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1. Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii in dry sausage and processed pork, and quantification of the pathogen in pig tissues prior to production

Author: Dámek, Filip, Fremaux, Bastien, Aubert, Dominique, Thoumire, Sandra, Delsart, Maxime, Martin, Jean-Luc, Vuillermet, Sandra, Opsteegh, Marieke, Jokelainen, Pikka, Le Roux, Delphine, Boireau, Pascal, Villena, Isabelle, Blaga, Radu, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut du Porc (IFIP), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Epidémiologie des maladies animales infectieuses (EpiMAI USC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Epidémiologie (EPI), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), This work was supported by funding from the France-Agri-Mer: contract number 0917003490 and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Programme (projects ToxSauQMRA and TOXOSOURCES)., and European Project: 773830, H2020-SFS-2017-1 ,One Health EJP(2018)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, meat, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, nitrate, Epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, viability, distribution, salt, Parasitology, nitrite
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondiiis an important zoonotic foodborne parasite. Meat of infected animals appears to be a major source of infection in Europe. Pork is the most consumed meat in France, with dry sausages well represented. The risk of transmission via consumption of processed pork products is largely unknown, mainly since processing will affect viability but may not entirely inactivate allT. gondiiparasites. We investigated the presence and concentration ofT. gondiiDNA in the shoulder, breast, ham, and heart of pigs orally inoculated with 1000 oocysts (n= 3) or tissue cysts (n = 3) and naturally infected pigs (n= 2), by means of magnetic capture qPCR (MC-qPCR). Muscle tissues of experimentally infected pigs were further used to evaluate the impact of manufacturing processes of dry sausages, including different concentrations of nitrates (0, 60, 120, 200 ppm), nitrites (0, 60, 120 ppm), and NaCl (0, 20, 26 g/kg), ripening (2 days at 16-24 °C) and drying (up to 30 days at 13 °C), by a combination of mouse bioassay, qPCR and MC-qPCR. DNA ofT. gondiiwas detected in all eight pigs, including in 41.7% (10/24) of muscle samples (shoulder, breast and ham) and 87.5% (7/8) of hearts by MC-qPCR. The number of parasites per gram of tissue was estimated to be the lowest in the hams (arithmetic mean (M) = 1, standard deviation (SD) = 2) and the highest in the hearts (M = 147, SD = 233). However, theT. gondiiburden estimates varied on the individual animal level, the tissue tested and the parasitic stage used for the experimental infection (oocysts or tissue cysts). Of dry sausages and processed pork, 94.4% (51/54) were positive forT. gondiiby MC-qPCR or qPCR, with the meanT. gondiiburden estimate equivalent to 31 parasites per gram (SD = 93). Only the untreated processed pork sample collected on the day of production was positive by mouse bioassay. The results suggest an uneven distribution ofT. gondiiin the tissues examined, and possibly an absence or a concentration below the detection limit in some of them. Moreover, the processing of dry sausages and processed pork with NaCl, nitrates, and nitrites has an impact on the viability ofT. gondiifrom the first day of production. Results are valuable input for future risk assessments aiming to estimate the relative contribution of different sources ofT. gondiihuman infections.
Published: 2023

2. MALDI-TOF: A new tool for the identification of Schistosoma cercariae and detection of hybrids

Author: Antoine Huguenin, Julien Kincaid-Smith, Jérôme Depaquit, Jérôme Boissier, Hubert Ferté, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (LPM), IFR 53, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-CHU Maison Blanche-UPRES EA 2070, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), This research was funded by the program HySWARM (ANR-18-CE35-0001) from the French Research National Agency., and ANR-18-CE35-0001,HySWARM,Hybrid Swarm: rôle de l'hybridation dans les capacités invasives, l'épidémiologie et le diagnostic de la schistosomiase(2018)
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Schistosomiasis is a neglected water-born parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma affecting more than 200 million people. Introgressive hybridization is common among these parasites and raises issues concerning their zoonotic transmission. Morphological identification of Schistosoma cercariae is difficult and does not permit hybrids detection. Our objective was to assess the performance of MALDI-TOF for the specific identification of cercariae in human and non-human Schistosoma and for the detection of hybridization between S. bovis and S. haematobiumSpectra were collected from laboratory reared molluscs infested with strains of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. bovis, S. rodhaini and S. bovis x S. haematobium natural (Corsican hybrid) and artificial hybrids. Cluster analysis showed a clear separation between S. haematobium, S. bovis, S. mansoni and S. rodhaini. Corsican hybrids are classified with those of the parental strain of S. haematobium whereas other hybrids formed a distinct cluster. In blind test analysis the developed MALDI-TOF spectral database permits identification of Schistosoma cercariae with high accuracy (94%) and good specificity (S. bovis: 99.59%, S. haematobium 99.56%, S. mansoni and S. rodhaini: 100%). Most misidentifications were between S. haematobium and the Corsican hybrids. The use of machine learning permits to improve the discrimination between these last two taxa, with accuracy, F1 score and Sensitivity/Specificity > 97%. In multivariate analysis the factors associated with obtaining a valid identification score (> 1.7) were absence of ethanol preservation (p < 0.001) and a number of 2-3 cercariae deposited per well (p < 0.001). Also spectra acquired from S. mansoni cercariae are more likely to obtain a valid identification score than those acquired from S. haematobium (pMALDI-TOF is a reliable technique for high-throughput identification of Schistosoma cercariae of medical and veterinary importance and could be useful for field survey in endemic areas.Author SummarySchistosomoses are neglected tropical diseases, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. They are transmitted during contact with water contaminated with the infesting stage of the parasite (the cercaria stage). Species-level recognition of cercariae present in water has important implications for field campaigns aimed at eradicating schistosomiasis. In addition, Schistosomes are able to hybridize between different species. Identification of Schistosomes cercariae on microscopy is difficult because of their similarity, and it does not allow hybrids to be distinguished. Molecular biology techniques allow a reliable diagnosis but are expensive. MALDI-TOF is a recent technique that permits an inexpensive identification of micro-organisms in a few minutes. In this paper, we evaluate MALDI-TOF identification of Schistosomes cercariae.We have implemented a database of MALDI-TOF cercariae spectra obtained from parental strains and hybrids of species of medical or veterinary interest, allowing reliable identification with an accuracy of 94%. The identification errors mainly come from confusion between the natural Corsican hybrid (S. haematobium x S. bovis) and S. haematobium. The use of machine learning algorithms permits to obtain an accuracy of more than 97% in the recognition of these two parasites. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF is a promising tool for the identification of Schistosome cercariae.
Published: 2023

3. Assessing vector competence of mosquitoes from northeastern France to West Nile virus and Usutu virus

Author: Jean-Philippe Martinet, Chloé Bohers, Marie Vazeille, Hubert Ferté, Laurence Mousson, Bruno Mathieu, Jérôme Depaquit, Anna-Bella Failloux, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale (IPPTS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), This study was funded by the ANSES APR-EST Grant N° 2020/01/129 (JPM, JD, BM, ABF) and the Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) (ABF)., and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are two arthropod-borne viruses that circulate in mainland France. Assessing vector competence has only been conducted so far with mosquitoes from southern France while an increasingly active circulation of WNV and USUV has been reported in the last years. The main vectors are mosquitoes of theCulexgenus and the common mosquitoCulex pipiens. Here, we measure the vector competence of five mosquito species (Aedes rusticus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles plumbeus, Culex pipiensandCuliseta longiareolata) present in northeastern France. Field-collected populations were exposed to artificial infectious blood meal containing WNV or USUV and examined at different days post-infection. We show that (i)Cx. pipienstransmitted WNV and USUV, (ii)Ae. rusticusonly WNV, and (iii) unexpectedly,Ae. albopictustransmitted both WNV and USUV. Less surprising,An. plumbeuswas not competent for both viruses. Combined with data on distribution and population dynamics, these assessments of vector competence will help in developing a risk map and implementing appropriate prevention and control measures.Author summaryWest Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are on the rise in Europe and in France. WNV is reported in France as early as the 1960s in the Camargue and USUV more recently, in 2015 in eastern France. The re-emergence of WNV infections in the Camargue is associated with an expansion towards the North which is also favorable to maintain a viral transmission cycle. USUV frequently co-circulates with WNV sharing the same mosquito vectors.Culex pipiens, able to feed on birds and humans, is considered to be the main vector in France. Our study is the first to investigate the vector competence to WNV and USUV of five different mosquito species collected in northeastern France. We ascertain that FrenchCx. pipiensmosquitoes are competent to both WNV and USUV. More surprisingly, the mosquitoAedes albopictusfrom northeastern France was able to transmit WNV and USUV. Based on our result, we propose that surveillance of mosquitoes combined with viral detections must be implemented in northeastern France to allow early viral detection and timely intervention to prevent outbreaks of these two neurological diseases.
Published: 2023

4. IgM triplet in neonatal diagnosis by immunoblotting and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for congenital toxoplasmosis

