Search

[EN] Mating disruption (MD) is a species-specific and environmentally friendly pest management tactic based on the release of synthetic sex pheromones aiming to interrupt the mate-finding communication and prevent mating in the target pest. The present work aims to provide an overview of the current scientific and technical knowledge on mating disruption of scale pests (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biparental scales are suitable targets for mating disruption (technically, MD is not suitable for parthenogenetic scales), as the females have a limited spreading ability, and adult males are short lived and have a narrow window of time for mate searching. In this perspective, delayed mating also plays an important role by reducing female attractiveness and population growth potential. The mechanisms involved in MD of scales are most likely assigned to `competitive disruption¿ rather than `noncompetitive¿ mechanisms, although no specific studies addressed this issue. Mating disruption has been commercially developed and increasingly applied against the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) to a lesser extent. Critical factors affecting MD effectiveness are the pest density and effective disruption late in the season. Mating disruption applied to scale pests is effective in small plots and compatible with biological control and integrated management programs. In conclusion, MD has a high potential for management of scale pests, providing that key factors such as technological advances in pheromone synthesis and pheromone formulations, elucidation of disruption mechanisms, and simplification of the registration process are addressed.

[EN] In mite communities, behavioral and foraging decisions of individuals rely on semiochemicals that they gather from the environment, which contain odors from plants, herbivores, and predators. Because herbivorous mites commonly co-occur with several species of phytoseiid predatory mites, which may engage in intraguild predation (IGP), predator mite decision-making relies on their ability to recognize odors signaling the presence of the herbivore but also that of potential competitors/predators. Here the odor-related foraging decisions of three predatory mites, Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), which co-occur in citrus, compete for the herbivore Tetranychus urticae Koch (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), and can engage in IGP were investigated. The composition of the volatile blends associated with the three predators was characterized. Moreover, the effect of these odors on the predators foraging decisions was measured. Results revealed that (1) the volatile signature of the three predatory mites is species specific, (2) the predators¿ foraging behavior is affected by heterospecific predator odors, and (3) predator responses strongly depend on the host plant: mutual attraction and mutual repellence occurred in Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, respectively. These findings have important consequences for the management of systems where these species occur. The odor blends that make predators that share pest species as prey avoid each other could be used to improve pest control by minimizing undesired negative interactions among predator species, and by locally increasing predation risk on herbivore pest species.

[ES] Este trabajo se basa en una revisión bibliográfica que trata de recopilar información acerca de los COV en concreto del formaldehído, el benceno y el tolueno y, cómo estos afectan sobre la salud humana. Se procede a buscar información sobre especies vegetales capaces de eliminar de la manera más eficaz posible dichos COV. En primer lugar, se realizará una búsqueda de artículos y documentos utilizando los principales motores de búsqueda y sus bases de datos (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, entre otros). Se procederá con una estrategia de búsqueda que se basará en la utilización de descriptores y operadores logísticos para obtener resultados concretos. Tras la búsqueda se aplicarán los diferentes criterios de inclusión y exclusión para descartar resultados que puedan perjudicar a la revisión bibliográfica. Una vez obtenidos los artículos finales se presentarán en tablas resumidas para proceder a su discusión. Se discutirá sobre los resultados de cada artículo y se concluirá con las especies vegetales más eficientes en la eliminación de los COV., [EN] This work is based on a bibliographic review that tries to gather information about VOCs specifically formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene and how they affect human health. It proceeds to seek information on plant species capable of eliminating these VOCs in the most efficient way possible. First, a search for articles and documents will be carried out using the main search engines and their databases (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, among others). It will proceed with a search strategy that will be based on the use of descriptors and logistics operators to obtain concrete results. After the search, the different inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied to rule out results that could harm the bibliographic review. Once the final articles have been obtained, they will be presented in summary tables for discussion. The results of each article will be discussed, and it will conclude with the most efficient plant species in eliminating VOCs., [CA] Aquest treball es basa en una revisió bibliográfica que tracta de recopilar informació sobre els COV en concret del formaldehid, el benzé i el tolué i, com aquests afecten sobre la salut humana. Es procedeix a buscar informació sobre espècies vegetals capaces d'eliminar de la manera més eficaç possible dits COV. En primer lloc, es realitzarà una cerca d'articles i documents utilitzant els principals motors de cerca i les seues bases de dades (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, entre altres). Es procedirà amb una estratègia de cerca que es basarà en la utilització de descriptors i operadors logístics per a obtindre resultats concrets. Després de la cerca s'aplicaran els diferents criteris d'inclusió i exclusió per a descartar resultats que puguen perjudicar la revisió bibliogràfica. Una vegada obtinguts els articles finals es presentaran en taules resumides per a procedir a la seua discussió. Es discutirà sobre els resultats de cada article i es conclourà amb les espècies vegetals més eficients en l'eliminació dels COV

[CA] El Treball que s’ha realitzat respon a la necessitat de veure l’efecte que l’abandonament d’un camp de conreu produeix en el sòl agrícola que el suporta. Per abandonament del camp volem dir deixar de fer en ell qualsevol tipus de maneig agrícola i tallar el subministrament d’aigua, fertilitzants, així com l’aplicació de fitosanitaris. Hem analitzat les propietats fisicoquímiques més importants que determinen la qualitat del sòl per parcel·les localitzades en la mateixa zona, parcel·les aparellades: una al costat de l’altra, una abandonada i l’altra en producció, i finalment hem comparat la qualitat dels respectius sòls en funció dels resultats obtinguts. S’ha fet aquest estudi en tres zones diferents del terme d’Oliva. Les parcel·les estudiades corresponen a camps de cítrics., [ES] El Trabajo que se ha realizado responde a la necesidad de ver el efecto que el abandono de un campo produce en el suelo agrícola donde se asienta. Por abandono de un campo queremos significar el dejar de hacer en él cualquier tipo de manejo agrícola, sin riego ni aplicación alguna de fertilizantes ni tratamientos fitosanitarios. Hemos analizado las propiedades fisicoquímicas más importantes que determinan la calidad de un suelo en parcelas localizadas en la misma zona, parcelas aparejadas, una al lado de la otra, una abandonada y la otra en producción, y finalmente hemos comparado la calidad de los suelos en función de los resultados obtenidos. Se ha realizado este estudio en tres zonas diferentes del término municipal de Oliva. Las parcelas estudiadas corresponden a campos de cítricos., [EN] The work that we have carried out to the need to see the effects that the abandonment of cultivated fields produces on agricultural soils. By abandonning a field we mean to stop doing any type of agricultural work in it, without irrigation or phytosanitary applications. We have analyzed the most important physicochemical properties that determine the quality of soils in plots located in the same area, paired plots, one next to the other, one abandoned and the other in production, and finally we have compared the quality of the soils in function of the results we have obtained. The soils analyzed belong to citrus fields in the municipality of Oliva

