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Este artículo contiene 9 páginas, 5 figuras, 1 tabla., Seagrass meadows, key ecosystems supporting fisheries, carbon sequestration and coastal protection, are globally threatened. In Europe, loss and recovery of seagrasses are reported, but the changes in extent and density at the continental scale remain unclear. Here we collate assessments of changes from 1869 to 2016 and show that 1/3 of European seagrass area was lost due to disease, deteriorated water quality, and coastal development, with losses peaking in the 1970s and 1980s. Since then, loss rates slowed down for most of the species and fast rowing species recovered in some locations, making loss rate in seagrass area experience a reversal in the 2000s, while density metrics improved or remained stable in most sites. Our results demonstrate that decline is not the generalised state among seagrasses nowadays in Europe, in contrast with global assessments, and that deceleration and reversal of declining trends is possible, expectingly bringing back the services they provide., This research was supported by the COST Action ES0906. C.B.d.l.S. acknowledges the support by the Short-Term Scientific Missions (COST-STSM-ES0906-06377, -06441 and -06419) and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) fellowship (SFRH/BPD/119344/2016). C.B.d.l.S. and R.S. acknowledge the support of FCT through the projects UID/Multi/04326/2013 and FCT UID/MAR/00350/2018. N.M. was supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MedShift, CGL2015-71809-P), by the European Union (M&M’s, EVK3-CT-2000–00044 and WISER 226273), by the Fundación BBVA (Proyecto Praderas), and the Spanish Government (MEDEIG. CTM2009–07013). King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) supported C.M.D. through baseline funding. J.M.R. acknowledges the project Monitoring network of Posidonia oceanica meadows and global climate change of the Murcia Region funded by the Autonomous Government of the Murcia Region (General Directorate of Livestock and Fishery), the European Fishery Fund (EFF 2007–2013), and European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF 2014–2020).

International audience; AbstractCryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite and a major contributor to acute enteritis in calves worldwide, causing an important economic burden for farmers. This parasite poses a major public health threat through transmission between livestock and humans. Our previous pilot study in Western Europe revealed a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves of dairy farms. In the sequel study herein, 936 faecal samples were collected from the same 51 dairy farms across Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Following DNA extraction, Cryptosporidium screening was carried out using nested-PCR amplification targeting the SSU rRNA gene. All positive samples were sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify the Cryptosporidium spp. present. The 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was also sequenced to determine the C. parvum subtypes present. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium ranged from 23.3% to 25%, across the three countries surveyed. The parasite was found in most of the farms sampled, with 90.2% testing positive. Cryptosporidium parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae and C. andersoni were all identified, with the former being the most predominant, representing 71.4% of all infections. Cryptosporidium parvum was associated with pre-weaned calves, while other species were associated with older animals. Subtyping of gp60 gene revealed nine subtypes, eight of which have previously been reported to cause clinical disease in humans. Similarly to the first study, vertical transmission was not a major contributor to Cryptosporidium spread. Our study highlights the need for further investigation into cryptosporidiosis transmission, and future studies will require a One Health approach to reduce the impact of this disease.

International audience; Hundreds of macroalgal species have been spread outside their natural range by human activities, and many of these introductions are occurring at a worldwide scale. This review considers one of the best-studied and most widespread invasive macroalgae, Sargassum muticum, to determine the traits and processes important in marine invasions and to identify important lines of future research. Particular emphasis is placed on the ecology of S. muticum in its native range and on the four stages of invasion transport, colonization, establishment, and spread integrating taxonomy, invasion history, dispersal, impact, invasiveness and invasibility, and general ecology. Although S. muticum has received a lot of scientific attention, with more than 650 papers on this species, key information on its taxonomy, invasive biology, and evolutionary potential is still lacking. Most previous studies have been local or descriptive or provide circumstantial evidence, and too few have been hypothesis driven. Only by local-scale research conducted in different geographical regions, especially including the native range, and developed in an eco-evolutionary framework, will it be possible to greatly improve our understanding of the complex of factors, traits, and processes involved in macroalgal invasions.

21 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9740.-- Data Availability Statement: Raw RNA-seq data and mt-mutS sequences have been uploaded to NCBI's SRA (BioProject ID: PRJNA847883) and GenBank databases (Accessions numbers: ON804207-ON804214), respectively. Final sequence alignments and microsatellite data are available on DRYAD (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r7sqv9sfm), The accurate delimitation of species boundaries in nonbilaterian marine taxa is notoriously difficult, with consequences for many studies in ecology and evolution. Anthozoans are a diverse group of key structural organisms worldwide, but the lack of reliable morphological characters and informative genetic markers hampers our ability to understand species diversification. We investigated population differentiation and species limits in Atlantic (Iberian Peninsula) and Mediterranean lineages of the octocoral genus Paramuricea previously identified as P. clavata. We used a diverse set of molecular markers (microsatellites, RNA-seq derived single-copy orthologues [SCO] and mt-mutS [mitochondrial barcode]) at 49 locations. Clear segregation of Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages was found with all markers. Species-tree estimations based on SCO strongly supported these two clades as distinct, recently diverged sister species with incomplete lineage sorting, P. cf. grayi and P. clavata, respectively. Furthermore, a second putative (or ongoing) speciation event was detected in the Atlantic between two P. cf. grayi color morphotypes (yellow and purple) using SCO and supported by microsatellites. While segregating P. cf. grayi lineages showed considerable geographic structure, dominating circalittoral communities in southern (yellow) and western (purple) Portugal, their occurrence in sympatry at some localities suggests a degree of reproductive isolation. Overall, our results show that previous molecular and morphological studies have underestimated species diversity in Paramuricea occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, which has important implications for conservation planning. Finally, our findings validate the usefulness of phylotranscriptomics for resolving evolutionary relationships in octocorals, This work was funded by program BIOMARES, a Pew Marine Fellowship, and FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology UIDB/04326/2020, UIDP/04326/2020, LA/P/0101/2020, PTDC/BIA-CBI/6515/2020; EU-BiodivERsA BiodivRestore-253 (FCT: DivRestore/0013/2020); EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (MERCES: Grant no. 689518); as well as the Inaqua Conservation Fund (Oceanário de Lisboa and National Geographic Channel) and National Geographic Society/Waitt Grant no. W153-11. This article is also a product of the French network on Marine Connectivity (GDR MarCo). M.C. was supported by postdoctoral fellowships of projects HABMAR (Grant no. MAR-01.04.02-FEAMP-0018) co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the Operational Program MAR 2020 for Portugal (Portugal 2020), and BiodivAMP (Grant no. FA_06_2017_045) financed by the Directorate-General for Sea Policy of the Ministry of Economy and Sea for Portugal under the Operational Program Fundo Azul. JBL was funded by assistant researcher contract framework of the RD Unit—UID/Multi/04423/2019 – Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through COMPETE2020—Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). JB was funded by a FCT PhD scholarship SFRH/BD/72501/2010, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Seaweed and seagrass communities in the northeast Atlantic have been profoundly impacted by humans, and the rate of change is accelerating rapidly due to runaway CO2 emissions and mounting pressures on coastlines associated with human population growth and increased consumption of finite resources. Here, we predict how rapid warming and acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the northeast Atlantic in this century, based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that warming will kill off kelp forests in the south and that ocean acidification will remove maerl habitat in the north. Seagrasses will proliferate, and associated epiphytes switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species. Invasive species will thrive in niches liberated by loss of native species and spread via exponential development of artificial marine structures. Combined impacts of seawater warming, ocean acidification, and increased storminess may replace structurally diverse seaweed canopies, with associated calcified and noncalcified flora, with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds. In this study, predictions are made as to how rapid warming and ocean acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the north-east Atlantic in this century based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that kelp forests will die out in the south due to warming, maerl habitat lost in the north through acidification, seagrasses will proliferate, associated epiphytes will switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species, and invasive species will thrive. Thus, structurally diverse seaweed canopies with associated calcified and noncalcified flora may be replaced with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds. © 2014 The Authors.