Author: Peyclit, Lucie, Villard, Odile, Paris, Luc, Fricker-Hidalgo, Hélène, Houzé, Sandrine, Cimon, Bernard, Deleplancque, Anne-Sophie, Tournus, Céline, Pelloux, Hervé, Villena, Isabelle, Pomares, Christelle, L’ollivier, Coralie, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Grenoble, AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service Parasitologie Mycologie CHU Angers, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Hôpital Archet 2 [Nice] (CHU), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: IgM triplet, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Congenital toxoplasmosis, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Toxoplasma gondii Congenital toxoplasmosis Neonatal diagnosis Immunoblotting IgM triplet, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Immunoblotting, Toxoplasma gondii, Neonatal diagnosis
Abstract: International audience; Primary infection during pregnancy by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii can be worrisome because transmission to the fetus may lead to congenital toxoplasmosis (CT). Neonatal diagnosis is usually performed by serological profile comparison of the mother and newborn. As previously reported in 2012 by C. L’Ollivier et al., three IgM bands at 75, 90 and 100 kDa called the “IgM triplet” has caught our attention and seems to be pathognomonic of CT. This retrospective multicenter study involved nine reference laboratories included in the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis network and concerned determining the specificity and sensitivity of this IgM triplet. On this basis, we were able to propose a new read of the comparison of IgG and IgM immunoblot profiles of mother and infant to increase the sensitivity of this diagnostic marker. The effect of the trimester of pregnancy at the time of infection, but also of maternal treatment with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine/folinic acid on the presence of this IgM triplet in the infant, could be studied. The presence of the triplet appears pathognomonic for the diagnosis of CT, and it increased the sensitivity of the immunoblot assay from 55.04% to 72.48%. As a result, it would be wise to enhance conventional immunoblot reading by adding the presence of the three IgM bands in the infant pattern for neonatal diagnosis of CT.; La primo-infection pendant la grossesse par le protozoaire Toxoplasma gondii peut se révéler préoccupante car la transmission au fœtus peut conduire à une toxoplasmose congénitale (TC). Un diagnostic néonatal est généralement réalisé par comparaison des profils sérologiques de la mère et du nouveau-né. Comme précédemment rapporté en 2012 par C. L’Ollivier et al. , l’association de trois bandes d’IgM à 75, 90, et 100 kDa appelée la « triplette IgM » a retenu notre attention et semble être pathognomonique de la TC. Cette étude rétrospective multicentrique impliquant neuf laboratoires de référence inclus dans le réseau du Centre National de Référence pour la Toxoplasmose a permis de déterminer la spécificité et la sensibilité de cette triplette IgM. Ainsi, cela a permis de proposer une nouvelle lecture de la comparaison des profils d’immunoblot IgG et IgM de la mère et du nourrisson pour augmenter la sensibilité de ce marqueur diagnostique. L’effet du trimestre de la grossesse au moment de l’infection mais aussi du traitement maternel par pyriméthamine/sulfadiazine/acide folinique sur la présence de la triplette IgM chez l’enfant a pu être analysé. La présence de cette triplette semble pathognomonique pour le diagnostic de TC et elle permet d’augmenter la sensibilité du test immunoblot de 55,04 % à 72,48 %. Ainsi, il pourrait être judicieux d’améliorer la lecture conventionnelle de l’immunoblot en ajoutant la présence des trois bandes IgM dans le schéma du nourrisson pour le diagnostic néonatal de TC.
Published: 2023

5. Ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularisin the French Ardennes

Author: Marie-Hélène Guislain, Francis Raoul, Marie-Eve Terrier, Guillaume Froment, Hubert Ferté, Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Patrick Giraudoux, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 (PROTAL), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments ( AFSSA ), AFSSA, Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 ( PROTAL ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -ANSES-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV )
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Vulpes, animal diseases, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Prevalence, Foxes, Echinococcus multilocularis, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Rodent Diseases, Feces, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Echinococcosis, parasitic diseases, Animals, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Microtus, education, Population Density, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, Arvicolinae, Ecology, Stomach, Intermediate host, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Apodemus, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Vole, France
Abstract: In order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (Microtussp. andArvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox,Vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence ofE. multilocularisin the fox population. The study was conducted in the Ardennes, north-eastern France, which is an area with a high incidence of alveolar echinococcosis. Surface index methods showed thatMicrotuswas the most abundant intermediate host in the area. Furthermore,Microtuswas present in one-third of the 144 faeces and 98 stomach content samples examined and represented more than two-thirds of the rodent occurrences. Red fox predation onMicrotuswas significantly correlated withMicrotusrelative abundance. In contrast, the relative abundance ofA. terrestriswas very low. This species, as well asClethrionomys glareolusandApodemussp., was little consumed.E. multilocularisprevalence in foxes was determined from carcasses and reached 53% (95% confidence interval 45–61%). Intensity of infection varied from 2 to 73,380 worms per fox, with 72% of the sampled worm burden harboured by 8% of the sampled foxes. The selected explanatory variables (sex, year, age class, health and nutritional condition, and season) failed to predict prevalence rate and worm burden. The high prevalence rate in foxes indicates the possibility of intenseE. multilocularistransmission, apart from periods, or in landscapes, favourable to large population outbreaks of grassland rodents.
Published: 2008

6. Fox faeces and vole distribution on a local range: ecological data in a parasitological perspective forEchinococcus multilocularis

Author: Francis Raoul, M. L. Poulle, Marie-Hélène Guislain, Patrick Giraudoux, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 (PROTAL), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 ( PROTAL ), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -ANSES-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV ) -Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ( URCA ) -Université de Picardie Jules Verne ( UPJV )
Subjects: Range (biology), Climate, Population Dynamics, habitat, Foxes, Vulpes vulpes, MESH : Echinococcus multilocularis, MESH : Echinococcosis, Population density, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Feces, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Demography, MESH : Ecosystem, MESH : Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Animals, MESH: Ecosystem, MESH : Population Dynamics, local range, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, biology, Arvicolinae, Ecology, transmission, Intermediate host, MESH: Feces, MESH: Climate, Infectious Diseases, Microtus, Habitat, France, Seasons, faeces, MESH : Demography, MESH: Population Density, Veterinary (miscellaneous), 030231 tropical medicine, Echinococcus multilocularis, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, MESH: Echinococcosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Echinococcosis, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, MESH : Population Density, Arvicola terrestris, MESH : France, Transect, Ecosystem, Demography, Disease Reservoirs, Population Density, MESH : Foxes, MESH: Echinococcus multilocularis, MESH: Disease Reservoirs, MESH: Foxes, MESH : Seasons, MESH : Climate, MESH : Feces, MESH: Arvicolinae, MESH: Population Dynamics, biology.organism_classification, MESH : Arvicolinae, MESH: France, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Vole, MESH : Animals, MESH: Seasons
Abstract: International audience; The completion of the life cycle of Echinococcus multilocularis needs a spatial overlap between intermediate host species (voles) and definitive host (fox) faeces. Factors influencing the importance of this overlap were investigated in north eastern France. Kilometric transects were walked to collect fox faeces and to estimate vole relative densities through surface indices. Habitat and climatic conditions were the strongest predictors of the number of faeces collected, while vole densities had no predictive power. Densities of both Microtus sp. and fox faeces were higher in medium-height vegetation edge. The consequences of such results to understand local transmission processes and human exposure are discussed.
Published: 2007

7. Toxoplasmose pendant la grossesse : proposition actuelle de prise en charge pratique

Author: Renaud Piarroux, Florent Fuchs, F. Peyron, Luc Paris, Coralie L'Ollivier, Jérôme Massardier, Isabelle Villena, Martine Wallon, Laurent Mandelbrot, François Kieffer, Norbert Winer, Patricia Garcia-Méric, Olivier Picone, Guillaume Benoist, Fuchs, Florent, Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, Prenatal diagnosis, [SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Congenital, 03 medical and health sciences, Folinic acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Spiramycin, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Seroconversion, Sulfonamides, medicine.diagnostic_test, Diagnostic anténatal, Mother-to-child transmission, business.industry, Foetopathies, Incidence (epidemiology), Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Fetal therapy, [SDV.MHEP.GEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Pyrimethamine, Fetal infection, Reproductive Medicine, Prophylaxie, Amniocentesis, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; The burden of congenital toxoplasmosis has become small in France today, in particular as a result of timely therapy for pregnant women, fetuses and newborns. Thus, the French screening and prevention program has been evaluated and recently confirmed despite a decline over time in the incidence of toxoplasmosis. Serological diagnosis of maternal seroconversion is usually simple but can be difficult when the first trimester test shows the presence of IgM, requiring referral to an expert laboratory. Woman with confirmed seroconversion should be referred quickly to an expert center, which will decide with her on treatment and antenatal diagnosis. Although the level of proof is moderate, there is a body of evidence in favor of active prophylactic prenatal treatment started as early as possible (ideally within 3 weeks of seroconversion) to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission, as well as symptoms in children. The recommended therapies to prevent maternal-fetal transmission are: (1) spiramycin in case of maternal infection before 14 gestational weeks; (2) pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (P-S) with folinic acid in case of maternal infection at 14 WG or more. Amniocentesis is recommended to guide prenatal and neonatal care. If fetal infection is diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid, therapy with P-S should be initiated as early as possible or continued in order reduce the risk of damage to the brain or eyes. Further research is required to validate new approaches to preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
Published: 2021

8. Gradient concentration strip–specific epidemiological cut-off values of antifungal drugs in various yeast species and five prevalent Aspergillus species complexes

