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International audience; The increasing use of geopolymer materials in the construction and civil engineering sectors generates a large amount of non-biodegradable waste that will end up in landfills. It is therefore necessary to anticipate solutions for the proper management of this waste. In this work, new geopolymer materials were fabricated by partially replacing the reactive raw minerals (fly ash, FA, or metakaolin, MK) with used geopolymers (fully fly ash-based, FAref, or metakaolin-based, MKref), in order to develop a strategy to reuse geopolymer waste. Their workability and setting behavior were studied in the fresh state, and the geopolymerization process was investigated by calorimetry and by electrochemistry. Mechanical properties and the ability for coating mineral aggregates were assessed, and the resulting adhesion properties were analyzed using matrix/sand mortars. It appears that the new geopolymer materials as well as the mortars are endowed with good performances. The compressive strengths are above 50 MPa and therefore meet the requirements of different construction materials. This demonstrates the recyclability of geopolymer materials. Moreover, an analysis of the influence of the substitution of recycled geopolymers on the setting and on the mechanical performances of mortars makes it possible to propose a binder-recycled geopolymer interaction model for the formation of new binding matrices.

International audience; Groundwater is essential for early-season agriculture in many arid regions. In such regions, however, groundwater recharge is generally low, leading to groundwater degradation. State responses are seldom effective in addressing this issue, which leads to fatalist narratives of the unsustainability of profitable agricultural growth and the collapse of aquifers. We argue that such narratives make it difficult to recognise more promising instances in which communities find solutions to groundwater degradation. We call for a fine-grained analysis of the social practices around the use of groundwater, which, we argue, represent a process of commoning. We do so while recognising that the collective action of communities is embedded in an intricate set of relations with other stakeholders including the state, and that the positive environmental and transformative social change that is often associated with commoning cannot be taken for granted at the outset. Building on the case of the arid Drâa Valley in Morocco where watermelon production has expanded rapidly, we illustrate how the process of commoning evolves through different social practices, including: 1) the use of new farming practices that reveal the potential of the aquifer; 2) the representation of the aquifer as severely degraded and the development of a narrative around it being a collective good to be protected against outsiders; 3) the defining and negotiating of rules to control groundwater access and use; and 4) the engagement in negotiations and the resolving of conflicts. Our analysis shows that commoning, as performed by young local farmers, is about extending the lifespan of the aquifer for agricultural production rather than preserving it indefinitely; however, an examination of commoning practices also reveals the capacity of the community to change the course of the future.

International audience; Consumption habits are changing due to the development of new technologies around renewable energy, environmental awareness, and new incentive policies. Smart grids are seen as an effective way to accommodate more renewable energy, achieve better control of demand, and improve the operating conditions of the electrical system. However, electric vehicles, which are an environmentally friendly alternative, have very high market penetration and require efficient electrical management at charging stations. Among the factors that have a significant impact on electrical energy consumption are traffic conditions, which can seriously impact the efficiency of electric vehicles. Therefore, the focus is on developing charging infrastructure and reducing vehicle waiting time by optimally allocating electric vehicles to charging stations. To this end, an optimization approach is presented, based on the traffic conditions collected by the SUMO simulator. This approach enables each vehicle to be assigned to the appropriate station while maintaining its battery state of charge at a higher level.

We report a huge organic diversity in the Tissint Mars meteorite and the sampling of several mineralogical lithologies, which revealed that the organic molecules were nonuniformly distributed in functionality and abundance. The range of organics in Tissint meteorite were abundant C 3-7 aliphatic branched carboxylic acids and aldehydes, olefins, and polyaromatics with and without heteroatoms in a homologous oxidation structural continuum. Organomagnesium compounds were extremely abundant in olivine macrocrystals and in the melt veins, reflecting specific organo-synsthesis processes in close interaction with the magnesium silicates and temperature stresses, as previously observed. The diverse chemistry and abundance in complex molecules reveal heterogeneity in organic speciation within the minerals grown in the martian mantle and crust that may have evolved over geological time.

International audience; Local development organisations are now widespread in rural regions of North Africa. In the past, these organisations were usually only involved in a few sector-specific activities. This study investigated the activities of 24 local development organisations in the Saharan regions of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The fields of action of these organisations have expanded in the past decade, thanks to their increased capacity to handle relations with other actors. They have become active in defining what development means at the local level, although public administrations do not yet acknowledge such a role.

International audience; Background: Deafness is the most prevalent human sensorineural defect. It may occur as a result of an external auditory canal involvement, or a deficiency in the sound conduction mechanism, or an impairment of the cochlea, the cochlear nerve or central auditory perception. The genetic causes are the most common, as approximately 70% of hearing disorders are of hereditary origin, divided into two groups, syndromic (associated with other symptoms) and no syndromic (isolated deafness).Methods: A whole exome sequencing was performed to identify the genetic cause of hearing loss in six Moroccan families and Sanger sequencing was used to validate mutations in these genes.The results: The results of four out of the six families revealed four genetic variants in the genes GJB2, COL4A3, ATP6V1B1 and EDNRB responsible for non-syndromic and syndromic hearing loss. Multiple Bioinformatics programs and molecular modelling predicted the pathogenic effect of these mutations.Conclusions: We identified in Moroccan deaf patients four homozygous mutations. These results show the importance of whole exome sequencing to identify pathogenic mutations in heterogeneous disorders with multiple genes responsible.

International audience

Background Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex are found across the globe and are the focus of many research studies. Among the temperate species C. pipiens sensu stricto (s.s.), two forms are usually described: molestus and pipiens. These two forms are indistinguishable in terms of morphology but show behavioral and physiological differences that may have consequences for their associated epidemiology. The two forms are well defined in the northern part of the species distribution, where autogeny is strictly associated with the molestus form. However, whether the two remain distinct and show the characteristic differences in behavior is less clear in North Africa, at the southern edge of their range. Methods The association between autogeny, as determined by ovarian dissection, and molecular forms, based on the CQ11 microsatellite marker, was studied in six Moroccan populations of C. pipiens. Results An overall low prevalence of autogeny was found at three of the Moroccan regions studied, although it reached 17.5% in the Agadir population. The prevalence of form-specific CQ11 alleles was quite similar across all populations, with the molestus allele being rarer (approx. 15%), except in the Agadir population where it reached 43.3%. We found significant deficits in heterozygotes at the diagnostic CQ11 locus in three populations, but the three other populations showed no significant departure from panmixia, which is in line with the results of a retrospective analysis of the published data. More importantly, we found no association between the autogeny status and CQ11 genotypes, despite the many females analyzed. Conclusions There was limited evidence for two discrete forms in Morocco, where individuals carrying pipiens and molestus alleles breed and mate in the same sites and are equally likely to be capable of autogeny. These observations are discussed in the epidemiological context of Morocco, where C. pipiens is the main vector of several arboviruses. Graphical Abstract