[CA] El Treball que s’ha realitzat respon a la necessitat de veure l’efecte que l’abandonament d’un camp de conreu produeix en el sòl agrícola que el suporta. Per abandonament del camp volem dir deixar de fer en ell qualsevol tipus de maneig agrícola i tallar el subministrament d’aigua, fertilitzants, així com l’aplicació de fitosanitaris. Hem analitzat les propietats fisicoquímiques més importants que determinen la qualitat del sòl per parcel·les localitzades en la mateixa zona, parcel·les aparellades: una al costat de l’altra, una abandonada i l’altra en producció, i finalment hem comparat la qualitat dels respectius sòls en funció dels resultats obtinguts. S’ha fet aquest estudi en tres zones diferents del terme d’Oliva. Les parcel·les estudiades corresponen a camps de cítrics., [ES] El Trabajo que se ha realizado responde a la necesidad de ver el efecto que el abandono de un campo produce en el suelo agrícola donde se asienta. Por abandono de un campo queremos significar el dejar de hacer en él cualquier tipo de manejo agrícola, sin riego ni aplicación alguna de fertilizantes ni tratamientos fitosanitarios. Hemos analizado las propiedades fisicoquímicas más importantes que determinan la calidad de un suelo en parcelas localizadas en la misma zona, parcelas aparejadas, una al lado de la otra, una abandonada y la otra en producción, y finalmente hemos comparado la calidad de los suelos en función de los resultados obtenidos. Se ha realizado este estudio en tres zonas diferentes del término municipal de Oliva. Las parcelas estudiadas corresponden a campos de cítricos., [EN] The work that we have carried out to the need to see the effects that the abandonment of cultivated fields produces on agricultural soils. By abandonning a field we mean to stop doing any type of agricultural work in it, without irrigation or phytosanitary applications. We have analyzed the most important physicochemical properties that determine the quality of soils in plots located in the same area, paired plots, one next to the other, one abandoned and the other in production, and finally we have compared the quality of the soils in function of the results we have obtained. The soils analyzed belong to citrus fields in the municipality of Oliva

[ES] Este trabajo se basa en una revisión bibliográfica que trata de recopilar información acerca de los COV en concreto del formaldehído, el benceno y el tolueno y, cómo estos afectan sobre la salud humana. Se procede a buscar información sobre especies vegetales capaces de eliminar de la manera más eficaz posible dichos COV. En primer lugar, se realizará una búsqueda de artículos y documentos utilizando los principales motores de búsqueda y sus bases de datos (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, entre otros). Se procederá con una estrategia de búsqueda que se basará en la utilización de descriptores y operadores logísticos para obtener resultados concretos. Tras la búsqueda se aplicarán los diferentes criterios de inclusión y exclusión para descartar resultados que puedan perjudicar a la revisión bibliográfica. Una vez obtenidos los artículos finales se presentarán en tablas resumidas para proceder a su discusión. Se discutirá sobre los resultados de cada artículo y se concluirá con las especies vegetales más eficientes en la eliminación de los COV., [EN] This work is based on a bibliographic review that tries to gather information about VOCs specifically formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene and how they affect human health. It proceeds to seek information on plant species capable of eliminating these VOCs in the most efficient way possible. First, a search for articles and documents will be carried out using the main search engines and their databases (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, among others). It will proceed with a search strategy that will be based on the use of descriptors and logistics operators to obtain concrete results. After the search, the different inclusion and exclusion criteria will be applied to rule out results that could harm the bibliographic review. Once the final articles have been obtained, they will be presented in summary tables for discussion. The results of each article will be discussed, and it will conclude with the most efficient plant species in eliminating VOCs., [CA] Aquest treball es basa en una revisió bibliográfica que tracta de recopilar informació sobre els COV en concret del formaldehid, el benzé i el tolué i, com aquests afecten sobre la salut humana. Es procedeix a buscar informació sobre espècies vegetals capaces d'eliminar de la manera més eficaç possible dits COV. En primer lloc, es realitzarà una cerca d'articles i documents utilitzant els principals motors de cerca i les seues bases de dades (PubMed, Google Schoolar, SciELO, Elsevier, Springer, EPA, entre altres). Es procedirà amb una estratègia de cerca que es basarà en la utilització de descriptors i operadors logístics per a obtindre resultats concrets. Després de la cerca s'aplicaran els diferents criteris d'inclusió i exclusió per a descartar resultats que puguen perjudicar la revisió bibliogràfica. Una vegada obtinguts els articles finals es presentaran en taules resumides per a procedir a la seua discussió. Es discutirà sobre els resultats de cada article i es conclourà amb les espècies vegetals més eficients en l'eliminació dels COV

[ES] L’Ombria del Benicadell es un Paisaje Protegido situado en la parte Norte de la Sierra del Benicadell. El paraje, se ubica en la comarca de la Vall d’Albaida y hace frontera natural entre la provincia de Valencia y Alicante. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar y determinar las formaciones vegetales y los tipos de suelo en l’Ombria del Benicadell, ente otros estudios relacionados. Para ello, se realiza una caracterización y división de la zona de estudio en unidades ambientales. Posteriormente se realizan inventarios florísticos. A partir de los inventarios y mediante análisis estadísticos se realizará un estudio fitosociológico y la determinación de las comunidades vegetales. A su vez, se realiza un estudio edafológico para analizar el tipo de suelo de cada zona donde se han realizado inventarios florísticos. El suelo se estudiará mediante la toma de muestras de la capa superficial (20 cm) del suelo y posterior análisis de muestras de suelo en laboratorio. Para finalizar, se estudiará la relación vegetaciónsuelo y distintas conclusiones de cada estudio realizado. Conocer los ecosistemas naturales es de gran importancia ya que puede ayudar a su conservación y puesta en valor por los agentes implicados: ayuntamientos, agentes medioambientales, asociaciones, usuarios, etc., [EN] L'Ombria del Benicadell is a Protected Landscape located in the northern part of the Sierra del Benicadell. The place is located in the Vall d'Albaida region and is a natural border between the province of Valencia and Alicante. The objective of this study is to analyze and determine the plant formations and soil types in l¿Ombria del Benicadell, among other related studies. To do this, a characterization and division of the study area is carried out into environmental units. Later floristic inventories are carried out. From the inventories and through statistical analysis, a phytosociological study and the determination of the plant communities will be carried out. In turn, a soil study is carried out to analyze the type of soil in each area where floristic inventories have been carried out. The soil will be studied by taking samples of the surface layer (20 cm) of the soil and subsequent analysis of soil samples in the laboratory. Finally, the vegetation-soil relationship and different conclusions from each study carried out will be studied. Knowing the natural ecosystems is of great importance since it can help their conservation and enhancement by the agents involved: city councils, environmental agents, associations, users, etc.