Author: Victor Mercier, Valérie Letscher-Bru, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Laurence Delhaes, Francoise Botterel, Danièle Maubon, Frédéric Dalle, Alexandre Alanio, Sandrine Houzé, Eric Dannaoui, Carole Cassagne, Sophie Cassaing, Marie-Fleur Durieux, Arnaud Fekkar, Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Julie Bonhomme, Damien Dupont, Damien Costa, Boualem Sendid, Taieb Chouaki, Nathalie Bourgeois, Antoine Huguenin, Sophie Brun, Caroline Mahinc, Lilia Hasseine, Solène Le Gal, Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Eric Bailly, Florent Morio, Céline Nourrisson, Nicole Desbois-Nogard, Estelle Perraud-Cateau, Anne Debourgogne, Hélène Yéra, Laurence Lachaud, Milène Sasso, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Dynamique des interactions hôte pathogène (DIHP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques - Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity (BPF), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin [Bordeaux], Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux [Bordeaux] (CRCTB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), CHU Limoges, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Infections Respiratoires Fongiques (IRF), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Brest (UBO), SFR UA 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Angers], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Département de microbiologie [CHU Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), UNIROUEN - UFR Santé (UNIROUEN UFR Santé), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité (IICiMed), Nantes Université - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (Nantes Univ - UFR Pharmacie), Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (SIMPA), Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Service de parasitologie-mycologie [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Gradient concentration strip–specific, Infectious Diseases, Aspergillus, Epidemiological cut-off values, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Antifungal susceptibility, Candida
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: To determine the epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) of ten antifungal agents in a wide range of yeasts and Aspergillus spp. using gradient concentration strips.Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations for amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole, determined with gradient concentration strips at 35 French microbiology laboratories between 2002 and 2020, were retrospectively collected. Then, the ECVs were calculated using the iterative method and a cut-off value of 97.5%.Results: Minimum inhibitory concentrations were available for 17 653 clinical isolates. In total, 48 ECVs (including 32 new ECVs) were determined: 29 ECVs for frequent yeast species (e.g. Candida albicans and itraconazole/flucytosine, and Candida glabrata species complex [SC] and flucytosine) and rare yeast species (e.g. Candida dubliniensis, Candida inconspicua, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Cryptococcus neoformans) and 19 ECVs for Aspergillusflavus SC, Aspergillusfumigatus SC, Aspergillusnidulans SC, Aspergillusniger SC, and Aspergillusterreus SC.Conclusions: These ECVs can be added to the already available gradient concentration strip-specific ECVs to facilitate minimum inhibitory concentration interpretation and streamline the identification of nonwild type isolates.
Published: 2022

9. MALDI-TOF MS Limits for the Identification of Mediterranean Sandflies of the Subgenus Larroussius, with a Special Focus on the Phlebotomus perniciosus Complex

Author: Huguenin, Antoine, Pesson, Bernard, Kaltenbach, Matthieu, Diarra, Adama, Parola, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme, Randrianambinintsoa, Fano, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), and Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille)
Subjects: Larroussius, Phlebotomus Larroussius species complex MALDI-TOF MS identification high-throughput identification molecular biology, high-throughput identification, Phlebotomus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MALDI-TOF MS, identification, molecular biology, species complex
Abstract: International audience; Leishmania infantum is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. It is transmitted by sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius. Although Phlebotomus perniciosus is the most important vector in this area, an atypical Ph. perniciosus easily confused with Ph. longicuspis has been observed in North Africa. MALDI-TOF MS, an important tool for vector identification, has recently been applied for the identification of sandflies. Spectral databases presented in the literature, however, include only a limited number of Larroussius species. Our objective was to create an in-house database to identify Mediterranean sandflies and to evaluate the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate close species or atypical forms within the Larroussius subgenus. Field-caught specimens (n = 94) were identified morphologically as typical Ph. perniciosus (PN; n = 55), atypical Ph. perniciosus (PNA; n = 9), Ph. longicuspis (n = 9), Ph. ariasi (n = 9), Ph. mascittii (n = 3), Ph. neglectus (n = 5), Ph. perfiliewi (n = 1), Ph. similis (n = 9) and Ph. papatasi (n = 2). Identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the mtDNA CytB region and sixteen specimens were included in the in-house database. Blind assessment on 73 specimens (representing 1073 good quality spectra) showed a good agreement (98.5%) between MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification. Discrepancies concerned confusions between Ph. perfiliewi and Ph. perniciosus. Hierarchical clustering did not allow classification of PN and PNA. The use of machine learning, however, allowed discernment between PN and PNA and between the lcus and lcx haplotypes of Ph. longicuspis (accuracy: 0.8938 with partial-least-square regression and random forest models). MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool for the rapid and accurate identification of field-caught sandflies. The use of machine learning could allow to discriminate similar species.
Published: 2022

10. Evaluation of eimeria spp. Parasites as surrogates for the study of toxoplasma gondii oocyst inactivation

Author: Augendre, Laure, Escotte-Binet, Sandie, Aubert, Dominique, Silvestre, Anne, Répérant, Jean-Michel, Villena, Isabelle, Dumètre, Aurélien, La Carbona, Stéphanie, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Actalia [Saint-Lô], and This work is supported by UMT ACTIA Protorisk (grant CIFRE)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: International audience; Foodborne diseases are a global public health concern. Toxoplasma gondii is considered as one of the most of concern parasites in the world due to its multiple routes of transmission, high prevalence, and global distribution. The T. gondii oocyst the environmental form of the parasite, is known to remain infective for very long periods in soils and waters. These reservoirs can be sources of contamination during the primary production of vegetables, fruits, and seafood. In order to reduce human exposure, food industries implement control measures whose efficiency to inactivate the pathogens in the food matrix requires evaluation. However, for T. gondii, such studies face methodological and financial constraints. Indeed, sourcing infective oocysts in large quantities and measuring their infectivity are costly, require specific expertise and authorizations, and raise ethical and biohazard issues. Therefore, identifying and characterizing organisms that could be used as surrogates for T. gondii oocysts is a critical issue for the agri-food industry.The ideal surrogate should be non-pathogenic, easy to produce in large quantities and its viability/infectivity easily measured in the laboratory to assess control measures inactivation efficiency. The surrogate should display comparable or less inactivation to T. gondii oocysts, as well as similar inactivation kinetics. Whenever possible, the model should be equivalent in structure and size to the target pathogen and have a similar mode of transmission in the matrices to be studied. In this study, oocysts of the genus Eimeria were evaluated as surrogates of T. gondii. Physical and chemical treatments were applied to Eimeria acervulina and Toxoplasma oocysts and their impact on their structure was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopy. The following parameters were studied: integrity (size/granulometry) and permeability, measured by the incorporation of different markers such as lectins. The first data obtained suggest that Eimeria acervulina would be a good model to study T. gondii for certain treatments.
Published: 2022

11. Supportive care in the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Author: Neil H. Shear, P. Joly, Alain Brassard, P. Wolkenstein, Kanade Shinkai, L. S. Vidal, K. Zaghbib, C. Salavastru, J. Newman, A. Colin, J.N. Bouwes Bavinck, N. Hama, Arturo R. Dominguez, J. T. Schulz, Roni P. Dodiuk-Gad, Lars E. French, Emanual Michael Maverakis, D. Meyersburg, Chia-Yu Chu, K. Pallesen, M. C. Brüggen, R. Le Floch, Robert G. Micheletti, E. Bequignon, B. Milpied, Tetsuo Shiohara, Benjamin H. Kaffenberger, Paolo Romanelli, C. Bodemer, S. L. Chua, Arash Mostaghimi, E. Howard, Elizabeth J. Phillips, Annamari Ranki, Mirjam Nägeli, R. Sheridan, J. Gueudry, S. Ingen-Housz-Oro, Barbara Horváth, A. Toussi, Amy S. Paller, Jonathan Cotliar, Anette Bygum, Danielle M. Tartar, N. de Prost, Robert S. Stern, S. Walsh, Wen-Hung Chung, Scott Worswick, Riichiro Abe, M. Arden-Jones, Megan H. Noe, C. Moss, George-Sorin Tiplica, E. Brezinova, B. Didona, S. T. Le, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Epidemiology in Dermatology and Evaluation in Therapeutics (EpiDermE), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), HUS Inflammation Center, Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Groningen (TRIGR), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, education, MEDLINE, Dermatology, Phase (combat), 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Multidisciplinary approach, Humans, Medicine, Infection control, Child, Retrospective Studies, computer.programming_language, Modalities, business.industry, Research, Stevens johnson, 16. Peace & justice, medicine.disease, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 3. Good health, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Family medicine, business, computer, [SDV.MHEP.DERM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Dermatology, Delphi
Abstract: Background Supportive care is the cornerstone of management of adult and paediatric Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, consensus on the modalities of supportive care is lacking.Objectives Our aim in this international multicentric Delphi exercise was to establish a multidisciplinary expert consensus to standardize recommendations regarding supportive care in the acute phase of SJS/TEN.Methods Participants were sent a survey via the online tool SurveyMonkey, consisting of 103 statements organized into 11 topics: multidisciplinary team composition, suspect drug management, infection prevention, fluid resuscitation and prevention of hypothermia, nutritional support, pain and psychological distress management, management of acute respiratory failure, local skincare, ophthalmological management, management of other mucosa, and additional measures. Participants evaluated the level of appropriateness of each statement on a scale of 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). The results were analysed according to the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.Results Forty-five participants from 13 countries (on three continents) participated. After the first round, a consensus was obtained for 82.5% of the 103 initially proposed statements. After the second round, a final consensus was obtained for 102 statements.Conclusions We have reached an international Delphi-based consensus on best supportive care practice for SJS/TEN. Our expert consensus should help guide physicians in treating patients with SJS/TEN and thereby improve short-term prognosis and the risk of sequelae.
Published: 2021

12. Epilepsy in the Sanaga‐Mbam valley, an onchocerciasis‐endemic region in Cameroon: electroclinical and neuropsychological findings