The culturomics method enabled isolation of a new member of the Ottowia genus from the stool sample of a healthy volunteer. Strain Marseille-P4747T exhibited a 96.18% 16S rRNA sequence identity with Ottowia beijingensis strain GCS-AN-3 (NR_133803.1), the closest species with standing in nomenclature. It is a Gram-stain-negative, nonmotile, and aerobic bacterium. It does not possess catalase and oxidase activities. Its genome has a size of 2 830 447 bp and a G + C content of 63.5 mol%. Based on the phylogenic, phenotypic, and genomic analyses, we conclude that Ottowia massiliensis sp. nov. is a new species, represented by Marseille-P4747T ( = CSUR P4747 = CECT 30348) as type strain.

A new solvent/ligand-controlled switchable C–H arylation of 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-indazole catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 was achieved. A bidentate ligand in DMA promoted the activation at C7 position, while a phosphine ligand in H2O oriented the arylation at C3 position. The C3 and C7 arylation products were obtained in moderate to good yields and with high regioselectivity.

International audience; Two organic solutes of close molecular weight (approximate to 270 g mol(-1)) and hydrophobicity (logK(ow) approximate to 1.2- 1.5) were selected as model micropollutants to study their reverse osmosis in seawater. Tropaeolin O can be a monovalent/divalent anion whereas Thiamine can be a monovalent/divalent cation. Their charges and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance can be modulated by playing on the pH and the ionic strength. The TFC-HR (Koch, USA) and SW30 (FilmTec, The Netherlands) membranes have shown a similar overall behavior either for single NaCl or Tropaeolin O filtrations. The comparison of Tropaeolin O/Thiamine rejections by the TFC-HR membrane has shown that membrane/solute electrostatic interactions explained the rejection in single solutions. However, in 30 g L-1 NaCl and synthetic seawater, rejections were more likely due to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of a given solute: the more hydrophobic form being more rejected than the hydrophilic ones. Finally, the ethanol addition (30%) was achieved to study the impact of a second concentrated organics, moreover able to modify the background solvent of the filtration; Tropaeolin O rejection was decreased.

International audience; Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the encouraging solutions to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector. Today, electric vehicles have experienced massive growth that has brought multiple benefits to the energy and transportation sectors, but they can also affect the stability of the smart grid, consuming more energy, especially during peak hours. In such deployments, energy efficiency and optimal energy distribution are among the most important constraints to be considered, to meet the energy demand of the electric vehicle. Indeed, traffic conditions have an impact on the energy consumption of electric vehicles. In this regard, it is essential to have real-time information on the traffic elements that offer flexibility in the management of the load. Faced with this challenge, the ITS-G5 technology is a promising solution that allows us to collect and transmit efficiently the traffic information in real-time and for this purpose, our work is validated by the two simulators SUMO and OMNeT++.

International audience; Circular economy is a global trend as a promising strategy for the sustainable use of natural resources. In this context, waste-to-energy presents an effective solution to respond to the ever-increasing waste generation and energy demand duality. However, waste diversity makes their management a serious challenge. Among their categories, biomass waste valorization is an attractive solution energy regarding its low cost and raw materials availability. Nevertheless, the knowledge of biomass waste characteristics, such as composition and energy content, is a necessity. In this research, new models are developed to estimate biomass wastes higher heating value (HHV) based on the ultimate analysis using linear regression and artificial neural network (ANN). The quality-measure of the two models for new dataset was evaluated with statistical metrics such as coefficient of correlation (R), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The methods developed in this work provided attractive accuracies comparing to other literature models. Additionally, it is found that the ANN, as machine learning method, is the best model for biomass HHV prediction (R = 0.75377, RMSE = 1.17527, MAE = 0.93315 and MAPE = 5.73%). Therefore, obtained results can be widely employed to design and optimize the reactors of combustion. In fact, the developed ANN software is a simple and accurate tool for HHV estimation based on ultimate analysis. Indeed, ANN is one of the most applicable and widely used software in the field of waste-to-energy.

International audience; Glasses with molar compositions 40Na(2)O-10SrO-(20-x)TiO2-xSiO(2)-30P(2)O(5) (0

A chemically vapor deposited MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) is aged in the laboratory at ambient and at 40% average humidity for ~36 months. Nanorods of few microns in length and few nanometers in diameter are found to grow from the MoS2 seeds. They have been growing as a result of the chemical reaction between the MoS2 NSs and ambient O2 and moisture, they exhibit an amorphous phase structure in the stoichiometric form of MoO3. Density functional theory simulations further reveal the role of H2O and O2 in the transformation of the MoS2 NSs. The adsorption energy of O2 molecules on the MoS2 sites is Ead = −1.09 eV as compared to lowest absolute Ead = −0.10 eV of H2O indicating the favorable adsorption of O2 and subsequent Mo oxidation. This study provides valuable insight into the aging phenomenon of MoS2 exposed to O2 and moisture which might limit their application.

International audience; Tungsten disulfide nanosheets were successfully prepared by one-step chemical vapor deposition using tungsten oxide and thiourea in an inert gas environment. The size of the obtained nanosheets was subsequently reduced down to below 20 nm in width and 150 nm in length using high-energy ball milling, followed by 0.5 and 1 wt% graphene loading. The corresponding vibrational and structural characterizations are consistent with the fabrication of a pure WS2 structure for neat sampling and the presence of the graphene characteristic vibration modes in graphene@WS2 compounds. Additional morphological and crystal structures were examined and confirmed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Subsequently, the investigations of the optical properties evidenced the high optical absorption (98%) and lower band gap (1.75 eV) for the graphene@WS2 compared to the other samples, with good band-edge alignment to water-splitting reaction. In addition, the photoelectrochemical measurements revealed that the graphene@WS2 (1 wt%) exhibits an excellent photocurrent density (95 mu A/cm(2) at 1.23 V bias) compared with RHE and higher applied bias potential efficiency under standard simulated solar illumination AM1.5G. Precisely, graphene@WS2 (1 wt%) exhibits 3.3 times higher performance compared to pristine WS2 and higher charge transfer ability, as measured by electrical impedance spectroscopy, suggesting its potential use as an efficient photoanode for hydrogen evolution reaction.

