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649 results on '"University of Helsinki, Department of Physics"'

1. Effect of Leaf Water Potential on Internal Humidity and CO2 Dissolution

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Vesala, Timo, Sevanto, Sanna, Grönholm, Tiia, Salmon, Yann, Nikinmaa, Eero, Hari, Pertti, Hölttä, Teemu, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Vesala, Timo, Sevanto, Sanna, Grönholm, Tiia, Salmon, Yann, Nikinmaa, Eero, Hari, Pertti, and Hölttä, Teemu
Abstract: The pull of water from the soil to the leaves causes water in the transpiration stream to be under negative pressure decreasing the water potential below zero. The osmotic concentration also contributes to the decrease in leaf water potential but withmuch lesser extent. Thus, the surface tension force is approximately balanced by a force induced by negative water potential resulting in concavely curved water-air interfaces in leaves. The lowered water potential causes a reduction in the equilibrium water vapor pressure in internal (sub-stomatal/ intercellular) cavities in relation to that over water with the potential of zero, i.e., over the flat surface. The curved surface causes a reduction also in the equilibrium vapor pressure of dissolved CO2, thus enhancing its physical solubility to water. Although the water vapor reduction is acknowledged by plant physiologists its consequences for water vapor exchange at low water potential values have received very little attention. Consequences of the enhanced CO2 solubility to a leaf water-carbon budget have not been considered at all before this study. We use theoretical calculations and modeling to show how the reduction in the vapor pressures affects transpiration and carbon assimilation rates. Our results indicate that the reduction in vapor pressures of water and CO2 could enhance plant water use efficiency up to about 10% at a leaf water potential of -2 MPa, and much more when water potential decreases further. The low water potential allows for a direct stomatal water vapor uptake from the ambient air even at sub-100% relative humidity values. This alone could explain the observed rates of foliar water uptake by e.g., the coastal redwood in the fog belt region of coastal California provided the stomata are sufficiently open. The omission of the reduction in the water vapor pressure causes a bias in the estimates of the stomatal conductance and leaf internal CO2 concentration based on leaf gas exchange measurements
Published: 2017

2. Simulating ozone dry deposition at a boreal forest with a multi-layer canopy deposition model

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Zhou, Putian, Ganzeveld, Laurens, Rannik, Üllar, Zhou, Luxi, Gierens, Rosa, Taipale, Ditte, Mammarella, Ivan, Boy, Michael, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Zhou, Putian, Ganzeveld, Laurens, Rannik, Üllar, Zhou, Luxi, Gierens, Rosa, Taipale, Ditte, Mammarella, Ivan, and Boy, Michael
Abstract: A multi-layer ozone (O-3) dry deposition model has been implemented into SOSAA (a model to Simulate the concentrations of Organic vapours, Sulphuric Acid and Aerosols) to improve the representation of O-3 concentration and flux within and above the forest canopy in the planetary boundary layer. We aim to predict the O-3 uptake by a boreal forest canopy under varying environmental conditions and analyse the influence of different factors on total O-3 uptake by the canopy as well as the vertical distribution of deposition sinks inside the canopy. The newly implemented dry deposition model was validated by an extensive comparison of simulated and observed O-3 turbulent fluxes and concentration profiles within and above the boreal forest canopy at SMEAR II (Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations II) in Hyytiala, Finland, in August 2010. In this model, the fraction of wet surface on vegetation leaves was parametrised according to the ambient relative humidity (RH). Model results showed that when RH was larger than 70% the O-3 uptake onto wet skin contributed similar to 51% to the total deposition during nighttime and similar to 19% during daytime. The overall contribution of soil uptake was estimated about 36 %. The contribution of sub-canopy deposition below 4.2m was modelled to be similar to 38% of the total O-3 deposition during daytime, which was similar to the contribution reported in previous studies. The chemical contribution to O-3 removal was evaluated directly in the model simulations. According to the simulated averaged diurnal cycle the net chemical production of O-3 compensated up to similar to 4% of dry deposition loss from about 06:00 to 15:00 LT. During nighttime, the net chemical loss of O-3 further enhanced removal by dry deposition by a maximum similar to 9 %. Thus the results indicated an overall relatively small contribution of airborne chemical processes to O-3 removal at this site.
Published: 2017