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.06.004; In the present work, five genes encoding different Na(+),K(+) ATPase (NKA) α-isoforms in the teleost Solea senegalensis are described for the first time. Sequence analysis of predicted polypeptides revealed a high degree of conservation across teleosts and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the five genes into three main clades: α1 (designated atp1a1a and atp1a1b), α2 (designated atp1a2) and α3 (designated atp1a3a and atp1a3b) isoforms. Transcriptional analysis in larvae showed distinct expression profiles during development. In juvenile tissues, the atp1a1a gene was highly expressed in osmoregulatory organs, atp1a2 in skeletal muscle, atp1a1b in brain and heart and atp1a3a and atp1a3b mainly in brain. Quantification of mRNA abundance after a salinity challenge showed that atp1a1a transcript levels increased significantly in the gill of soles transferred to high salinity water (60ppt). In contrast, atp1a3a transcripts increased at low salinity (5ppt). In situ hybridization (ISH) analysis revealed that the number of ionocytes expressing atp1a1a transcripts in the primary gill filaments was higher at 35 and 60ppt than at 5ppt and remained undetectable or at very low levels in the lamellae at 5 and 35ppt but increased at 60ppt. Immunohistochemistry showed a higher number of positive cells in the lamellae. Whole-mount analysis of atp1a1a mRNA in young sole larvae revealed that it was localized in gut, pronephric tubule, gill, otic vesicle, yolk sac ionocytes and chordacentrum. Moreover, atp1a1a mRNAs increased at mouth opening (3 DPH) in larvae incubated at 36ppt with a greater signal in gills.

Distribution of Earth's biomes is structured by the match between climate and plant traits, which in turn shape associated communities and ecosystem processes and services. However, that climate-trait match can be disrupted by historical events, with lasting ecosystem impacts. As Earth's environment changes faster than at any time in human history, critical questions are whether and how organismal traits and ecosystems can adjust to altered conditions. We quantified the relative importance of current environmental forcing versus evolutionary history in shaping the growth form (stature and biomass) and associated community of eelgrass (Zostera marina), a widespread foundation plant of marine ecosystems along Northern Hemisphere coastlines, which experienced major shifts in distribution and genetic composition during the Pleistocene. We found that eelgrass stature and biomass retain a legacy of the Pleistocene colonization of the Atlantic from the ancestral Pacific range and of more recent within-basin bottlenecks and genetic differentiation. This evolutionary legacy in turn influences the biomass of associated algae and invertebrates that fuel coastal food webs, with effects comparable to or stronger than effects of current environmental forcing. Such historical lags in phenotypic acclimatization may constrain ecosystem adjustments to rapid anthropogenic climate change, thus altering predictions about the future functioning of ecosystems., This work was supported by the US NSF (OCE-1031061, OCE-1336206, OCE0-1336741, OCE-1336905) and the Smithsonian Institution. F.T. was supported by José Castillejo Award CAS14/00177. A.H.E. was supported by the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) through Project UIDB/04326/2020 and Contract CEECINST/00114/2018. This is Contribution 106 from the Smithsonian’s MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and Contribution 4105 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary.

Worldwide, kelp populations are stressed by warming, increased storms and other anthropogenic disturbances. Marine population distributions are projected to retreat poleward with climate change if they cannot adapt to changing conditions, which would potentially lead to a regime shift in subtidal habitats. In Northern Europe,Laminaria hyperboreais a subtidal ecosystem engineer whose distribution has shifted over millennia, leaving predicted areas of high genetic diversity from the last glacial maximum (LGM) near its southern distribution limit in the Iberian Peninsula. In Ireland,L. hyperboreastructures communities by supporting diverse faunal assemblages and producing large quantities of organic carbon throughout the year. We investigated the genetic diversity of eight populations, ranging from the southern coast to the north-west of Ireland, using nine microsatellite loci. Diversity was found to be highest in Lough Hyne, a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), near the predicted climate refugium. We found evidence of isolation by distance, with high connectivity between populations that were geographically close, probably driven by short range dispersal ofL. hyperboreapropagules. Genetic diversity (measured as expected heterozygosity and allelic richness) was highest at Lough Hyne, and decreased northwards, as predicted from past range shifts. Expected heterozygosity was highest at Lough Hyne (0.706) and decreased northward, with the lowest value at Bridges of Ross (0.283). Based on these patterns, further fine-scale investigation into population diversity, dispersal and potential resilience in Irish kelp forests are necessary as warming and non-native species are observed more and more frequently. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

While considerable evidence exists of biogeographic patterns in the intensity of species interactions, the influence of these patterns on variation in community structure is less clear. Studying how the distributions of traits in communities vary along global gradients can inform how variation in interactions and other factors contribute to the process of community assembly. Using a model selection approach on measures of trait dispersion in crustaceans associated with eelgrass (Zostera marina) spanning 30° of latitude in two oceans, we found that dispersion strongly increased with increasing predation and decreasing latitude. Ocean and epiphyte load appeared as secondary predictors; Pacific communities were more overdispersed while Atlantic communities were more clustered, and increasing epiphytes were associated with increased clustering. By examining how species interactions and environmental filters influence community structure across biogeographic regions, we demonstrate how both latitudinal variation in species interactions and historical contingency shape these responses. Community trait distributions have implications for ecosystem stability and functioning, and integrating large-scale observations of environmental filters, species interactions and traits can help us predict how communities may respond to environmental change., This research was funded by National Science Foundation grants to J.E.D., J.J.S. and K.A.H. (NSF-OCE 1336206, OCE 1336905, and OCE 1336741). C.B. was funded by the Åbo Akademi University Foundation.

Determining the extent of overlap between modern humans and other hominins in Eurasia, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, is fundamental to understanding the nature of their interactions and what led to the disappearance of archaic hominins. Apart from a possible sporadic pulse recorded in Greece during the Middle Pleistocene, the first settlements of modern humans in Europe have been constrained to similar to 45,000 to 43,000 years ago. Here, we report hominin fossils from Grotte Mandrin in France that reveal the earliest known presence of modern humans in Europe between 56,800 and 51,700 years ago. This early modern human incursion in the Rhone Valley is associated with technologies unknown in any industry of that age outside Africa or the Levant. Mandrin documents the first alternating occupation of Neanderthals and modern humans, with a modern human fossil and associated Neronian lithic industry found stratigraphically between layers containing Neanderthal remains associated with Mousterian industries. Australian Research Council FT200100816, LabEx DHP LaScArBx-AAP1-2011, French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-14-CE31, LabEx Djibouti LaScArBx-AAP5-2015, Australian Research Council FT200100816 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Plastic is one of the most ubiquitous sources of both contamination and pollution of the Anthropocene, and accumulates virtually everywhere on the planet. As such, plastic threatens the environment, the economy and human well-being globally. The related potential threats have been identified as a major global conservation issue and a key research priority. Asa consequence, plastic pollution has become one of the most prolific fields of research in research areas including chemistry, physics, oceanography, biology, ecology, ecotoxicology, molecular biology, sociology, economy, conservation, management, and even politics. In this context, one may legitimately expect plastic pollution research to be highly interdisciplinary. However, using the emerging topic of microplastic and nanoplastic leachate (i.e., the desorption of molecules that are adsorbed onto the surface of a polymer and/or absorbed into the polymer matrix in the absence of plastic ingestion) in the ocean as a case study, we argue that this is still far from being the case. Instead, we highlight that plastic pollution research rather seems to remain structured in mostly isolated monodisciplinary studies. A plethora of analytical methods arc now available to qualify and quantify plastic monomers, polymers and the related additives. We nevertheless show though a survey of the literature that most studies addressing the effects of leachates on marine organisms essentially still lack of a quantitative assessment of the chemical nature and content of both plastic items and their leachates. In the context of the ever-increasing research effort devoted to assess the biological and ecological effects of plastic waste, we subsequently argue that the lack of a true interdisciplinary approach is likely to hamper the development of this research field. We finally introduce a roadmap for future research which has to evolve through the development of a sound and systematic ability to chemically define what we biologically compare. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Strategies to reduce dependence on synthetic drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections in ruminants include the search for novel anthelmintic scaffolds on plants, yet salt-tolerant plants remain overlooked. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic properties of selected salt-tolerant plants against GIN, and identify the potential bioactive secondary metabolites involved. For that purpose, 80% acetone/water extracts were prepared from dried biomass of aerial organs of nine salt-tolerant plant species and tested against Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis by the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay (LEIA) and Egg Hatching Inhibition Assay (EHIA). Pistacia lentiscus, Limoniatrum monopetalum, Cladium mariscus and Helychrisum italicum picardi were the most active in both GIN and life stages. To investigate the role of polyphenols in the anthelmintic activity, four selected extracts were treated with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), and non-treated and treated samples were further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn). While polyphenols seem responsible for the EHIA properties, they are partially accountable to LEIA results. Several phenolics involved in the anthelmintic effects were identified and discussed. In sum, these species are rich sources of anthelmintic compounds and, therefore, are of major interest for nutraceutical and/or phytotherapeutic applications against GIN in ruminants. Centre of Marine Sciences University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics IBILCE São Paulo State University UMR 1225 IHAP INRAe, 23 Chemin des Capelles Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Experimental Sciences University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas ENVT Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics IBILCE São Paulo State University Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area: 2019-SECTION2-16 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: CEECIND/00425/2017 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: Multi/04326/2020