International audience; The development of efficient chemical sensors based on semiconductor oxides is a major challenge. Low-cost equipment fabrication with a high sensor response towards H2 was the aim of our work. Chemical sensors were elaborated using zinc oxide, aluminum- and tin-doped zinc oxide. The samples were synthesized with a cost-effective chemical spray pyrolysis technique. Sn-doped ZnO response to hydrogen gas is the highest followed by ZnO and Al-doped ZnO, with a high sensitivity reaching 200 at 500 ppm, for 400 °C. DFT calculations revealed that O2 is strongly adsorbed on the ZnO-Al surface, resulting in the cancellation of the electrical conductance. Consequently, the approaching H2 gas will not possess sufficient energy to extract the strongly adsorbed oxygen from the surface, and no trapped electrons can be released back to the surface. In contrast, DFT calculations highlighted the potential of ZnO and Sn-doped ZnO to be used as hydrogen gas sensors. Charge transfer analysis revealed that only a small release of the trapped electrons occurs on the pure ZnO surface (0.14|e|), compared to Sn doped ZnO, in which a full release of free electrons was observed, resulting in a more favorable response to H2 and confirming the experimental results.

International audience; In this work, the removal of the hazardous Ponceau S dye (PS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using Fish Scale (FS) of Sardina pilchardus as low-cost adsorbent. Different relevant factors such as contact time, initial pH, initial PS concentration, biosorbent dose and temperature were examined to evaluate their effects. The optimization of these factors was performed with a Central Composite Design (CCD). Optimized parameters (pH = 2.1, [PS] = 35 mg L−1, m(FS) = 250.0 mg, V = 200 mL and T = 303 K) were found with the maximum of 96.58% PS loading onto FS. The kinetics results show that the pseudo-first-order model gave a better fit than the pseudo-second-order model. Freundlich isotherm gave a better fit than Langmuir model. The thermodynamic factors, such as Gibb's free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) have been calculated. The biosorption was found to be a spontaneous and endothermic process. The desorption of PS from exhausted biosorbent was investigated in alkaline solution. Furthermore, Monte Carlo (MC) and radial distribution function (RDF) simulations were achieved to obtain a better understanding of biosorption mechanism of PS on both collagen and hydroxyapatite (HDA) which are the main constituents of FS. The results showed that PS presented a better biosorption on collagen than on the HDA surface. The biosorption of PS onto studied surfaces was spontaneous, characterized highly by chemical interactions and slightly by physical ones. Since FS is a low-cost marine waste, it presents interesting perspectives in the treatment of contaminated wastewaters on a large-scale.

International audience; The efficient monitoring of the environment is currently gaining a continuous growing interest in view of finding solutions for the global pollution issues and their associated climate change. In this sense, two-dimensional (2D) materials appear as one of highly attractive routes for the development of efficient sensing devices due, in particular, to the interesting blend of their superlative properties. For instance, graphene (Gr) and graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 (g-CN) have specifically attracted great attention in several domains of sensing applications owing to their excellent electronic and physical-chemical properties. Despite the high potential they offer in the development and fabrication of high-performance gas-sensing devices, an exhaustive comparison between Gr and g-CN is not well established yet regarding their electronic properties and their sensing performances such as sensitivity and selectivity. Hence, this work aims at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the latest experimental advances in the fabrication, characterization, development, and implementation of these 2D materials in gas-sensing applications. Then, the reported results are compared to our numerical simulations using density functional theory carried out on the interactions of Gr and g-CN with some selected hazardous gases' molecules such as NO2, CO2, and HF. Our findings conform with the superior performances of the g-CN regarding HF detection, while both g-CN and Gr show comparable detection performances for the remaining considered gases. This allows suggesting an outlook regarding the future use of these 2D materials as high-performance gas sensors.

Background Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids such as bluetongue, Schmallenberg disease and African horse sickness. In the past decades, these diseases have led to important economic losses for farmers in Europe. Vector abundance is a key factor in determining the risk of vector-borne disease spread and it is, therefore, important to predict the abundance of Culicoides species involved in the transmission of these pathogens. The objectives of this study were to model and map the monthly abundances of Culicoides in Europe. Methods We obtained entomological data from 904 farms in nine European countries (Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway) from 2007 to 2013. Using environmental and climatic predictors from satellite imagery and the machine learning technique Random Forests, we predicted the monthly average abundance at a 1 km2 resolution. We used independent test sets for validation and to assess model performance. Results The predictive power of the resulting models varied according to month and the Culicoides species/ensembles predicted. Model performance was lower for winter months. Performance was higher for the Obsoletus ensemble, followed by the Pulicaris ensemble, while the model for Culicoides imicola showed a poor performance. Distribution and abundance patterns corresponded well with the known distributions in Europe. The Random Forests model approach was able to distinguish differences in abundance between countries but was not able to predict vector abundance at individual farm level. Conclusions The models and maps presented here represent an initial attempt to capture large scale geographical and temporal variations in Culicoides abundance. The models are a first step towards producing abundance inputs for R0 modelling of Culicoides-borne infections at a continental scale.

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International audience; The exciton blocking layer (EBL) as an interfacial layer is extremely critical in determining the organic photo-voltaic cell (OPV) performances. Here, we studied inverted planar heterojunction solar cells PHJ-OPVs with the following configuration ITO/EBL/C60/CuPc/MoO3/Al. Upon the EBL functionality which can act as an exciton blocking layer and allows the electron collection at the cathode, we proposed the insertion of hybrid EBL con -sisted of KI/Alq(3) thin layer. The Alq(3) is known as an EBL due to its broad bandgap, whereas we found that when a thin layer of 1 nm of KI is introduced in ITO/Alq(3) interface, the KI decomposed during the thermal deposition, and only potassium interacts and diffuses in the Alq(3) layer, which effectively enhances the electrons collection at the ITO/C-60 interfaces leading to the improvement of open-circuit voltage (Voc), and device power conversion efficiency by 36% than the device using Alq(3) alone as EBL.