[EN] Mating disruption (MD) is a species-specific and environmentally friendly pest management tactic based on the release of synthetic sex pheromones aiming to interrupt the mate-finding communication and prevent mating in the target pest. The present work aims to provide an overview of the current scientific and technical knowledge on mating disruption of scale pests (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biparental scales are suitable targets for mating disruption (technically, MD is not suitable for parthenogenetic scales), as the females have a limited spreading ability, and adult males are short lived and have a narrow window of time for mate searching. In this perspective, delayed mating also plays an important role by reducing female attractiveness and population growth potential. The mechanisms involved in MD of scales are most likely assigned to `competitive disruption¿ rather than `noncompetitive¿ mechanisms, although no specific studies addressed this issue. Mating disruption has been commercially developed and increasingly applied against the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) to a lesser extent. Critical factors affecting MD effectiveness are the pest density and effective disruption late in the season. Mating disruption applied to scale pests is effective in small plots and compatible with biological control and integrated management programs. In conclusion, MD has a high potential for management of scale pests, providing that key factors such as technological advances in pheromone synthesis and pheromone formulations, elucidation of disruption mechanisms, and simplification of the registration process are addressed.

[EN] In mite communities, behavioral and foraging decisions of individuals rely on semiochemicals that they gather from the environment, which contain odors from plants, herbivores, and predators. Because herbivorous mites commonly co-occur with several species of phytoseiid predatory mites, which may engage in intraguild predation (IGP), predator mite decision-making relies on their ability to recognize odors signaling the presence of the herbivore but also that of potential competitors/predators. Here the odor-related foraging decisions of three predatory mites, Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), which co-occur in citrus, compete for the herbivore Tetranychus urticae Koch (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae), and can engage in IGP were investigated. The composition of the volatile blends associated with the three predators was characterized. Moreover, the effect of these odors on the predators foraging decisions was measured. Results revealed that (1) the volatile signature of the three predatory mites is species specific, (2) the predators¿ foraging behavior is affected by heterospecific predator odors, and (3) predator responses strongly depend on the host plant: mutual attraction and mutual repellence occurred in Cleopatra mandarin and sour orange, respectively. These findings have important consequences for the management of systems where these species occur. The odor blends that make predators that share pest species as prey avoid each other could be used to improve pest control by minimizing undesired negative interactions among predator species, and by locally increasing predation risk on herbivore pest species.

[EN] Passive dispensers are the most widely used dispensers to control the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by mating disruption (MD). Although their efficacy is well-proven, efforts are needed to reduce the use of pheromone without compromising efficacy and to allow lower MD costs. For this purpose, two different widely employed dispenser types in Europe against this pest (Ampoule and Rope dispensers) were evaluated in the field to verify their performance (emission rates and efficacy) in relation to weather conditions. Their release profiles were studied by extracting and quantifying the residual pheromone load over time by gas chromatography. Dispensers' performance in relation to weather conditions was then assessed by correlating the daily emission rates with the mean daily values of several of these variables. Although both dispenser types were efficient in controlling L. botrana populations and reducing fruit damage, their pheromone content and their release rates differed at the end of the crop cycle. The Ampoule dispensers emitted lower amounts of pheromone throughout the study period, whereas the Rope dispensers¿ emissions were weather-dependent, with higher emission rates at higher mean temperatures and wind speeds. Our results showed that the current commercial MD dispensers could be improved by adjusting their release rates to better reflect actual pheromone requirements.

[EN] Biscogniauxia species are known as fungal trunk pathogens on various tree species in the world. During a survey of trunk diseases of fruit trees conducted in Iran, a branch dieback was observed on almond trees in Kerman province (in the Southeast of Iran). Evaluation of symptomatic branches revealed wood discoloration in cross-sections and the presence of fruiting bodies of an ascomycete fungus on their bark. A total of 31 fungal isolates were obtained, 13 isolates recovered from necrotic wood tissues and 18 isolates from fruiting bodies. These isolates were subjected to morphological analysis as well as sequencing analysis of the partial ITS-rDNA and beta tubulin gene sequences. These fungal isolates were identified as Biscogniauxia rosacearum. Results of the pathogenicity tests showed that this species is pathogenic on almond shoots. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of this species on almond trees in Iran and in the world.

[EN] The role of desensitization in mating disruption (MD) of European Grapevine Moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Dennis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is studied by exposing males to different airborne pheromone concentrations for various time intervals prior to evaluate their behavioural response. By using different types of dispensers, male moths are exposed to three decreasing pheromone concentrations (up to the minimum concentration able to desensitize them) for 1, 3, and 24¿h. The airborne pheromone concentration present in all treatments is accurately quantified using gas chromatography¿mass spectrometry equipment to compare these data with actual airborne pheromone concentrations under field conditions. The effect of pheromone exposure on L. botrana males is studied in wind tunnel and electroantennogram assays, immediately and 24¿h after the exposure period. Results show that the reduction of response to the pheromone depended on the dose and the duration of the treatment, but the lowest dose tested did not produce desensitization. These results support that the most important mechanisms of MD acting in fields treated against EGVM are the competitive ones and that the non-competitive ones only may become relevant very close to pheromone dispensers. Our results support the hypothesis of cross-adaptation to other chemical stimuli in the pre-exposed moths to their pheromone although more studies are needed to draw stronger conclusions.

[EN] Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil-root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.

[EN] The variability of the soils found in an area together with the diversity of the bioclimatic parameters will affect the chemical profile of plant species, in our case Pistacia lentiscus L. The aim of this work is to analyse the bioclimatic characteristics and soil parameters affecting the essential oil (EO) composition of the leaves of the Pistacia lentiscus L. growing in València (Spain). The EO compositions of dried leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. from five sampling sites with noticeable differences in soil and climate features were analysed by GC(MS) and GD(FID). The main bioclimatic and soil parameters were also determined in order to relate them to oil composition. ¿-pinene (2.8-39.2%), myrcene (0.6-59.3%), ß-phellandrene (0.0-42.8%), germacrene-D (3.9-20.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.2-19.0%) were found to be the major compounds showing a high variability. The five sampling sites presented well-defined bioclimatic and edaphic characteristics that could be related to specific EO profiles. The results suggested that the EO composition of P. lentiscus L. depends more on the edaphic factors interacting with bioclimate conditions than on the geographical origin itself. Some general trends could be established based on the results: the Calcaric Arenosol (Saler) with a high evapotranspiration index was associated with a high sesquiterpenic fraction, (germacrene-D and ß-caryophyllene, mainly). The Luvisol (Borrell and L¿Ull), with high amounts of ¿ + ß-pinene, were found to be related to sub-humid bioclimatic conditions and clayey and fertile soils (high CEC and OM levels). This last requirement was also observed to be related to the myrcene content, but with drier climatic conditions and calcareous soils (Haplic Calcisol) with high level of carbonates and active lime (Lliria). The rest of hydrocarbon monoterpene and oxygenated monoterpene (terpinen-4-ol, mainly) fractions could be related to a dry climate and non-calcareous and low fertility soils (Eutric Regosol, Se