Persistent and ubiquitous organic pollutants, such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[⍺]pyrene (BaP), represent a major threat to aquatic organisms and human health. Beside some well-documented adverse effects on the development and reproduction of aquatic organisms, BaP was recently shown to affect fish bone formation and skeletal development through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. In this work, zebrafish bonerelated in vivo assays were used to evaluate the osteotoxic effects of BaP during bone development and regeneration. Acute exposure of zebrafish larvae to BaP from 3 to 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) induced a dosedependent reduction of the opercular bone size and a depletion of osteocalcin-positive cells, indicating an effect on osteoblast maturation. Chronic exposure of zebrafish larvae to BaP from 3 to 30 dpf affected the development of the axial skeleton and increased the incidence and severity of skeletal deformities. In young adults, BaP affected the mineralization of newly formed fin rays and scales, and impaired fin ray patterning and scale shape, through mechanisms that involve an imbalanced bone remodeling. Gene expression analyses indicated that BaP induced the activation of xenobiotic and metabolic pathways, while negatively impacting extracellular matrix formation and organization. Interestingly, BaP exposure positively regulated inflammation markers in larvae and increased the recruitment of neutrophils. A direct interaction between neutrophils and bone extracellular matrix or bone forming cells was observed in vivo, suggesting a role for neutrophils in the mechanisms underlying BaP osteotoxicity. Our work provides novel data on the cellular and molecular players involved in BaP osteotoxicity and brings new insights into a possible role for neutrophils in inflammatory bone reduction. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Freshwater pond polyculture faces many challenges in Europe. Appropriate tools must be developed to better understand and manage trophic interactions in pond ecosystems. The objective of our study was to understand the trophic interactions and make inference on the fish diet in common carp polyculture through a combination of experiments and trophic web modeling. We conducted an experiment in small fishponds of common carp polyculture reared with roach and perch and used Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterize the food web. Two replicates of 3 treatments were performed: a semi-extensive pond with low fish density and no formulated feed, an intensive pond with twice the fish density and formulated feed and an intensive pond coupled with a planted lagoon. Ten trophic groups were defined to describe the food web. The modeling procedure enabled us to estimate the diets of each trophic group. The fish diet in fed and non-fed treatments differed greatly since the carp fed mainly on formulated feed when available. The roach exhibited trophic plasticity by adapting their diet to the available resources. The benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were preyed upon intensively; they became the limiting factors for fish production and depended on phytoplankton availability. Detritus and phytoplankton were the main sources of nutrients in all treatments but were not used efficiently. These results provide several insights for improving polyculture. In particular, they promote better management of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates as food sources for target species and a better balance in fish assemblages for more efficient use of resources. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; Existing European observation tools and services have the potential to take advantage of cutting-edge technologies to obtain a wide range of data at a much higher spatial resolution and temporal regularity and duration. The EU-funded NAUTILOS project will develop a new generation of sensors and samplers for physical, chemical, and biological essential ocean variables in addition to micro-and nano-plastics. The project will improve our understanding of environmental variations and anthropogenic impacts connected with aquaculture, fi sheries, and marine litter. The project will integrate recently advanced marine technologies into different observing platforms and deploy them through innovative and cost-effective methods in a wide range of key environmental settings and EU policy-related applications. The project aims to complement and expand existing European observation instruments and services and further enable and democratise the monitoring of the marine environment for both traditional and non-traditional data users.; Les outils et services d'observation européens existants ont le potentiel de tirer parti des technologies de pointe pour obtenir un large éventail de données à une résolution spatiale et une régularité temporelle et une durée beaucoup plus élevées. Le projet NAUTILOS, financé par l'UE, développera une nouvelle génération de capteurs et d'échantillonneurs pour les variables océaniques essentielles physiques, chimiques et biologiques, en plus des micro- et nano-plastiques. Le projet améliorera notre compréhension des variations environnementales et des impacts anthropiques liés à l'aquaculture, aux pêcheries et aux déchets marins. Le projet intégrera des technologies marines récemment avancées dans différentes plateformes d'observation et les déploiera par le biais de méthodes innovantes et rentables dans un large éventail de contextes environnementaux clés et d'applications liées aux politiques de l'UE. Le projet vise à compléter et à étendre les instruments et services d'observation européens existants et à permettre et démocratiser davantage la surveillance de l'environnement marin pour les utilisateurs de données traditionnels et non traditionnels.

Keutel syndrome (KS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that was first identified in the beginning of the 1970s and nearly 30 years later attributed to loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding for the matrix Gla protein (MGP). Patients with KS are usually diagnosed during childhood (early onset of the disease), and the major traits include abnormal calcification of cartilaginous tissues resulting in or associated with malformations of skeletal tissues (e.g., midface hypoplasia and brachytelephalangism) and cardiovascular defects (e.g., congenital heart defect, peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, and, in some cases, arterial calcification), and also hearing loss and mild developmental delay. While studies on Mgp-/- mouse, a faithful model of KS, show that pathologic mineral deposition (ectopic calcification) in cartilaginous and vascular tissues is the primary cause underlying many of these abnormalities, the mechanisms explaining how MGP prevents abnormal calcification remain poorly understood. This has negative implication for the development of a cure for KS. Indeed, at present, only symptomatic treatments are available to treat hypertension and respiratory complications occurring in the KS patients. In this review, we summarize the results published in the last 50 years on Keutel syndrome and present the current status of the knowledge on this rare pathology. CA-16115 - EJPRD2019-290 - UIDB/04326/2020 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