3. Updated baseline for a staged Compact Linear Collider

Author: University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Boland, M. J., Felzmann, U., Giansiracusa, P. J., Lucas, T. G., Rassool, R. P., Balazs, C., Charles, T. K., Afanaciev, K., Emeliantchik, I., Ignatenko, A., Makarenko, V., Shumeiko, N., Patapenka, A., Zhuk, I., Hoffman, A. C. Abusleme, Gutierrez, M. A. Diaz, Gonzalez, M. Vogel, Chi, Y., He, X., Pei, G., Pei, S., Shu, G., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, F., Zhou, Z., Chen, H., Gao, Y., Huang, W., Kuang, Y. P., Li, B., Li, Y., Shao, J., Shi, J., Tang, C., Wu, X., Ma, L., Han, Y., Fang, W., Gu, Q., Huang, D., Huang, X., Tan, J., Wang, Z., Zhao, Z., Laštovička, T., Uggerhoj, U., Wistisen, T. N., Aabloo, A., Eimre, K., Kuppart, K., Vigonski, S., Zadin, V., Aicheler, M., Baibuz, E., Brücken, E., Djurabekova, F., Eerola, P., Garcia, F., Haeggström, E., Huitu, K., Jansson, V., Karimaki, V., Kassamakov, I., Kyritsakis, A., Lehti, S., Meriläinen, A., Montonen, R., Niinikoski, T., Nordlund, K., Österberg, K., Parekh, M., Törnqvist, N. A., Väinölä, J., Veske, M., Farabolini, W., Mollard, A., Napoly, O., Peauger, F., Plouin, J., Bambade, P., Chaikovska, I., Chehab, R., Davier, M., Kaabi, W., Kou, E., LeDiberder, F., Pöschl, R., Zerwas, D., Aimard, B., Balik, G., Baud, J. -P., Blaising, J. -J., Brunetti, L., Chefdeville, M., Drancourt, C., Geoffroy, N., Jacquemier, J., Jeremie, A., Karyotakis, Y., Nappa, J. M., Vilalte, S., Vouters, G., Bernard, A., Peric, I., Gabriel, M., Simon, F., Szalay, M., Kolk, N. van der, Alexopoulos, T., Gazis, E. N., Gazis, N., Ikarios, E., Kostopoulos, V., Kourkoulis, S., Gupta, P. D., Shrivastava, P., Arfaei, H., Dayyani, M. K., Ghasem, H., Hajari, S. S., Shaker, H., Ashkenazy, Y., Abramowicz, H., Benhammou, Y., Borysov, O., Kananov, S., Levy, A., Levy, I., Rosenblat, O., D'Auria, G., Mitri, S. Di, Abe, T., Aryshev, A., Higo, T., Makida, Y., Matsumoto, S., Shidara, T., Takatomi, T., Takubo, Y., Tauchi, T., Toge, N., Ueno, K., Urakawa, J., Yamamoto, A., Yamanaka, M., Raboanary, R., Hart, R., Graaf, H. van der, Eigen, G., Zalieckas, J., Adli, E., Lillestøl, R., Malina, L., Pfingstner, J., Sjobak, K. N., Ahmed, W., Asghar, M. I., Hoorani, H., Bugiel, S., Dasgupta, R., Firlej, M., Fiutowski, T. A., Idzik, M., Kopec, M., Kuczynska, M., Moron, J., Swientek, K. P., Daniluk, W., Krupa, B., Kucharczyk, M., Lesiak, T., Moszczynski, A., Pawlik, B., Sopicki, P., Wojtoń, T., Zawiejski, L., Kalinowski, J., Krawczyk, M., Żarnecki, A. F., Firu, E., Ghenescu, V., Neagu, A. T., Preda, T., Zgura, I-S, Aloev, A., Azaryan, N., Budagov, J., Chizhov, M., Filippova, M., Glagolev, V., Gongadze, A., Grigoryan, S., Gudkov, D., Karjavine, V., Lyablin, M., Olyunin, A., Samochkine, A., Sapronov, A., Shirkov, G., Soldatov, V., Solodko, A., Solodko, E., Trubnikov, G., Tyapkin, I., Uzhinsky, V., Vorozhtov, A., Levichev, E., Mezentsev, N., Piminov, P., Shatilov, D., Vobly, P., Zolotarev, K., Jelisavcic, I. Bozovic, Kacarevic, G., Lukic, S., Milutinovic-Dumbelovic, G., Pandurovic, M., Iriso, U., Perez, F., Pont, M., Trenado, J., Aguilar-Benitez, M., Calero, J., Garcia-Tabares, L., Gavela, D., Gutierrez, J. L., Lopez, D., Toral, F., Moya, D., Jimeno, A. Ruiz, Vila, I., Argyropoulos, T., Gutierrez, C. Blanch, Boronat, M., Esperante, D., Faus-Golfe, A., Fuster, J., Martinez, N. Fuster, Muñoz, N. Galindo, García, I., Navarro, J. Giner, Ros, E., Vos, M., Brenner, R., Ekelöf, T., Jacewicz, M., Ögren, J., Olvegård, M., Ruber, R., Ziemann, V., Aguglia, D., Tehrani, N. Alipour, Andersson, A., Andrianala, F., Antoniou, F., Artoos, K., Atieh, S., Sune, R. Ballabriga, Barnes, M. J., Garcia, J. Barranco, Bartosik, H., Belver-Aguilar, C., Morell, A. Benot, Bett, D. R., Bettoni, S., Blanchot, G., Garcia, O. Blanco, Bonnin, X. A., Brunner, O., Burkhardt, H., Calatroni, S., Campbell, M., Lasheras, N. Catalan, Bastos, M. Cerqueira, Cherif, A., Chevallay, E., Constance, B., Corsini, R., Cure, B., Curt, S., Dalena, B., Dannheim, D., Michele, G. De, Oliveira, L. De, Deelen, N., Delahaye, J. P., Dobers, T., Doebert, S., Draper, M., Ramos, F. Duarte, Dubrovskiy, A., Elsener, K., Esberg, J., Esposito, M., Fedosseev, V., Ferracin, P., Fiergolski, A., Foraz, K., Fowler, A., Friebel, F., Fuchs, J-F, Rojas, C. A. Fuentes, Gaddi, A., Fajardo, L. Garcia, Morales, H. Garcia, Garion, C., Gatignon, L., Gayde, J-C, Gerwig, H., Goldblatt, A. N., Grefe, C., Grudiev, A., Guillot-Vignot, F. G., Gutt-Mostowy, M. L., Hauschild, M., Hessler, C., Holma, J. K., Holzer, E., Hourican, M., Hynds, D., Levinsen, Y. Inntjore, Jeanneret, B., Jensen, E., Jonker, M., Kastriotou, M., Kemppinen, J. M. K., Kieffer, R. B., Klempt, W., Kononenko, O., Korsback, A., Platia, E. Koukovini, Kovermann, J. W., Kozsar, C-I, Kremastiotis, I., Kulis, S., Latina, A., Leaux, F., Lebrun, P., Lefevre, T., Linssen, L., Cudie, X. Llopart, Maier, A. A., Durand, H. Mainaud, Manosperti, E., Marelli, C., Lacoma, E. Marin, Martin, R., Mazzoni, S., Mcmonagle, G., Mete, O., Mether, L. M., Modena, M., Münker, R. M., Muranaka, T., Busto, E. Nebot Del, Nikiforou, N., Nisbet, D., Nonglaton, J-M, Nuiry, F. X., Nürnberg, A., Olvegard, M., Osborne, J., Papadopoulou, S., Papaphilippou, Y., Passarelli, A., Patecki, M., Pazdera, L., Pellegrini, D., Pepitone, K., Codina, E. Perez, Fontenla, A. Perez, Persson, T. H. B., Petrič, M., Pitters, F., Pittet, S., Plassard, F., Rajamak, R., Redford, S., Renier, Y., Rey, S. F., Riddone, G., Rinolfi, L., Castro, E. Rodriguez, Roloff, P., Rossi, C., Rude, V., Rumolo, G., Sailer, A., Santin, E., Schlatter, D., Schmickler, H., Schulte, D., Shipman, N., Sicking, E., Simoniello, R., Skowronski, P. K., Mompean, P. Sobrino, Soby, L., Sosin, M. P., Sroka, S., Stapnes, S., Sterbini, G., Ström, R., Syratchev, I., Tecker, F., Thonet, P. A., Timeo, L., Timko, H., Garcia, R. Tomas, Valerio, P., Vamvakas, A. L., Vivoli, A., Weber, M. A., Wegner, R., Wendt, M., Woolley, B., Wuensch, W., Uythoven, J., Zha, H., Zisopoulos, P., Benoit, M., Pinto, M. Vicente Barreto, Bopp, M., Braun, H. H., Divall, M. Csatari, Dehler, M., Garvey, T., Raguin, J. Y., Rivkin, L., Zennaro, R., Aksoy, A., Nergiz, Z., Pilicer, E., Tapan, I., Yavas, O., Baturin, V., Kholodov, R., Lebedynskyi, S., Miroshnichenko, V., Mordyk, S., Profatilova, I., Storizhko, V., Watson, N., Winter, A., Goldstein, J., Green, S., Marshall, J. S., Thomson, M. A., Xu, B., Gillespie, W. A., Pan, R., Tyrk, M. A, Protopopescu, D., Robson, A., Apsimon, R., Bailey, I., Burt, G., Constable, D., Dexter, A., Karimian, S., Lingwood, C., Buckland, M. D., Casse, G., Vossebeld, J., Bosco, A., Karataev, P., Kruchinin, K., Lekomtsev, K., Nevay, L., Snuverink, J., Yamakawa, E., Boisvert, V., Boogert, S., Boorman, G., Gibson, S., Lyapin, A., Shields, W., Teixeira-Dias, P., West, S., Jones, R., Joshi, N., Bodenstein, R., Burrows, P. N., Christian, G. B., Gamba, D., Perry, C., Roberts, J., Clarke, J. A., Collomb, N. A., Jamison, S. P., Shepherd, B. J. A., Walsh, D., Demarteau, M., Repond, J., Weerts, H., Xia, L., Wells, J. D., Adolphsen, C., Barklow, T., Breidenbach, M., Graf, N., Hewett, J., Markiewicz, T., McCormick, D., Moffeit, K., Nosochkov, Y., Oriunno, M., Phinney, N., Rizzo, T., Tantawi, S., Wang, F., Wang, J., White, G., Woodley, M., University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Boland, M. J., Felzmann, U., Giansiracusa, P. J., Lucas, T. G., Rassool, R. P., Balazs, C., Charles, T. K., Afanaciev, K., Emeliantchik, I., Ignatenko, A., Makarenko, V., Shumeiko, N., Patapenka, A., Zhuk, I., Hoffman, A. C. Abusleme, Gutierrez, M. A. Diaz, Gonzalez, M. Vogel, Chi, Y., He, X., Pei, G., Pei, S., Shu, G., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Zhao, F., Zhou, Z., Chen, H., Gao, Y., Huang, W., Kuang, Y. P., Li, B., Li, Y., Shao, J., Shi, J., Tang, C., Wu, X., Ma, L., Han, Y., Fang, W., Gu, Q., Huang, D., Huang, X., Tan, J., Wang, Z., Zhao, Z., Laštovička, T., Uggerhoj, U., Wistisen, T. N., Aabloo, A., Eimre, K., Kuppart, K., Vigonski, S., Zadin, V., Aicheler, M., Baibuz, E., Brücken, E., Djurabekova, F., Eerola, P., Garcia, F., Haeggström, E., Huitu, K., Jansson, V., Karimaki, V., Kassamakov, I., Kyritsakis, A., Lehti, S., Meriläinen, A., Montonen, R., Niinikoski, T., Nordlund, K., Österberg, K., Parekh, M., Törnqvist, N. A., Väinölä, J., Veske, M., Farabolini, W., Mollard, A., Napoly, O., Peauger, F., Plouin, J., Bambade, P., Chaikovska, I., Chehab, R., Davier, M., Kaabi, W., Kou, E., LeDiberder, F., Pöschl, R., Zerwas, D., Aimard, B., Balik, G., Baud, J. -P., Blaising, J. -J., Brunetti, L., Chefdeville, M., Drancourt, C., Geoffroy, N., Jacquemier, J., Jeremie, A., Karyotakis, Y., Nappa, J. M., Vilalte, S., Vouters, G., Bernard, A., Peric, I., Gabriel, M., Simon, F., Szalay, M., Kolk, N. van der, Alexopoulos, T., Gazis, E. N., Gazis, N., Ikarios, E., Kostopoulos, V., Kourkoulis, S., Gupta, P. D., Shrivastava, P., Arfaei, H., Dayyani, M. K., Ghasem, H., Hajari, S. S., Shaker, H., Ashkenazy, Y., Abramowicz, H., Benhammou, Y., Borysov, O., Kananov, S., Levy, A., Levy, I., Rosenblat, O., D'Auria, G., Mitri, S. Di, Abe, T., Aryshev, A., Higo, T., Makida, Y., Matsumoto, S., Shidara, T., Takatomi, T., Takubo, Y., Tauchi, T., Toge, N., Ueno, K., Urakawa, J., Yamamoto, A., Yamanaka, M., Raboanary, R., Hart, R., Graaf, H. van der, Eigen, G., Zalieckas, J., Adli, E., Lillestøl, R., Malina, L., Pfingstner, J., Sjobak, K. N., Ahmed, W., Asghar, M. I., Hoorani, H., Bugiel, S., Dasgupta, R., Firlej, M., Fiutowski, T. A., Idzik, M., Kopec, M., Kuczynska, M., Moron, J., Swientek, K. P., Daniluk, W., Krupa, B., Kucharczyk, M., Lesiak, T., Moszczynski, A., Pawlik, B., Sopicki, P., Wojtoń, T., Zawiejski, L., Kalinowski, J., Krawczyk, M., Żarnecki, A. F., Firu, E., Ghenescu, V., Neagu, A. T., Preda, T., Zgura, I-S, Aloev, A., Azaryan, N., Budagov, J., Chizhov, M., Filippova, M., Glagolev, V., Gongadze, A., Grigoryan, S., Gudkov, D., Karjavine, V., Lyablin, M., Olyunin, A., Samochkine, A., Sapronov, A., Shirkov, G., Soldatov, V., Solodko, A., Solodko, E., Trubnikov, G., Tyapkin, I., Uzhinsky, V., Vorozhtov, A., Levichev, E., Mezentsev, N., Piminov, P., Shatilov, D., Vobly, P., Zolotarev, K., Jelisavcic, I. Bozovic, Kacarevic, G., Lukic, S., Milutinovic-Dumbelovic, G., Pandurovic, M., Iriso, U., Perez, F., Pont, M., Trenado, J., Aguilar-Benitez, M., Calero, J., Garcia-Tabares, L., Gavela, D., Gutierrez, J. L., Lopez, D., Toral, F., Moya, D., Jimeno, A. Ruiz, Vila, I., Argyropoulos, T., Gutierrez, C. Blanch, Boronat, M., Esperante, D., Faus-Golfe, A., Fuster, J., Martinez, N. Fuster, Muñoz, N. Galindo, García, I., Navarro, J. Giner, Ros, E., Vos, M., Brenner, R., Ekelöf, T., Jacewicz, M., Ögren, J., Olvegård, M., Ruber, R., Ziemann, V., Aguglia, D., Tehrani, N. Alipour, Andersson, A., Andrianala, F., Antoniou, F., Artoos, K., Atieh, S., Sune, R. Ballabriga, Barnes, M. J., Garcia, J. Barranco, Bartosik, H., Belver-Aguilar, C., Morell, A. Benot, Bett, D. R., Bettoni, S., Blanchot, G., Garcia, O. Blanco, Bonnin, X. A., Brunner, O., Burkhardt, H., Calatroni, S., Campbell, M., Lasheras, N. Catalan, Bastos, M. Cerqueira, Cherif, A., Chevallay, E., Constance, B., Corsini, R., Cure, B., Curt, S., Dalena, B., Dannheim, D., Michele, G. De, Oliveira, L. De, Deelen, N., Delahaye, J. P., Dobers, T., Doebert, S., Draper, M., Ramos, F. Duarte, Dubrovskiy, A., Elsener, K., Esberg, J., Esposito, M., Fedosseev, V., Ferracin, P., Fiergolski, A., Foraz, K., Fowler, A., Friebel, F., Fuchs, J-F, Rojas, C. A. Fuentes, Gaddi, A., Fajardo, L. Garcia, Morales, H. Garcia, Garion, C., Gatignon, L., Gayde, J-C, Gerwig, H., Goldblatt, A. N., Grefe, C., Grudiev, A., Guillot-Vignot, F. G., Gutt-Mostowy, M. L., Hauschild, M., Hessler, C., Holma, J. K., Holzer, E., Hourican, M., Hynds, D., Levinsen, Y. Inntjore, Jeanneret, B., Jensen, E., Jonker, M., Kastriotou, M., Kemppinen, J. M. K., Kieffer, R. B., Klempt, W., Kononenko, O., Korsback, A., Platia, E. Koukovini, Kovermann, J. W., Kozsar, C-I, Kremastiotis, I., Kulis, S., Latina, A., Leaux, F., Lebrun, P., Lefevre, T., Linssen, L., Cudie, X. Llopart, Maier, A. A., Durand, H. Mainaud, Manosperti, E., Marelli, C., Lacoma, E. Marin, Martin, R., Mazzoni, S., Mcmonagle, G., Mete, O., Mether, L. M., Modena, M., Münker, R. M., Muranaka, T., Busto, E. Nebot Del, Nikiforou, N., Nisbet, D., Nonglaton, J-M, Nuiry, F. X., Nürnberg, A., Olvegard, M., Osborne, J., Papadopoulou, S., Papaphilippou, Y., Passarelli, A., Patecki, M., Pazdera, L., Pellegrini, D., Pepitone, K., Codina, E. Perez, Fontenla, A. Perez, Persson, T. H. B., Petrič, M., Pitters, F., Pittet, S., Plassard, F., Rajamak, R., Redford, S., Renier, Y., Rey, S. F., Riddone, G., Rinolfi, L., Castro, E. Rodriguez, Roloff, P., Rossi, C., Rude, V., Rumolo, G., Sailer, A., Santin, E., Schlatter, D., Schmickler, H., Schulte, D., Shipman, N., Sicking, E., Simoniello, R., Skowronski, P. K., Mompean, P. Sobrino, Soby, L., Sosin, M. P., Sroka, S., Stapnes, S., Sterbini, G., Ström, R., Syratchev, I., Tecker, F., Thonet, P. A., Timeo, L., Timko, H., Garcia, R. Tomas, Valerio, P., Vamvakas, A. L., Vivoli, A., Weber, M. A., Wegner, R., Wendt, M., Woolley, B., Wuensch, W., Uythoven, J., Zha, H., Zisopoulos, P., Benoit, M., Pinto, M. Vicente Barreto, Bopp, M., Braun, H. H., Divall, M. Csatari, Dehler, M., Garvey, T., Raguin, J. Y., Rivkin, L., Zennaro, R., Aksoy, A., Nergiz, Z., Pilicer, E., Tapan, I., Yavas, O., Baturin, V., Kholodov, R., Lebedynskyi, S., Miroshnichenko, V., Mordyk, S., Profatilova, I., Storizhko, V., Watson, N., Winter, A., Goldstein, J., Green, S., Marshall, J. S., Thomson, M. A., Xu, B., Gillespie, W. A., Pan, R., Tyrk, M. A, Protopopescu, D., Robson, A., Apsimon, R., Bailey, I., Burt, G., Constable, D., Dexter, A., Karimian, S., Lingwood, C., Buckland, M. D., Casse, G., Vossebeld, J., Bosco, A., Karataev, P., Kruchinin, K., Lekomtsev, K., Nevay, L., Snuverink, J., Yamakawa, E., Boisvert, V., Boogert, S., Boorman, G., Gibson, S., Lyapin, A., Shields, W., Teixeira-Dias, P., West, S., Jones, R., Joshi, N., Bodenstein, R., Burrows, P. N., Christian, G. B., Gamba, D., Perry, C., Roberts, J., Clarke, J. A., Collomb, N. A., Jamison, S. P., Shepherd, B. J. A., Walsh, D., Demarteau, M., Repond, J., Weerts, H., Xia, L., Wells, J. D., Adolphsen, C., Barklow, T., Breidenbach, M., Graf, N., Hewett, J., Markiewicz, T., McCormick, D., Moffeit, K., Nosochkov, Y., Oriunno, M., Phinney, N., Rizzo, T., Tantawi, S., Wang, F., Wang, J., White, G., and Woodley, M.
Abstract: The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-quark measurements. Subsequent stages will focus on measurements of rare Higgs processes, as well as searches for new physics processes and precision measurements of new states, e.g. states previously discovered at LHC or at CLIC itself. In the 2012 CLIC Conceptual Design Report, a fully optimised 3 TeV collider was presented, while the proposed lower energy stages were not studied to the same level of detail. This report presents an updated baseline staging scenario for CLIC. The scenario is the result of a comprehensive study addressing the performance, cost and power of the CLIC accelerator complex as a function of centre-of-mass energy and it targets optimal physics output based on the current physics landscape. The optimised staging scenario foresees three main centre-of-mass energy stages at 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV for a full CLIC programme spanning 22 years. For the first stage, an alternative to the CLIC drive beam scheme is presented in which the main linac power is produced using X-band klystrons.
Published: 2016

4. Random uncertainties of flux measurements by the eddy covariance technique

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Rannik, Üllar, Peltola, Olli, Mammarella, Ivan, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Rannik, Üllar, Peltola, Olli, and Mammarella, Ivan
Abstract: Large variability is inherent to turbulent flux observations. We review different methods used to estimate the flux random errors. Flux errors are calculated using measured turbulent and simulated artificial records. We recommend two flux errors with clear physical meaning: the flux error of the covariance, defining the error of the measured flux as 1 standard deviation of the random uncertainty of turbulent flux observed over an averaging period of typically 30 min to 1 h duration; and the error of the flux due to the instrumental noise. We suggest that the numerical approximation by Finkelstein and Sims (2001) is a robust and accurate method for calculation of the first error estimate. The method appeared insensitive to the integration period and the value 200 s sufficient to obtain the estimate without significant bias for variety of sites and wide range of observation conditions. The filtering method proposed by Salesky et al. (2012) is an alternative to the method by Finkelstein and Sims (2001) producing consistent, but somewhat lower, estimates. The method proposed by Wienhold et al. (1995) provides a good approximation to the total flux random uncertainty provided that independent cross-covariance values far from the maximum are used in estimation as suggested in this study. For the error due to instrumental noise the method by Lenschow et al. (2000) is useful in evaluation of the respective uncertainty. The method was found to be reliable for signal-to-noise ratio, defined by the ratio of the standard deviation of the signal to that of the noise in this study, less than three. Finally, the random uncertainty of the error estimates was determined to be in the order of 10 to 30 % for the total flux error, depending on the conditions and method of estimation.
Published: 2016