[EN] The variability of the soils found in an area together with the diversity of the bioclimatic parameters will affect the chemical profile of plant species, in our case Pistacia lentiscus L. The aim of this work is to analyse the bioclimatic characteristics and soil parameters affecting the essential oil (EO) composition of the leaves of the Pistacia lentiscus L. growing in València (Spain). The EO compositions of dried leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. from five sampling sites with noticeable differences in soil and climate features were analysed by GC(MS) and GD(FID). The main bioclimatic and soil parameters were also determined in order to relate them to oil composition. ¿-pinene (2.8-39.2%), myrcene (0.6-59.3%), ß-phellandrene (0.0-42.8%), germacrene-D (3.9-20.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.2-19.0%) were found to be the major compounds showing a high variability. The five sampling sites presented well-defined bioclimatic and edaphic characteristics that could be related to specific EO profiles. The results suggested that the EO composition of P. lentiscus L. depends more on the edaphic factors interacting with bioclimate conditions than on the geographical origin itself. Some general trends could be established based on the results: the Calcaric Arenosol (Saler) with a high evapotranspiration index was associated with a high sesquiterpenic fraction, (germacrene-D and ß-caryophyllene, mainly). The Luvisol (Borrell and L¿Ull), with high amounts of ¿ + ß-pinene, were found to be related to sub-humid bioclimatic conditions and clayey and fertile soils (high CEC and OM levels). This last requirement was also observed to be related to the myrcene content, but with drier climatic conditions and calcareous soils (Haplic Calcisol) with high level of carbonates and active lime (Lliria). The rest of hydrocarbon monoterpene and oxygenated monoterpene (terpinen-4-ol, mainly) fractions could be related to a dry climate and non-calcareous and low fertility soils (Eutric Regosol, Se

[EN] Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

[EN] A field survey conducted on asymptomatic grapevine propagation material from nurseries and symptomatic young grapevines throughout different regions of Algeria yielded a collection of 70 Phaeoacremonium-like isolates and three Cadophora-like isolates. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of I3-tubulin (tub2) and actin, five Phaeoacremonium species were identified including Phaeoacremonium minimum (22 isolates), Phaeoacremonium venezuelense (19 isolates), Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (17 isolates), Phaeoacremonium australiense (8 isolates), and Phaeoacremon bun ira nianu m (4 isolates). The latter two species (P. australiense and P. iranianum) were reported for the first time in Algeria. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, tub2, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and morphological features, allowed the description of the three isolates belonging to the genus Cadophora (WAMC34, WAMC117, and WAMC118) as a novel species, named Cadophora sabaouae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on grapevine cuttings cultivar Cardinal. All the identified species were pathogenic on grapevine cuttings.

[EN] Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting this crop. The use of tolerant grapevine cultivars would be an interesting and sustainable alternative strategy to control GTDs. To date, most studies about cultivar susceptibility have been conducted under controlled conditions, and little information is available about tolerance to natural infections caused by GTD fungi. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify tolerant cultivars to GTD fungi within a Spanish germplasm collection, based on external symptoms observed in the vineyard; and (ii) to characterize the pathogenic mycoflora associated with symptomatic vines. For this purpose, a grapevine germplasm collection including 22 white and 25 red cultivars was monitored along three growing seasons, and their susceptibility for esca foliar symptoms was assessed. Fungi were identified by using morphological and molecular methods. Cultivars such as, 'Monastrell', 'Graciano', 'Cabernet Franc', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Syrah', 'Moscatel de Alejandria', 'Sauvignon Blanc', and 'Airen' displayed high susceptibility to GTDs, whereas others such as 'Petit Verdot', 'Pinot Noir', 'Chardonnay', and 'Riesling' were considered as tolerant. The prevalent fungal species isolated from symptomatic vines were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (27.9% of the fungal isolates), Cryptovalsa ampelina (24.6%), and Dothiorella sarmentorum (21.3%).

[EN] The monoculture situation of truffle cultivation is favoring the appearance of pests that would not be economically important in naturally balanced forest ecosystems. The most prominent of them is the European truffle beetle Leiodes cinnamomeus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae), for which there are no effective control methods capable of reducing its populations. The potential of the mass trapping technique against this beetle, based on adapted pitfall traps and the semiochemical methyl disulfide as an attractant, is explored in the present work. Two trap densities (40 and 80 traps/ha) were tested in 2-yr field trials carried out in the region of Teruel (Spain) with black truffle cultivation tradition. Kairomone dispensers were placed in the field immediately before adult outbreak and remained active there throughout the season. The efficacy of each treatment was measured according to the reduction in beetle populations and the damaged truffles in the center of the treated areas. The results showed that both trapping densities reduced adult populations (mean 57% catch reduction), but 80 traps/ha were needed to significantly lower damage parameters (>40% reduction), percentage of attacked truffles and number of galleries/g truffle. The cost effectiveness of these treatments and possible improvements are discussed.

El objetivo general de este proyecto es estudiar los posibles efectos paliativos de los iones Ca2+ y/o Mg2+ en el crecimiento y desarrollo de Plantago crassifolia en presencia de NaCl.

El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer en detalle la situación actual de las poblaciones de L. scopulorum para todo el área de distribución mundial de la especie. Este objetivo general se ha concretado en los siguientes objetivos particulares: • Visitar e identificar los núcleos poblacionales de Limonium scopulorum presentes en la zona costera de Xàbia, Benitaxell y Teulada. • Censar el número de ejemplares de los núcleos poblacionales. • Georreferenciar la ubicación de núcleos poblaciones. • Estimar el área de ocupación de las poblaciones de Limonium scopulorum.

El objetivo general de este proyecto es estudiar los posibles efectos paliativos de los iones Ca2+ y/o Mg2+ en el crecimiento y desarrollo de Plantago crassifolia en presencia de NaCl.

El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer en detalle la situación actual de las poblaciones de L. scopulorum para todo el área de distribución mundial de la especie. Este objetivo general se ha concretado en los siguientes objetivos particulares: • Visitar e identificar los núcleos poblacionales de Limonium scopulorum presentes en la zona costera de Xàbia, Benitaxell y Teulada. • Censar el número de ejemplares de los núcleos poblacionales. • Georreferenciar la ubicación de núcleos poblaciones. • Estimar el área de ocupación de las poblaciones de Limonium scopulorum.

Tesis realizada para mejoramiento de los lineamiento de los forestales en ámbito urbano. Se aclara que este estudio se tramitó para la mejora del arbolado público urbano de la ciudad de Mendoza (Argentina), y para el conocimiento en una de las zonas de subdivisión de la ciudad, del arbolado viario y su estado fitosanitario. En un primer lugar se realizó la planilla de trabajo (que permitió tener un inventario completo arbóreo); planilla que ya elaborada desde la universidad y la municipalidad, se definió y concreto mediante una serie de talleres de reunión en conjunto de las municipalidades de la provincia de Mendoza; planilla con la que se pudo completar el estudio de campo, cuya duración fue de 1 mes y 1 semana de trabajo en la que se trabajo a relación de 5 días por semana y unas 6 horas por día. Analizando aspectos sanitarios que afectan al estado de los árboles para la mejora de la sanidad forestal. Mientras se realizaba esta fase se creo una metodología de trabajo que se fue mejorando conforme surgían dudas y se trabajaba sobre el terreno. Tras tener todos los datos en formato papel se digitalizaron a formato Excel para poder realizar cálculos con ellos. Estos cálculos nos dieron información de las plagas existentes, daños visualizados y estado de la masa arbórea urbana. Y aportando algunas conclusiones que mejorarán las condiciones para la supervivencia a largo plazo de la masa forestal.