34 pages, 4 figures.-- Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0, Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems. However, we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help to describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota with which it interacts, form a holobiont, and have to be studied together as a coherent biological and functional unit to understand its biology, ecology, and evolution. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences. Given the connectivity and the unexplored biodiversity specific to marine ecosystems, a deeper understanding of such complex systems requires further technological and conceptual advances, e.g., the development of controlled experimental model systems for holobionts from all major lineages and the modeling of (info)chemical-mediated interactions between organisms. Here we propose that one significant challenge is to bridge cross-disciplinary research on tractable model systems in order to address key ecological and evolutionary questions. This first step is crucial to decipher the main drivers of the dynamics and evolution of holobionts and to account for the holobiont concept in applied areas, such as the conservation, management, and exploitation of marine ecosystems and resources, where practical solutions to predict and mitigate the impact of human activities are more important than ever, This paper is based on the results of a foresight workshop funded by the EuroMarine network, Sorbonne University, and the UMRs 8227 and 7144 of the Roscoff Biological Station. Ezequiel M. Marzinelli was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP180104041), and José Pintado Valverde was funded by the Galician Innovation Agency (IN607A 2017/4). The work of Simon M. Dittami ad Catherine Leblanc was funded by the ANR project IDEALG (ANR-10-TBR-04). Claire M.M. Gachon, Catherine Leblanc, and SimonMDittami received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 624575 (ALFF). The work of Fabrice Not was funded by the ANR project IMPEKAB (ANR-15-CE02-001). Ulisse Cardini was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania project INBALANCE (09.3.3-LMT-K-712-01-0069). Johan Decelle was supported by the CNRS and the ATIP-Avenir program, the LabEx GRAL (ANR-10-LABX-49-01) and Pôle Dittami et CBS from the University of Grenoble Alpes. Paco Cardenas received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the SponGES project (grant agreement No. 679849). Elena Kazamia was funded by a Marie Curie Individual Fellowship (Horizon 2020, IRONCOMM). Aschwin H Engelen was supported by Portuguese national funds from FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology through projects UID/Multi/04326/2019 and UIDB/04326/2020

International audience; Over the past two decades, the presence of so-called emerging contaminants in various environmental compartments around the world, such as water, sediments, soils and atmosphere, and in a wide variety of consumer products has become a major concern for society, public health authorities, industry (namely food industry and water sector) and the agricultural sector. Some of these substances are endocrine disruptors and others are proven carcinogens and mutagens. In particular, there is a growing concern about the presence of emerging contaminants in water resources.The list of substances and products is particularly long: pesticides, pharmaceuti-cals, drugs of abuse (including licit and illicit drugs), cosmetics, personal care prod-ucts, surfactants, cleaning products, industrial formulations and chemicals, food additives, food packaging, metalloids, rare earth elements, nanomaterials, micro-plastics and pathogens. Most of these substances are found not only in domestic wastewater and industrial discharges, but also in surface and ground water, and consequently in drinking water and food sources. Therefore, emerging contami-nants entering the aquatic compartment may cause known, unknown or suspected adverse effects on the ecosystems and/or human health. Many molecules have been classified in recent years as priority or priority hazardous substances, and thus, the industrial world and the municipal wastewater treatment plants are particularly con-cerned by the release of these substances by virtue of increasingly strict regulations. However, existing conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants and drinking water treatment plants were not designed for eliminating these new contaminants. In addition, most emerging contaminants are not yet routinely monitored either in industrial discharges or in the environment. From an academic point of view, emerging substances are also of great interest to the scientific community and receive special attention. The areas of research concern not only their effects on human health and their impact on environment, but also their sources, analysis and fate in the environment, as well as their remediation. Indeed, their behavior in the environ-ment and their effects on all living organisms remain largely unknown. Many sub-stances are difficult to remove by conventional water treatment processes. Thus, there is an intense research activity on all these topics.The objective of this chapter is to present a recent state of knowledge on emerging substances and their presence in the aquatic environment. After general considerations on emerging contaminants, the first part is focused on chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for their analysis and detection, and on detection of microplastics in water and sediment. The presence of alkylphenols, rare earth elements and nanoparticles in the aquatic environment is then discussed. Finally, examples of contamination described from around the world, from China to Portugal, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil, are presented.

Marine ecosystems formed by kelp forests are severely threatened by global change and local coastline disturbances in many regions. In order to take appropriate conservation, mitigation, and restoration actions, it is crucial to identify the most diverse populations which could serve as a “reservoir” of genetic diversity. This requires the development of specifc tools, such as microsatellite markers to investigate the level and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Here, we tested new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of the kelp, Laminaria digitata, and tested them for cross-amplifcation and polymorphism in four closely related congeneric species (Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria rodriguezii, and Laminaria pallida). Adding these 20 new microsatellite loci to the ten L. digitata loci previously developed by Billot et al. (Mol Ecol 7:1778-1780, 1998) and Brenan et al. (J R Soc Interface 11:1-12, 2014) and to the ten L. ochroleuca loci previ ously developed by Coelho et al. (Conserv Genet Resource 6:949-950, 2014), we retained a total of 30 polymorphic loci for L. digitata, 21 for L. hyperborea, 16 for L ochroleuca, 18 for L. rodriguezii, and 12 for L. pallida. These markers have been tested for the frst time in the last two species. As predicted, the proportion of markers that cross-amplifed between species decreased with increasing genetic distance. In addition, as problems of species identifcation were reported in this family, mainly between L. digitata and Hedophyllum nigripes, but also between L. digitata, L. hyperborea, and L. ochroleuca in areas where their range distributions overlap, we report a rapid PCR identifcation method based on species-specifc COI mitochondrial primers that allows these four species of kelp to be rapidly distinguished. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; Conditional differentiation between haploids and diploids has been proposed to drive the evolutionary stability of isomorphic biphasic life cycles. The cost of producing and maintaining genetic information has been posed as a possible driver of this conditional differentiation. Under this hypothesis, haploids benefit over diploids in resource‐limited environments by halving the costs of producing and maintaining DNA. Spared resources can be allocated to enhance survival, growth or fertility. Here we test in the field whether indeed haploids have higher growth rates than diploids. Individuals of the red seaweed Agarophyton chilense, were mapped and followed during 2 years with 4‐month census intervals across different stands within the Valdivia River estuary, Chile. As hypothesized, haploids grew larger and faster than diploids, but this was sex‐dependent. Haploid (gametophyte) females grew twice as large and 15% faster than diploids (tetrasporophytes), whereas haploid males only grew as large and as fast as the maximum obtained by diploids in summer. However, haploid males maintained their maximum sizes and growth rates constant year‐round, while diploids were smaller and had lower growth rates during the winter. In conclusion, our results confirm the conditional differentiation in size and growth between haploids and diploids but also identified important differences between males and females. Besides understanding life cycle evolution, the dynamics of A. chilense frond growth reported informs algal farmers regarding production optimization and should help in determining best planting and harvesting strategies.

Ecosystem-based management on coral reefs has historically focussed on biodiversity conservation through the establishment of marine reserves, but it is increasingly recognised that a subset of species can be key to the maintenance of ecosystem processes and functioning. Specific provisions for these key taxa are essential to biodiversity conservation and resilience-based adaptive management. While a wealth of literature addresses ecosystem functioning on coral reefs, available information covers only a subset of specific taxa, ecological processes and environmental stressors. What is lacking is a comparative assessment across the diverse range of coral reef species to synthesise available knowledge to inform science and management. Here we employed expert elicitation coupled with a literature review to generate the first comprehensive assessment of 70 taxonomically diverse and functionally distinct coral reef species from microbes to top predators to summarise reef functioning. Although our synthesis is largely through the lens of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, a particularly data-rich system, it is relevant to coral reefs in general. We use this assessment to evaluate which taxa drive processes that maintain a healthy reef and whether management of these taxa is considered a priority (i.e. are they vulnerable?) or is feasible (i.e. can they be managed?). Scientific certainty was scored to weight our recommendations, particularly when certainty was low. We use five case studies to highlight critical gaps in knowledge that limit our understanding of ecosystem functioning. To inform the development of novel management strategies and research objectives, we identify taxa that support positive interactions and enhance ecosystem performance, including those where these roles are currently underappreciated. We conclude that current initiatives effectively capture many priority taxa but that there is significant room to increase opportunities for underappreciated taxa in both science and management to maximally safeguard coral reef functioning.