Author: Cédric B Chesnais, Eric Samuel Chokote, Maxime Guillaume, Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo, Thierry Tchoumi, Ghislain Nokam, Guillaume Wyart, Dominique Parain, Robert Colebunders, Michel Boussinesq, Tatah Y. Godwin, Alexandre Morin, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Gilles Gargala, Leonard Ngarka, Wepnyu Y. Njamnshi, Mary Bello Nkinin, Department of neurology, university hospital of Rouen, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, neuropsychology, Epilepsy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, Medicine, Cameroon, RC346-429, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, nodding syndrome, business.industry, Nodding Syndrome, onchocerciasis, Neuropsychology, Electroencephalography, electrophysiology, medicine.disease, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Neurology, Full‐length Original Research, epilepsy, Human medicine, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Neurology (clinical), business, Onchocerciasis
Abstract: Objective Epilepsy is highly prevalent in onchocerciasis-endemic African regions. Various types of epilepsy have been described in such regions based essentially on clinical characteristics. Methods We conducted a clinical, neurophysiological and neuropsychological study of epilepsy in the onchocerciasis-endemic region of Ntui, Sanaga-Mbam area, Cameroon. Results One hundred and eighty-seven persons with presumed epilepsy were recruited in an epilepsy clinic in Ntui. Epilepsy was clinically confirmed in 144 (79%) subjects, 69 (46.0%) of them met the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) criteria, and 51 of 106 tested (48.1%) presented Ov16 antibodies. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded in 91 participants, of which 36 (33%) were considered abnormal and 27 of 36 (75%) revealed bifrontotemporal spike and slow waves. Concerning the neuropsychological evaluation, 29% showed severe global cognitive impairment, 28% severe episodic memory impairment, and 66% severe frontal cognitive impairment. Half of the persons with epilepsy (PWE) suffered from a mental disorder. Significance In PWE in the Sanaga-Mbam area in Cameroon, we observed EEG patterns similar to those described among persons with OAE, including nodding syndrome in other onchocerciasis-endemic areas. Most PWE presented with severe cognitive impairment. We hypothesize that onchocerciasis may induce neurocognitive disorders and epilepsy via a mechanism that involves mainly the frontal and temporal regions of the brain.
Published: 2021

13. Toxoplasmosis in patients with an autoimmune disease and immunosuppressive agents: A multicenter study and literature review

Author: Marie-Fleur Durieux, Jean-Guillaume Lopez, Maher Banjari, Karine Passebosc-Faure, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Luc Paris, Gilles Gargala, Sabine Berthier, Julie Bonhomme, Cathy Chemla, Isabelle Villena, Pierre Flori, Emilie Fréalle, Coralie L’Ollivier, Florian Lussac-Sorton, José Gilberto Montoya, Estelle Cateau, Christelle Pomares, Loïc Simon, Dorothée Quinio, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Hélène Yera, Marc Labriffe, Anne-Laure Fauchais, Marie-Laure Dardé, Hôpital Dupuytren [CHU Limoges], Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU), COVID-Mucor study group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Service de Microbiologie [CHU Caen], Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Service des Agents Infectieux et Hygiène [CHU Saint-Etienne], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU de Poitiers), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Nice, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Groupe de Recherche en Informatique, Image et Instrumentation de Caen (GREYC), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Strasbourg, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], and The French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis received financial support by Santé Publique France (the national public health agency, https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr) for genotyping study, but no author has personally received grant.
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Toxoplasma, Immunosuppressive Agents, Autoimmune Diseases
Abstract: Background Cases of Toxoplasma reactivation or more severe primary infection have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive (IS) treatment for autoimmune diseases (AID). The purpose of this study was to describe features of toxoplasmosis occurring in patients with AID treated by IS therapy, excluded HIV-positive and transplant patients. Methods A multicenter descriptive study was conducted using data from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (NRCT) that received DNA extracts or strains isolated from patients, associated with clinical data. Other cases were retrieved through a questionnaire sent to all French parasitology and internal medicine departments. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted. Results 61 cases were collected: 25 retrieved by the NRCT and by a call for observations and 36 from a literature review. Half of the cases were attributed to reactivation (50.9%), and most of cases (49.2%) were cerebral toxoplasmosis. The most common associated AID were rheumatoid arthritis (28%) and most frequent treatments were antimetabolites (44.3%). Corticosteroids were involved in 60.7% of cases. Patients had a favorable outcome (50.8%) but nine did not survive. For 12 cases, a successful Toxoplasma strain characterization suggested the possible role of this parasitic factor in ocular cases. Conclusion Although this remains a rare condition, clinicians should be aware for the management of patients and for the choice of IS treatment.
Published: 2022

14. Early symptomatic neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis: A comparative study between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients

Author: Vero Rasoldier, Luc Paris, Martine Pestel-Caron, M. Muraine, B. Bodaghi, François Caron, C. Chapuzet, J. Gueudry, Roland Tubiana, Eric Caumes, Hôpital Charles Nicolle [Rouen], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), VILLIER, Venceslas, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Visual Acuity, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, Eye Infections, Bacterial, Ocular syphilis, Serology, Uveitis, Neurosyphilis, Sexual and Gender Minorities, 03 medical and health sciences, Cerebrospinal fluid, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, HIV Seropositivity, medicine, Humans, Meningitis, Paresthesia, Syphilis, ocular syphilis, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Cranial Nerves, HIV, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: Since the 2000s, there has been an increase in prevalence of neurosyphilis (NS) and ocular syphilis (OS). As data about symptomatic NS/OS is limited, this study aims to assess the characteristics of symptomatic NS/OS, according to HIV status.Methods: We compared the clinical and biological presentation of early symptomatic NS/OS and its outcome in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.Results: Ninety-six patients (93% men, 49% HIV-positive) were included from 2000 to 2016 in two centers, with 67 (69%) having OS, 15 (16%) NS, and 14 (14%) both. HIV-positive patients were younger (P = 0.006) and more likely to be males having sex with males (P = 0.00048) or to have a history of syphilis (P = 0.01). Among 81 OS, there were 43 posterior uveitis (57%), and bilateral involvement was more common in HIV-positive patients (62% versus 38%, P = 0.045). Among 29 NS there were 21 cases of cranial nerve involvement (72%), seven meningitis (24%) and 11 paresthesia (38%). Involvement of the VIIIth cranial nerve was the most common (16 cases). Treponemal tests were more commonly found positive in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-positive patients (88% versus 76%, P = 0.04). Visual acuity (VA) always improved after treatment (initial VA logMAR 0.8 ± 0.8 versus 0.1 ± 0.1 at 3 months), but 32% and 18% of the patients still had neurological or ocular impairment respectively six and 12 months after treatment. Non-treponemal serological reversion was observed in 43/50 patients (88%) at six months.Conclusion: HIV infection has no consequence on the outcome of NS and OS. Sequelae are common, emphasizing the importance of prevention, and screening, and questioning enhanced treatment.
Published: 2021

15. Évaluation des parasites protozoaires Eimeria spp. comme modèles d’étude de l’inactivation des oocystes de Toxoplasma gondii

Author: Augendre, Laure, Escotte-Binet, Sandie, Aubert, Dominique, Silvestre, Anne, Répérant, Jean-Michel, Villena, Isabelle, Dumètre, Aurélien, Carbona, Stephanie, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Actalia [Saint-Lô], and SFP - SFMM
Subjects: [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology
Abstract: National audience; Les maladies d’origine alimentaire constituent un problème de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale. La sécurité alimentaire s’inscrit dans une approche intégrée dite de la fourche à la fourchette qui prend en considération chacun des maillons de la chaîne en intégrant des mesures d’évaluation et de maîtrise des dangers.Selon l’EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), chaque année, plus de 1000 cas humains d’infections parasitaires d'origine alimentaire sont signalées dans l'Union Européenne. Toxoplasma gondii est considéré comme l'un des parasites les plus préoccupants au monde en raison des multiples voies d'infection, de sa forte prévalence et de sa distribution mondiale. L’oocyste de T. gondii, forme environnementale du parasite, est connu pour être résistant et survivre pendant de très longues périodes dans les environnements telluriques et hydriques. Ces réservoirs peuvent représenter des sources de contamination lors de la production primaire des légumes, fruits et coquillages. Afin de réduire l’exposition de l’Homme, les industriels de l’agroalimentaire mettent en place des mesures de maîtrise qui visent à inactiver les pathogènes potentiellement présents dans les matières premières. Ces procédés peuvent être chimiques et/ou physiques et leur efficacité doit être évaluée pour chacun des dangers identifiés pour un aliment donné. Cependant, les études menées sur T. gondii sont entravées par des contraintes méthodologiques et financières. En effet, l’approvisionnement en oocystes infectieux en quantités importantes et la mesure du caractère infectieux s’avèrent compliqués, coûteux, requièrent une expertise spécifique et soulèvent des problèmes d’éthique et de risques biologiques. Par conséquent, identifier et caractériser des organismes qui pourraient être utilisés comme substituts aux oocystes de T. gondii constitue un enjeu essentiel pour l'industrie agroalimentaire.L’organisme modèle idéal serait non pathogène, produit aisément en grandes quantités et sa viabilité/infectiosité pourrait être plus facilement mesurée en laboratoire afin d’évaluer sa résistance aux traitements. Ce modèle doit mimer le comportement du pathogène cible et donc présenter des niveaux de résistance comparables ou supérieurs, ainsi que des cinétiques d’inactivation similaires. Dans la mesure du possible, le modèle doit présenter une structure et une taille équivalentes à la cible et avoir un mode de transmission similaire à celui du pathogène cible dans les matrices que l’on souhaite étudier. Il est très important de sélectionner et de valider soigneusement les substituts potentiels afin d’éviter unesurestimation de l’efficacité des technologies de décontamination et un biais dans l’évaluation de l’exposition.Dans cette étude, les oocystes du genre Eimeria ont été évalués comme modèles de T. gondii. Différents traitements physiques et chimiques ont été appliqués sur des oocystes d’Eimeria et de Toxoplasma et leur impact sur la structure a été évalué par cytométrie en flux et microscopie. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés : intégrité (taille/granulométrie) et perméabilité, mesurée par l’incorporation de différents marqueurs (lectines). Les premières données obtenues suggèrent qu’Eimeria acervulina serait un bon modèle d’étude de T. gondii pour certains traitements.
Published: 2022

16. Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks linked to the public water supply in a military camp, France

Author: Stéphanie Watier-Grillot, Damien Costa, Cédric Petit, Romy Razakandrainibe, Sébastien Larréché, Christelle Tong, Gwenaëlle Demont, David Billetorte, Damien Mouly, Didier Fontan, Guillaume Velut, Alexandra Le Corre, Jean-Christophe Beauvir, Audrey Mérens, Loïc Favennec, Vincent Pommier de Santi, Service de Santé des Armées, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales (UPTE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Begin, Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées [Marseille] (CESPA), Agence Nationale de la Santé Publique [Saint-Maurice] (ANSP), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Drinking Water, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Oocysts, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Disease Outbreaks, Gastroenteritis, Infectious Diseases, Military Personnel, Water Supply, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Animals, Humans
Abstract: Introduction Contaminated drinking and recreational waters account for most of the reported Cryptosporidium spp. exposures in high-income countries. In June 2017, two successive cryptosporidiosis outbreaks occurred among service members in a military training camp located in Southwest France. Several other gastroenteritis outbreaks were previously reported in this camp, all among trainees in the days following their arrival, without any causative pathogen identification. Epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations were carried out to explain theses outbreaks. Material and methods Syndromic diagnosis using multiplex PCR was used for stool testing. Water samples (100 L) were collected at 10 points of the drinking water installations and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts performed. The identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed using real-time 18S SSU rRNA PCR and confirmed by GP60 sequencing. Results A total of 100 human cases were reported with a global attack rate of 27.8%. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified in 93% of stool samples with syndromic multiplex PCR. The entire drinking water network was contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. The highest level of contamination was found in groundwater and in the water leaving the treatment plant, with >1,000 oocysts per 100 L. The same Cryptosporidium hominis isolate subtype IbA10G2 was identified in patients’ stool and water samples. Several polluting activities were identified within the protection perimeters of the water resource. An additional ultrafiltration module was installed at the outlet of the water treatment plant. After several weeks, no Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the public water supply. Conclusions After successive and unexplained gastroenteritis outbreaks, this investigation confirmed a waterborne outbreak due to Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Our study demonstrates the value of syndromic diagnosis for gastroenteritis outbreak investigation. Our results also highlight the importance of better assessing the microbiological risk associated with raw water and the need for sensitive and easy-to-implement tools for parasite detection.
Published: 2022

17. Make visible the invisible: Optimized development of an environmental DNA metabarcoding tool for the characterization of trematode parasitic communities

Author: Philippe Douchet, Jérôme Boissier, Stephen Mulero, Hubert Ferté, Margot Doberva, Jean‐François Allienne, Eve Toulza, Kévin Bethune, Olivier Rey, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Plateforme technologique BioEnvironnement, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, cryptic diversity, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], parasites, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, biodiversity assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, water-sediment interface, metabarcoding, Genetics, 14. Life underwater, Trematoda, freshwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, parastes, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; The world's parasitic and mutualistic biodiversity is undergoing major upheavals related to modifications in host community structures, changes in interactions between species, and through coextinction events. Trematodes are an important component of this invisible biodiversity, in terms of species richness, but also because of their role in ecosystems functioning and in the emergence of associated diseases. Together, these elements point to the need for a better assessment and understanding of the structure and dynamics of trematode diversity. In this context, our aim was to develop an optimized eDNA-based metabarcoding approach to detect trematodes and characterizetheir communities, most of which associated to aquatic environments. The efficiency of this newly developed tool was first assessed by exhaustive in silico and in vitro validation steps. We next assessed the ability of our eDNA-based approach to reconstruct trematode communities compared to a classical trematode monitoring method over four freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Our eDNA-based monitoring tool displayed a high amplification enrichment of trematode DNA, a 100% detection score for tracking back an in vitro mock community composed of 28 trematode species, and high genetic resolution which makes it relevant to discriminate between even phylogenetically close trematode species. Over the four natural ecosystems screened in natura, 33 OTUs were generated from the eDNA-based approach, from which 11 trematode species were identified. In comparison, we identified fivetrematode species using the classical monitoring method, three of which were also detected by the eDNA-based approach. We believe that this new eDNA-based metabarcoding tool will open new perspectives for fundamental and applied research in community ecology, conservation, and healthsurvey.
Published: 2022

18. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Amazonia, French Guiana, 2018

Author: Estelle Menu, Emilie Mosnier, Arnaud Cotrel, Loic Favennec, Romy Razakandrainibe, Stéphane Valot, Denis Blanchet, Frédéric Dalle, Damien Costa, Mélanie Gaillet, Magalie Demar, Franck de Laval, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Université de Guyane (UG), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées [Marseille] (CESPA), Service de Santé des Armées, COMBE, Isabelle, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: Male, RC955-962, Cryptosporidiosis, Social Sciences, Disease Outbreaks, Feces, Medical Conditions, Law Enforcement, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Natural Resources, Water Quality, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Waterborne Diseases, Medicine and Health Sciences, Child, Protozoans, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Eukaryota, Pollution, Police, French Guiana, [SDV.MHEP.CSC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Professions, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Water Resources, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article, Diarrhea, Adolescent, Cryptosporidium, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Immunocompromised Host, Young Adult, Signs and Symptoms, Rivers, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Surface Water, parasitic diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Retrospective Studies, Cryptosporidium parvum, Drinking Water, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Water Pollution, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, Infant, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Parasitic Protozoans, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Law and Legal Sciences, Population Groupings, Hydrology, Clinical Medicine, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Criminal Justice System
Abstract: Background Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in South America are poorly documented. In March 2018, 51 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Maripasoula, a village located in a remote forest area along the border between Surinam and French Guiana. Method To identify the origin of the epidemic, we performed epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations. Only the cases involving diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium-positive stool were considered as bona fide, while cases involving diarrhoea and close contact with a confirmed case were classified as “possible”. Results We identified 16 confirmed cases and 35 possible ones. Confirmed cases comprised nine children (median age of 18 months, range: 6–21), one immunocompromised adult and six soldiers. One child required a hospitalisation for rehydration. All 16 Cryptosporidium stools were PCR positive, and sequencing of the gp60 gene confirmed only one Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Tap water consumption was the only common risk factor identified. Contamination of the water network with Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA19G2 was found. Conclusion Water quality is a major public health issue in Amazonian French Guiana, especially for population at risk (children, people with comorbidity, travelers). For them, alternative water supply or treatment should be implemented.
Published: 2022

19. Evaluation of the Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic and typing real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis

Author: Moniot, Maxime, Nourrisson, Céline, Bonnin, Virginie, Damiani, Céline, Argy, Nicolas, Bonhomme, Julie, Fréalle, Emilie, Angebault, Cécile, Debourgogne, Anne, Sitterlé, Emilie, Flori, Pierre, Brunet, Julie, Dalle, Frédéric, Favennec, Loïc, Poirier, Philippe, Microsporidiosis Network, French, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Gabriel Montpied [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie médicales [CHU Amiens], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Service de Microbiologie [CHU Caen], Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Créteil], Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections [Créteil], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor, Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Service de Microbiologie [Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris], Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU de Saint-Etienne), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre national de référence des Cryptosporidioses, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 261), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil]-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (SIMPA), Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique [AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), 'Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation (DRCI)' of the Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques (BPF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Enterocytozoon, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Infectious Diseases, Insect Science, Bio-Evolution, Microsporidia, Microsporidiosis, Humans, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Real-time PCR
Abstract: Cases of intestinal microsporidiosis infection are underestimated and affect both immunocompromized and immunocompetent patients. Real-time PCR is superseding microscopic examination for its diagnosis in medical analysis laboratories. However, few manufacturers include microsporidia in their PCR panel for the diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. Here, we evaluated the performances of the real-time PCR assays microsporidia generic and microsporidia typing (Bio-Evolution, France) on the Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR cycler (Qiagen, France). We included 45 negative and 44 positive stool samples for Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 34, with various genotypes), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 4), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 4), and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 2). We also studied a four-year survey of an inter-laboratory quality control program including 9 centers that used this commercial assay. Sensitivity and specificity of the microsporidia generic assay were 86.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected by the microsporidia generic PCR assay but not by the microsporidia typing PCR assay. These results were consistent with the results of the inter-laboratory quality control program. In conclusion, Bio-Evolution Real-time PCR assays are useful tools for intestinal microsporidiosis, but negative results for microsporidia typing assays require supplementary analyses to confirm E. hellem or E. cuniculi infections.Évaluation des tests de PCR en temps réel Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic et typing pour le diagnostic de la microsporidiose intestinale.Les microsporidioses intestinales sont des infections sous-estimées affectant à la fois les patients immunodéprimés et immunocompétents. Le diagnostic microscopique en laboratoire médical est aujourd’hui supplanté par la PCR en temps réel. Cependant, peu de fabricants incluent les microsporidies dans leurs panels PCR pour le diagnostic des gastro-entérites infectieuses. Ici, nous avons évalué les performances des tests PCR en temps réel microsporidia generic et microsporidia typing (Bio-Evolution, France) sur le thermocycleur PCR en temps réel Rotor-Gene Q (Qiagen, France). Nous avons inclus 45 échantillons de selles négatifs et 44 échantillons positifs pour Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 34, avec divers génotypes), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 4), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 4) et Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 2). Nous avons également analysé les résultats sur 4 ans d’un programme de contrôle qualité inter-laboratoires dont 9 centres ont utilisé ces kits commerciaux. La sensibilité et la spécificité du kit microsporidia generic étaient respectivement de 86,4 % et 93,3 %. Encephalitozoon hellem et E. cuniculi ont été détectés par le kit microsporidia generic mais pas par le kit microsporidia typing. Ces résultats étaient cohérents avec ceux du programme de contrôle de qualité inter-laboratoires. En conclusion, les tests de PCR en temps réel Bio-Evolution sont des outils intéressants pour la microsporidiose intestinale, mais un résultat négatif pour le test de typage microsporidia nécessite une analyse supplémentaire pour confirmer les infections à E. hellem ou E. cuniculi.
Published: 2022

20. Seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus in its bank vole (Myodes glareolus) host population in northeastern France: Between-site and seasonal variability

Author: E, Monchatre-Leroy, F, Sauvage, F, Boué, D, Augot, P, Marianneau, V, Hénaux, L, Crespin, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Seenovate, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by the AFSSET (now ANSES), program EST-07-75 Sauvage, and INSERM/MATE (No. EN99115)
Subjects: index, Arvicolinae, Epidemiology, Bank voles, Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Seroprevalence, Puumala virus, Microbiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Puumala orthohantavirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Virology, Animals, Generalized estimating equations, Parasitology, Suppress normalized difference vegetation, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Seasons
Abstract: International audience; Given the difficulty of measuring pathogen transmission in wildlife, epidemiological studies frequently rely on cross-sectional seroprevalence. However, seropositivity indicates only exposure to a pathogen at an unknown time. By allowing to obtain repeated test results from individuals sampled multiple times over an extended period, longitudinal data help reduce this uncertainty. We used capture-mark-recapture data on bank vole (Myodes glareolus) individuals collected at four sites over ten years in northeastern France to investigate the impact of environmental variables on seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV). PUUV causes a chronic infection without apparent symptoms, that may however impair survival of its rodent host in the wild. Viral transmission between rodents may occur through direct contact or via the environment. Principal component analysis was used to deal with multicollinearity among environmental variables. Incidence and seroprevalence were investigated with either generalized estimating equations or Poisson regression models depending on the number of observations for each season. In spring, only the factor site was found to be significant for seroprevalence, while a principal component including meteorological conditions of the previous winter and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of both the previous winter and spring had a significant effect on incidence. In autumn, only the factor site was significant for incidence, while two principal components, including either the meteorological conditions of the autumn and previous spring or NDVI of the autumn significantly affected seroprevalence. We discuss these results in light of the particular demography of small mammals. We encourage other researchers to investigate the relationships between demographic parameters of wild host populations and the environment, by using both incidence and seroprevalence.
Published: 2022

21. Survival and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts bioaccumulated by Dreissena polymorpha

Author: Stéphane Betoulle, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, S. La Carbona, Gilles Gargala, Angélique Rousseau, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Loïc Favennec, Elodie Géba, Isabelle Villena, Dominique Aubert, Jitender P. Dubey, A. Le Guernic, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), ACTALIA [Villers-Bocage], USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dreissena, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Bioassay, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Feces, 030304 developmental biology, Cryptosporidium parvum, Infectivity, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Oocysts, Water, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, Mussel, biology.organism_classification, 6. Clean water, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Biodegradation, Environmental, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Zebra mussel, Toxoplasma, Biotechnology
Abstract: Aims The study was aimed to understand the depuration process of Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), to consider the use of the zebra mussel as a bioremediation tool. Materials and methods Two experiments were performed: (i) individual exposure of mussel to investigate oocyst transfers between bivalves and water and (ii) in vivo exposure to assess the ability of the zebra mussel to degrade oocysts. Results (i) Our results highlighted a transfer of oocysts from the mussels to the water after 3 and 7 days of depuration; however, some oocysts were still bioaccumulated in mussel tissue. (ii) Between 7 days of exposure at 1000 or 10 000 oocysts/mussel/day and 7 days of depuration, the number of bioaccumulated oocysts did not vary but the number of infectious oocysts decreased. Conclusion Results show that D. polymorpha can release oocysts in water via (pseudo)faeces in depuration period. Oocysts remain bioaccumulated and infectious oocyst number decreases during the depuration period in zebra mussel tissues. Results suggest a degradation of bioaccumulated C. parvum and T. gondii oocysts. Significance and impact of the study This study highlighted the potential use of D. polymorpha as a bioremediation tool to mitigate of protozoan contamination in water resources.
Published: 2020

22. Comment on Xu et al. Isolation and Identification of a Novel Phlebovirus, Hedi Virus, from Sandflies Collected in China. Viruses 2021, 13, 772

Author: Rémi N. Charrel, Jérôme Depaquit, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Phlebovirus, China, Genome, Viral, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Virus Replication, Microbiology, Virus, Virology, Animals, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Phylogeny, biology, Whole Genome Sequencing, Comment, Genomics, biology.organism_classification, Isolation (microbiology), QR1-502, n/a, Infectious Diseases, Phlebotomus Fever, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, Identification (biology), Psychodidae
Abstract: We report the isolation of a newly recognized phlebovirus, Hedi virus (HEDV), from
Published: 2021

23. COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Fungemia, and Pneumocystosis in the Intensive Care Unit: a Retrospective Multicenter Observational Cohort during the First French Pandemic Wave

Author: Bretagne, Stéphane, Sitbon, Karine, Botterel, Françoise, Dellière, Sarah, Letscher-Bru, Valérie, Chouaki, Taieb, Bellanger, Anne-Pauline, Bonnal, Christine, Fekkar, Arnault, Persat, Florence, Costa, Damien, Bourgeois, Nathalie, Dalle, Frédéric, Lussac-Sorton, Florian, Paugam, André, Cassaing, Sophie, Hasseine, Lilia, Huguenin, Antoine, Guennouni, Nadia, Mazars, Edith, Le Gal, Solène, Sasso, Milène, Brun, Sophie, Cadot, Lucile, Cassagne, Carole, Cateau, Estelle, Gangneux, Jean-Pierre, Moniot, Maxime, Roux, Anne-Laure, Tournus, Céline, Desbois-Nogard, Nicole, Le Coustumier, Alain, Moquet, Olivier, Alanio, Alexandre, Dromer, Françoise, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Saint Louis, Paris], Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie médicales [CHU Amiens], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de parasitologie et mycologie médicale [Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon], Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU de Montpellier), Pôle Biologie-Pathologie [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Nice, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Centre hospitalier [Valenciennes, Nord], Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Hôpital Universitaire Carémeau [Nîmes] (CHU Nîmes), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Service de Parasitologie [Avicenne], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré [AP-HP], Hôpital Ambroise Paré [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique [Fort-de-France, Martinique], Centre Hospitalier de Beauvais, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The NRCMA is supported by Santé Publique France and Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (CNRS-UMR2000), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Henri Mondor, Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hôpital Henri Mondor, Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale [CHU Strasbourg], CHU Strasbourg, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie[Bichat], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]
Subjects: Male, Antifungal Agents, [SDV.MHEP.PSR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, Mannans, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: COVID-19, aspergillosis, MESH: Treatment Outcome, MESH: Aged, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, fungemia, Coinfection, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Middle Aged, QR1-502, Intensive Care Units, Treatment Outcome, Aspergillus, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, MESH: Pulmonary Aspergillosis, France, Research Article, MESH: Galactose, Microbiology, pneumocystosis, MESH: Mannans, MESH: Critical Care, MESH: Fungemia, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Retrospective Studies, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, MESH: Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Galactose, COVID-19, MESH: Retrospective Studies, MESH: Antifungal Agents, MESH: Male, MESH: Coinfection, MESH: France, critical care, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.PSR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, MESH: Intensive Care Units, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Pulmonary Aspergillosis, MESH: Female, MESH: Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
Abstract: International audience; The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic means, host factors, delay of occurrence, and outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and fungal coinfections in the intensive care unit (ICU). From 1 February to 31 May 2020, we anonymously recorded COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), fungemia (CA-fungemia), and pneumocystosis (CA-PCP) from 36 centers, including results on fungal biomarkers in respiratory specimens and serum. We collected data from 154 episodes of CAPA, 81 of CA-fungemia, 17 of CA-PCP, and 5 of other mold infections from 244 patients (male/female [M/F] ratio = 3.5; mean age, 64.7 ± 10.8 years). CA-PCP occurred first after ICU admission (median, 1 day; interquartile range [IQR], 0 to 3 days), followed by CAPA (9 days; IQR, 5 to 13 days), and then CA-fungemia (16 days; IQR, 12 to 23 days) (P < 10-4). For CAPA, the presence of several mycological criteria was associated with death (P < 10-4). Serum galactomannan was rarely positive (
Published: 2021

24. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: Practical Management

Author: Mandelbrot, Laurent, Kieffer, F., Wallon, M., Winer, Norbert, Massardier, J., Picone, O., Fuchs, Florent, Peyron, F., Benoist, G., Garcia-Meric, P., L’ollivier, C., Paris, L., Piarroux, R., Villena, I., Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique [Hôpital Louis-Mourier - APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique [Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Sulfonamides, Diagnostic anténatal, Mother-to-child transmission, Foetopathies, Prenatal diagnosis, Amniocentèse, Traitement in utero, [SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Toxoplasmose, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Congenital, Fetal therapy, Grossesse, Spiramycine, Pyrimethamine, Pyriméthamine, Fetal infection, Congénitale, Pregnancy, Transmission mère-enfant, Prophylaxie, Spiramycin, Amniocentesis, Sulfamides, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; The burden of congenital toxoplasmosis has become small in France today, in particular as a result of timely therapy for pregnant women, fetuses and newborns. Thus, the French screening and prevention program has been evaluated and recently confirmed despite a decline over time in the incidence of toxoplasmosis. Serological diagnosis of maternal seroconversion is usually simple but can be difficult when the first trimester test shows the presence of IgM, requiring referral to an expert laboratory. Woman with confirmed seroconversion should be referred quickly to an expert center, which will decide with her on treatment and antenatal diagnosis. Although the level of proof is moderate, there is a body of evidence in favor of active prophylactic prenatal treatment started as early as possible (ideally within 3 weeks of seroconversion) to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission, as well as symptoms in children. The recommended therapies to prevent maternal-fetal transmission are: (1) spiramycin in case of maternal infection before 14 gestational weeks; (2) pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (P-S) with folinic acid in case of maternal infection at 14 WG or more. Amniocentesis is recommended to guide prenatal and neonatal care. If fetal infection is diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid, therapy with P-S should be initiated as early as possible or continued in order reduce the risk of damage to the brain or eyes. Further research is required to validate new approaches to preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
Published: 2021