5. Large-eddy simulation and stochastic modeling of Lagrangian particles for footprint determination in the stable boundary layer

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Glazunov, Andrey, Rannik, Ullar, Stepanenko, Victor, Lykosov, Vasily, Auvinen, Mikko, Vesala, Timo, Mammarella, Ivan, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Glazunov, Andrey, Rannik, Ullar, Stepanenko, Victor, Lykosov, Vasily, Auvinen, Mikko, Vesala, Timo, and Mammarella, Ivan
Abstract: Large-eddy simulation (LES) and Lagrangian stochastic modeling of passive particle dispersion were applied to the scalar flux footprint determination in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. The sensitivity of the LES results to the spatial resolution and to the parameterizations of small-scale turbulence was investigated. It was shown that the resolved and partially resolved ("subfilter-scale") eddies are mainly responsible for particle dispersion in LES, implying that substantial improvement may be achieved by using recovering of small-scale velocity fluctuations. In LES with the explicit filtering, this recovering consists of the application of the known inverse filter operator. The footprint functions obtained in LES were compared with the functions calculated with the use of first-order single-particle Lagrangian stochastic models (LSMs) and zeroth-order Lagrangian stochastic models - the random displacement models (RDMs). According to the presented LES, the source area and footprints in the stable boundary layer can be substantially more extended than those predicted by the modern LSMs.
Published: 2016

6. Seasonal and diurnal variation in CO fluxes from an agricultural bioenergy crop

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Pihlatie, Mari, Rannik, Ullar, Haapanala, Sami, Peltola, Olli, Shurpali, Narasinha, Martikainen, Pertti J., Lind, Saara, Hyvönen, Niina, Virkajärvi, Perttu, Zahniser, Mark, Mammarella, Ivan, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Pihlatie, Mari, Rannik, Ullar, Haapanala, Sami, Peltola, Olli, Shurpali, Narasinha, Martikainen, Pertti J., Lind, Saara, Hyvönen, Niina, Virkajärvi, Perttu, Zahniser, Mark, and Mammarella, Ivan
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important reactive trace gas in the atmosphere, while its sources and sinks in the biosphere are poorly understood. Soils are generally considered as a sink of CO due to microbial oxidation processes, while emissions of CO have been reported from a wide range of soil-plant systems. We measured CO fluxes using the micrometeorological eddy covariance method from a bioenergy crop (reed canary grass) in eastern Finland from April to November 2011. Continuous flux measurements allowed us to assess the seasonal and diurnal variability and to compare the CO fluxes to simultaneously measured net ecosystem exchange of CO2, N2O and heat fluxes as well as to relevant meteorological, soil and plant variables in order to investigate factors driving the CO exchange. The reed canary grass (RCG) crop was a net source of CO from mid-April to mid-June and a net sink throughout the rest of the measurement period from mid-June to November 2011, excluding a measurement break in July. CO fluxes had a distinct diurnal pattern with a net CO uptake in the night and a net CO emission during the daytime with a maximum emission at noon. This pattern was most pronounced in spring and early summer. During this period the most significant relationships were found between CO fluxes and global radiation, net radiation, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, relative humidity, N2O flux and net ecosystem exchange. The strong positive correlation between CO fluxes and radiation suggests abiotic CO production processes, whereas the relationship between CO fluxes and net ecosystem exchange of CO2, and night-time CO fluxes and N2O emissions indicate biotic CO formation and microbial CO uptake respectively. The study shows a clear need for detailed process studies accompanied by continuous flux measurements of CO exchange to improve the understanding of the processes associated with CO exchange.
Published: 2016

7. A DNS study of aerosol and small-scale cloud turbulence interaction

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Babkovskaia, Natalia, Rannik, Ullar, Phillips, Vaughan, Siebert, Holger, Wehner, Birgit, Boy, Michael, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Babkovskaia, Natalia, Rannik, Ullar, Phillips, Vaughan, Siebert, Holger, Wehner, Birgit, and Boy, Michael
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between small-scale turbulence and aerosol and cloud microphysical properties using direct numerical simulations (DNS). We consider the domain located at the height of about 2000aEuro-m from the sea level, experiencing transient high supersaturation due to atmospheric fluctuations of temperature and humidity. To study the effect of total number of particles (N-tot) on air temperature, activation and supersaturation, we vary N-tot. To investigate the effect of aerosol dynamics on small-scale turbulence and vertical air motion, we vary the intensity of turbulent fluctuations and the buoyant force. We find that even a small number of aerosol particles (55.5aEuro-cm(-3)), and therefore a small droplet number concentration, strongly affects the air temperature due to release of latent heat. The system comes to an equilibrium faster and the relative number of activated particles appears to be smaller for larger N-tot. We conclude that aerosol particles strongly affect the air motion. In a case of updraught coursed by buoyant force, the presence of aerosol particles results in acceleration of air motion in vertical direction and increase of turbulent fluctuations.
Published: 2016

8. Chemical and physical characterization of traffic particles in four different highway environments in the Helsinki metropolitan area

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Enroth, Joonas, Saarikoski, Sanna, Niemi, Jarkko, Kousa, Anu, Jezek, Irena, Mocnik, Grisa, Carbone, Samara, Kuuluvainen, Heino, Rönkkö, Topi, Hillamo, Risto, Pirjola, Liisa, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Enroth, Joonas, Saarikoski, Sanna, Niemi, Jarkko, Kousa, Anu, Jezek, Irena, Mocnik, Grisa, Carbone, Samara, Kuuluvainen, Heino, Rönkkö, Topi, Hillamo, Risto, and Pirjola, Liisa
Abstract: Traffic-related pollution is a major concern in urban areas due to its deleterious effects on human health. The characteristics of the traffic emissions on four highway environments in the Helsinki metropolitan area were measured with a mobile laboratory, equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation. Concentration gradients were observed for all traffic-related pollutants, particle number (CN), particulate mass (PM1), black carbon (BC), organics, and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). Flow dynamics in different environments appeared to be an important factor for the dilution of the pollutants. For example, the half-decay distances for the traffic-related CN concentrations varied from 8 to 83aEuro-m at different sites. The PM1 emissions from traffic mostly consisted of organics and BC. At the most open site, the ratio of organics to BC increased with distance to the highway, indicating condensation of volatile and semi-volatile organics on BC particles. These condensed organics were shown to be hydrocarbons as the fraction of hydrocarbon fragments in organics increased. Regarding the CN size distributions, particle growth during the dilution was not observed; however the mass size distributions measured with a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), showed a visible shift of the mode, detected at aEuro-100aEuro-nm at the roadside, to a larger size when the distance to the roadside increased. The fleet average emission factors appeared to be lower for the CN and higher for the NO2 than ten years ago. The reason is likely to be the increased fraction of light-duty (LD) diesel vehicles in the past ten years. The fraction of heavy-duty (HD) traffic, although constituting less than 10aEuro-% of the total traffic flow, was found to have a large impact on the emissions.
Published: 2016

9. Modeling and measurements of urban aerosol processes on the neighborhood scale in Rotterdam, Oslo and Helsinki

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Karl, Matthias, Kukkonen, Jaakko, Keuken, Menno P., Lutzenkirchen, Susanne, Pirjola, Liisa, Hussein, Tareq, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Karl, Matthias, Kukkonen, Jaakko, Keuken, Menno P., Lutzenkirchen, Susanne, Pirjola, Liisa, and Hussein, Tareq
Abstract: This study evaluates the influence of aerosol processes on the particle number (PN) concentrations in three major European cities on the temporal scale of 1aEuro-h, i.e., on the neighborhood and city scales. We have used selected measured data of particle size distributions from previous campaigns in the cities of Helsinki, Oslo and Rotterdam. The aerosol transformation processes were evaluated using the aerosol dynamics model MAFOR, combined with a simplified treatment of roadside and urban atmospheric dispersion. We have compared the model predictions of particle number size distributions with the measured data, and conducted sensitivity analyses regarding the influence of various model input variables. We also present a simplified parameterization for aerosol processes, which is based on the more complex aerosol process computations; this simple model can easily be implemented to both Gaussian and Eulerian urban dispersion models. Aerosol processes considered in this study were (i) the coagulation of particles, (ii) the condensation and evaporation of two organic vapors, and (iii) dry deposition. The chemical transformation of gas-phase compounds was not taken into account. By choosing concentrations and particle size distributions at roadside as starting point of the computations, nucleation of gas-phase vapors from the exhaust has been regarded as post tail-pipe emission, avoiding the need to include nucleation in the process analysis. Dry deposition and coagulation of particles were identified to be the most important aerosol dynamic processes that control the evolution and removal of particles. The error of the contribution from dry deposition to PN losses due to the uncertainty of measured deposition velocities ranges from -76 to +64aEuro-%. The removal of nanoparticles by coagulation enhanced considerably when considering the fractal nature of soot aggregates and the combined effect of van der Waals and viscous interactions. The effect of condensation and e
Published: 2016

10. Aerosol dynamics within and above forest in relation to turbulent transport and dry deposition

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Rannik, Ullar, Zhou, Luxi, Zhou, Putian, Gierens, Rosa, Mammarella, Ivan, Sogachev, Andrey, Boy, Michael, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Rannik, Ullar, Zhou, Luxi, Zhou, Putian, Gierens, Rosa, Mammarella, Ivan, Sogachev, Andrey, and Boy, Michael
Abstract: A 1-D atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) model coupled with a detailed atmospheric chemistry and aerosol dynamical model, the model SOSAA, was used to predict the ABL and detailed aerosol population (characterized by the number size distribution) time evolution. The model was applied over a period of 10 days in May 2013 to a pine forest site in southern Finland. The period was characterized by frequent new particle formation events and simultaneous intensive aerosol transformation. The aim of the study was to analyze and quantify the role of aerosol and ABL dynamics in the vertical transport of aerosols. It was of particular interest to what extent the fluxes above the canopy deviate from the particle dry deposition on the canopy foliage due to the above-mentioned processes. The model simulations revealed that the particle concentration change due to aerosol dynamics frequently exceeded the effect of particle deposition by even an order of magnitude or more. The impact was, however, strongly dependent on particle size and time. In spite of the fact that the timescale of turbulent transfer inside the canopy is much smaller than the timescales of aerosol dynamics and dry deposition, leading us to assume well-mixed properties of air, the fluxes at the canopy top frequently deviated from deposition inside the forest. This was due to transformation of aerosol concentration throughout the ABL and resulting complicated pattern of vertical transport. Therefore we argue that the comparison of timescales of aerosol dynamics and deposition defined for the processes below the flux measurement level do not unambiguously describe the importance of aerosol dynamics for vertical transport above the canopy. We conclude that under dynamical conditions reported in the current study the micrometeorological particle flux measurements can significantly deviate from the dry deposition into the canopy. The deviation can be systematic for certain size ranges so that the time-averaged particle
Published: 2016

11. Neglecting diurnal variations leads to uncertainties in terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Shurpali, Narasinha J., Rannik, Ullar, Jokinen, Simo, Lind, Saara, Biasi, Christina, Mammarella, Ivan, Peltola, Olli, Pihlatie, Mari, Hyvonen, Niina, Raty, Mari, Haapanala, Sami, Zahniser, Mark, Virkajarvi, Perttu, Vesala, Timo, Martikainen, Pertti J., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Shurpali, Narasinha J., Rannik, Ullar, Jokinen, Simo, Lind, Saara, Biasi, Christina, Mammarella, Ivan, Peltola, Olli, Pihlatie, Mari, Hyvonen, Niina, Raty, Mari, Haapanala, Sami, Zahniser, Mark, Virkajarvi, Perttu, Vesala, Timo, and Martikainen, Pertti J.
Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas produced in soil and aquatic ecosystems. Its warming potential is 296 times higher than that of CO2. Most N2O emission measurements made so far are limited in temporal and spatial resolution causing uncertainties in the global N2O budget. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques provide an excellent tool for area-integrated, direct and continuous field measurements of N2O fluxes using the eddy covariance method. By employing this technique on an agricultural site with four laser-based analysers, we show here that N2O exchange exhibits contrasting diurnal behaviour depending upon soil nitrogen availability. When soil N was high due to fertilizer application, N2O emissions were higher during daytime than during the night. However, when soil N became limited, emissions were higher during the night than during the day. These reverse diurnal patterns supported by isotopic analyses may indicate a dominant role of plants on microbial processes associated with N2O exchange. This study highlights the potential of new technologies in improving estimates of global N2O sources.
Published: 2016