Bottom-contact fisheries are unquestionably one of the main threats to the ecological integrity and functioning of deep-sea and circalittoral ecosystems, notably cold-water corals (CWC) and coral gardens. Lessons from the destructive impact of bottom trawling highlight the urgent need to understand how fisheries affect these vulnerable marine ecosystems. At the same time, the impact of other fishing gear and small-scale fisheries remains sparsely known despite anecdotal evidence suggesting their impact may be significant. This study aims to provide baseline information on coral bycatch by bottom-set gillnets used by artisanal fisheries in Sagres (Algarve, southwestern Portugal), thereby contributing to understand the impact of the activity but also the diversity and abundance of corals in this region. Coral bycatch frequency and species composition were quantified over two fishing seasons (summer-autumn and spring) for 42 days. The relationship with fishing effort was characterized according to metiers (n = 6). The results showed that 85% of the gillnet deployments caught corals. The maximum number of coral specimens per net was observed in a deployment targeting Lophius budegassa (n = 144). In total, 4,326 coral fragments and colonies of 22 different species were captured (fishing depth range of 57-510 m, mean 139 +/- 8 m). The most affected species were Eunicella verrucosa (32%), Paramuricea grayi (29%), Dendrophyllia cornigera (12%), and Dendrophyllia ramea (6%). The variables found to significantly influence the amount of corals caught were the target species, net length, depth, and mesh size. The 22 species of corals caught as bycatch belong to Orders Alcyonacea (80%), Scleractinia (18%), Zoantharia (1%), and Antipatharia (1%), corresponding to around 13% of the coral species known for the Portuguese mainland coast. These results show that the impact of artisanal fisheries on circalittoral coral gardens and CWC is potentially greater than previously appreciated, which underscores the need for new conservation measures and alternative fishing practices. Measures such as closure of fishing areas, frequent monitoring onboard of fishing vessels, or the development of encounter protocols in national waters are a good course of action. This study highlights the rich coral gardens of Sagres and how artisanal fisheries can pose significant threat to corals habitats in certain areas. HABMAR (Grant No.MAR-01.04.02-FEAMP-0018) co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund of the Operational Program MAR 2020 for Portugal (Portugal 2020), TECPESCA (Grant No. MAR2020 16-01-04-FMP-0010), and MARSW (Grant No. POSEUR/ICNF/LPN). FCT: UIDB/04326/2020/ SFRH/BSAB/150485/2019. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Humans are exposed to methylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative neurotoxin, mainly through the consumption of marine fish. Several studies showed that high MeHg exposure can lead to neurological damage. This is particularly relevant for pregnant women, because MeHg exposure negatively impacts foetal development. Populations living near the sea are generally at increased exposure risk due to higher consumption of fish and seafood. Here, we present the first study of MeHg exposure levels of the population living at the French Riviera, using mercury (Hg) concentrations in hair as a proxy for MeHg exposure. We found that older people that consume more fish presented the highest hair Hg concentrations. Compared to other Mediterranean bordering countries and other European countries, the southern France population is among those with high MeHg exposure (median for women of childbearing age is 0.56 mu g g(-1)). A global implementation of the Minamata Convention is necessary to lower MeHg exposure of the population. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Communication office of Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) Communication office of Aix-Marseille-University (AMU) Communication office of Sciences of the Universe Observatory Pytheas (OSU Pytheas) Communication office of French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

To understand the thermal plasticity of a coastal foundation species across its latitudinal distribution, we assess physiological responses to high temperature stress in the kelp Laminaria digitata in combination with population genetic characteristics and relate heat resilience to genetic features and phylogeography. We hypothesize that populations from Arctic and cold-temperate locations are less heat resilient than populations from warm distributional edges. Using meristems of natural L. digitata populations from six locations ranging between Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen (79°N), and Quiberon, France (47°N), we performed a common-garden heat stress experiment applying 15°C to 23°C over eight days. We assessed growth, photosynthetic quantum yield, carbon and nitrogen storage, and xanthophyll pigment contents as response traits. Population connectivity and genetic diversity were analyzed with microsatellite markers. Results from the heat stress experiment suggest that the upper temperature limit of L. digitata is nearly identical across its distribution range, but subtle differences in growth and stress responses were revealed for three populations from the species' ecological range margins. Two populations at the species' warm distribution limit showed higher temperature tolerance compared to other populations in growth at 19°C and recovery from 21°C (Quiberon, France), and photosynthetic quantum yield and xanthophyll pigment responses at 23°C (Helgoland, Germany). In L. digitata from the northernmost population (Spitsbergen, Norway), quantum yield indicated the highest heat sensitivity. Microsatellite genotyping revealed all sampled populations to be genetically distinct, with a strong hierarchical structure between southern and northern clades. Genetic diversity was lowest in the isolated population of the North Sea island of Helgoland and highest in Roscoff in the English Channel. All together, these results support the hypothesis of moderate local differentiation across L. digitata's European distribution, whereas effects are likely too weak to ameliorate the species' capacity to withstand ocean warming and marine heatwaves at the southern range edge. Foundation for Science and Technology: UIDB/04326/2020/ PTDC/MAR-EST/6053/2014/ Biodiversa/0004/2015 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that represents an environmental concern. BRM17, a newly isolated strain from Tunisian PG BRM17 with the ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate, was identified as Pantoea sp. based on the analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing. The plant growth-promoting traits of BRM17 were analyzed by investigating the production of siderophores, indolic compounds (IAA), exopolysaccharides (EPS), ammonia (NH3), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. Observation of Arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with BRM17 tagged with a far-red fluorescent protein (mkate2) revealed that Pantoea sp. colonized the surface and inner part of the roots. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the ability of BRM17 to promote the growth of canola (Brassica napus) in PG-amended soil in both sterilized and non-sterilized conditions. An increase in shoot and root biomass was observed in plants that were inoculated with BRM17 and cultivated in 2% PG amended soil. This effect was more significant in the sterilized condition. Furthermore, canola inoculated with BRM17 was able to grow in 100% PG, unlike non-inoculated plants. This study provides a strong basis for the further development of Pantoea sp. BRM17 inoculum to solubilize inorganic phosphate, due to its ability to overcome difficulties related to plant growth in PG dump sites or in PG-amended soils.

Species distribution records are a prerequisite to follow climate-induced range shifts across space and time. However, synthesizing information from various sources such as peer-reviewed literature, herbaria, digital repositories and citizen science initiatives is not only costly and time consuming, but also challenging, as data may contain thematic and taxonomic errors and generally lack standardized formats. We address this gap for important marine ecosystem-structuring species of large brown algae and seagrasses. We gathered distribution records from various sources and provide a fine-tuned dataset with ~2.8 million dereplicated records, taxonomically standardized for 682 species, and considering important physiological and biogeographical traits. Specifically, a flagging system was implemented to signal potentially incorrect records reported on land, in regions with limiting light conditions for photosynthesis, and outside the known distribution of species, as inferred from the most recent published literature. We document the procedure and provide a dataset in tabular format based on Darwin Core Standard (DwC), alongside with a set of functions in R language for data management and visualization., Measurement(s)Species • DistributionTechnology Type(s)digital curationFactor Type(s)geographic locationSample Characteristic - OrganismFucales • Laminariales • Tilopteridales • Cymodoceaceae • Hydrocharitaceae • Posidoniaceae • ZosteraceaeSample Characteristic - Environmentmarine biomeSample Characteristic - Locationglobal Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12011523