In this paper, we investigate how Leadership Style, Organizational Design, and HRM practices influence Knowledge Hiding. Organizational Justice and Competitive Work Environment are additionally considered as mediating variables of these impacts. 224 professionals completed an extensive survey with questions corresponding to the hypothesized effects. Based on partial least squares regression to test these hypotheses, this study shows that Leadership Style and Organizational Design mitigate Knowledge Hiding only when Organizational Justice is developed. While HRM practices can also decrease the intention of employees to hide knowledge in cases with high levels of justice, they may induce such behavior in a highly competitive work environment. Hence, this research contributes to knowledge management literature by examining the joint influence on knowledge hiding of organizational factors that genuinely describe an organization’s structure and climate. From a practical standpoint, we recommend that managers establish the right balance between justice and competition to reduce knowledge hiding.

Strain Marseille-P4119T was isolated from a faecal sample of a healthy 32-year-old faecal transplant donor. The bacterium was anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, and did not produce spores. We studied its phenotypic characteristics and sequenced its whole genome. The major fatty acids were C15:0anteiso and C15:0iso. The final genome assembly was 3912650 bp long with a 44.4 mol% G + C content, 3094 protein-coding genes and 74 RNA genes. Strain Marseille-P4119T exhibited a 97.10% 16S rRNA sequence identity and a 29.0% dDDH with Prevotella stercorea CB35T, OrthoANI values ranged from 68.5% with Prevotella enoeca to 77.4% with Prevotella stercorea, the phylogenetically closest bacterial species with standing in nomenclature. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genomic analyses, we propose the creation of the novel species Prevotella merdae sp. nov. The type strain is Marseille-P4119T ( = CSUR P4119T = CECT 9566T).

In order to avoid potential environmental pollution from geopolymer-based material wastes, this work investigated the feasibility of using these materials as alternative raw materials in the preparation of cement clinker. The geopolymer binders and mortars were used as substitutes for natural mineral clays since they are rich in silica and alumina. Simulated geopolymer wastes were prepared by the activation of metakaolin or fly ash by an alkaline silicate solution. The cement-clinkers fired at 1450 °C for 1h were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, and a free lime (CaOf) content test. The anhydrous clinker mineral phases C3S (Ca3SiO5), C2S (Ca2SiO4), C3A (Ca3Al2O6), and C4AF (Ca4Al2Fe2O10) were well-crystallized in all investigated formulations. The free lime was lower than 1.3 wt% in all elaborated clinkers, which indicates a high degree of clinkerization. The results demonstrate that geopolymer binder and mortar materials are suitable substitutes for natural mineral clay incement clinker preparation.

International audience; Background and aims: The identification of underlying genes of genetic conditions has expanded greatly in the past decades, which has broadened the field of genes responsible for inherited neuromuscular diseases. We aimed to investigate mutations associated with neuromuscular disorders phenotypes in 2 Moroccan families.Material and methods: Next-generation sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing could assist with under-standing the hereditary variety and underlying disease mechanisms in these disorders. Results: Two novel homozygous mutations were described in this study. The SIL1 mutation is the first identified in the Moroccan population, the mutation was identified as the main cause of Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome in one patient. While the second mutation identified in the fatty acid 2-hydroxylase gene (FA2H) was associated with the Spastic paraplegia 35 in another patient, both transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern.Discussion and conclusions: These conditions are extremely rare in the North African population and may be underdiagnosed due to overlapping clinical characteristics and heterogeneity of these diseases. We have reported in this study mutations associated with the diseases found in the patients. In addition, we have narrowed the phenotypic spectrum, as well as the diagnostic orientation of patients with neuromuscular disorders, who might have very similar symptoms to other disease groups.

This article consists of the study and implementation of human resource (HR) reporting systems within the OCP-Maroc group, with a view to developing the skills of the group's employees (the design of dashboards social recruitment, training, mobility and career management), and to analyze firstly, how HR reporting helps to reveal the orientations of the group's strategy in terms of human resources management, and secondly, how HR reporting makes it possible to social management of the dimensions of the group's HR strategy. Therefore, we seek to study (theoretically, but essentially practically) the possible links between HR reporting and the HR strategy of OCP, via a single case method of the OCP SA group (Casablanca headquarters) which is largely based, in action research. In fact, to properly study this relationship between HR reporting and the group's HR strategy, we are relying on a model of four strategic options from Bamberger and Meshoulam. Indeed, after the implementation of an HR reporting system within the group (design of HR dashboards and measurement of social indicators), and after analysis of the HR strategy resulting from the HR reporting carried out, and that adopted by the group, We were able to ascertain how HR reporting plays the role of a revealer and communicator of HR strategy, on the one hand, and the role of the pilot and controller of HR strategy, on the other hand. So it serves to ensure alignment between the group's HR strategy and social performance within the company. These results can be generalized to other companies of at least the same size as the OCP group., Le présent article consiste en l’étude et la mise en place d’un système de reporting ressources humaines (RH) au sein du groupe OCP-Maroc, dans une optique de développement des compétences des collaborateurs du groupe (la conception des tableaux de bord sociaux de recrutement, formation, mobilité et gestion des carrières), et à analyser premièrement, comment le reporting RH permet de révéler les orientations de la stratégie du groupe en matière de gestion des ressources humaines, et deuxièmement, comment le reporting RH permet de faire un pilotage social des dimensions de la stratégie RH du groupe. Donc, nous cherchons à étudier (théoriquement, mais essentiellement pratiquement) les liens possibles entre le reporting RH et la stratégie RH de l’OCP, via une méthode de cas unique du groupe OCP SA (siège Casablanca) qui se base en grande partie, sur une recherche-action. En fait, pour bien étudier cette relation entre le reporting RH et la stratégie RH du groupe, nous comptons sur un modèle de quatre options stratégiques de Bamberger et Meshoulam. En effet, après implémentation d’un système de reporting RH au sein du groupe (conception des tableaux de bord RH et mesure des indicateurs sociaux), et après analyse de la stratégie RH issue du reporting RH effectué, et celle adoptée par le groupe, nous avons pu monter, comment le reporting RH joue le rôle du révélateur et du communicateur de la stratégie RH d’un côté, et le rôle du pilote et contrôleur de la stratégie RH de l’autre côté. Donc il sert à garantir l’alignement entre la stratégie RH du groupe et les performances sociales au sein de l’entreprise. Ces résultats peuvent être généralisés sur les autres entreprises au moins de la même taille que le groupe OCP.