12. Characterization of trace metals on soot aerosol particles with the SP-AMS

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Carbone, S., Onasch, T., Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Saarnio, K., Sueper, D., Ronkko, T., Pirjola, L., Häyrinen, A., Worsnop, D., Hillamo, R., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Carbone, S., Onasch, T., Saarikoski, S., Timonen, H., Saarnio, K., Sueper, D., Ronkko, T., Pirjola, L., Häyrinen, A., Worsnop, D., and Hillamo, R.
Abstract: A method to detect and quantify mass concentrations of trace metals on soot particles by the Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was developed and evaluated in this study. The generation of monodisperse Regal black (RB) test particles with trace amounts of 13 different metals (Na, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba) allowed for the determination of the relative ionization efficiency of each metal relative to black carbon (RIEmeas). The observed RIEmeas/RIEtheory values were larger than unity for Na, Rb, Ca, Sr and Ba due to thermal surface ionization (TSI) on the surface of the laser-heated RB particles. Values closer to unity were obtained for the transition metals Zn, Cu, V and Cr. Mn, Fe, and Ni presented the lowest RIEmeas/RIEtheory ratios and highest deviation from unity. The latter discrepancy is unexplained; however it may be related to problems with our calibration method and/or the formation of metal complexes that were not successfully quantified. The response of the metals to the laser power was investigated and the results indicated that a minimum pump laser current of 0.6 A was needed in order to vaporize the metals and the refractory black carbon (rBC). Isotopic patterns of metals were resolved from high-resolution mass spectra, and the mass-weighted size distributions for each individual metal ion were obtained using the high-resolution particle time-of-flight (HR-PToF) method. The RIEmeas values obtained in this study were applied to the data of emission measurements in a heavy-fuel-oil-fired heating station. Emission measurements revealed a large number of trace metals, including evidence for metal oxides and metallic salts, such as vanadium sulfate, calcium sulfate, iron sulfate and barium sulfate, which were identified in the SP-AMS high-resolution mass spectra. SP-AMS measurements of Ba, Fe, and V agreed with ICP-MS analyzed filter samples within a factor of 2 when emitted rBC mass loadings were elevated.
Published: 2015

13. Total sulfate vs. sulfuric acid monomer concenterations in nucleation studies

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Neitola, K., Brus, D., Makkonen, U., Sipilä, Mikko, Mauldin III, Roy, Sarnela, N., Jokinen, T., Lihavainen, H., Kulmala, Markku, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Neitola, K., Brus, D., Makkonen, U., Sipilä, Mikko, Mauldin III, Roy, Sarnela, N., Jokinen, T., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, Markku
Abstract: Sulfuric acid is known to be a key component for atmospheric nucleation. Precise determination of sulfuric-acid concentration is a crucial factor for prediction of nucleation rates and subsequent growth. In our study, we have noticed a substantial discrepancy between sulfuric-acid monomer concentrations and total-sulfate concentrations measured from the same source of sulfuric-acid vapor. The discrepancy of about 1-2 orders of magnitude was found with similar particle-formation rates. To investigate this discrepancy, and its effect on nucleation, a method of thermally controlled saturator filled with pure sulfuric acid (97% wt.) for production of sulfuric-acid vapor is applied and rigorously tested. The saturator provided an independent vapor-production method, compared to our previous method of the furnace (Brus et al., 2010, 2011), to find out if the discrepancy is caused by the production method itself. The saturator was used in a H2SO4-H2O nucleation experiment, using a laminar flow tube to check reproducibility of the nucleation results with the saturator method, compared to the furnace. Two independent methods of mass spectrometry and online ion chromatography were used for detecting sulfuric-acid or sulfate concentrations. Measured sulfuric-acid or total-sulfate concentrations are compared to theoretical predictions calculated using vapor pressure and a mixing law. The calculated prediction of sulfuric-acid concentrations agrees very well with the measured values when total sulfate is considered. Sulfuric-acid monomer concentration was found to be about 2 orders of magnitude lower than theoretical predictions, but with a temperature dependency similar to the predictions and the results obtained with the ion-chromatograph method. Formation rates are reproducible when compared to our previous results with both sulfuric-acid or total-sulfate detection and sulfuric-acid production methods separately, removing any doubts that the vapor-production method would caus
Published: 2015

14. A holographic model for QCD in the Veneziano limit at finite temperature and density

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Alho, T., Jaervinen, M., Kajantie, K., Kiritsis, E., Rosen, C., Tuominen, K., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Alho, T., Jaervinen, M., Kajantie, K., Kiritsis, E., Rosen, C., and Tuominen, K.
Published: 2014

15. The effect of cloudiness on new-particle formation

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Baranizadeh, Elham, Arola, Antti, Hamed, Amar, Nieminen, Tuomo, Mikkonen, Santtu, Virtanen, Annele, Kulmala, Markku, Lehtinen, Kari, Laaksonen, Ari, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Baranizadeh, Elham, Arola, Antti, Hamed, Amar, Nieminen, Tuomo, Mikkonen, Santtu, Virtanen, Annele, Kulmala, Markku, Lehtinen, Kari, and Laaksonen, Ari
Published: 2014

16. Fingerprints of Urban Particle Number Size Distribution in Helsinki – Finland

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Hussein, Tareq, Mölgaard, Bjarke, Hannuniemi, Hanna, Martikainen, Jyrki, Järvi, Leena, Wegner, Tobias, Ripamonti, Giovanna, Weber, Stephan, Vesala, Timo, Hämeri, Kaarle, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics (-2009), Hussein, Tareq, Mölgaard, Bjarke, Hannuniemi, Hanna, Martikainen, Jyrki, Järvi, Leena, Wegner, Tobias, Ripamonti, Giovanna, Weber, Stephan, Vesala, Timo, and Hämeri, Kaarle
Published: 2014

17. Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, S., Alves, D., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrebe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bilkova, P., Bin, W., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Boehm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bremond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejon, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D'Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R. S., Dendy, R., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D'Inca, R., Doric, V., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdos, B., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Fevrier, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., Fitzgerald, M., Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Fridstr, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, C., Palumbo, M. Furno, Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gleason Gonzalez, C., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Hall, S., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlickova, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Holzl, M., Hogeweij, D., Honore, C., Hopf, C., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horvath, L., Huang, Z., Huber, A., Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Busk, O. Jeppe Miki, Jessen, M., Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jonsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kalvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, S. B., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F. M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lalousis, P., Lang, P., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H. B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefevre, L., Lehnen, M., Leipold, F., Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y. Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, M. L., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Solis, J. R. Martin, Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G., Mavridis, M., Mayoral, M. -L., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P., McAdams, R., McArdle, G., McClements, K., McDermott, R., McMillan, B., Meisl, G., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, D., Molina, P., Monakhov, I., Morales, J., Moreau, D., Morel, P., Moret, J. -M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Mueller, H. W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, S., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O'Mullane, M. G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Parra, I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pehkonen, S. -P., Pereira, A., Cippo, E. Perelli, Ridolfini, V. Pericoli, Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Poloskei, P., Popovic, Z., Por, G., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Putterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J. Juul, Rasmussen, J., Ratta, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Sesnic, S., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Fuglister, M. Silva, Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Pedersen, M. Stejner, Stepanov, I., Stober, J., Strand, P., Susnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophoj, L., Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G. L., Tripsky, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallejos, P., Valovic, M., Van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W. A. J., Villone, F., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondracek, P., Vu, N. M. T., Wagner, D., Walkden, N., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., ASDEX Upgrade Team, MAST Team, TCV Team, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, S., Alves, D., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrebe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bilkova, P., Bin, W., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Boehm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bremond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejon, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D'Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R. S., Dendy, R., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D'Inca, R., Doric, V., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdos, B., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Fevrier, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., Fitzgerald, M., Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Fridstr, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, C., Palumbo, M. Furno, Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gleason Gonzalez, C., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Hall, S., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlickova, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Holzl, M., Hogeweij, D., Honore, C., Hopf, C., Horacek, J., Hornung, G., Horvath, L., Huang, Z., Huber, A., Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Busk, O. Jeppe Miki, Jessen, M., Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jonsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kalvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, S. B., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F. M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lalousis, P., Lang, P., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H. B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefevre, L., Lehnen, M., Leipold, F., Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y. Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, M. L., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Solis, J. R. Martin, Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G., Mavridis, M., Mayoral, M. -L., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P., McAdams, R., McArdle, G., McClements, K., McDermott, R., McMillan, B., Meisl, G., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, D., Molina, P., Monakhov, I., Morales, J., Moreau, D., Morel, P., Moret, J. -M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Mueller, H. W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, S., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O'Mullane, M. G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Parra, I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pehkonen, S. -P., Pereira, A., Cippo, E. Perelli, Ridolfini, V. Pericoli, Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Poloskei, P., Popovic, Z., Por, G., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Putterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J. Juul, Rasmussen, J., Ratta, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Sesnic, S., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Fuglister, M. Silva, Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Pedersen, M. Stejner, Stepanov, I., Stober, J., Strand, P., Susnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophoj, L., Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G. L., Tripsky, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallejos, P., Valovic, M., Van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W. A. J., Villone, F., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondracek, P., Vu, N. M. T., Wagner, D., Walkden, N., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., ASDEX Upgrade Team, MAST Team, and TCV Team
Abstract: Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement HH(98,y2)≈0.95. Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes.
Published: 2017

18. Atomistic fingerprint of hyaluronan-CD44 binding

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Vuorio, Joni, Vattulainen, Ilpo, Martinez-Seara, Hector, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Vuorio, Joni, Vattulainen, Ilpo, and Martinez-Seara, Hector
Abstract: Hyaluronan is a polyanionic, megadalton-scale polysaccharide, which initiates cell signaling by interacting with several receptor proteins including CD44 involved in cell-cell interactions and cell adhesion. Previous studies of the CD44 hyaluronan binding domain have identified multiple widespread residues to be responsible for its recognition capacity. In contrast, the X-ray structural characterization of CD44 has revealed a single binding mode associated with interactions that involve just a fraction of these residues. In this study, we show through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations that hyaluronan can bind CD44 with three topographically different binding modes that in unison define an interaction fingerprint, thus providing a plausible explanation for the disagreement between the earlier studies. Our results confirm that the known crystallographic mode is the strongest of the three binding modes. The other two modes represent metastable configurations that are readily available in the initial stages of the binding, and they are also the most frequently observed modes in our unbiased simulations. We further discuss how CD44, fostered by the weaker binding modes, diffuses along HA when attached. This 1D diffusion combined with the constrained relative orientation of the diffusing proteins is likely to influence the aggregation kinetics of CD44. Importantly, CD44 aggregation has been suggested to be a possible mechanism in CD44-mediated signaling.
Published: 2017

19. The impact on global magnetohydrodynamic simulations from varying initialisation methods

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Lakka, Antti, Pulkkinen, Tuija I., Dimmock, Andrew P., Osmane, Adnane, Honkonen, Ilja, Palmroth, Minna, Janhunen, Pekka, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Lakka, Antti, Pulkkinen, Tuija I., Dimmock, Andrew P., Osmane, Adnane, Honkonen, Ilja, Palmroth, Minna, and Janhunen, Pekka
Abstract: We investigate the effects of different initialisation methods of the GUMICS-4 global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation to the dynamics in different parts of the Earth's magnetosphere and hence compare five 12 h simulation runs that were initiated by 3 h of synthetic data and followed by 9 h of solar wind measurements using the OMNI data as input. As a reference, we use a simulation run that includes nearly 60 h of OMNI data as input prior to the 9 h interval examined with different initialisations. The selected interval is a high-speed stream event during a 10-day interval (12-22 June 2007). The synthetic initialisations include stepwise, linear and sinusoidal functions of the interplanetary magnetic field with constant density and velocity values. The results show that the solutions converge within 1 h to give a good agreement in both the bow shock and the magnetopause position. However, the different initialisation methods lead to local differences which should be taken into consideration when comparing model results to satellite measurements.
Published: 2017

20. Modeling the role of highly oxidized multifunctional organic molecules for the growth of new particles over the boreal forest region

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Ostrom, Emilie, Putian, Zhou, Schurgers, Guy, Mishurov, Mikhail, Kivekas, Niku, Lihavainen, Heikki, Ehn, Mikael, Rissanen, Matti P., Kurten, Theo, Boy, Michael, Swietlicki, Erik, Roldin, Pontus, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Ostrom, Emilie, Putian, Zhou, Schurgers, Guy, Mishurov, Mikhail, Kivekas, Niku, Lihavainen, Heikki, Ehn, Mikael, Rissanen, Matti P., Kurten, Theo, Boy, Michael, Swietlicki, Erik, and Roldin, Pontus
Abstract: In this study, the processes behind observed new particle formation (NPF) events and subsequent organicdominated particle growth at the Pallas AtmosphereEcosystem Supersite in Northern Finland are explored with the one-dimensional column trajectory model ADCHEM. The modeled sub-micron particle mass is up to similar to 75% composed of SOA formed from highly oxidized multifunctional organic molecules (HOMs) with low or extremely low volatility. In the model the newly formed particles with an initial diameter of 1.5 nm reach a diameter of 7 nm about 2 h earlier than what is typically observed at the station. This is an indication that the model tends to overestimate the initial particle growth. In contrast, the modeled particle growth to CCN size ranges (> 50 nm in diameter) seems to be underestimated because the increase in the concentration of particles above 50 nm in diameter typically occurs several hours later compared to the observations. Due to the high fraction of HOMs in the modeled particles, the oxygen-to-carbon (O V C) atomic ratio of the SOA is nearly 1. This unusually high O V C and the discrepancy between the modeled and observed particle growth might be explained by the fact that the model does not consider any particle-phase reactions involving semi-volatile organic compounds with relatively low O V C. In the model simulations where condensation of low-volatility and extremely low-volatility HOMs explain most of the SOA formation, the phase state of the SOA (assumed either liquid or amorphous solid) has an insignificant impact on the evolution of the particle number size distributions. However, the modeled particle growth rates are sensitive to the method used to estimate the vapor pressures of the HOMs. Future studies should evaluate how heterogeneous reactions involving semi-volatility HOMs and other less-oxidized organic compounds can influence the SOA composition-and size-dependent particle growth.
Published: 2017