Tesis realizada para mejoramiento de los lineamiento de los forestales en ámbito urbano. Se aclara que este estudio se tramitó para la mejora del arbolado público urbano de la ciudad de Mendoza (Argentina), y para el conocimiento en una de las zonas de subdivisión de la ciudad, del arbolado viario y su estado fitosanitario. En un primer lugar se realizó la planilla de trabajo (que permitió tener un inventario completo arbóreo); planilla que ya elaborada desde la universidad y la municipalidad, se definió y concreto mediante una serie de talleres de reunión en conjunto de las municipalidades de la provincia de Mendoza; planilla con la que se pudo completar el estudio de campo, cuya duración fue de 1 mes y 1 semana de trabajo en la que se trabajo a relación de 5 días por semana y unas 6 horas por día. Analizando aspectos sanitarios que afectan al estado de los árboles para la mejora de la sanidad forestal. Mientras se realizaba esta fase se creo una metodología de trabajo que se fue mejorando conforme surgían dudas y se trabajaba sobre el terreno. Tras tener todos los datos en formato papel se digitalizaron a formato Excel para poder realizar cálculos con ellos. Estos cálculos nos dieron información de las plagas existentes, daños visualizados y estado de la masa arbórea urbana. Y aportando algunas conclusiones que mejorarán las condiciones para la supervivencia a largo plazo de la masa forestal.

El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer en detalle la situación actual de las poblaciones de L. scopulorum para todo el área de distribución mundial de la especie. Este objetivo general se ha concretado en los siguientes objetivos particulares: • Visitar e identificar los núcleos poblacionales de Limonium scopulorum presentes en la zona costera de Xàbia, Benitaxell y Teulada. • Censar el número de ejemplares de los núcleos poblacionales. • Georreferenciar la ubicación de núcleos poblaciones. • Estimar el área de ocupación de las poblaciones de Limonium scopulorum.

El objetivo de este proyecto es conocer en detalle la situación actual de las poblaciones de L. scopulorum para todo el área de distribución mundial de la especie. Este objetivo general se ha concretado en los siguientes objetivos particulares: • Visitar e identificar los núcleos poblacionales de Limonium scopulorum presentes en la zona costera de Xàbia, Benitaxell y Teulada. • Censar el número de ejemplares de los núcleos poblacionales. • Georreferenciar la ubicación de núcleos poblaciones. • Estimar el área de ocupación de las poblaciones de Limonium scopulorum.

Tesis realizada para mejoramiento de los lineamiento de los forestales en ámbito urbano. Se aclara que este estudio se tramitó para la mejora del arbolado público urbano de la ciudad de Mendoza (Argentina), y para el conocimiento en una de las zonas de subdivisión de la ciudad, del arbolado viario y su estado fitosanitario. En un primer lugar se realizó la planilla de trabajo (que permitió tener un inventario completo arbóreo); planilla que ya elaborada desde la universidad y la municipalidad, se definió y concreto mediante una serie de talleres de reunión en conjunto de las municipalidades de la provincia de Mendoza; planilla con la que se pudo completar el estudio de campo, cuya duración fue de 1 mes y 1 semana de trabajo en la que se trabajo a relación de 5 días por semana y unas 6 horas por día. Analizando aspectos sanitarios que afectan al estado de los árboles para la mejora de la sanidad forestal. Mientras se realizaba esta fase se creo una metodología de trabajo que se fue mejorando conforme surgían dudas y se trabajaba sobre el terreno. Tras tener todos los datos en formato papel se digitalizaron a formato Excel para poder realizar cálculos con ellos. Estos cálculos nos dieron información de las plagas existentes, daños visualizados y estado de la masa arbórea urbana. Y aportando algunas conclusiones que mejorarán las condiciones para la supervivencia a largo plazo de la masa forestal.

El objetivo general de este proyecto es estudiar los posibles efectos paliativos de los iones Ca2+ y/o Mg2+ en el crecimiento y desarrollo de Plantago crassifolia en presencia de NaCl.

[EN] Liberibacteris a bacterial group causing different diseases and disorders in plants. Among liberibacters,CandidatusLiberibacter solanaceraum (CLso) produces disorders in several species mainly within Apiaceae and Solanaceae families. CLso isolates are usually grouped in defined haplotypes according to single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with ribosomal elements. In order to characterize more precisely isolates of CLso identified in potato in Spain, a Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) was applied. This methodology was validated by a complete analysis of ten housekeeping genes that showed an absence of positive selection and a nearly neutral mechanism for their evolution. Most of the analysis performed with single housekeeping genes, as well as MLSA, grouped together isolates of CLso detected in potato crops in Spain within the haplotype E, undistinguishable from those infecting carrots, parsnips or celery. Moreover, the information from these housekeeping genes was used to estimate the evolutionary divergence among the different CLso by using the concatenated sequences of the genes assayed. Data obtained on the divergence among CLso haplotypes support the hypothesis of evolutionary events connected with different hosts, in different geographic areas, and possibly associated with different vectors. Our results demonstrate the absence in Spain of CLso isolates molecularly classified as haplotypes A and B, traditionally considered causal agents of zebra chip in potato, as well as the uncertain possibility of the present haplotype to produce major disease outbreaks in potato that may depend on many factors that should be further evaluated in future works

[ES] Las virosis transmitidas por semilla en el cultivo del tomate crean gran preocupación entre los productores, y son de especial atención en aquellos que se dedican al cultivo de variedades locales donde las semillas se extraen durante la campaña y son empleadas para cultivos posteriores con lo que la infección y dispersión de estos virus es mucho más frecuente. Entre los virus transmitidos por semilla en tomate destacan el virus del mosaico del tomate (ToMV) y el virus del mosaico del pepino dulce (PepMV). Ambos virus se caracterizan por transmitirse, además de por semilla, de manera mecánica fácilmente y son muy estables manteniéndose en los restos del cultivo anterior y en las infraestructuras empleadas durante el manejo del cultivo. Sin embargo, la localización de estos virus en las semillas contaminadas difiere, mientras que PepMV se localiza únicamente de manera superficial, ToMV puede encontrarse además en zonas más internas como en el endospermo. Esto hace que los tratamientos empleados para la desinfección de semillas infectadas con cada uno de estos virus sea distinto: mientras que PepMV puede ser inactivado con tratamientos químicos superficiales, el tratamiento para descontaminar semillas con ToMV debe ser térmico a elevadas temperaturas., [EN] Viral diseases transmitted through seed create a great concern among the tomato producers, especially those who use local varieties that harvest their own seeds from the previous growing season fruits. In this case the infection and spread of seed-transmitted viruses is more usual. ToMV and PepMV are the two main seed-transmitted viruses which affect tomato crops. Both viruses are easily mechanically and seed transmitted, and remain infective in the plant debris of the previous crop and in the crop structures. However, the location of the virus in the contaminated seed is different. PepMV is present only externally in the seed coat, but ToMV could be also found in the endosperm. Therefore seed treatments to inactivate these two viruses are different; while PepMV could be inactivated by external chemical treatments, ToMV infected seeds should be thermal treated in order to eliminate further seedling infections.