BackgroundGlioma is the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults. Patients with the most malignant form have an overall survival time of MethodsWe integrated into our study glioma transcriptomic datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (154 GBM and 516 LGG patients). LM22 immune signature was built using CIBERSORT. Hierarchical clustering and UMAP dimensional reduction algorithms were applied to identify clusters among glioma patients either in an unsupervised or supervised way. Furthermore, differential gene expression (DGE) has been performed to unravel the top expressed genes among the identified clusters. Besides, we used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox regression algorithm to set up the most valuable prognostic factor.ResultsOur study revealed, following gene enrichment analysis, the presence of two distinct groups of patients. The first group, defined as cluster 1, was characterized by the presence of immune cells known to exert efficient antitumoral immune response and was associated with better patient survival, whereas the second group, cluster 2, which exhibited a poor survival, was enriched with cells and molecules, known to set an immunosuppressive pro-tumoral microenvironment. Interestingly, we revealed that gene expression signatures were also consistent with each immune cluster function. A strong presence of activated NK cells was revealed in cluster 1. In contrast, potent immunosuppressive components such as regulatory T cells, neutrophils, and M0/M1/M2 macrophages were detected in cluster 2, where, in addition, inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3, were also significantly upregulated. Finally, Cox regression analysis further corroborated that tumor-infiltrating cells from cluster 2 exerted a significant impact on patient prognosis.ConclusionOur work brings to light the tight implication of immune components on glioma patient prognosis. This would contribute to potentially developing better immune-based therapeutic approaches.

International audience; A new solution for reconfigurable antennas based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented in this paper. The structure is designed to operate at 25 GHz for beam-scanning applications. An active coplanar slotted SIW antenna is proposed to cover an area from -32° to +32° with an offset of 9° at the operating frequency without using any phased shifter. The design is based on slots located at the broad face of the SIW structure which are fed by associated SIW holes to excite directly the centered slots via coplanar lines. Each feeder is loaded with a pin diode as binary switch to achieve the electronically beam-scanning function. © 2021 IEEE.

International audience; In the last two decades, an increasing interest has been observed for the use of natural fibers such as jute fibers in different applications. These fibers are characterized by their low cost and their availability. They are mainly used in fabric bag manufacturing. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of jute yarns. An experimental study was conducted at different temperatures (22 °C; 80 °C; 105 °C and 150 °C) for 24 h. Each degree was followed by tensile testing of the specimen. Besides, the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the effect of the temperature on the thermal stability and the thermal degradation of the jute fibers. In addition, the statistical analysis was performed using the method of two and three-parameter Weibull distribution to determine the spatial distribution of the properties. The results showed that there was a degradation of the mechanical properties of the jute yarns heated to high temperature compared to the raw yarns (considered as a specimen exposed to 22 °C). The tensile strain and the Young modulus failed by 36% and 13% respectively for the specimens heated at 150 °C and the failure kinematic of the jute fiber was affected by the temperature of heating. The TGA showed that the thermal stability of the jute yarns was affected by two factors: fibers drying and their changing temperatures.

International audience

This paper deals with the development of a thermodynamic-based model for the prediction of fouling phenomena in a wet phosphoric acid process. The developed model is based on mass and heat balances along with equations of Pitzer's thermodynamic model. It involves several unknown parameters that should be identified from experimental data. For this purpose, a database of experimental measurements carried out in this work, and other measurements from the literature are used. The comparison of the available measurements to the predictions generated using the values of the identified parameters shows the high performance of the developed model. Furthermore, the model is used to predict thermodynamic saturation indices of the main minerals that are likely to precipitate during the digestion process, and may cause fouling. A global sensitivity algorithm is finally used to determine the operating parameters that most influence the precipitation of these mineral phases. The results are very consistent with previous works and with the measurements carried out on industrial plants. Moreover, they explain many dysfunctions observed in phosphoric acid production facilities.

International audience; Engineering of new heterogeneous metal-free catalysts is of great importance for persulfate activation. Herein, Innovative conductive polymers Polyaniline (PANI) and Polypyrrole (PPy) were used as promising catalysts for PS activation to effectively degrade organic pollutants. In fact, PANI and PPy can provide the necessary electron transfer based on nitrogen atoms located in the conjugated chains compared to their counterparts in the defective sites. In addition, PANI and PPy were immobilized inside membrane formed by cross linking alginate biopolymer by divalent calcium ions, in order to develop a new stable hydrogel beads catalyst. The prepared hydrogels-activated PS process could maintain excellent catalytic properties, mitigate catalysts deactivation, increased chemical stability and offer hope for their application in the industrial scale. The radical scavenging experiments monitored by the electron paramagnetic resonance and functional theory calculations, indicated the role of the PANI and PPy conjugated chains and the nature of the reaction pathways.

In the surge of recent successes of 2D materials following the rise of graphene, molybdenum disulfide (2D-MoS2) has been attracting growing attention from both fundamental and applications viewpoints, owing to the combination of its unique nanoscale properties. For instance, the bandgap of 2D-MoS2, which changes from direct (in the bulk form) to indirect for ultrathin films (few layers), offers new prospects for various applications in optoelectronics. In this review, we present the latest scientific advances in the field of synthesis and characterization of 2D-MoS2 films while highlighting some of their applications in energy harvesting, gas sensing, and plasmonic devices. A survey of the physical and chemical processing routes of 2D-MoS2 is presented first, followed by a detailed description and listing of the most relevant characterization techniques used to study the MoS2 nanomaterial as well as theoretical simulations of its interesting optical properties. Finally, the challenges related to the synthesis of high quality and fairly controllable MoS2 thin films are discussed along with their integration into novel functional devices.

International audience; The 3D printing technology used for small tidal and wind turbines has great potential to change and overcome certain weaknesses in traditional manufacturing techniques. In rural areas and isolated communities, small turbine systems could be locally fabricated and assembled by using additive manufacturing machines and also can be employed to decrease residential energy consumption. The objective of the paper is to study the thermomechanical performance of 3D printing of a small-scale tidal turbine blade and their process using Digimat-AM because more research efforts are needed in this area. In this work, the tidal turbine blade is printed by using the selective laser sintering (SLS) method with polyamide 12 (PA12) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) polymers reinforced by carbon beads (CB) and glass beads (GB). This research examines conceptual considerations of small tidal turbines including material properties and aerodynamic parameters. Once the finite element evaluation has been completed, the deflection, residual stresses, temperature distribution, and the deformed blade or warpage can be obtained. It is concluded that PA12-CB has warpage higher than PA12-GB by 3.78%, and PEEK-CB has warpage lower than PEEK-GB by 8.4%. Also, the warpage of PA12-CB is lower than PEEK-CB by 10.31%, and the warpage of PA12-GB is lower than PEEK-GB by 20.95%. Therefore, the lowest warpage is observed for PA12-GB. Finally, the results showed that 3D printing presents an excellent opportunity in the design and development of tidal energy systems in the future.