21. Bayesian inference of physiologically meaningful parameters from body sway measurements

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tietavainen, A., Gutmann, M. U., Keski-Vakkuri, E., Corander, J., Haeggstrom, E., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tietavainen, A., Gutmann, M. U., Keski-Vakkuri, E., Corander, J., and Haeggstrom, E.
Abstract: The control of the human body sway by the central nervous system, muscles, and conscious brain is of interest since body sway carries information about the physiological status of a person. Several models have been proposed to describe body sway in an upright standing position, however, due to the statistical intractability of the more realistic models, no formal parameter inference has previously been conducted and the expressive power of such models for real human subjects remains unknown. Using the latest advances in Bayesian statistical inference for intractable models, we fitted a nonlinear control model to posturographic measurements, and we showed that it can accurately predict the sway characteristics of both simulated and real subjects. Our method provides a full statistical characterization of the uncertainty related to all model parameters as quantified by posterior probability density functions, which is useful for comparisons across subjects and test settings. The ability to infer intractable control models from sensor data opens new possibilities for monitoring and predicting body status in health applications.
Published: 2017

22. Exploring teachers' concerns about bringing Responsible Research and Innovation to European science classrooms

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, de Vocht, Miikka, Laherto, Antti Mikko Petteri, Parchmann, Ilka, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, de Vocht, Miikka, Laherto, Antti Mikko Petteri, and Parchmann, Ilka
Abstract: The European Union pushes science education to orient toward the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI; i.e., socially and ethically sensitive and inclusive processes of science and technology). Schools should further understanding on how science interacts with society and increase students’ engagement in science. This exploratory study analysed concerns of 67 active, forward-looking teachers from 10 European countries using a questionnaire based on the concerns-based adoption model (C-BAM) and open-ended questions regarding the adoption of RRI into teaching. In the context of an international professional development programme on RRI, a pre/post comparison was also carried out for 29 of the teachers. The results showed that the forerunner teachers were willing to find information and collaborate on RRI teaching and believed that RRI can engage students and be a worthwhile part of the curriculum. Yet the respondents voiced personal concerns about their ability to teach RRI, and only a few concerns were resolved during the professional development period. Teachers need extended support and networking to contextualise RRI into their science lessons. On the basis of the results, we discuss the possibilities of teaching RRI implicitly rather than explicitly in order to foster students’ own reasoning about RRI-related values. Our results also demonstrate that the customary questionnaire used with C-BAM gives a consistent picture of teachers’ concerns but does not differentiate teachers enough in order to formulate a statistically sound clustering of concern profiles. We argue that with proper adjustments the questionnaire can provide more diverse and informative profiling of teachers’ concerns.
Published: 2017

23. Profiling teachers based on their professional attitudes towards teaching responsible research and innovation

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, de Vocht, Miikka, Laherto, Antti Mikko Petteri, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, de Vocht, Miikka, and Laherto, Antti Mikko Petteri
Abstract: In order to facilitate policy‐driven reforms in science education, it is important to understand how teaching innovations diffuse among teachers and how that adoption process can be catalysed. Little is known about the set of attitudes that makes teachers early or late adopters. In this study, the Concerns‐Based Adoption Model (C‐BAM) was employed as a framework for analysing teachers’ interests, concerns, worries and enthusiasm. We argue that the questionnaire typically used with C‐BAM suffers from a ceiling effect and has unbalanced variables. An improved version of the questionnaire was developed and implemented in the project IRRESISTIBLE with 180 science teachers in ten countries at all school levels. The case of educational innovation in this project was Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), a concept offered by the EU for science education to orient towards socially and ethically sensitive and inclusive processes of science and technology. Using cluster analysis we found four concern profile types: the Carefree, the Pragmatic, the Uncertain and the Worried. With their relatively high positive interests, the Carefree and the Pragmatic profile types are most likely to be early adopters. The high number of Uncertain teachers calls for better conceptualization of RRI in the school context. Furthermore, teacher professional development and additional resources are needed if this innovation is to be diffused widely across European schools. The improved questionnaire provided elaborate information on teachers’ concerns and interests, and could help in understanding and facilitating other top‐down educational reforms as well.
Published: 2017

24. On-Disc Observations of Flux Rope Formation Prior to Its Eruption

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, James, A. W., Green, L. M., Palmerio, E., Valori, G., Reid, H. A. S., Baker, D., Brooks, D. H., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Kilpua, E. K. J., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, James, A. W., Green, L. M., Palmerio, E., Valori, G., Reid, H. A. S., Baker, D., Brooks, D. H., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., and Kilpua, E. K. J.
Abstract: Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are one of the primary manifestations of solar activity and can drive severe space weather effects. Therefore, it is vital to work towards being able to predict their occurrence. However, many aspects of CME formation and eruption remain unclear, including whether magnetic flux ropes are present before the onset of eruption and the key mechanisms that cause CMEs to occur. In this work, the pre-eruptive coronal configuration of an active region that produced an interplanetary CME with a clear magnetic flux rope structure at 1 AU is studied. A forward-S sigmoid appears in extremeultra-violet (EUV) data two hours before the onset of the eruption (SOL2012-06-14), which is interpreted as a signature of a right-handed flux rope that formed prior to the eruption. Flare ribbons and EUV dimmings are used to infer the locations of the flux rope footpoints. These locations, together with observations of the global magnetic flux distribution, indicate that an interaction between newly emerged magnetic flux and pre-existing sunspot field in the days prior to the eruption may have enabled the coronal flux rope to form via tethercutting-like reconnection. Composition analysis suggests that the flux rope had a coronal plasma composition, supporting our interpretation that the flux rope formed via magnetic reconnection in the corona. Once formed, the flux rope remained stable for two hours before erupting as a CME.
Published: 2017

25. A Dark Asteroid Family in the Phocaea Region

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Novakovic, Bojan, Tsirvoulis, Georgios, Granvik, Mikael, Todovic, Ana, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Novakovic, Bojan, Tsirvoulis, Georgios, Granvik, Mikael, and Todovic, Ana
Abstract: We report the discovery of a new asteroid family among the dark asteroids residing in the Phocaea region the Tamara family. We make use of available physical data to separate asteroids in the region according to their surface reflectance properties, and establish the membership of the family. We determine the slope of the cumulative magnitude distribution of the family, and find it to be significantly steeper than the corresponding slope of all the asteroids in the Phocaea region. This implies that subkilometer dark Phocaeas are comparable in number to bright S-type objects, shedding light on an entirely new aspect of the composition of small Phocaea asteroids. We then use the Yarkovsky V-shape based method and estimate the age of the family to be 264 +/- 43Myr. Finally, we carry out numerical simulations of the dynamical evolution of the Tamara family. The results suggest that up to 50 Tamara members with absolute magnitude H <19.4 may currently be found in the near-Earth region. Despite their relatively small number in the near-Earth space, the rate of Earth impacts by small, dark Phocaeas is non-negligible.
Published: 2017

26. Knowing the unknowns

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Campbell, David J. R., Frenk, Carlos S., Jenkins, Adrian, Eke, Vincent R., Navarro, Julio F., Sawala, Till, Schaller, Matthieu, Fattahi, Azadeh, Oman, Kyle A., Theuns, Tom, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Campbell, David J. R., Frenk, Carlos S., Jenkins, Adrian, Eke, Vincent R., Navarro, Julio F., Sawala, Till, Schaller, Matthieu, Fattahi, Azadeh, Oman, Kyle A., and Theuns, Tom
Abstract: The observed stellar kinematics of dispersion-supported galaxies are often used to measure dynamical masses. Recently, several analytical relationships between the stellar line-of-sight velocity dispersion, the projected (2D) or deprojected (3D) half-light radius and the total mass enclosed within the half-light radius, relying on the spherical Jeans equation, have been proposed. Here, we use the APOSTLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the Local Group to test the validity and accuracy of such mass estimators for both dispersion and rotation-supported galaxies, for field and satellite galaxies, and for galaxies of varying masses, shapes and velocity dispersion anisotropies. We find that the mass estimators of Walker et al. and Wolf et al. are able to recover the masses of dispersion-dominated systems with little systematic bias, but with a 1 sigma scatter of 25 and 23 per cent, respectively. The error on the estimated mass is dominated by the impact of the 3D shape of the stellar mass distribution, which is difficult to constrain observationally. This intrinsic scatter becomes the dominant source of uncertainty in the masses estimated for galaxies like the dwarf spheroidal (dSph) satellites of the Milky Way, where the observational errors in their sizes and velocity dispersions are small. Such scatter may also affect the inner density slopes of dSphs derived from multiple stellar populations, relaxing the significance with which Navarro-Frenk-White profiles may be excluded, depending on the degree to which the relevant properties of the different stellar populations are correlated. Finally, we derive a new optimal mass estimator that removes the residual biases and achieves a statistically significant reduction in the scatter to 20 per cent overall for dispersion-dominated galaxies, allowing more precise and accurate mass estimates.
Published: 2017

27. Molecular mechanisms of CharcotMarie-Tooth neuropathy linked to mutations in human myelin protein P2

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Ruskamo, Salla, Nieminen, Tuomo, Kristiansen, Cecilie K., Vatne, Guro H., Baumann, Anne, Hallin, Erik I., Raasakka, Arne, Joensuu, Paivi, Bergmann, Ulrich, Vattulainen, Ilpo, Kursula, Petri, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Ruskamo, Salla, Nieminen, Tuomo, Kristiansen, Cecilie K., Vatne, Guro H., Baumann, Anne, Hallin, Erik I., Raasakka, Arne, Joensuu, Paivi, Bergmann, Ulrich, Vattulainen, Ilpo, and Kursula, Petri
Abstract: Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited neuropathies. Recently, three CMT1-associated point mutations (I43N, T51P, and I52T) were discovered in the abundant peripheral myelin protein P2. These mutations trigger abnormal myelin structure, leading to reduced nerve conduction velocity, muscle weakness, and distal limb atrophy. P2 is a myelin-specific protein expressed by Schwann cells that binds to fatty acids and membranes, contributing to peripheral myelin lipid homeostasis. We studied the molecular basis of the P2 patient mutations. None of the CMT1-associated mutations alter the overall folding of P2 in the crystal state. P2 disease variants show increased aggregation tendency and remarkably reduced stability, T51P being most severe. In addition, P2 disease mutations affect protein dynamics. Both fatty acid binding by P2 and the kinetics of its membrane interactions are affected by the mutations. Experiments and simulations suggest opening of the beta barrel in T51P, possibly representing a general mechanism in fatty acid-binding proteins. Our findings demonstrate that altered biophysical properties and functional dynamics of P2 may cause myelin defects in CMT1 patients. At the molecular level, a few malformed hydrogen bonds lead to structural instability and misregulation of conformational changes related to ligand exchange and membrane binding.
Published: 2017

28. Measurement of the top quark mass using single top quark events in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

29. Temperature-Dependent Diffusion of H2SO4 in Air at Atmospherically Relevant Conditions

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Brus, David, Skrabalova, Lenka, Herrmann, Erik, Olenius, Tinja, Travnickova, Tereza, Makkonen, Ulla, Merikanto, Joonas, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Brus, David, Skrabalova, Lenka, Herrmann, Erik, Olenius, Tinja, Travnickova, Tereza, Makkonen, Ulla, and Merikanto, Joonas
Abstract: We report flow tube measurements of the effective sulfuric acid diffusion coefficient at ranges of different relative humidities (from similar to 4 to 70%), temperatures (278, 288 and 298 K) and initial H2SO4 concentrations (from 1 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(8) molecules.cm(-3)). The measurements were carried out under laminar flow of humidified air containing trace amounts of impurities such as amines (few ppt), thus representing typical conditions met in Earth's continental boundary layer. The diffusion coefficients were calculated from the sulfuric acid wall loss rate coefficients that were obtained by measuring H2SO4 concentration continuously at seven different positions along the flow tube with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The wall loss rate coefficients and laminar flow conditions were verified with additional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model FLUENT simulations. The determined effective sulfuric acid diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing relative humidity, as also seen in previous experiments, and had a rather strong power dependence with respect to temperature, around proportional to T-5.6, which is in disagreement with the expected temperature dependence of similar to T-1.75 for pure vapours. Further clustering kinetics simulations using quantum chemical data showed that the effective diffusion coefficient is lowered by the increased diffusion volume of H2SO4 molecules via a temperature-dependent attachment of base impurities like amines. Thus, the measurements and simulations suggest that in the atmosphere the attachment of sulfuric acid molecules with base molecules can lead to a lower than expected effective sulfuric acid diffusion coefficient with a higher than expected temperature dependence.
Published: 2017

30. Search for single production no vector-like quarks decaying to a Z boson and a top or a bottom quark in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