[EN] Weeds and herbicides are important stress factors for crops. Weeds are responsible for great losses in crop yields, more than 50% in some crops if left uncontrolled. Herbicides have been used as the main method for weed control since their development after the Second World War. It is necessary to find alternatives to synthetic herbicides that can be incorporated in an Integrated Weed Management Program, to produce crops subjected to less stress in a more sustainable way. In this work, three natural products: pelargonic acid (PA), carvacrol (CV), and cinnamic aldehyde (CA) were evaluated, under greenhouse conditions in postemergence assays, against problematic weeds in Mediterranean cropsAmaranthus retroflexus,Avena fatua,Portulaca oleracea,andErigeron bonariensis, to determine their phytotoxic potential. The three products showed a potent herbicidal activity, reaching high efficacy (plant death) and damage level in all species, being PA the most effective at all doses applied, followed by CA and CV. These products could be good candidates for bioherbicides formulations.

[EN] Solanum pimpinellifoliumandSolanum lycopersicumvar.cerasiformerepresent a valuable tool for tomato breeding, particularly for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Water stress and salinity are major constraints to tomato's cultivation, and for which limited genetic variability has been reported within the cultivated species. We evaluated four accessions ofS. pimpinellifoliumand four ofS. l.var.cerasiformefor their adaptation to water deficit and salinity. The CO(2)assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO(2)concentration, transpiration rate, and leaf chlorophyll concentration were evaluated, as well as morphological and agronomic traits. The accessions showed a remarkable inter- and intra-species response variability to both stresses. TwoS. pimpinellifoliumaccessions and oneS. l.var.cerasiformeshowed unaltered physiological parameters, thus indicating a good adaptation to water deficit. TwoS. l.var.cerasiformeaccessions showed an interesting performance under salt stress, one of which showing also good adaptation to water stress. In general, both stresses showed a negative impact on leaf size and fruit fresh weight, especially in the big-sized fruits. However, flowering, fruit setting and earliness remained unaltered or even improved when compared to control conditions. Stressed plants yielded fruits with higher degrees Brix. Response to stresses seemed to be linked to origin environmental conditions, notwithstanding, variability was observed among accessions of the same region.

[EN] Juglans regia L. (English walnut) trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in two regions in the Czech Republic. Isolations were made from diseased branches. In total, 138 fungal isolates representing 10 fungal species were obtained from wood samples and identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods: Cadophora novi-eboraci, Cadophora spadicis, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Diaporthe eres, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Eutypa lata, Ewypella sp., Peroneutypa scoparia, and Phaeoacremonium sicilianum. Pathogenicity tests conducted under field conditions with all species using the mycelium-plug method indicated that Eutypa lata and Cadophora spp. were highly virulent to woody stems of walnut. This is the first study to detect and identify fungal trunk pathogens associated with diseased walnut trees in Europe.

[EN] In many perennial plants, seasonal flowering is primarily controlled by environmental conditions, but in certain polycarpic plants, environmental signals are locally gated by the presence of developing fruits initiated in the previous season through an unknown mechanism. Polycarpy is defined as the ability of plants to undergo several rounds of reproduction during their lifetime, alternating vegetative and reproductive meristems in the same individual. To understand how fruits regulate flowering in polycarpic plants, we focused on alternate bearing in Citrus trees that had been experimentally established as fully flowering or nonflowering. We found that the presence of the fruit causes epigenetic changes correlating with the induction of the CcMADS19 floral repressor, which prevents the activation of the floral promoter CiFT2 even in the presence of the floral inductive signals. By contrast, newly emerging shoots display an opposite epigenetic scenario associated with CcMADS19 repression, thereby allowing the activation of CiFT2 the following cold season.

[EN] Survey and identification of fungi associated with grapewine trunk diseases. A survey and identification of fungal species associated with grapevine trunk diseases was conducted in vineyards located at Lanzarote island. Fifteen samples of grapevine plants showing typical symptoms of fungal trunk diseases were collected in different vineyards. Fungal isolations were performed from these samples and, subsequently, the identification of the colonies was completed by molecular methods based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with universal oligonucleotides and sequencing of different gene regions. The results confirmed the presence of: Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium minimun and Pm. parisiticum. This study reports for the first time these fungi in grapevine plants showing trunk disease symptoms on the island of Lanzarote and, in general, in the Canary Islands., [ES] Se ha realizado un muestreo e identificación de hongos asociados a las enfermedades de la madera de la vid en Lanzarote. Para ello, se recogieron 15 muestras de plantas de vid que presentaban síntomas característicos de estas enfermedades en viñedos de diferentes localizaciones y variedades. Se realizaron aislamientos fúngicos y, posteriormente, se realizó la identificación de las colonias obtenidas mediante métodos moleculares basados en la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) con oligonucleótidos universales y la secuenciación de diferentes regiones génicas. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron la presencia de: Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium minimun y Pm. parisiticum. Este estudio cita por primera vez estos hongos en plantas de vid con síntomas asociados a enfermedades de la madera en Lanzarote y, en general, en las Islas Canarias.

[EN] Two hundred and twenty-fiveDiaportheisolates were collected from 2005 to 2019 in almond orchards showing twig cankers and shoot blight symptoms in five different regions across Spain. Multilocus DNA sequence analysis with five loci (ITS,tub,tef-1 alpha,calandhis), allowed the identification of four knownDiaporthespecies, namely:D. amygdali,D. eres,D. foeniculinaandD. phaseolorum. Moreover, a novel phylogenetic species,D. mediterranea, was described.Diaportheamygdaliwas the most prevalent species, due to the largest number of isolates (85.3%) obtained from all sampled regions. The second most frequent species wasD. foeniculina(10.2%), followed byD. mediterranea(3.6%),D.eresandD. phaseolorum, each with only one isolate. Pathogenicity tests were performed using one-year-old almond twigs cv. Vayro and representative isolates of the different species. Except forD. foeniculinaandD. phaseolorum, allDiaporthespecies were able to cause lesions significantly different from those developed on the uninoculated controls.Diaporthe mediterraneacaused the most severe symptoms. These results confirmD. amygdalias a key pathogen of almonds in Spain. Moreover, the new species,D. mediterranea, should also be considered as a potential important causal agent of twig cankers and shoot blight on this crop.