Genetic structure in biogeographical transition zones can be shaped by several factors including limited dispersal across barriers, admixture following secondary contact, differential selection, and mating incompatibility. A striking example is found in Northwest France and Northwest Spain, where the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides L. exhibits sharp, regional genetic clustering. This pattern has been related to historical population fragmentation and divergence into distinct glacial refugia, followed by post-glacial expansion and secondary contact. The contemporary persistence of sharp ancient genetic breaks between nearby estuaries has been attributed to prior colonization effects (density barriers) but the effect of oceanographic barriers has not been tested. Here, through a combination of mesoscale sampling (15 consecutive populations) and population genetic data (mtIGS) in NW France, we define regional genetic disjunctions similar to those described in NW Iberia. Most importantly, using high resolution dispersal simulations for Brittany and Iberian populations, we provide evidence for a central role of contemporary hydrodynamics in maintaining genetic breaks across these two major biogeographic transition zones. Our findings further show the importance of a comprehensive understanding of oceanographic regimes in hydrodynamically complex coastal regions to explain the maintenance of sharp genetic breaks along continuously populated coastlines. Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-MEC, Portugal) [DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0035] National Research Foundation of South AfricaNational Research Foundation - South Africa [64801] FCTPortuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyEuropean Commission [SFRH/BPD/88935/2012, SFRH/BPD/111003/2015] Pew Marine Fellowship (USA) [SFRH/BPD/111003/2015] [BIODIVERSA/004/2015] [IF/01413/2014/CP1217/CT0004] [UID/Multi/04326/2019] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the North-east (NE) Atlantic, most intertidal fucoids and warm-temperate kelps show unique low-latitude gene pools matching long-term climatic refugia. For cold-temperate kelps data are scarcer despite their unique cultural, ecological and economic significance. Here we test whether the amphi-Atlantic range of Laminaria digitata is derived from past glacial survival (and vicariance) in both NE and North-west (NW) Atlantic refugia (as suggested by niche modelling), or post-glacial (re)colonization (as suggested by low mtDNA divergence). We screened 14 populations from across the species range for 12 microsatellite loci to identify and map major gene pools and refugia. We assessed if NW Atlantic survival was supported by unique endemic variation, and if genetic diversity and structure were, as predicted from larger hindcasted glacial ranges, higher in the NE Atlantic. Microsatellite data subdivided L. digitata into three main genetic groups matching Brittany, northern Europe and the NW Atlantic, with finer-scale sub-structuring within European clusters. The relatively diverse NE Atlantic lineages probably survived the Last Glacial Maximum along unglaciated periglacial shorelines of the Armorican and Celtic Seas (Brittany cluster) and Ireland (northern European cluster), and remain well differentiated despite their relative proximity. The unique Brittany gene pool, at the contemporary European rear edge, is projected to disappear in the near future under high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Low allelic diversity and low endemism in the NW Atlantic are consistent with recent post-glacial colonization from Europe, challenging the long-standing hypothesis of in situ glacial survival. Confusion with Hedophyllum nigripes may have led to underestimation of regional diversity of L. digitata, but also to overestimation of its presence along putative trans-Atlantic migration routes. Partial incongruence between modelling and genetic-based biogeographic inferences highlights the benefits of comparing both approaches to understand how shifting climatic conditions affect marine species distributions and explain large-scale patterns of spatial genetic structure. PTDC/MAR-EST/6053/2014, Biodiversa/0004/2015, UID/Multi/04326/2019, SFRH/BSAB/150485/2019 (to EAS) and Norma Transitória DL 57/2016/CP1361/CT001 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The aquaculture of macroalgae for human consumption and other high-end applications is experiencing unprecedented development in European countries, with the brown algae Saccharina latissima being the flag species. However, environmental conditions in open sea culture sites are often unique, which may impact the biochemical composition of cultured macroalgae. The present study compared the elemental compositions (CHNS), fatty acid profiles, and lipidomes of S. latissima originating from three distinct locations (France, Norway, and the United Kingdom). Significant differences were found in the elemental composition, with Norwegian samples displaying twice the lipid content of the others, and significantly less protein (2.6%, while French and UK samples contained 6.3% and 9.1%, respectively). The fatty acid profiles also differed considerably, with UK samples displaying a lower content of n-3 fatty acids (21.6%), resulting in a higher n-6/n-3 ratio. Regarding the lipidomic profile, samples from France were enriched in lyso lipids, while those from Norway displayed a particular signature of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylcholine. Samples from the UK featured higher levels of phosphatidylethanolamine and, in general, a lower content of galactolipids. These differences highlight the influence of site-specific environmental conditions in the shaping of macroalgae biochemical phenotypes and nutritional value. It is also important to highlight that differences recorded in the lipidome of S. latissima make it possible to pinpoint specific lipid species that are likely to represent origin biomarkers. This finding is relevant for future applications in the field of geographic origin traceability and food control.

Aim Drivers of intraspecific biodiversity include past climate-driven range shifts and contemporary ecological conditions mediating connectivity, but these are rarely integrated in a common comprehensive approach. This is particularly relevant for marine organisms, as ocean currents strongly influence population isolation or connectivity, keeping or diluting the signatures left by past climates. Here we ask whether the coupling between past range shifts and contemporary connectivity explain the extant gene pools of Laminaria ochroleuca, a large brown alga structuring important marine forests from shallow to deep infralittoral grounds. Location Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Taxon Laminaria ochroleuca. Methods We estimated population genetic diversity and structure of L. ochroleuca across its entire distribution range using 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. This was compared with the outcomes of a palaeoclimatic model predicting latitudinal and depth range shifts from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. Genetic differentiation was further compared with potential connectivity inferred with a biophysical model developed with high-resolution data from HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model). Results The biogeographical distribution of genetic variability showed overall agreement with the predictions from independently inferred past range shifts. Multiple regions of persistence were identified in deep and upwelling settings at the lowest latitudes of the current species distribution, where higher and unique genetic diversity was retained. The biophysical model revealed that despite the possibility of long-distance migration, contemporary oceanographic barriers strongly restrict connectivity of isolated genetic lineages. Main conclusions Integrating different processes at biogeographical scales explained the extant gene pools of marine forests of L. ochroleuca. Low-latitude genetic relics harbour a disproportional evolutionary significance, persisting as ancient populations in isolated deep and upwelling climate refugia. Their inferred rates of dispersal may be insufficient to accommodate anticipated climate warming.

Strontium is a natural trace element found in biominerals such as aragonitic coral skeletons and bone apatite. Sr2+substitution in biomaterials has been found to regulate the cellular metabolism, thus enhancing bone healing. Even though Ca2+ substitution for Sr2+ has been described in many phosphate minerals, the impact of such substitution on bioactivity and structure in pure carbonate phases has not been explored. Therefore, here we used a biomimetic approach to synthesize carbonate particles with a controlled size in which Ca2+ was progressively substituted for Sr2+. Through structural investigation by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, we studied the precipitation mechanism of Sr-substituted CaCO3 nanorods showing that increasing Sr2+/(Ca2+ + Sr2+) molar fractions lead to stabilization of strontianite, a mineral from the aragonite group, increasing the carbonate crystalline latti...