31. Mott Transition in the A15 Phase of Cs3C60

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Alloul, H., Wzietek, P., Mito, T., Pontiroli, D., Aramini, M., Ricco, M., Itie, J. P., Elkaim, E., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Alloul, H., Wzietek, P., Mito, T., Pontiroli, D., Aramini, M., Ricco, M., Itie, J. P., and Elkaim, E.
Abstract: We present a detailed NMR study of the insulator-to-metal transition induced by an applied pressure p in the A15 phase of Cs3C60. We evidence that the insulating antiferromagnetic (AFM) and superconducting (SC) phases coexist only in a narrow p range. At fixed p, in the metallic state above the SC transition T-c, the Cs-133 and C-13 NMR spin-lattice relaxation data are seemingly governed by a pseudogaplike feature. We prove that this feature, also seen in the (CsNMR)-Cs-133 shift data, is rather a signature of the Mott transition which broadens and smears out progressively for increasing (p,T). The analysis of the variation of the quadrupole splitting nu(Q) of the Cs-133 NMR spectrum precludes any cell symmetry change at the Mott transition and only monitors a weak variation of the lattice parameter. These results open an opportunity to consider theoretically the Mott transition in a multiorbital three-dimensional system well beyond its critical point.
Published: 2017

32. Type 2 AGN Host Galaxies in the Chandra-COSMOS Legacy Survey

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Suh, Hyewon, Civano, Francesca, Hasinger, Guenther, Lusso, Elisabeta, Lanzuisi, Giorgio, Marchesi, Stefano, Trakhtenbrot, Benny, Allevato, Viola, Cappelluti, Nico, Capak, Peter L., Elvis, Martin, Griffiths, Richard E., Laigle, Clotilde, Lira, Paulina, Riguccini, Laurie, Rosario, David J., Salvato, Mara, Schawinski, Kevin, Vignali, Cristian, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Suh, Hyewon, Civano, Francesca, Hasinger, Guenther, Lusso, Elisabeta, Lanzuisi, Giorgio, Marchesi, Stefano, Trakhtenbrot, Benny, Allevato, Viola, Cappelluti, Nico, Capak, Peter L., Elvis, Martin, Griffiths, Richard E., Laigle, Clotilde, Lira, Paulina, Riguccini, Laurie, Rosario, David J., Salvato, Mara, Schawinski, Kevin, and Vignali, Cristian
Abstract: We investigate the star formation properties of a large sample of similar to 2300 X-ray-selected Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) host galaxies out to z similar to 3 in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey in order to understand the connection between the star formation and nuclear activity. Making use of the existing multi-wavelength photometric data available in the COSMOS field, we perform a multi-component modeling from far-infrared to near-ultraviolet using a nuclear dust torus model, a stellar population model and a starburst model of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Through detailed analyses of SEDs, we derive the stellar masses and the star formation rates (SFRs) of Type 2 AGN host galaxies. The stellar mass of our sample is in the range of 9 3), and grow slowly through secular fueling processes hosting moderate-luminosity AGNs.
Published: 2017

33. Detection of Interstellar Ortho-D2H+ with SOFIA

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Harju, Jorma, Sipilä, Olli, Brunken, Sandra, Schlemmer, Stephan, Caselli, Paola, Juvela, Mika, Menten, Karl M., Stutzki, Juergen, Asvany, Oskar, Kaminski, Tomasz, Okada, Yoko, Higgins, Ronan, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Harju, Jorma, Sipilä, Olli, Brunken, Sandra, Schlemmer, Stephan, Caselli, Paola, Juvela, Mika, Menten, Karl M., Stutzki, Juergen, Asvany, Oskar, Kaminski, Tomasz, Okada, Yoko, and Higgins, Ronan
Abstract: We report on the detection of the ground-state rotational line of ortho-D2H+ at 1.477 THz (203 mu m) using the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on. board the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). The line is seen in absorption against. far-infrared continuum from the protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 in Ophiuchus. The para-D2H+ line at 691.7 GHz was not detected with the APEX telescope toward this position. These D2H+ observations complement our previous detections of para-H2D+ and ortho-H2D+ using SOFIA and APEX. By modeling chemistry and radiative transfer in the dense core surrounding the protostars, we find that the ortho-D2H+ and para-H2D+ absorption features mainly originate in the cool (T <18 K) outer envelope of the core. In contrast, the ortho-H2D+ emission from the core is significantly absorbed by the ambient molecular cloud. Analyses of the combined D2H+ and H2D+ data result in an age estimate of similar to 5. x. 10(5) yr for the core, with an uncertainty of similar to 2. x. 10(5) yr. The core material has probably been pre-processed for another 5. x. 10(5) years in conditions corresponding to those in the ambient molecular cloud. The inferred timescale is more than 10 times the age of the embedded protobinary. The D2H+ and H2D+ ions have large and nearly equal total (ortho+ para) fractional abundances of similar to 10(-9) in the outer envelope. This confirms the central role of H-3 + in the deuterium chemistry in cool, dense gas, and adds support to the prediction of chemistry models that also D-3(+) should be abundant in these conditions.
Published: 2017

34. Advancing Precambrian palaeomagnetism with the PALEOMAGIA and PINT(QPI) databases

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Veikkolainen, Toni H., Biggin, Andrew John, Pesonen, Lauri J., Evans, David A., Jarboe, Nicholas A., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Veikkolainen, Toni H., Biggin, Andrew John, Pesonen, Lauri J., Evans, David A., and Jarboe, Nicholas A.
Abstract: State-of-the-art measurements of the direction and intensity of Earth’s ancient magnetic field have made important contributions to our understanding of the geology and palaeogeography of Precambrian Earth. The PALEOMAGIA and PINT(QPI) databases provide thorough public collections of important palaeomagnetic data of this kind. They comprise more than 4,100 observations in total and have been essential in supporting our international collaborative efforts to understand Earth's magnetic history on a timescale far longer than that of the present Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we provide an overview of the technical structure and applications of both databases, paying particular attention to recent improvements and discoveries.
Published: 2017

35. Spatial, temporal and source contribution assessments of black carbon over the northern interior of South Africa

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Chiloane, Kgaugelo Euphinia, Beukes, Johan Paul, van Zyl, Pieter Gideon, Maritz, Petra, Vakkari, Ville, Josipovic, Miroslav, Venter, Andrew Derick, Jaars, Kerneels, Tiitta, Petri, Kulmala, Markku, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Liousse, Catherine, Mkhatshwa, Gabisile Vuyisile, Ramandh, Avishkar, Laakso, Lauri, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Chiloane, Kgaugelo Euphinia, Beukes, Johan Paul, van Zyl, Pieter Gideon, Maritz, Petra, Vakkari, Ville, Josipovic, Miroslav, Venter, Andrew Derick, Jaars, Kerneels, Tiitta, Petri, Kulmala, Markku, Wiedensohler, Alfred, Liousse, Catherine, Mkhatshwa, Gabisile Vuyisile, Ramandh, Avishkar, and Laakso, Lauri
Abstract: After carbon dioxide (CO2) aerosol black carbon (BC) is considered to be the second most important contributor to global warming. This paper presents equivalent black carbon (eBC) (derived from an optical absorption method) data collected from three sites in the interior of South Africa where continuous measurements were conducted, i.e. Elandsfontein, Welgegund and Marikana, as well elemental carbon (EC) (determined by evolved carbon method) data at five sites where samples were collected once a month on a filter and analysed offline, i.e. Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Vaal Triangle, Amersfoort and Botsalano. Analyses of eBC and EC spatial mass concentration patterns across the eight sites indicate that the mass concentrations in the South African interior are in general higher than what has been reported for the developed world and that different sources are likely to influence different sites. The mean eBC or EC mass concentrations for the background sites (Welgegund, Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Botsalano) and sites influenced by industrial activities and/or nearby settlements (Elandsfontein, Marikana, Vaal Triangle and Amersfoort) ranged between 0.7 and 1.1, and 1.3 and 1.4 ae gm 3, respectively. Similar seasonal patterns were observed at all three sites where continuous measurement data were collected (Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund), with the highest eBC mass concentrations measured from June to October, indicating contributions from household combustion in the cold winter months (June-August), as well as savannah and grassland fires during the dry season (May to mid-October). Diurnal patterns of eBC at Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund indicated maximum concentrations in the early mornings and late evenings, and minima during daytime. From the patterns it could be deduced that for Marikana and Welgegund, household combustion, as well as savannah and grassland fires, were the most significant sources, respectively. Possible contributing sources were explor
Published: 2017

36. Multiplicity and rapidity dependence of strange hadron production in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at the LHC

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

37. Search for narrow resonances in dilepton mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV and combination with 8 TeV data

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

38. Suppression and azimuthal anisotropy of prompt and nonprompt J/psi production in PbPb collisions at root S-NN=2.76 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

39. Search for R-parity violating supersymmetry with displaced vertices in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

40. Multi-instrumental observations of the 2014 Ursid meteor outburst

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Moreno-Ibanez, Manuel, Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M., Madiedo, Jose Maria, Vaubaillon, Jeremie, Williams, Iwan P., Gritsevich, Maria, Morillas, Lorenzo G., Blanch, Estefania, Pujols, Pep, Colas, Francois, Dupouy, Philippe, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Moreno-Ibanez, Manuel, Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M., Madiedo, Jose Maria, Vaubaillon, Jeremie, Williams, Iwan P., Gritsevich, Maria, Morillas, Lorenzo G., Blanch, Estefania, Pujols, Pep, Colas, Francois, and Dupouy, Philippe
Abstract: The Ursid meteor shower is an annual shower that usually shows little activity. However, its Zenith hourly rate sometimes increases, usually either when its parent comet, 8P/Tuttle, is close to its perihelion or its aphelion. Outbursts when the comet is away from perihelion are not common and outbursts when the comet is close to aphelion are extremely rare. The most likely explanation offered to date is based on the orbital mean motion resonances. The study of the aphelion outburst of 2000 December provided a means of testing that hypothesis. A new aphelion outburst was predicted for 2014 December. The SPanish Meteor Network, in collaboration with the French Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network, set up a campaign to monitor this outburst and eventually retrieve orbital data that expand and confirm previous preliminary results and predictions. Despite unfavourable weather conditions over the south of Europe over the relevant time period, precise trajectories from multistation meteor data recorded over Spain were obtained, as well as orbital and radiant information for four Ursid meteors. The membership of these four meteors to the expected dust trails that were to provoke the outburst is discussed, and we characterize the origin of the outburst in the dust trail produced by the comet in the year AD 1392.
Published: 2017

41. Search for electroweak production of a vector-like quark decaying to a top quark and a Higgs boson using boosted topologies in fully hadronic final states

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Sirunyan, A. M., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

42. Observation of gamma(1S) pair production in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

43. Analysis of aerosol effects on warm clouds over the Yangtze River Delta from multi-sensor satellite observations

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Liu, Yuqin, De Leeuw, Gerrit, Kerminen, Veli-Matti, Zhang, Jiahua, Zhou, Putian, Nie, Wei, Qi, Ximeng, Hong, Juan, Wang, Yonghong, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Kruger, Olaf, Kulmala, Markku, Petaja, Tuukka, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Liu, Yuqin, De Leeuw, Gerrit, Kerminen, Veli-Matti, Zhang, Jiahua, Zhou, Putian, Nie, Wei, Qi, Ximeng, Hong, Juan, Wang, Yonghong, Ding, Aijun, Guo, Huadong, Kruger, Olaf, Kulmala, Markku, and Petaja, Tuukka
Abstract: Aerosol effects on low warm clouds over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD, eastern China) are examined using co-located MODIS, CALIOP and CloudSat observations. By taking the vertical locations of aerosol and cloud layers into account, we use simultaneously observed aerosol and cloud data to investigate relationships between cloud properties and the amount of aerosol particles (using aerosol optical depth, AOD, as a proxy). Also, we investigate the impact of aerosol types on the variation of cloud properties with AOD. Finally, we explore how meteorological conditions affect these relationships using ERA-Interim reanalysis data. This study shows that the relation between cloud properties and AOD depends on the aerosol abundance, with a different behaviour for low and high AOD (i.e. AOD0.35). This applies to cloud droplet effective radius (CDR) and cloud fraction (CF), but not to cloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). COT is found to decrease when AOD increases, which may be due to radiative effects and retrieval artefacts caused by absorbing aerosol. Conversely, CTP tends to increase with elevated AOD, indicating that the aerosol is not always prone to expand the vertical extension. It also shows that the COT-CDR and CWP (cloud liquid water path)-CDR relationships are not unique, but affected by atmospheric aerosol loading. Furthermore, separation of cases with either polluted dust or smoke aerosol shows that aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) is stronger for clouds mixed with smoke aerosol than for clouds mixed with dust, which is ascribed to the higher absorption efficiency of smoke than dust. The variation of cloud properties with AOD is analysed for various relative humidity and boundary layer thermodynamic and dynamic conditions, showing that high relative humidity favours larger cloud droplet particles and increases cloud formation, irrespective of vertical or horizontal level. Stable atmospheric conditions enhance cloud cover horizontally. However
Published: 2017