[EN] Mating disruption (MD) is widely used against the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by installing passive dispensers or aerosol devices. The present work reports a new sampling and quantification methodology to obtain absolute data about field airborne pheromone concentration based on air samplings and sensitive chromatographic-spectroscopic methods. Samplings were performed in fields treated with passive dispensers or aerosol devices at different moments throughout the crop cycle to study how they act and how the disruption is triggered. Moreover, pheromone adsorption and releasing capacity of vine leaves were studied to elucidate their role in the disruption. Although both types of dispensers were effective in limiting the damage inflicted by EGVM, they performed differently and provided different airborne pheromone concentration profiles. Results also proved that leaves were able to adsorb and release part of the airborne pheromone acting as subsequent and additional pheromone sources. This fact could explain the different concentration profiles. Moreover, our results suggest that lower pheromone emission than that of the current passive dispensers still could provide an adequate performance in the field. Competitive mechanisms involved in MD using both dispensers, the dynamics of the airborne pheromone throughout the time and the importance of the canopy are discussed.

[EN] A qPCR-based method was developed to detect and quantifyPodosphaera pannosa, the main causal agent of peach powdery mildew. A primer pair was designed to target part of the ITS region of the fungal ribosomal DNA, which proved to be highly specific and sensitive. A minimum of 2.81 pg mu L(- 1)ofP. pannosaDNA and 6 conidia mL(- 1)in artificially-prepared conidia suspensions were found to be the limit of detection. Moreover, a quantification of conidia placed on plastic tapes commonly used in volumetric air samplers was performed. Regression equations on conidia quantification obtained either from aqueous conidia suspensions or conidia placed on plastic tapes were similar. The protocol was further validated in field conditions by estimating the number ofP. pannosaconidia obtained with an air sampler, by both microscopic and molecular quantification. Both techniques detected the peaks of conidia production during a 4-month sampling period, and a significant correlation (r = 0.772) was observed between both quantification methods. Additionally, the molecular method was applied to detect latent fungal inoculum in different plant parts of peach trees. The pathogen was detected mainly on the bark of affected twigs, and to a lesser extent, in foliar buds. The method developed here can be applied in the study ofP. pannosaepidemiology and can help in improving the management of this pathogen through its early detection and quantification.

[EN] Aim of study: Several studies point out that storage at -20 ºC is a suitable method for preserving pollen of many species in the long term. Part of those studies indicate the total storage time at which these conditions are optimal. However, we have found a lack of information about the freezing time conditions and incubation temperature of loquat pollen. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the -20 ºC conservation temperature on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) pollen. Area of study: The study was conducted in Montserrat (Valencia, Spain). Material and methods: Loquat flowers were collected in November 2017 and stored at -20 ºC for three time periods: 4 (T1), 6 (T2) and 8 (T3) months. Subsequently, pollen grains were incubated at different temperatures for 72 h. We analyzed (i) the effect of freezing conservation time; (ii) the effect of incubation temperature on germination; (iii) the interaction between these two factors. Main results: T1 showed higher germination percentage and tube length values (mean and maximum) than T2 and T3. The highest germination percentage (52.77%) was detected for T1 at an incubation temperature of 25 ºC. The interaction between freezing time and incubation temperature showed more consistent results for T1 than for T2 and T3. Research highlights: This suggests that storing at -20 ºC for more than 4 months affects pollen grain and reduces germination and pollen growth. Therefore, -20 ºC loquat pollen storage should not exceed 4 months.

[EN] The bioherbicidal potential ofThymbra capitata(L.) Cav. essential oil (EO) and its main compound carvacrol was investigated. In in vitro assays, the EO blocked the germination and seedling growth ofErigeron canadensisL.,Sonchus oleraceus(L.) L., andChenopodium albumL. at 0.125 mu L/mL, ofSetaria verticillata(L.) P.Beauv.,Avena fatuaL., andSolanum nigrumL. at 0.5 mu L/mL, ofAmaranthus retroflexusL. at 1 mu L/mL and ofPortulaca oleraceaL., andEchinochloa crus-galli(L.) P.Beauv. at 2 mu L/mL. Under greenhouse conditions,T. capitataEO was tested towards the emergent weeds from a soil seedbank in pre and post emergence, showing strong herbicidal potential in both assays at 4 mu L/mL. In addition,T. capitataEO, applied by spraying, was tested againstP. oleracea,A. fatuaandE. crus-galli. The species showed different sensibility to the EO, beingE. crus-gallithe most resistant. Experiments were performed againstA. fatuatestingT. capitataEO and carvacrol applied by spraying or by irrigation. It was verified that the EO was more active at the same doses in monocotyledons applied by irrigation and in dicotyledons applied by spraying. Carvacrol effects onArabidopsisroot morphology were also studied.

[EN] Branch and trunk canker diseases have become prevalent on nut crops in Iran. During 2015 to 2018, extensive field surveys were conducted on 58 almond, 43 pistachio and 80 walnut orchards in Iran to study fungal pathogens associated with symptomatic trees. One hundred and fifty-six representative fungal isolates were selected and identified based on morphological characteristics and by phylogenetic comparison of DNA sequence data. Fungal species found were Collophorina hispanica, Pleurostoma richardsiae, nine species of Phaeoacremonium (namely P. angustius, P. cinereum, P. italicum, P. fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. minimum, P. parasiticum, P. scolyti, P. tuscanum and P. viticola), 11 species of Botryosphaeriaceae (namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia gallae, D. mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella plurivora, Do. sarmentorum, Do. viticola, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. mahajangana, L. theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum), four species of Diatrypaceae (namely Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis, Diatrype whitmanensis, Eutypella citricola and E. vitis) and two non-identified Eutypella spp. (Eutypella sp. 1 and Eutypella sp. 2). Some of these species represent new reports in Iran and/or are reported for the first time in their respective hosts. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that most of these fungi were pathogenic to inoculated almond, pistachio and walnut shoots. Therefore, more importance should be given to fungal trunk pathogens in Iran, and specific management strategies should be included within the nut crops IPM management programs, with the aim of improving their sustainability.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Berbegal, M., Ramón¿Albalat, A., León, M. and Armengol, J. (2020), Evaluation of long¿term protection from nursery to vineyard provided by Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against fungal grapevine trunk pathogens. Pest. Manag. Sci., 76: 967-977, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5605. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., [EN] BACKGROUND Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) represent a threat to viticulture, being responsible for important economic losses worldwide. Nursery and vineyard experiments were set up to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 to reduce infections of GTD pathogens in grapevine planting material during the propagation process and to assess the long-term protection provided by this biocontrol agent on grapevine plants in young vineyards during two growing seasons. RESULTS Reductions of some GTD pathogen incidence and severity were found on grapevine propagation material after nursery application of T. atroviride SC1 during the grafting process, and also after additional T. atroviride SC1 treatments performed during two growing seasons in young vineyards, when compared with untreated plants. CONCLUSION Trichoderma atroviride SC1 showed promise to reduce infections caused by some GTD pathogens in nurseries, and also when establishing new vineyards. This biological control agent could possibly be a valuable component in an integrated management approach where various strategies are combined to reduce GTD infections.