CONTEXT Faba bean is a crucial component of Mediterranean food systems. However, the crop is somewhat underrepresented in the major crop models and usage of these models requires substantial calibration with data that might not be available. The Simple Simulation Model (SSM) is a simple, non-calibrated and physiology-based model that has the advantage of having a reduced number of parameters that can all be measured or inferred from simple experiments. OBJECTIVE We aimed to parameterize and assess the capacity of the SSM to simulate faba bean phenology, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation and final yield and to explore the impact of supplemental irrigation on crop production. MATERIALS & METHODS Model simulations were compared to observations collected over 30 experimental situations in Morocco, Tunisia, and Lebanon. SSM was then used to explore water restrictive irrigation scenarios, allowing two irrigation events after flowering, with a total irrigation dose of 50 mm, in the Middle East and in North Africa (MENA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The prediction error on final total above ground dry matter was satisfactory and the dynamics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in plant organs matched the observations. This study showed that 50 mm irrigation can be sufficient to substantially improve faba bean production sustainability in MENA. In the driest areas (below 200 mm in-season rainfall), 50 mm irrigation could reduce the risk of low crops by up to 34% and increase yield sufficiently to meet average farm household needs. In more humid areas of the region, 50 mm irrigation could improve faba bean yield by up to 1 t/ha compared to an average yield of 3.5 t/ha. Simulation outputs showed that deficit irrigation could improve N soil balance and soil health in the mid- to long-term. The analysis of the simulation results can be used to advise farmers on best adapted irrigation dates without additional in situ measurement. SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that non-calibrated models such as SSM can simulate yield and dry matter accumulation with a predictive capacity similar to calibrated tools making it suitable for addressing a known gap in irrigation management for Mediterranean food systems. In the MENA region, relative small amounts of irrigation (50 mm) can substantially reduce production risk, and so increase security for farmers, and improve faba bean productivity and sustainability.

International audience; If the success of agricultural intensification continues to rely on the depletion of aquifers and exploitation of (female) labour, transformations to groundwater sustainability will be impossible to achieve. Hence, the development of new groundwater imaginaries, based on alternative ways of organizing society-water relations is highly important. This paper argues that a comparative documentation of grass-roots initiatives to care for, share or recharge aquifers in places with acute resource pressures provides an important source of inspiration. Using a grounded anti-colonial and feminist approach, we combine an ethnographic documentation of groundwater practices with hydrogeological and engineering insights to enunciate, normatively assess and jointly learn from the knowledges, technologies and institutions that characterize such initiatives. Doing this usefully shifts the focus of planned efforts to regulate and govern groundwater away from government efforts to control individual pumping behaviours, to the identification of possibilities to anchor transformations to sustainability in collective action.

International audience; The study describes the potential use of dolomite MgCa(CO3)2 and magnesite MgCO3 carbonates micro-particles to enhance the thermal properties of bio-based polyamide 11 (PA11). These two micro-particle fillers were first carefully analyzed in terms of composition (XRD, XRF, and FTIR), microstructure (SEM) and thermal behavior (TDA/TGA). The incorporation of these mineral fillers to PA11 by extrusion using a coupling agent conducted to an increase in thermal stability compared to the neat matrix based on TGA measurements. SEM investigations revealed that the micro-particles were well distributed and dispersed within PA11, and a good interfacial adhesion with the polymer matrix was also noted. Dolomite and magnesite were successfully used to increase the thermal stability of bio-based PA11. Nevertheless, magnesite was proved to have a higher interaction with the PA11 matrix compared to dolomite by increasing its crystallization temperature based on DSC measurements and further increasing thermal stability for a low filler content.

Etude sur l'ethnopsychiatrie Gnaouie : La zaouïa (confrérie) de Sidi Bilal comme exemple. Résumé : L'appartenance à la fraternité gnaouie dépasse les frontières tribales ou sociales, et l'entrée dans cet ordre implique une série de rites sacrés. Les rituels mystiques des gnaouas se chevauchent en effet dans la forme et le sens. De même, les pratiques occultes et curatives gnaouies sont soumises à un système de référence métaphysique et à un mode de fonctionnement mythique qui confère une intimité distincte à ces pratiques.

Treatment of kidney stones is based on symptomatic medications which are associated with side effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting) and hepatotoxicity. The search for effective plant extracts without the above side effects has demonstrated the involvement of antioxidants in the treatment of kidney stones. A local survey in Morocco has previously revealed the frequent use of Rubia tinctorum L. (RT) for the treatment of kidney stones. In this study, we first explored whether RT ethanolic (E-RT) and ethyl acetate (EA-RT) extracts of Rubia tinctorum L. could prevent the occurrence of urolithiasis in an experimental 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 2% ammonium chloride (AC)-induced rat model. Secondly, we determined the potential antioxidant potency as well as the polyphenol composition of these extracts. An EG/AC regimen for 10 days induced the formation of bipyramid-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in the urine. Concomitantly, serum and urinary creatinine, urea, uric acid, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride were altered. The co-administration of both RT extracts prevented alterations in all these parameters. In the EG/AC-induced rat model, the antioxidants- and polyphenols-rich E-RT and EA-RT extracts significantly reduced the presence of calcium oxalate in the urine, and prevented serum and urinary biochemical alterations together with kidney tissue damage associated with urolithiasis. Moreover, we demonstrated that the beneficial preventive effects of E-RT co-administration were more pronounced than those obtained with EA-RT. The superiority of E-RT was associated with its more potent antioxidant effect, due to its high content in polyphenols.

The presence of organics materials in phosphate ores generates foam during the manufacture of phosphoric acid, thus affecting the production performance and the quality of the products. Today, in the phosphate industry defoamers are used to reduce the negative impact of foam phosphoric production. In the present work, we focusedon root cause evaluation for foam generation during the phosphoric acid production process, we evaluatedthe effect of phosphate rock quality in terms of organic carbon (OC) and carbonate content, on foam generation using a laboratory protocol for foaming ability evaluation. The results show that there is a relationship between the volume of the foam generated and the values of those impurities, while the volume of foam generated is higher when the concentration of OC and Carbonate is high. In our work, we confirm that the foaming ability of the phosphate rock can be avoided if the concentration of organic carbon less than 0.1% and less than 3% for carbonate.