44. Long-term analysis of clear-sky new particle formation events and nonevents in Hyytiala

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Dada, Lubna, Paasonen, Pauli, Nieminen, Tuomo, Mazon, Stephany Buenrostro, Kontkanen, Jenni, Peräkylä, Otso, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Hussein, Tareq, Petäjä, Tuukka, Kerminen, Veli-Matti, Bäck, Jaana, Kulmala, Markku, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Dada, Lubna, Paasonen, Pauli, Nieminen, Tuomo, Mazon, Stephany Buenrostro, Kontkanen, Jenni, Peräkylä, Otso, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Hussein, Tareq, Petäjä, Tuukka, Kerminen, Veli-Matti, Bäck, Jaana, and Kulmala, Markku
Abstract: New particle formation (NPF) events have been observed all around the world and are known to be a major source of atmospheric aerosol particles. Here we combine 20 years of observations in a boreal forest at the SMEAR II station (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) in Hyytiala, Finland, by building on previously accumulated knowledge and by focusing on clear-sky (non-cloudy) conditions. We first investigated the effect of cloudiness on NPF and then compared the NPF event and nonevent days during clear-sky conditions. In this comparison we considered, for example, the effects of calculated particle formation rates, condensation sink, trace gas concentrations and various meteorological quantities in discriminating NPF events from nonevents. The formation rate of 1.5 nm particles was calculated by using proxies for gaseous sulfuric acid and oxidized products of low volatile organic compounds, together with an empirical nucleation rate coefficient. As expected, our results indicate an increase in the frequency of NPF events under clear-sky conditions in comparison to cloudy ones. Also, focusing on clear-sky conditions enabled us to find a clear separation of many variables related to NPF. For instance, oxidized organic vapors showed a higher concentration during the clear-sky NPF event days, whereas the condensation sink (CS) and some trace gases had higher concentrations during the nonevent days. The calculated formation rate of 3 nm particles showed a notable difference between the NPF event and nonevent days during clear-sky conditions, especially in winter and spring. For springtime, we are able to find a threshold equation for the combined values of ambient temperature and CS, (CS (s(-1)) > -3.091 x 10(-5) x T (in Kelvin) + 0.0120), above which practically no clear-sky NPF event could be observed. Finally, we present a probability distribution for the frequency of NPF events at a specific CS and temperature.
Published: 2017

45. Resonant slepton production and right sneutrino dark matter in left-right supersymmetry

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Frank, Mariana, Fuks, Benjamin, Huitu, Katri, Rai, Santosh Kumar, Waltari, Harri, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Frank, Mariana, Fuks, Benjamin, Huitu, Katri, Rai, Santosh Kumar, and Waltari, Harri
Abstract: Right-handed sneutrinos are natural components of left-right symmetric supersymmetric models where the gauge sector is extended to include right-handed weak interactions. Unlike in other models where right-handed sneutrinos are gauge singlets, here the right sneutrino is part of a doublet and could be a dark matter candidate whose annihilation proceeds via gauge interactions. We investigate this possibility, and find that relic density, low-energy observable and direct supersymmetry search constraints can be satisfied when the lightest supersymmetric particle is a right-handed sneutrino. We introduce benchmarks for left-right supersymmetric realizations where either a sneutrino or a neutralino is the lightest superpartner. We then study the LHC signals arising through resonant right-handed slepton production via a W-R gauge-boson exchange that lead to final states enriched in leptons, additionally containing a large amount of missing transverse momentum, and featuring a low jet multiplicity. We find that such a resonant production would boost the chances of discovering these weakly interacting supersymmetric particles for a mass range extending beyond 1TeV already with a luminosity of 100 fb(-1). Finally, we compare sneutrino versus neutralino scenarios, and comment on differences with other sneutrino dark matter models.
Published: 2017

46. phi-Meson production at forward rapidity in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV and in pp collisions at root s=2.76 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009), Adam, J., Adamova, D., Aggarwal, M. M., Rinella, G. Aglieri, Agnello, M., Agrawal, N., Ahammed, Z., Ahn, S. U., Aimo, I., Aiola, S., Ajaz, M., Akindinov, A., Alam, S. N., Aleksandrov, D., Alessandro, B., Alexandre, D., Molina, R. Alfaro, Alici, A., Alkin, A., Almaraz, J. R. M., Alme, J., Alt, T., Altinpinar, S., Altsybeev, I., Alves Garcia Prado, C., Andrei, C., Andronic, A., Anguelov, V., Anielski, J., Anticic, T., Antinori, F., Antonioli, P., Aphecetche, L., Appelshaser, H., Arcelli, S., Armesto, N., Arnaldi, R., Arsene, I. C., Arslandok, M., Audurier, B., Augustinus, A., Averbeck, R., Azmi, M. D., Bach, M., Badala, A., Baek, Y. W., Bagnasco, S., Bailhache, R., Bala, R., Baldisseri, A., Pedrosa, F. Baltasar Dos Santos, Baral, R. C., Barbano, A. M., Barbera, R., Barile, F., Barnafoldi, G. G., Barnby, L. S., Barret, V., Bartalini, P., Barth, K., Bartke, J., Bartsch, E., Basile, M., Bastid, N., Basu, S., Bathen, B., Batigne, G., Camejo, A. Batista, Batyunya, B., Batzing, P. C., Bearden, I. G., Beck, H., Bedda, C., Behera, N. K., Belikov, I., Bellini, F., Bello Martinez, H., Bellwied, R., Belmont, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Belyaev, V., Bencedi, G., Beole, S., Berceanu, I., Bercuci, A., Berdnikov, Y., Berenyi, D., Bertens, R. A., Berzano, D., Betev, L., Bhasin, A., Bhat, I. R., Bhati, A. K., Bhattacharjee, B., Bhom, J., Bianchi, L., Bianchi, N., Bianchin, C., Bielcik, J., Bielcikova, J., Bilandzic, A., Biswas, R., Biswas, S., Bjelogrlic, S., Blair, J. T., Blanco, F., Blau, D., Blume, C., Bock, F., Bogdanov, A., Boggild, H., Boldizsar, L., Bombara, M., Book, J., Borel, H., Borissov, A., Borri, M., Bossu, F., Botta, E., Bottger, S., Braun-Munzinger, P., Bregant, M., Breitner, T., Broker, T. A., Browning, T. A., Broz, M., Brucken, E. J., Bruna, E., Bruno, G. E., Budnikov, D., Buesching, H., Bufalino, S., Buncic, P., Busch, O., Buthelezi, Z., Butt, J. B., Buxton, J. T., Caffarri, D., Cai, X., Caines, H., Diaz, L. Calero, Caliva, A., Villar, E. Calvo, Camerini, P., Carena, F., Carena, W., Carnesecchi, F., Castellanos, J. Castillo, Castro, A. J., Casula, E. A. R., Cavicchioli, C., Sanchez, C. Ceballos, Cepila, J., Cerello, P., Cerkala, J., Chang, B., Chapeland, S., Chartier, M., Charvet, J. L., Chattopadhyay, S., Chelnokov, V., Cherney, M., Cheshkov, C., Cheynis, B., Barroso, V. Chibante, Chinellato, D. D., Chochula, P., Choi, K., Chojnacki, M., Choudhury, S., Christakoglou, P., Christensen, C. H., Christiansen, P., Chujo, T., Chung, S. U., Chunhui, Z., Cicalo, C., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Cleymans, J., Colamaria, F., Colella, D., Collu, A., Colocci, M., Balbastre, G. Conesa, del Valle, Z. Conesa, Connors, M. E., Contreras, J. G., Cormier, T. M., Morales, Y. Corrales, Cortes Maldonado, I., Cortese, P., Cosentino, M. 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M., Alme, J., Alt, T., Altinpinar, S., Altsybeev, I., Alves Garcia Prado, C., Andrei, C., Andronic, A., Anguelov, V., Anielski, J., Anticic, T., Antinori, F., Antonioli, P., Aphecetche, L., Appelshaser, H., Arcelli, S., Armesto, N., Arnaldi, R., Arsene, I. C., Arslandok, M., Audurier, B., Augustinus, A., Averbeck, R., Azmi, M. D., Bach, M., Badala, A., Baek, Y. W., Bagnasco, S., Bailhache, R., Bala, R., Baldisseri, A., Pedrosa, F. Baltasar Dos Santos, Baral, R. C., Barbano, A. M., Barbera, R., Barile, F., Barnafoldi, G. G., Barnby, L. S., Barret, V., Bartalini, P., Barth, K., Bartke, J., Bartsch, E., Basile, M., Bastid, N., Basu, S., Bathen, B., Batigne, G., Camejo, A. Batista, Batyunya, B., Batzing, P. C., Bearden, I. G., Beck, H., Bedda, C., Behera, N. K., Belikov, I., Bellini, F., Bello Martinez, H., Bellwied, R., Belmont, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Belyaev, V., Bencedi, G., Beole, S., Berceanu, I., Bercuci, A., Berdnikov, Y., Berenyi, D., Bertens, R. A., Berzano, D., Betev, L., Bhasin, A., Bhat, I. R., Bhati, A. K., Bhattacharjee, B., Bhom, J., Bianchi, L., Bianchi, N., Bianchin, C., Bielcik, J., Bielcikova, J., Bilandzic, A., Biswas, R., Biswas, S., Bjelogrlic, S., Blair, J. T., Blanco, F., Blau, D., Blume, C., Bock, F., Bogdanov, A., Boggild, H., Boldizsar, L., Bombara, M., Book, J., Borel, H., Borissov, A., Borri, M., Bossu, F., Botta, E., Bottger, S., Braun-Munzinger, P., Bregant, M., Breitner, T., Broker, T. A., Browning, T. A., Broz, M., Brucken, E. J., Bruna, E., Bruno, G. E., Budnikov, D., Buesching, H., Bufalino, S., Buncic, P., Busch, O., Buthelezi, Z., Butt, J. B., Buxton, J. T., Caffarri, D., Cai, X., Caines, H., Diaz, L. Calero, Caliva, A., Villar, E. Calvo, Camerini, P., Carena, F., Carena, W., Carnesecchi, F., Castellanos, J. Castillo, Castro, A. J., Casula, E. A. R., Cavicchioli, C., Sanchez, C. Ceballos, Cepila, J., Cerello, P., Cerkala, J., Chang, B., Chapeland, S., Chartier, M., Charvet, J. L., Chattopadhyay, S., Chelnokov, V., Cherney, M., Cheshkov, C., Cheynis, B., Barroso, V. Chibante, Chinellato, D. D., Chochula, P., Choi, K., Chojnacki, M., Choudhury, S., Christakoglou, P., Christensen, C. H., Christiansen, P., Chujo, T., Chung, S. U., Chunhui, Z., Cicalo, C., Cifarelli, L., Cindolo, F., Cleymans, J., Colamaria, F., Colella, D., Collu, A., Colocci, M., Balbastre, G. Conesa, del Valle, Z. Conesa, Connors, M. E., Contreras, J. G., Cormier, T. M., Morales, Y. Corrales, Cortes Maldonado, I., Cortese, P., Cosentino, M. R., Costa, F., Crochet, P., Albino, R. Cruz, Cuautle, E., Cunqueiro, L., Dahms, T., Dainese, A., Danu, A., Das, D., Das, I., Das, S., Dash, A., Dash, S., De, S., De Caro, A., de Cataldo, G., de Cuveland, J., De Falco, A., De Gruttola, D., De Marco, N., De Pasquale, S., Deisting, A., Deloff, A., Denes, E., D'Erasmo, G., Di Bari, D., Di Mauro, A., Di Nezza, P., Corchero, M. A. Diaz, Dietel, T., Dillenseger, P., Divia, R., Djuvsland, O., Dobrin, A., Dobrowolski, T., Domenicis Gimenez, D., Donigus, B., Dordic, O., Drozhzhova, T., Dubey, A. K., Dubla, A., Ducroux, L., Dupieux, P., Ehlers, R. J., Elia, D., Engel, H., Erazmus, B., Erdemir, I., Erhardt, F., Eschweiler, D., Espagnon, B., Estienne, M., Esumi, S., Eum, J., Evans, D., Evdokimov, S., Eyyubova, G., Fabbietti, L., Fabris, D., Faivre, J., Fantoni, A., Fasel, M., Feldkamp, L., Felea, D., Feliciello, A., Feofilov, G., Ferencei, J., Fernandez Tellez, A., Ferreiro, E. G., Ferretti, A., Festanti, A., Feuillard, V. J. G., Figiel, J., Figueredo, M. A. S., Filchagin, S., Finogeev, D., Fionda, F. M., Fiore, E. M., Fleck, M. G., Floris, M., Foertsch, S., Foka, P., Fokin, S., Fragiacomo, E., Francescon, A., Frankenfeld, U., Fuchs, U., Furget, C., Furs, A., Girard, M. Fusco, Gaardhoje, J. J., Gagliardi, M., Gago, A. M., Gallio, M., Gangadharan, D. R., Ganoti, P., Gao, C., Garabatos, C., Garcia-Solis, E., Gargiulo, C., Gasik, P., Germain, M., Gheata, A., Gheata, M., Ghosh, P., Ghosh, S. K., Gianotti, P., Giubellino, P., Giubilato, P., Gladysz-Dziadus, E., Glassel, P., Coral, D. M. Gomez, Ramirez, A. Gomez, Gonzalez-Zamora, P., Gorbunov, S., Gorlich, L., Gotovac, S., Grabski, V., Graczykowski, L. K., Graham, K. L., Grelli, A., Grigoras, A., Grigoras, C., Grigoriev, V., Grigoryan, A., Grigoryan, S., Grinyov, B., Grion, N., Grosse-Oetringhaus, J. F., Grossiord, J-Y., Grosso, R., Guber, F., Guernane, R., Guerzoni, B., Gulbrandsen, K., Gulkanyan, H., Gunji, T., Gupta, A., Gupta, R., Haake, R., Haaland, O., Hadjidakis, C., Haiduc, M., Hamagaki, H., Hamar, G., Hansen, A., Harris, J. W., Hartmann, H., Harton, A., Hatzifotiadou, D., Hayashi, S., Heckel, S. T., Heide, M., Helstrup, H., Herghelegiu, A., Corral, G. Herrera, Hess, B. A., Hetland, K. F., Hilden, T. E., Hillemanns, H., Hippolyte, B., Hosokawa, R., Hristov, P., Huang, M., Humanic, T. J., Hussain, N., Hussain, T., Hutter, D., Hwang, D. S., Ilkaev, R., Ilkiv, I., Inaba, M., Ippolitov, M., Irfan, M., Ivanov, M., Ivanov, V., Izucheev, V., Jacobs, P. M., Jadlovska, S., Jahnke, C., Jang, H. J., Janik, M. A., Jayarathna, P. H. S. Y., Jena, C., Jena, S., Bustamante, R. T. Jimenez, Jones, P. G., Jung, H., Jusko, A., Kalinak, P., Kalweit, A., Kamin, J., Kang, J. H., Kaplin, V., Kar, S., Uysal, A. Karasu, Karavichev, O., Karavicheva, T., Karayan, L., Karpechev, E., Kebschull, U., Keidel, R., Keijdener, D. L. D., Keil, M., Khan, K. H., Khan, M. M., Khan, P., Khan, S. A., Khanzadeev, A., Kharlov, Y., Kileng, B., Kim, B., Kim, D. J., Kim, H., Kim, J. S., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kim, T., Kirsch, S., Kisel, I., Kiselev, S., Kisiel, A., Kiss, G., Klay, J. L., Klein, C., Klein, J., Klein-Bosing, C., Kluge, A., Knichel, M. L., Knospe, A. 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I., Loginov, V., Loizides, C., Lopez, X., Torres, E. Lopez, Lowe, A., Luettig, P., Lunardon, M., Luparello, G., Luz, P. H. F. N. D., Maevskaya, A., Mager, M., Mahajan, S., Mahmood, S. M., Maire, A., Majka, R. D., Malaev, M., Cervantes, I. Maldonado, Malinina, L., Mal'Kevich, D., Malzacher, P., Mamonov, A., Manko, V., Manso, F., Manzari, V., Marchisone, M., Mares, J., Margagliotti, G. V., Margotti, A., Margutti, J., Marin, A., Markert, C., Marquard, M., Martin, N. A., Blanco, J. Martin, Martinengo, P., Martinez, M. I., Garcia, G. Martinez, Pedreira, M. Martinez, Martynov, Y., Mas, A., Masciocchi, S., Masera, M., Masoni, A., Massacrier, L., Mastroserio, A., Masui, H., Matyja, A., Mayer, C., Mazer, J., Mazzoni, M. A., Mcdonald, D., Meddi, F., Melikyan, Y., Menchaca-Rocha, A., Meninno, E., Perez, J. Mercado, Meres, M., Miake, Y., Mieskolainen, M. M., Mikhaylov, K., Milano, L., Milosevic, J., Minervini, L. M., Mischke, A., Mishra, A. N., Miskowiec, D., Mitra, J., Mitu, C. M., Mohammadi, N., Mohanty, B., Molnar, L., Zetina, L. Montano, Montes, E., Morando, M., De Godoy, D. A. Moreira, Moretto, S., Morreale, A., Morsch, A., Muccifora, V., Mudnic, E., Muhlheim, D., Muhuri, S., Mukherjee, M., Mulligan, J. D., Munhoz, M. G., Murray, S., Musa, L., Musinsky, J., Nandi, B. K., Nania, R., Nappi, E., Naru, M. U., Nattrass, C., Nayak, K., Nayak, T. K., Nazarenko, S., Nedosekin, A., Nellen, L., Ng, F., Nicassio, M., Niculescu, M., Niedziela, J., Nielsen, B. S., Nikolaev, S., Nikulin, S., Nikulin, V., Noferini, F., Nomokonov, P., Nooren, G., Noris, J. C. C., Norman, J., Nyanin, A., Nystrand, J., Oeschler, H., Oh, S., Oh, S. K., Ohlson, A., Okatan, A., Okubo, T., Olah, L., Oleniacz, J., Oliveira Da Silva, A. C., Oliver, M. H., Onderwaater, J., Oppedisano, C., Orava, R., Velasquez, A. Ortiz, Oskarsson, A., Otwinowski, J., Oyama, K., Ozdemir, M., Pachmayer, Y., Pagano, P., Paic, G., Pajares, C., Pal, S. K., Pan, J., Pandey, A. 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J., Rehman, A., Reichelt, P., Reidt, F., Ren, X., Renfordt, R., Reolon, A. R., Reshetin, A., Rettig, F., Revol, J-P., Reygers, K., Riabov, V., Ricci, R. A., Richert, T., Richter, M., Riedler, P., Riegler, W., Riggi, F., Ristea, C., Rivetti, A., Rocco, E., Rodriguez Cahuantzi, M., Manso, A. Rodriguez, Roed, K., Rogochaya, E., Rohr, D., Rohrich, D., Romita, R., Ronchetti, F., Ronflette, L., Rosnet, P., Rossi, A., Roukoutakis, F., Roy, A., Roy, C., Roy, P., Montero, A. J. Rubio, Rui, R., Russo, R., Ryabinkin, E., Ryabov, Y., Rybicki, A., Sadovsky, S., Safarik, K., Sahlmuller, B., Sahoo, P., Sahoo, R., Sahoo, S., Sahu, P. K., Saini, J., Sakai, S., Saleh, M. A., Salgado, C. A., Salzwedel, J., Sambyal, S., Samsonov, V., Castro, X. Sanchez, Sandor, L., Sandoval, A., Sano, M., Sarkar, D., Scapparone, E., Scarlassara, F., Scharenberg, R. P., Schiaua, C., Schicker, R., Schmidt, C., Schmidt, H. R., Schuchmann, S., Schukraft, J., Schulc, M., Schuster, T., Schutz, Y., Schwarz, K., Schweda, K., Scioli, G., Scomparin, E., Scott, R., Seger, J. E., Sekiguchi, Y., Sekihata, D., Selyuzhenkov, I., Senosi, K., Seo, J., Serradilla, E., Sevcenco, A., Shabanov, A., Shabetai, A., Shadura, O., Shahoyan, R., Shangaraev, A., Sharma, A., Sharma, M., Sharma, N., Shigaki, K., Shtejer, K., Sibiriak, Y., Siddhanta, S., Sielewicz, K. M., Siemiarczuk, T., Silvermyr, D., Silvestre, C., Simatovic, G., Simonetti, G., Singaraju, R., Singh, R., Singha, S., Singhal, V., Sinha, B. C., Sinha, T., Sitar, B., Sitta, M., Skaali, T. B., Slupecki, M., Smirnov, N., Snellings, R. J. M., Snellman, T. W., Sogaard, C., Soltz, R., Song, J., Song, M., Song, Z., Soramel, F., Sorensen, S., Spacek, M., Spiriti, E., Sputowska, I., Spyropoulou-Stassinaki, M., Srivastava, B. K., Stachel, J., Stan, I., Stefanek, G., Steinpreis, M., Stenlund, E., Steyn, G., Stiller, J. H., Stocco, D., Strmen, P., Suaide, A. A. P., Sugitate, T., Suire, C., Suleymanov, M., Sultanov, R., Sumbera, M., Symons, T. J. M., Szabo, A., de Toledo, A. Szanto, Szarka, I., Szczepankiewicz, A., Szymanski, M., Tabassam, U., Takahashi, J., Tambave, G. J., Tanaka, N., Tangaro, M. A., Takaki, J. D. Tapia, Peloni, A. Tarantola, Tarhini, M., Tariq, M., Tarzila, M. G., Tauro, A., Tejeda Munoz, G., Telesca, A., Terasaki, K., Terrevoli, C., Teyssier, B., Thader, J., Thomas, D., Tieulent, R., Timmins, A. R., Toia, A., Trogolo, S., Trubnikov, V., Trzaska, W. H., Tsuji, T., Tumkin, A., Turrisi, R., Tveter, T. S., Ullaland, K., Uras, A., Usai, G. L., Utrobicic, A., Vajzer, M., Vala, M., Palomo, L. Valencia, Vallero, S., Van Der Maarel, J., Van Hoorne, J. W., van Leeuwen, M., Vanat, T., Vande Vyvre, P., Varga, D., Vargas, A., Vargyas, M., Varma, R., Vasileiou, M., Vasiliev, A., Vauthier, A., Vechernin, V., Veen, A. M., Veldhoen, M., Velure, A., Venaruzzo, M., Vercellin, E., Vergara Limon, S., Vernet, R., Verweij, M., Vickovic, L., Viesti, G., Viinikainen, J., Vilakazi, Z., Baillie, O. Villalobos, Vinogradov, A., Vinogradov, L., Vinogradov, Y., Virgili, T., Vislavicius, V., Viyogi, Y. P., Vodopyanov, A., Volkl, M. A., Voloshin, K., Voloshin, S. A., Volpe, G., von Haller, B., Vorobyev, I., Vranic, D., Vrlakova, J., Vulpescu, B., Vyushin, A., Wagner, B., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Watanabe, D., Watanabe, Y., Weber, M., Weber, S. G., Wessels, J. P., Westerhoff, U., Wiechula, J., Wikne, J., Wilde, M., Wilk, G., Wilkinson, J., Williams, M. C. S., Windelband, B., Winn, M., Yaldo, C. G., Yang, H., Yang, P., Yano, S., Yin, Z., Yokoyama, H., Yoo, I-K., Yurchenko, V., Yushmanov, I., Zaborowska, A., Zaccolo, V., Zaman, A., Zampolli, C., Zanoli, H. J. C., Zaporozhets, S., Zardoshti, N., Zarochentsev, A., Zavada, P., Zaviyalov, N., Zbroszczyk, H., Zgura, I. S., Zhalov, M., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Zhigareva, N., Zhou, D., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhu, H., Zhu, J., Zhu, X., Zichichi, A., Zimmermann, A., Zimmermann, M. B., Zinovjev, G., and Zyzak, M.
Abstract: The first study of phi-meson production in p-Pb collisions at forward and backward rapidity, at a nucleonnucleon centre-of-mass energy root s(NN)= 5.02 TeV, has been performed with the ALICE apparatus at the LHC. The phi-mesons have been identified in the dimuon decay channel in the transverse momentum (p(T)) range 1
Published: 2017