[EN] Fusicladium eriobotryae is the causal agent of loquat scab, the main disease damaging fruit, leaves and young twigs of this crop. A two-growing season study (2015¿2016 and 2016¿2017) was carried out in two loquat orchards (cv ¿Algerie¿) to determine the inoculum sources of F. eriobotryae by direct observation of conidia, pathogen isolation on culture media and detection using a new real time PCR protocol developed in this study. One-year-old twigs, fruit peduncles and fruit mummies were randomly sampled three times per growing season on each orchard, and inflorescences only at flowering. Conidia of F. eriobotryae were not found and the isolation of the pathogen was neither possible from any sample in both seasons. Specific primers FUG2F and FUG2R, were designed to detect and quantify DNA of F. eriobotryae on plant material, with a limit of detection (LOD) established at 48.6 fg/¿l. The DNA of the pathogen was not detected by real time PCR in fruit mummies nor inflorescences. It was detected in fruit peduncles and twigs in the season 2016¿2017 with concentrations ranging from 50 to 2742 fg/¿l, confirming that this two loquat organs might act as potential inoculum sources for F. eriobotryae. The detection of F. eriobotryae only in this season agrees with the predictions of an epidemiological model for this pathogen. Our results indicate that in years with a high disease pressure, fruit twigs and peduncles might act as a source of inoculum of new infections the following year.

[EN] Liberibacteris a bacterial group causing different diseases and disorders in plants. Among liberibacters,CandidatusLiberibacter solanaceraum (CLso) produces disorders in several species mainly within Apiaceae and Solanaceae families. CLso isolates are usually grouped in defined haplotypes according to single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with ribosomal elements. In order to characterize more precisely isolates of CLso identified in potato in Spain, a Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) was applied. This methodology was validated by a complete analysis of ten housekeeping genes that showed an absence of positive selection and a nearly neutral mechanism for their evolution. Most of the analysis performed with single housekeeping genes, as well as MLSA, grouped together isolates of CLso detected in potato crops in Spain within the haplotype E, undistinguishable from those infecting carrots, parsnips or celery. Moreover, the information from these housekeeping genes was used to estimate the evolutionary divergence among the different CLso by using the concatenated sequences of the genes assayed. Data obtained on the divergence among CLso haplotypes support the hypothesis of evolutionary events connected with different hosts, in different geographic areas, and possibly associated with different vectors. Our results demonstrate the absence in Spain of CLso isolates molecularly classified as haplotypes A and B, traditionally considered causal agents of zebra chip in potato, as well as the uncertain possibility of the present haplotype to produce major disease outbreaks in potato that may depend on many factors that should be further evaluated in future works

[ES] Las virosis transmitidas por semilla en el cultivo del tomate crean gran preocupación entre los productores, y son de especial atención en aquellos que se dedican al cultivo de variedades locales donde las semillas se extraen durante la campaña y son empleadas para cultivos posteriores con lo que la infección y dispersión de estos virus es mucho más frecuente. Entre los virus transmitidos por semilla en tomate destacan el virus del mosaico del tomate (ToMV) y el virus del mosaico del pepino dulce (PepMV). Ambos virus se caracterizan por transmitirse, además de por semilla, de manera mecánica fácilmente y son muy estables manteniéndose en los restos del cultivo anterior y en las infraestructuras empleadas durante el manejo del cultivo. Sin embargo, la localización de estos virus en las semillas contaminadas difiere, mientras que PepMV se localiza únicamente de manera superficial, ToMV puede encontrarse además en zonas más internas como en el endospermo. Esto hace que los tratamientos empleados para la desinfección de semillas infectadas con cada uno de estos virus sea distinto: mientras que PepMV puede ser inactivado con tratamientos químicos superficiales, el tratamiento para descontaminar semillas con ToMV debe ser térmico a elevadas temperaturas., [EN] Viral diseases transmitted through seed create a great concern among the tomato producers, especially those who use local varieties that harvest their own seeds from the previous growing season fruits. In this case the infection and spread of seed-transmitted viruses is more usual. ToMV and PepMV are the two main seed-transmitted viruses which affect tomato crops. Both viruses are easily mechanically and seed transmitted, and remain infective in the plant debris of the previous crop and in the crop structures. However, the location of the virus in the contaminated seed is different. PepMV is present only externally in the seed coat, but ToMV could be also found in the endosperm. Therefore seed treatments to inactivate these two viruses are different; while PepMV could be inactivated by external chemical treatments, ToMV infected seeds should be thermal treated in order to eliminate further seedling infections.

[EN] Branch and trunk canker diseases have become prevalent on nut crops in Iran. During 2015 to 2018, extensive field surveys were conducted on 58 almond, 43 pistachio and 80 walnut orchards in Iran to study fungal pathogens associated with symptomatic trees. One hundred and fifty-six representative fungal isolates were selected and identified based on morphological characteristics and by phylogenetic comparison of DNA sequence data. Fungal species found were Collophorina hispanica, Pleurostoma richardsiae, nine species of Phaeoacremonium (namely P. angustius, P. cinereum, P. italicum, P. fraxinopennsylvanicum, P. minimum, P. parasiticum, P. scolyti, P. tuscanum and P. viticola), 11 species of Botryosphaeriaceae (namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia gallae, D. mutila, D. seriata, Dothiorella plurivora, Do. sarmentorum, Do. viticola, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. mahajangana, L. theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum), four species of Diatrypaceae (namely Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis, Diatrype whitmanensis, Eutypella citricola and E. vitis) and two non-identified Eutypella spp. (Eutypella sp. 1 and Eutypella sp. 2). Some of these species represent new reports in Iran and/or are reported for the first time in their respective hosts. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that most of these fungi were pathogenic to inoculated almond, pistachio and walnut shoots. Therefore, more importance should be given to fungal trunk pathogens in Iran, and specific management strategies should be included within the nut crops IPM management programs, with the aim of improving their sustainability.

[EN] Aim of study: Several studies point out that storage at -20 ºC is a suitable method for preserving pollen of many species in the long term. Part of those studies indicate the total storage time at which these conditions are optimal. However, we have found a lack of information about the freezing time conditions and incubation temperature of loquat pollen. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the -20 ºC conservation temperature on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) pollen. Area of study: The study was conducted in Montserrat (Valencia, Spain). Material and methods: Loquat flowers were collected in November 2017 and stored at -20 ºC for three time periods: 4 (T1), 6 (T2) and 8 (T3) months. Subsequently, pollen grains were incubated at different temperatures for 72 h. We analyzed (i) the effect of freezing conservation time; (ii) the effect of incubation temperature on germination; (iii) the interaction between these two factors. Main results: T1 showed higher germination percentage and tube length values (mean and maximum) than T2 and T3. The highest germination percentage (52.77%) was detected for T1 at an incubation temperature of 25 ºC. The interaction between freezing time and incubation temperature showed more consistent results for T1 than for T2 and T3. Research highlights: This suggests that storing at -20 ºC for more than 4 months affects pollen grain and reduces germination and pollen growth. Therefore, -20 ºC loquat pollen storage should not exceed 4 months.