The Puy-les-Vignes W deposit, located in the northwestern French Massif Central (FMC), is a rare occurrence of a wolframite-mineralized hydrothermal breccia pipe hosted in high-grade metamorphic gneisses. We present an integrated study of this deposit aiming to characterize the ore-forming hydrothermal system in link with the Variscan late-orogenic evolution of the FMC. Based on a set of representative samples from the host rocks and mineralization, we describe a detailed paragenetic sequence and we provide the major and trace element geochemistry of the granitic rocks and W–Nb–Ta–Sn–Ti oxide minerals, in situ U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and a fluid inclusion study of quartz and wolframite. We demonstrate that the formation of this W-mineralized breccia pipe results from a multistage development related to four major episodes during the late Carboniferous. The first episode corresponds to the emplacement of an unexposed peraluminous granite at ca. 324 Ma, which generated microgranite dykes exposed at the present-day surface. The second episode is the formation of the quartz-supported breccia pipe and wolframite mineralization at ca. 318 Ma at a paleodepth of 7 km. The mineralizing fluids have a H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4–N2 composition, a moderate-salinity ( 400 °C) during lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure variations caused by hydrofracturing of the host rocks. Wolframite deposition is interpreted to result from a W-rich intermediate-density magmatic fluid that exsolved from an evolved leucogranite and interacted with volatile-rich metasedimentary country rocks and/or possibly mixed with low-salinity metamorphic fluids of deep origin. The third episode corresponds to magmatic-hydrothermal Nb–Ta mineralization overprinting the W-mineralized system interpreted to be related to the intrusion at ca. 311 Ma of a rare-metal granite, which is part of a regional peraluminous rare-metal magmatism during the 315–310 Ma period. Finally, the last episode corresponds to disseminated Bi ± Au–Ag mineralization emplaced at ca. 300 Ma, which shares similar mineralogical features with late Carboniferous orogenic gold deposits in the FMC. The Puy-les-Vignes W deposit records, therefore, a multistage and long-lived development that extends over a timespan of 25 million years in a regional setting dominated by protracted peraluminous magmatism and high-temperature and low-pressure metamorphism. Although the local environment of ore deposition is atypical, our results show that the mineral assemblages, alteration styles, and fluid characteristics of the Puy-les-Vignes breccia pipe are similar to those of other peri-granitic W deposits in the FMC.

International audience; From mid-March 2020 onwards, the Algerian and Moroccan governments instituted a lockdown to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, resulting in the closure of local markets and mobility restrictions. Even though these measures were implemented halfway through the agricultural year, the media and scientific coverage of the impact of the pandemic focused mainly on urban areas, leaving aside the experiences of rural people. This article aims to partially fill this gap by analysing how smallholder farmers, women and men, young producers, and workers in two oasis regions in the Maghreb, experienced these new challenges. To do so, we rely on 150 phone interviews conducted with rural actors in the Drâa Valley (Morocco) and the M’zab Valley (Algeria). By putting their experiences at the heart of our analysis, we show how the health crisis has put constraints on the ability of the majority of smallholder farmers to sell their products and how it has put a strain on the various activities of oasis families, making them more vulnerable. Then, we illustrate how these actors developed different individual and collective resilience practices, through the establishment of a virtual labor market to replace the traditional moquefs (places of recruitment of workers), the adoption of agroecological practices, and the reinvention of solidarity and collective action.; À partir de la mi-mars 2020, les gouvernements algérien et marocain ont instauré un confinement pour lutter contre la propagation de la pandémie de Covid-19. Cela s’est traduit par la fermeture des marchés locaux et des restrictions de mobilité. Le traitement médiatique et scientifique de l’impact de la pandémie a porté principalement sur les zones urbaines, laissant de côté les expériences des ruraux alors même que les mesures restrictives sont arrivées en pleine campagne agricole. Cet article vise à combler partiellement cette lacune en analysant comment les petits agriculteurs, femmes et hommes des oasis et des extensions oasiennes, les jeunes producteurs et les ouvriers de deux régions oasiennes du Maghreb, ont vécu ces nouveaux défis. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur 150 entretiens téléphoniques menés avec des acteurs ruraux dans les vallées du Drâa (Maroc) et du M’zab (Algérie). En mettant leurs expériences au cœur de notre analyse, nous montrons comment la crise sanitaire a limité la capacité de la majorité des petits agriculteurs à écouler leur production agricole, et comment elle a mis à l’épreuve la pluriactivité des familles oasiennes, les rendant ainsi plus vulnérables. Puis, nous décrivons comment ces acteurs ont développé différentes pratiques de résilience, individuelles et collectives, comme la mise en place d’un marché du travail virtuel pour remplacer les traditionnels moquefs (places de recrutement des ouvriers), la transition vers des pratiques agroécologiques, la réinvention de la solidarité et de l’action collective.

International audience; Nomad, semi-nomad and transhumant used to be the most frequent mobility types of pastoral society. Nowadays, these categories become questionable in regard to the evolution of the pattern life of families in southern Morocco. How do we link past and present mobility? What have been the changes? In this article, we question the relevance of the aforementioned categories of mobility, as defined by the actors of scientific research and development, to analyze and classify pastoral mobility management that condition the way of life and the adaptive capacities of Saharan societies, by mobilizing different corpus such as ‘récit de vie’ and typology. This study was conducted downstream in the Drâa Valley (Morocco). If the majority of breeders claim to be nomads as soon as they practice a pattern of living in a tent over the course of a year, the typology of mobility pattern reveals intra- and inter-annual fluctuations of its management embedded in their adaptive strategies to climate variability or economic constraints which makes difficult to classify breeders according to the mobility only. In this context, developing climate change mitigation interventions for pastoral societies need to understand and integrate the permanent changing pattern of mobility management in these pastoral societies.

International audience; In spite of the strong competition from recently developed nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes continue to be promising materials for photovoltaic applications thanks to their structural advantages and cheap prices of synthesis especially the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). Mixing of MWNT with a semiconducting polymer such as the P3HT leads to a composite material characterized with enhanced mechanical, thermal and optical properties. In order to investigate the impact of the insertion of different wt% of MWNTs on the luminescence properties of the P3HT we conducted a series of measurements by means of steady state PL and time transient PL for different samples, as well as the study of the temperature effect on these properties. The results obtained confirm the luminescence quenching effect played by the MWNTs, and prove that the lifetime of photo-generated excitons in the P3HT matrix undergoes a modification after the insertion of the MWNTs which means that a charge separation process takes place at the P3HT/MWNT interface.