National audience

Session : Systèmes d'élevage, Environnement et Durabilité; Utilisation du modèle Ecopath pour comprendre les relations trophiques en polyculture d'étang. 6. Journées de la Recherche Filière Piscicole

International audience; Bone, tooth enamel, and dentin accumulate Sr 2+ , a natural trace element in the human body. Sr 2+ comes from dietary and environmental sources and is thought to play a key role in osteoporosis treatments. However, the underlying impacts of Sr 2+ on bone mineralization remain unclear and the use of synthetic apatites (which are structurally different from bone mineral) and non-physiological conditions have led to contradictory results. Here, we report on the formation of a new Sr 2+-rich and stable amorphous calcium phosphate phase, Sr(ACP). Relying on a bioinspired pathway, a series of Sr 2+ substituted hydroxya-patite (HA) that combines the major bone mineral features is depicted as model to investigate how this phase forms and Sr 2+ affects bone. In addition, by means of a comprehensive investigation the biominer-alization pathway of Sr 2+ bearing HA is described showing that not more than 10 at% of Sr 2+ , i.e. a physiological limit incorporated in bone, can be incorporated into HA without phase segregation. A combination of 31 P and 1 H solid state NMR, energy electron loss spectromicroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy shows that Sr 2+ introduces disorder in the HA culminating with the unexpected Sr(ACP), which co-exists with the HA under physiological conditions. These results suggest that heterogeneous Sr 2+ distribution in bone is associated with regions of low structural organization. Going further, such observations give clues from the physicochemical standpoint to understand the defects in bone formation induced by high Sr 2+ doses. Statement of Significance Understanding the role played by Sr 2+ has a relevant impact in physiological biomineralization and provides insights for its use as osteoporosis treatments. Previous studies inspired by the bone remodelling pathway led to the formation of biomimetic HA in terms of composition, structures and properties in water. Herein, by investigating different atomic percentage of Sr 2+ related to Ca 2+ in the synthesis, we demonstrate that 10% of Sr 2+ is the critical loads into the biomimetic HA phase; similarly to bone. Unexpectedly, using higher amount leads to the formation of a stable Sr 2+-rich amorphous calcium phosphate phase that may high-dose related pathologies. Our results provide further understanding of the different ways Sr 2+ impacts bone.

Twenty years of genetic studies of marine invaders have shown that successful invaders are often characterized by native and introduced populations displaying similar levels of genetic diversity. This pattern is presumably due to high propagule pressure and repeated introductions. The opposite pattern is reported in this study of the brown seaweed, Sargassum muticum, an emblematic species for circumglobal invasions. Albeit demonstrating polymorphism in the native range, microsatellites failed to detect any genetic variation over 1,269 individuals sampled from 46 locations over the Pacific-Atlantic introduction range. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from ddRAD sequencing revealed some genetic variation, but confirmed severe founder events in both the Pacific and Atlantic introduction ranges. Our study thus exemplifies the need for extreme caution in interpreting neutral genetic diversity as a proxy for invasive potential. Our results confirm a previously hypothesized transoceanic secondary introduction from NE Pacific to Europe. However, the SNP panel unexpectedly revealed two additional distinct genetic origins of introductions. Also, conversely to scenarios based on historical records, southern rather than northern NE Pacific populations could have seeded most of the European populations. Finally, the most recently introduced populations showed the lowest selfing rates, suggesting higher levels of recombination might be beneficial at the early stage of the introduction process (i.e., facilitating evolutionary novelties), whereas uniparental reproduction might be favored later in sustainably established populations (i.e., sustaining local adaptation). Agence Nationale de la Recherche - ANR-10-BTBR-04; European Regional Development Fund; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia - SFRH/BPD/107878/2015, UID/Multi/04326/2016, UID/Multi/04326/2019; Brittany Region; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Aim Phenology of a wide diversity of organisms has a dependency on climate, usually with reproductive periods beginning earlier in the year and lasting longer at lower latitudes. Temperature and day length are known environmental drivers of the reproductive timing of many species. Hence, reproductive phenology is sensitive to warming and is important to be considered for reliable predictions of species distributions. This is particularly relevant for rapidly spreading non-indigenous species (NIS). In this study, we forecast the future ranges of a NIS, the seaweed Sargassum muticum, including its reproductive phenology. Location Coastal areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Pacific and Atlantic oceans). Methods We used ecological niche modelling to predict the distribution of S. muticum under two scenarios forecasting limited (RCP 2.6) and severe (RCP 8.5) future climate changes. We then refined our predictions with a hybrid model using sea surface temperature constraints on reproductive phenology. Results Under the most severe climate change scenario, we predicted northward expansions which may have significant ecological consequences for subarctic coastal ecosystems. However, in lower latitudes, habitats currently occupied by S. muticum will no longer be suitable, creating opportunities for substantial community changes. The temperature constraints imposed by the reproductive window were shown to restrict the modelled future species expansion strongly. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, the total range area was expected to increase by 61.75% by 2100, but only by 1.63% when the reproductive temperature window was considered. Main conclusions Altogether these results exemplify the need to integrate phenology better to improve the prediction of future distributional shifts at local and regional scales. Agência financiadora Número do subsídio Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia CCMAR/Multi/04326/2019 FCT-BIODIVERSA/004/2015 FCT-SEAS-ERA/0001/2012 SFRH/BPD/107878/2015 SFRH/BPD/85040/2012 Erasmus Mundus Doctoral Programme MARES on Marine Ecosystem Health Conservation MARES_13_08 Pew Marine info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The feasibility of baker's yeast production using fruits and peels of Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) as carbohydrate feedstock was investigated. Two response surface methodologies involving central composite face centered design (CCFD) were successfully applied. The effects of four independent variables on baker's yeast production from OFI fruit juice was evaluated using the first CCFD. The best results were obtained with 24 H of inoculum age, 30 degrees C temperature, 200 rpm of agitation, and 10% inoculum size. At the maximum point, the biomass concentration reached 9.29 g/L. A second CCFD was performed to optimize the sugar extraction from OFI fruit peels. The potential of these latter as a fermentation substrate was determined. From the experimental results, the OFI fruit peel is an appropriate carbon source for the production of baker's yeast. The maximum biomass concentration was 12.51 g/L. Different nitrogen supplements were added to promote the yields of baker's yeast. Corn steep liquor was found to be the best alternative nutrient source of casein hydrolysate and yeast extract for baker's yeast production. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Some of the major challenges in seagrass restoration on exposed open coasts are the choice of transplant design that is optimal for coastlines periodically exposed to high water motion, and understanding the survival and dynamics of the transplanted areas on a long time-scale over many years. To contribute to a better understanding of these challenges, we describe here part of a large-scale seagrass restoration program conducted in a Marine Park in Portugal. The goal of this study was to infer if it was possible to recover seagrass habitat in this region, in order to restore its ecosystem functions. To infer which methods would produce better long term persistence to recover seagrass habitat, three factors were assessed: donor seagrass species, transplant season, source location. Monitoring was done three times a year for 8 years, in which areas and densities of the planted units were measured, to assess survival and growth. The best results were obtained with the species Zostera marina transplanted during spring and summer as compared to Zostera noltii and Cymodocea nodosa. Long-term persistence of established (well rooted) transplants was mainly affected by extreme winter storms but there was evidence of fish grazing effects also. Our results indicate that persistence assessments should be done in the long term, as all transplants were successful (survived and grew initially) in the short term, but were not resistant in the long term after a winter with exceptionally strong storms. The interesting observation that only the largest (11 m(2)) transplanted plot of Z marina persisted over a long time, increasing to 103 m(2) in 8 years, overcoming storms and grazing, raised the hypothesis that for a successful shift to a vegetated state it might be necessary to overpass a minimum critical size or tipping point. This hypothesis was therefore tested with replicates from two donor populations and results showed effects of size and donor population, as only the larger planting units (PUs) from one donor population persisted and expanded. It is recommended that in future habitat restoration efforts large PUs are considered. Project BIOMARES LIFE06 NAT/P/192 European Union LIFE Program cement company SECIL, Companhia de Cal e Cimentos S. A., Portugal Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia FCT SFRH/BD/81086/2011 Pew Marine Fellowship info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; The article draws on preliminary results from a qualitative exploratory study on the emotions reported by students in relation to their experiences of school failure, particularly in mathematics. The research involves students at risk of failure in mathematics attending vocational secondary education in Brazil. As a theoretical approach, the attribution theory is interrelated with theory development in the study of emotions in mathematics education. When considering the hypothesis of distinguishing factors of failure between facilitators and inhibitors, we have identified in the students’ verbal expressions several negative emotions that are tied to objects, agents and events of: the mathematics class, the mathematics as a discipline, and the mathematics assessment.