47. Creating nanoporous graphene with swift heavy ions

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Vázquez, H., Åhlgren, E. H., Ochedowski, O., Leino, A. A., Mirzayev, R., Kozubek, R., Lebius, H., Karlusic, M., Jaksic, M., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Kotakoski, Jani, Schlebeger, M., Nordlund, K., Djurabekova, F., University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Vázquez, H., Åhlgren, E. H., Ochedowski, O., Leino, A. A., Mirzayev, R., Kozubek, R., Lebius, H., Karlusic, M., Jaksic, M., Krasheninnikov, A. V., Kotakoski, Jani, Schlebeger, M., Nordlund, K., and Djurabekova, F.
Abstract: We examine swift heavy ion-induced defect production in suspended single layer graphene using Raman spectroscopy and a two temperature molecular dynamics model that couples the ionic and electronic subsystems. We show that an increase in the electronic stopping power of the ion results in an increase in the size of the pore-type defects, with a defect formation threshold at 1.22–1.48 keV/layer. We also report calculations of the specific electronic heat capacity of graphene with different chemical potentials and discuss the electronic thermal conductivity of graphene at high electronic temperatures, suggesting a value in the range of 1 Wm−1 K−1. These results indicate that swift heavy ions can create nanopores in graphene, and that their size can be tuned between 1 and 4 nm diameter by choosing a suitable stopping power.
Published: 2017

48. Thermodynamics of impurity-enhanced vacancy formation in metals

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Bukonte, Laura, Ahlgren, Tommy, Heinola, Kalle, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Bukonte, Laura, Ahlgren, Tommy, and Heinola, Kalle
Abstract: Hydrogen induced vacancy formation in metals and metal alloys has been of great interest during the past couple of decades. The main reason for this phenomenon, often referred to as the superabundant vacancy formation, is the lowering of vacancy formation energy due to the trapping of hydrogen. By means of thermodynamics, we study the equilibrium vacancy formation in fcc metals (Pd, Ni, Co, and Fe) in correlation with the H amounts. The results of this study are compared and found to be in good agreement with experiments. For the accurate description of the total energy of the metal-hydrogen system, we take into account the binding energies of each trapped impurity, the vibrational entropy of defects, and the thermodynamics of divacancy formation. We demonstrate the effect of vacancy formation energy, the hydrogen binding, and the divacancy binding energy on the total equilibrium vacancy concentration. We show that the divacancy fraction gives the major contribution to the total vacancy fraction at high H fractions and cannot be neglected when studying superabundant vacancies. Our results lead to a novel conclusion that at high hydrogen fractions, superabundant vacancy formation takes place regardless of the binding energy between vacancies and hydrogen. We also propose the reason of superabundant vacancy formation mainly in the fcc phase. The equations obtained within this work can be used for any metal-impurity system, if the impurity occupies an interstitial site in the lattice. Published by AIP Publishing.
Published: 2017

49. Measurement of the production cross section of a W boson in association with two b jets in pp collisions at root s=8TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Peltola, T., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

50. Measurement of the t(t)over-bar production cross section using events in the e mu final state in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

Author: University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., CMS Collaboration, University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Khachatryan, V., Eerola, P., Pekkanen, J., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Järvinen, T., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Talvitie, J., Tuuva, T., and CMS Collaboration
Published: 2017

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