International audience; The linguistic market in Morocco has been characterized by its richness and complexity, in that a number of local as well as foreign languages co-exist. Given this multiplicity and diversity in its linguistic landscape, Morocco has opted for Arabization as a language policy in education, its ultimate goal being, as it were, to safeguard and maintain its national identity (Ennaji, 2003). Achieving this goal, however, is far from being without glaring shortcomings. Arabization has, inter alia, marginalized mother tongues, the latter being relegated to daily communication only with a devalued and denigrated status. On this view, the present paper brings to the fore the status of languages in use in Morocco and, more precisely, brings into focus the impact of Arabization on the status of mother tongues. What is more, the study attempts to shed light on Moroccans' attitudes towards their mother tongues. In pursuance of this aim, the study addresses the following research questions, principally (i) What is the status of Arabic in Morocco? (ii) What is the nature of Moroccans' attitudes towards their mother tongues, namely Moroccan Arabic and Moroccan Amazigh? (iii) What is the impact of Arabization on the status of mother tongues in Morocco?

>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health concern. Viral and host factors orchestrate the natural history of HBV infection, but the impact of host factors that influence the clinical course of the disease remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify host factors crucial to the HBV life cycle by conducting a meta-analysis utilizing public microarray datasets. Methods: An integrative meta-analysis of expression data from two microarray datasets of HBVinfected liver tissues and healthy uninfected livers was conducted to identify gene expression signatures and overlapping biological processes modulating infection/disease. Results: Using integrative meta-analysis of expression data (INMEX), we identified across two datasets a total of 841 genes differentially expressed during HBV infection, including 473 upregulated and 368 downregulated genes. In addition, through functional enrichment and pathway analysis, we observed that Jak-STAT, TLR, and NF-κB are the most relevant signaling pathways in chronic HBV infection. The network-based meta-analysis identified NEDD8, SKP2, JUN, and HIF1A as the most highly ranked hub genes. Conclusion: Thus, these results may provide valuable information about novel potential host factors modulating chronic HBV infection. Such factors may serve as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics such as activin receptor-like kinase inhibitors.

Background Within the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the subgenus Avaritia is of particular interest as it contains a significant number of economically important vector species. Disagreements about the systematic classification of species within this subgenus have resulted in a taxonomic imbroglio. Methods A molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Avaritia was conducted to test the existing systematic classification, which is based on phenetic assessment of morphological characters. Three nuclear ribosomal markers, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS1, ITS2), 5.8S, and three mitochondrial markers, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 2, and cytochrome b (cox1, cox2 and cytb), were obtained for 37 species of the subgenus Avaritia from all six biogeographical regions. Phylogenetic reconstructions using these genes independently and in combination were implemented using Bayesian inference analysis and maximum likelihood methods. Results Phylogenetic reconstructions gave strong support to several monophyletic groups within the subgenus Avaritia. Both C. actoni and C. pusillus formed a single clade with C. grahamii so their respective groups, the Actoni and Pusillus groups, have been merged with the Grahamii group. Some support was provided for the Boophagus and Jacobsoni groups. A group of species currently placed into the Orientalis group clustered in a clade with poor support. The Obsoletus group was defined as a sister clade to all other Avaritia groups. The clade including the Imicola group was well supported based on phylogenetic criteria. Conclusions This phylogenetic study combining five distinct molecular markers has provided meaningful insights into the systematic relationships of Culicoides (Avaritia) and highlighted future directions to continue the study of this subgenus. While the cox2 marker appeared to be useful to investigate closely related species, the 5.8S marker was highly conserved and uninformative. Further investigations including species absent from this work are needed to confirm the proposed systematic scheme. However, this systematic scheme can now serve as a foundation to investigate cryptic species affiliation within the subgenus. We advocate that future studies employ a combination of morphological and molecular analyses.

International audience; The environmental awareness of Moroccan engineers in charge of industrial projects has become essential to improve environmental performance and, more broadly, to contribute to the environment protection and sustainable development strategy of Morocco. However, it is difficult to measure the level of environmental awareness among engineers and to promote it. Thus, to answer this issue and provide comprehension tools, a field study was carried out among Moroccan company managers from seven different industrial sectors. The manufacturing companies are mostly certified ISO 14001 and ISO 9001, they are nevertheless strongly consumers of raw materials and exercise polluting industrial activities which generate waste. The survey aims to gain a better understanding of the policies of these companies in termsof their environmental management of industrial projects, and expected engineering skills. It covers the projects managed by engineers from different specialties who graduated from Moroccan schools. The study combines on the one side, a quantitative assessment section on the mastery of the environmental footprint in the operational decision-making phase of 174 industrial projects led by Moroccan engineers. On the other side, it includes a qualitative analysis section of the expectations and recommendations of the industrialists for a better environmental management of projects. The study shows that the level of environmental implication of the engineers in the projects leaves room for improvement. The industrialists’ attention was mainly focused on the control of the environmental footprint when completing projects, whilststill contributing to the improvement of the performance of industry and the country.

The simulation of natural convection problem based on the Galerkin finite-element method, with the penalty finite-element formulation of the momentum balance equation, is exploited for accurate solutions of equations describing the problem of H-Form cavity differentially heated side walls. The cavity is occupied by the air whose Prandtl number is Pr=0.71, the fluid is assumed to be steady, viscous and incompressible within thermal convection. A numerical investigation has been made for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 10 to 10^6 for three cases of total internal height aspects of H-Form cavity: 0%, 50%, and 85%. Firstly, the goal is to validate the numerical code used to resolve the equations governing the problem of this work. For that, we present a comparison between the profiles at the point (0.5, 0) for the u-component, and u-component obtained in previous work for simple square cavity. Further, a comparison of the averaged Nusselt number with previous works for simple square cavity is realized in order to ensure the numerical accuracy, and the validity of our considered numerical tool. Secondly, the objective is to investigate on the hydrodynamic effects of Rayleigh number for different total internal height aspects of H-Form cavity on the dynamics of natural convection. Shortly after, the ambition is to assess the heat transfer rate for different Rayleigh number for three cases of internal height aspects., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 34 references. Other author's papers can be downloaded at http://www.denys-dutykh.com/