegner, Tiberio Cuppone, Renaud E. Merle, Nasrrddine Youbi, Fred Jourdan, Sara Callegaro, Joshua Davies, Paul R. Renne, Abdelkader Mahmoudi, Giuliano Bellieni, Stefano Crivellari, Christine Meyzen, Dipartimento di Geoscienze [Padova], Universita degli Studi di Padova, Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre (LST), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Technologie (LMT), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Section des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève (UNIGE), Western Australian Argon Isotope Facility, Department of Applied Geology & JdL-CMS, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pavia, Centro de Geologia [Lisboa], Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), Department of Earth Sciences [Geneva], Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Wayne State University [Detroit], Department of Applied Geology [Perth], CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Pavia] (IGG), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), deceased, Université Moulay Ismail (UMI), Berkeley Geochronology Center (BGC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Univ California Davis] (EPS - UC Davis), University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Instituto de Geociências [São Paulo], Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Université Chouaib Doukkali (UCD), and Aarhus University [Aarhus]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA, ANTI-ATLAS, Lava, RE-OS, Large igneous province, Geochemistry, geochronology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, WEST-AFRICAN CRATON, TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY, Layered intrusion, Sill, Geochemistry and Petrology, MASS-EXTINCTION EVENT, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, ddc:550, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, geography, SR-ND ISOTOPE, geography.geographical_feature_category, TRACE-ELEMENT, FREETOWN LAYERED COMPLEX, large igneous province (LIP), crustal contamination, Morocco, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALTS, Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), basalt petrogenesis, Geology
Abstract: The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is a large igneous province (LIP) composed of basic dykes, sills, layered intrusions and lava flows emplaced before Pangea break-up and currently distributed on the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean. One of the oldest, best preserved and most complete sub-provinces of the CAMP is located in Morocco. Geochemical, geochronologic, petrographic and magnetostratigraphic data obtained in previous studies allowed identification of four strato-chemical magmatic units, i.e. the Lower, Intermediate, Upper and Recurrent units. For this study, we completed a detailed sampling of the CAMP in Morocco, from the Anti Atlas in the south to the Meseta in the north. We provide a complete mineralogical, petrologic (major and trace elements on whole-rocks and minerals), geochronologic (40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb ages) and geochemical set of data (including Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotope systematics) for basaltic and basaltic–andesitic lava flow piles and for their presumed feeder dykes and sills. Combined with field observations, these data suggest a very rapid (
Published: 2019

49. DNA metabarcoding—Need for robust experimental designs to draw sound ecological conclusions

Author: Inger Greve Alsos, Lucie Zinger, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Aurélie Bonin, Frédéric Boyer, Marta De Barba, Simon N. Jarman, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Ian A. Dickie, Leho Tedersoo, Anthony A. Chariton, Bruce E. Deagle, Philip Francis Thomsen, Johan Pansu, Alex J. Dumbrell, Ari Jumpponen, Håvard Kauserud, Holly M. Bik, Eske Willerslev, Pierre Taberlet, Luca Fumagalli, Simon Creer, Eric Coissac, Miklós Bálint, Jan Pawlowski, Ludovic Orlando, Noah Fierer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU), Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, emlyon business school, Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Section for GeoGenetics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Université de Genève (UNIGE), University of Tartu, JP was supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (TEAM-Coast project, MSCA-GF 750570), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Robotique Et Vivant (ReV), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, replication, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], experimental controls, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dna genetics, Replication (statistics), Genetics, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, data quality, Environmental DNA, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sound (geography), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Biodiversity, DNA, environmental DNA, chemistry, Evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

50. Modeling Slab Temperature: A Reevaluation of the Thermal Parameter

Author: J. van Hunen, Pierre Bouilhol, Ben Maunder, Valentina Magni, Department of Earth Sciences [Durham], Durham University, Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics [Oslo] (CEED), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), N8 consortium and EPSRC (Grant EP/K000225/1), and European Project: 279828,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-StG_20101014,MASE(2012)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Subduction, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Crust, Geometry, Decoupling (cosmology), Diapir, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Core (optical fiber), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Magmatism, Slab, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We re‐evaluate the effects of slab age, speed and dip on slab temperature with numerical models. The Thermal Parameter Φ =t v sin θ, where t is age, v is speed, and θ is angle, is traditionally used as an indicator of slab temperature. However, we find that an empirically derived quantity, in which slab temperature T ∝ log (t−av−b) , is more accurate at depths
Published: 2019

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