International audience

International audience; This paper aims to explore and discuss the use of simulations with physical models and prototype construction in a mathematical modelling activity in a context of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This study aims to understand the role of simulations and prototypes in student activity and how the use of prototypes and simulations modifies the mathematical modelling cycle. The study is based on a teaching experience in two 9th grade classes. From the analysis we can say that the integration of simulations and prototype construction in an educational STEM context is an important factor for students in assigning meaning to the various phases of the mathematical modelling cycle and in working effectively through those phases.

International audience; The article proposes a theory-based discussion on the configuration of modelling activities in the teaching and learning of mathematics. The design of modelling tasks is strongly dependent on the perspective adopted for its implementation. Based on two examples, an analysis of the task configuration is carried out in light of the more implicit or explicit aims of mathematical modelling in teaching and their connection with various modelling perspectives. From those examples, it is possible to argue that the configuration of modelling tasks is adaptable, which entails flexibility and reinforces the relevance of an educational standpoint in designing modelling problems.

Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, but we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota, living together in a long-lasting relationship, form the holobiont, and have to be studied together, as a coherent biological and functional unit, in order to understand the biology, ecology and evolution of the organisms. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences with comparisons to terrestrial science whenever appropriate. A deeper understanding of such complex systems, however, will require further technological and conceptual advances. The most significant challenge will be to bridge functional research on simple and tractable model systems and global approaches. This will require scientists to work together as an (inter)active community in order to address, for instance, ecological and evolutionary questions and the roles of holobionts in biogeochemical cycles., PeerJ Preprints, Computer Science Preprints., 2019

The physicochemical deposition of calcium-phosphate in the arterial wall is prevented by calcification inhibitors. Studies in cohorts of patients with rare genetic diseases have shed light on the consequences of loss-of-function mutations for different calcification inhibitors, and genetic targeting of these pathways in mice have generated a clearer picture on the mechanisms involved. For example, generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is caused by mutations in the enzyme ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (eNPP1), preventing the hydrolysis of ATP into pyrophosphate (PPi). The importance of PPi for inhibiting arterial calcification has been reinforced by the protective effects of PPi in various mouse models displaying ectopic calcifications. Besides PPi, Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) has been shown to be another potent calcification inhibitor as Keutel patients carrying a mutation in the encoding gene or Mgp-deficient mice develop spontaneous calcification of the arterial media. Whereas PPi and MGP represent locally produced calcification inhibitors, also systemic factors contribute to protection against arterial calcification. One such example is Fetuin-A, which is mainly produced in the liver and which forms calciprotein particles (CPPs), inhibiting growth of calcium-phosphate crystals in the blood and thereby preventing their soft tissue deposition. Other calcification inhibitors with potential importance for arterial calcification include osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, and klotho. The aim of the present review is to outline the latest insights into how different calcification inhibitors prevent arterial calcification both under physiological conditions and in the case of disturbed calcium-phosphate balance, and to provide a consensus statement on their potential therapeutic role for arterial calcification. Agência financiadora COST action - CA16115 EuroSoftCalcNet info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; Ethnopharmacological relevance: Salt-tolerant plants are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the Mediterranean region, where have been used traditionally as food and medicines for human and animals. In addition, various species are currently recognized as sources of metabolites with pharmacological, cosmetical and nutraceutical interest. Nevertheless, ethnoveterinary data on salt-tolerant plants are dispersed in the literature and there are few discussions on its veterinary potential. Having in mind the rising interest on organic farming, alternatives to chemical substances in livestock production and concern for animal health and welfare practices, these plants may represent an untapped resource for animal management and veterinary purposes. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to summarize the ethnoveterinary knowledge on salt-tolerant plants described in the Mediterranean region, raising awareness to the potential of this group of plants to be used in veterinary science, targeting especially ruminants.Material and methods: Literature search (2000-2020) was conducted using Web of Science and Science Direct databases. Ethnoveterinary reports (EVR) concerning salt-tolerant plants were summarized and filtered for ruminants. From the final 29 publications, EVR concerning therapeutic uses were categorized according to its ATCvet code and results analyzed. Results: A total of 221 EVR were identified from 39 plants, belonging to 21 plant families, targetting ruminants. Ten EVR (4.5%) concerned uses of salt-tolerant species as animal feed, while around 75% of therapeutic uses was represented by three categories: alimentary tract and metabolism (QA; n = 75), dermatologicals (QD; n = 53) and genitourinary system and sex hormones (QG; n = 41). Pistacia lentiscus L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, Plantago major L. and Hordeum vulgare L. were the most cited species in the latter categories.Conclusions: The ethnoveterinary knowledge on salt-tolerant species hints some plants of veterinary pharmacological potential, but other species deserve further notice. This information should serve as a basis and, coupled with the currently available scientific data on bioactive properties and chemical composition of salt-tolerant species, inspire additional research on the exploitation of this botanical group, as sources of novel products for ruminant nutrition, health and quality of its products.

International audience; The copepod Calanus glacialis is endemic to the Arctic Ocean and peripheral seas and forms a key component of the Arctic marine ecosystems. It is the major contributor to zooplankton biomass, a predominant grazer, and an important prey for seabirds, and fish. As for a planktonic species, its dispersal is expected to be widespread and mediated by ocean currents. However, complex circulation patterns and the existence of semi-enclosed fjords and seas in the Arctic can be hypothesized to influence the population genetic structure of this species. In this study, we aimed to infer patterns of connectivity between populations of C. glacialis distributed around the Arctic and across putative barriers formed by oceanographic currents and semi-enclosed fjords and seas. To achieve this, we used 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci to genotype 189 individuals from 7 locations: Svalbard fjords (Kongsfjorden, Hornsund, Isfjorden, Rijpfjorden, and Storfjorden), White Sea, and Amundsen Gulf, thus providing greater genetic resolution over a larger biogeographical scale than in previous studies. The results revealed a lack of structure among all seven locations around the Arctic, indicating a panmictic population with large-scale gene flow. This study also supports the hypothesis that the planktonic fauna of the White Sea is not isolated from that of the other Arctic regions.

International audience; In his News In Depth story “Mystery oil spill threatens marine sanctuary in Brazil” (8 November 2019, p. 672), H. Escobar highlights important ecosystems that have been affected by the spill. However, he did not mention the Brazilian rhodolith beds—the most extensive, abundant, and diverse biogenic carbonate habitats in the South Atlantic (1). The oil spill severely threatens these ecosystems, which comprise a staggering 2 x 1011 tons of carbonatic bank (2), stretch from 5°N to 27°S along the Brazilian coast, and cover a seabed potential area of 229,000 km2 (1).Brazil's rhodolith beds are recognized as an oasis of diversity (3). Although they harbor species of great economic and ecological value, they remain unprotected. The oil pollution will likely cause major socio-environmental and economic losses, similar to those caused by the Deepwater Horizon incident in the Gulf of Mexico (4). The contamination will compromise the region's food security as well as biodiversity conservation and efficient management. Moreover, the ongoing oil spill could have global consequences given the potential biogeochemical role of rhodolith beds in the oceanic carbon balance (1, 5). Thus, this event must not be downplayed or concealed, as has been attempted in the case of Brazilian mining accidents (6) and Amazon deforestation and fires (7). We advocate urgent action to evaluate and mitigate the oil spill and to remediate and restore areas on the oil slick route. Brazil must follow in the footsteps of Australia and Europe (8) and prioritize rhodolith bed conservation.

Résumé; IMTA ecopath model methodology: focus on a pond polyculture system. World Aquaculture 2018