25. Epidemiological and clinical study of microsporidiosis in French kidney transplant recipients from 2005 to 2019: TRANS‐SPORE registry

Author: Dumond, Clément, Aulagnon, Florence, Etienne, Isabelle, Heng, Anne‐Elisabeth, Bougnoux, Marie‐Elisabeth, Favennec, Loic, Kamar, Nassim, Iriart, Xavier, Pereira, Bruno, Büchler, Mathias, Desoubeaux, Guillaume, Kaminski, Hannah, Lussac‐Sorton, Florian, Gargala, Gilles, Anglicheau, Dany, Poirier, Philippe, Scemla, Anne, Garrouste, Cyril, Labbe, Franck, Damiani, Céline, Le Govic, Yohann, Totet, Anne, De Gentile, Ludovic, Lemoine, Jean‐Philippe, Bellanger, Anne Pauline, Accoceberry, Isabelle, Delhaes, Laurence, Gabriel, Frédéric, Millet, Pascal, Le Gal, Solène, Nevez, Gilles, Bonhomme, Julie, Capitaine, Agathe, Demar, Magalie, Moniot, Maxime, Nourrisson, Céline, Angebault, Cécile, Botterel, Françoise, Foulet, Françoise, Basmaciyan, Louise, Dalle, Frédéric, Valot, Stéphane, Desbois‐Nogard, Nicole, Robert, Gladys, Deleplancque, Anne‐Sophie, Frealle, Emilie, Leroy, Jordan, Ajzenberg, Daniel, Durieux, Marie‐Fleur, Chapey‐Picq, Emmanuelle, Dupont, Damien, Menotti, Jean, Rabodonirina, Meja, Lollivier, Coralie, Bastien, Patrick, Debourgogne, Anne, Machouart, Marie, Lavergne, Rose‐Anne, Morio, Florent, Delaunay, Pascal, Pomares, Christelle, Simon, Loïc, Sasso, Milène, Argy, Nicolas, Houze, Sandrine, Yera, Hélène, Dannaoui, Eric, Sitterle, Emilie, Kapel, Nathalie, Tantaoui, Ilhame, Thellier, Marc, Belkadi, Ghania Belkacem, Moreno‐Sabater, Alicia, Hamane, Samia, Nicolas, Muriel, Perraud, Estelle, Chemla, Cathy, Villena, Isabelle, Autier, Brice, Costa, Damien, Flori, Pierre, Brunet, Julie, BERRY, Antoine, Chesnay, Adélaïde, Artur, Fabienne, Verdurme, Laura, Foulquier, Jean‐Baptiste, Prigent, Gwenole, Chatelain, Rémi, Lesthelle, Sophie, Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Université d'Angers (UA), SFR UA 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Opportunistic infection, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030230 surgery, Microsporidiosis, Gastroenterology, Albendazole, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Fumagillin, Registries, Kidney transplantation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, 0303 health sciences, Transplantation, biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Enterocytozoon, Middle Aged, Spores, Fungal, fumagillin, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Kidney Transplantation, 3. Good health, immunosuppressive regimen, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, medicine.symptom, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Introduction Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection in renal transplantation (RT) recipients. We aimed to describe its clinical presentation and treatment. Materials and methods We collected microsporidiosis cases identified in RT recipients between 2005 and 2019 in six French centers from the Crystal, Divat and Astre prospective databases. Results We report 68 RT recipients with intestinal microsporidiosis; the patients were predominantly male (61.8%), with a median age of 58 (46-69) years. Infection occurred at a median time of 3 (0.8-6.8) years posttransplant. Only Enterocytozoon bieneusi was found. Microsporidiosis manifested as diarrhea (98.5% of patients) with weight loss (72.1%) and acute renal injury (57.4%) without inflammatory biological parameters. The therapeutic approaches were no treatment (N = 9), reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen (∆IS) (N = 22), fumagillin alone (N = 9), fumagillin and ∆IS (N = 19), and albendazole or nitazoxanide and ∆IS (N = 9). Overall clinical remission was observed in 60 patients (88.2%). We observed no acute kidney rejection, renal transplant failure or death within 6 months after microsporidiosis. Conclusion E. bieneusi is an underestimated opportunistic pathogen in RT recipients, and infection with E. bieneusi leads to diarrhea with important dehydration and acute renal injury. The treatment is based on the reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen and the administration of fumagillin if available. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published: 2021

26. Puumala Virus Variants Circulating in Forests of Ardennes, France: Ten Years of Genetic Evolution

Author: Franck Boué, Jordi Serra-Cobo, Séverine Murri, Mathilde Couteaudier, Dominique Pontier, Philippe Marianneau, Noël Tordo, Viviane Hénaux, Guillaume Castel, Denis Augot, Frank Sauvage, Marc López-Roig, Elodie Monchatre-Leroy, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Department de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et du virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH - U1259 Inserm - CHRU Tours ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours)-Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Seenovate, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LabEx Ecofect, Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This research was internally funded by the participating teams and received additional funding from ANSES (Afsset grant EST-2007-75) as well as EU grants FP7-261504 EDENext and FP7-278976 ANTIGONE and the LABEX ECOFECT (ANR-11-LABX-0048) of Université de Lyon., ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), European Project: 278976,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,ANTIGONE(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU TOURS), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANSES (Afsset grant EST-2007-75), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Marchal-Mauer, Sophie, Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses - - ECOFECT2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0048 - LABX - VALID, Biology and control of vector-borne infections in Europe - EDENEXT - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-01-01 - 2015-06-30 - 261504 - VALID, and ANTIcipating the Global Onset of Novel Epidemics - ANTIGONE - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-11-01 - 2016-10-31 - 278976 - VALID
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Orthohantavirus, Rodent, Population, Zoology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, [SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Myodes glareolus, evolution, Nephropathia epidemica, medicine, population dynamics, Immunology and Allergy, Seroprevalence, education, Virus Orthohantavirus, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, seroprevalence, 030306 microbiology, Microevolution, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Bank vole, Infectious Diseases, microdiversity, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Medicine, Puumala virus, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In France, very little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of the virus circulating within bank vole populations. The present study involved monitoring of bank vole population dynamics and PUUV microdiversity over a ten-year period (2000–2009) in two forests of the Ardennes region: Elan and Croix-Scaille. Ardennes region is characterised by different environmental conditions associated with different NE epidemiology. Bank vole density and population parameters were estimated using the capture/marking/recapture method, and blood samples were collected to monitor the overall seroprevalence of PUUV in rodent populations. Phylogenetic analyses of fifty-five sequences were performed to illustrate the genetic diversity of PUUV variants between forests. The pattern of the two forests differed clearly. In the Elan forest, the rodent survival was higher, and this limited turn-over resulted in a lower seroprevalence and diversity of PUUV sequences than in the Croix-Scaille forest. Uncovering the links between host dynamics and virus microevolution is improving our understanding of PUUV distribution in rodents and the NE risk.
Published: 2021

27. Etest ECVs/ECOFFs for detection of resistance in prevalent and three non-prevalent Candida spp. to triazoles and amphotericin B and Aspergillus spp. to caspofungin: Further assessment of modal variability

Author: Damien Dupont, John D. Turnidge, J Fuller, Maiken Cavling Arendrup, A Forastiero, M Dehais, Emilia Cantón, Hélène Guegan, Nathalie Bourgeois, Ana Espinel-Ingroff, Guillermo Garcia-Effron, Laurence Delhaes, B. Bouteille, Teresa Peláez, J Garcia, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Jesús Guinea, Arnaud Fekkar, Nelesh P. Govender, Françoise Botterel, Eric Dannaoui, Gloria M. González, R Magobo, Sophie Cassaing, Michaela Lackner, Milène Sasso, Sandrine Houzé, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Hôpital Lapeyronie [Montpellier] (CHU), University of Adelaide, Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], CHU Henri Mondor, CHU Limoges, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Hospices Civils de Lyon, Departement de Neurologie (HCL), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Universidad Nacional del Litoral [Santa Fe] (UNL), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique] (UANL), National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Hospital General Universitario 'Gregorio Marañón' [Madrid], Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Paris (UP), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 261), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Posaconazole, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Aspergillus fumigatus, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Amphotericin B, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, caspofungin, Candida albicans, triazoles, Etest, Candida, Aspergillus spp., Candida, ECOFFS, ECVs, ERG11 mutants, amphotericin B, antifungal resistance, caspofungin, nonprevalent Candida, triazoles, Pharmacology, Voriconazole, ECOFFS, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, ERG11 mutants, antifungal resistance, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, amphotericin B, Aspergillus spp, nonprevalent Candida, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, ECVs, Caspofungin, Fluconazole, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; Susceptibility testing is an important tool in the clinical setting; its utility is based on the availability of categorical endpoints, breakpoints (BPs) or epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs/ECOFFs). CLSI and EUCAST have developed antifungal susceptibility testing, BPs and ECVs for some fungal species. Although the Concentration Gradient Strip BioMerieux Etest is useful for routine testing in the clinical laboratory, ECVs are not available for all agent/species; the lack of clinical data precludes development of BPs. We re-evaluated and consolidated Etest data points from three previous studies, and included new data. We defined ECOFFinder Etest ECVs for three sets of species/agent combinations: fluconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole and 8 Candida spp.; amphotericin B and 3 non-prevalent Candida spp.; and caspofungin and 5 Aspergillus spp. The total of Etest MICs from 23 laboratories (Europe, the Americas, South Africa) included (antifungal agent/dependent): 17,242 Candida albicans, 244 C. dubliniensis, 5,129 C. glabrata species complex (SC), 275 C. guilliermondii (Meyerozyma guilliermondii), 1,133 C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii), 933 C. kefyr (Kluyveromyces marxianus), 519 C. lusitaniae (Clavispora lusitaniae), 2,947 C. parapsilosis SC, 2,214 C. tropicalis, 3,212 Aspergillus fumigatus, 232 A. flavus, 181 A. niger, and 267 A. terreus SC isolates. Triazole MICs for 66 confirmed non-wild-type (non-WT) Candida isolates were available (ERG11 point mutations). Distributions fulfilling CLSI ECV criteria were pooled and ECOFFinder Etest ECVs were established for triazoles (9 Candida spp.); amphotericin B (3 less-prevalent Candida spp.) and caspofungin (4 Aspergillus spp.). Etest fluconazole ECVs could be good detectors of Candida non-WT isolates (59/61 Non-WT: 4 of 6 species).
Published: 2021

28. Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) inferred using restriction-site associated DNA markers

Author: Cruaud, Astrid, Lehrter, Véronique, Genson, Guenaëlle, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Depaquit, Jérôme, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: RC955-962, Whole Genome Amplification, Disease Vectors, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Medical Conditions, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, DNA extraction, Leishmaniasis, Phylogeny, Data Management, Protozoans, Leishmania, Geography, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Eukaryota, Phylogenetic Analysis, Genomics, Phylogenetics, Insects, Infectious Diseases, Biogeography, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Genetic Markers, Computer and Information Sciences, Arthropoda, Evolution, Molecular, Middle East, Extraction techniques, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Diptera, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Gene Amplification, Biology and Life Sciences, Invertebrates, Parasitic Protozoans, Insect Vectors, Sand Flies, Research and analysis methods, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Species Interactions, Phlebotomus, Earth Sciences, Zoology, Entomology, Animal Distribution
Abstract: Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9–8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3–5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3–2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors., Author summary Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny insects transmitting unicellular parasites called Leishmania worldwide. They are bad flyers and are known to be a group dispersing according to historical events. No invasive species are known within Phlebotomine sandflies. Their taxonomy includes about 40 genera. In the Old World, the subgenus Paraphlebotomus includes the main vectors of Leishmania tropica, the agent of a cutaneous leishmaniasis mostly in North Africa visceral and the Middle West. The goal of this study was to explore the phylogeny and the biogeographical history of this subgenus using a new generation sequencing technique. We successfully amplified DNA copies from the selected DNA extracts, some of them being more than 20 years old. We fully resolved the phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus who was not recovered as monophyletic, meaning it does not include all the ascendants of last common ancestor. Consequently, the taxonomy was revised with the creation of a new subgenus. We also suggest that Paraphlebotomus originated about 10 million years ago. After a first split isolating North African species, the Messinian crisis caused by the aridification of the Tethys (the ancestor of the Mediterranean Sea) occurring 7 million years ago allowed the divergence of the main lineages including that of Phlebotomus sergenti the most important vector of the group. Most recent radiation events occurred during the Pleistocene. The historical biogeography of these Phlebotomine sandflies are closely related to that of the Leishmania they transmit.
Published: 2021

29. AMIDE v2: High-Throughput Screening Based on AutoDock-GPU and Improved Workflow Leading to Better Performance and Reliability

Author: Arnaud Renard, Jean-Hugues Renault, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Stéphanie Baud, Laurence Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, Luiz Angelo Steffenel, Dominique Aubert, Pierre Darme, Isabelle Villena, Manuel Dauchez, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims - UMR 7312 (ICMR), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Matrice extracellulaire et dynamique cellulaire - UMR 7369 (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateau Technique de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle (P3M), Laboratoire d'Informatique en Calcul Intensif et Image pour la Simulation (LICIIS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Centre National de référence de la Toxoplasmose (CNRT)
Subjects: Computer science, GPU, Ligands, 01 natural sciences, Molecular Docking Simulation, Workflow, Reduction (complexity), [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Biology (General), Throughput (business), Spectroscopy, 0303 health sciences, 010304 chemical physics, General Medicine, AutoDock, Supercomputer, Computer Science Applications, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Preparations, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], Algorithms, [CHIM.CHEM]Chemical Sciences/Cheminformatics, QH301-705.5, Graphics processing unit, Toxoplasma gondii, Catalysis, Article, Computational science, Inorganic Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, parallelization, 0103 physical sciences, Computer Graphics, Humans, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, QD1-999, 030304 developmental biology, screening, Organic Chemistry, Proteins, Reproducibility of Results, molecular docking, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, High-Throughput Screening Assays, high performance computing, Docking (molecular), Software
Abstract: Molecular docking is widely used in computed drug discovery and biological target identification, but getting fast results can be tedious and often requires supercomputing solutions. AMIDE stands for AutoMated Inverse Docking Engine. It was initially developed in 2014 to perform inverse docking on High Performance Computing. AMIDE version 2 brings substantial speed-up improvement by using AutoDock-GPU and by pulling a total revision of programming workflow, leading to better performances, easier use, bug corrections, parallelization improvements and PC/HPC compatibility. In addition to inverse docking, AMIDE is now an optimized tool capable of high throughput inverse screening. For instance, AMIDE version 2 allows acceleration of the docking up to 12.4 times for 100 runs of AutoDock compared to version 1, without significant changes in docking poses. The reverse docking of a ligand on 87 proteins takes only 23 min on 1 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), while version 1 required 300 cores to reach the same execution time. Moreover, we have shown an exponential acceleration of the computation time as a function of the number of GPUs used, allowing a significant reduction of the duration of the inverse docking process on large datasets.
Published: 2021

30. Anatomical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally and experimentally infected lambs

Author: Myriam Thomas, Dominique Aubert, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Benoît Durand, Céline Robert, Régine Geers, Annie Alliot, Guillaume Belbis, Isabelle Villena, Radu Blaga, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)
Subjects: Meat, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, lambs, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, parasitic diseases, Animals, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, MESH: Red Meat, MESH: Meat, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Sheep, MESH: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Toxoplasma, Red Meat, Infectious Diseases, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Insect Science, anatomical distribution, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Toxoplasma
Abstract: Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts is one of the main sources of infection for humans worldwide. Among the various species intended for human consumption, sheep appear to be a high risk for human infection. The present study focused on the detailed anatomical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally and experimentally infected lambs using fresh and frozen samples of various pieces of meat, from a public health perspective. The first objective was to rank the edible parts intended for human consumption according to the detectable parasite burden by real-time PCR targeting the 529-bp repeated element. The second objective was to evaluate the impact of freezing by comparing the detection efficiency of the quantitative PCR between fresh and frozen tissues, as imports of lamb carcasses/cuts may arrive frozen or chilled. The highest estimated parasite loads were observed in skeletal muscles, and more particularly in edible portions such as quadriceps femoris muscle, intercostal muscles, deltoid muscle and diaphragm, with a significant difference in detectable parasite burden between fresh and frozen samples (p 0.0001) or natural and experimental infection (p 0.0001). Thoracic and pelvic limbs (3278-1048 parasites/g muscle) were ranked at the top of the list. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in all the edible parts of lamb studied. These results suggest that lamb meat represents a risk for consumers. Further investigations are needed in order to confirm these differences in larger numbers of animals and in different breeds.Distribution anatomique de Toxoplasma gondii chez des agneaux infectés naturellement et expérimentalement.La consommation de viande crue ou insuffisamment cuite contenant des kystes tissulaires de Toxoplasma gondii est l’une des principales sources d’infection pour l’homme dans le monde. Parmi les différentes espèces destinées à la consommation humaine, le mouton apparaît à haut risque d’infection humaine. La présente étude s’est concentrée sur une distribution anatomique détaillée de Toxoplasma gondii chez des agneaux infectés naturellement et expérimentalement à l’aide d’échantillons frais et congelés de divers morceaux de viande, du point de vue de la santé publique. Classer les parties comestibles destinées à la consommation humaine, selon la charge parasitaire détectable par une PCR en temps réel ciblant l’élément répété de 529 pb était un premier objectif. Un second objectif était d’évaluer l’impact de la congélation en comparant l’efficacité de détection de la PCR quantitative entre les tissus frais et congelés, car les importations de carcasses/coupes d’agneau peuvent arriver congelées ou réfrigérées. Les charges parasitaires estimées les plus élevées ont été observées dans les muscles squelettiques et plus particulièrement dans les parties comestibles telles que le quadriceps fémoral, les muscles intercostaux, le deltoïde et le diaphragme avec une différence significative de charge parasitaire détectable entre les échantillons frais et congelés (p 0,0001) ou l’infection naturelle et expérimentale (p 0,0001). Les membres thoraciques et pelviens (3278 à 1048 parasites/g de muscle) ont été classés en tête de liste. L’ADN de T. gondii a été détecté dans toutes les parties comestibles étudiées de l’agneau. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’agneau représente un risque pour les consommateurs. Des investigations supplémentaires doivent être effectuées afin de confirmer les différences mentionnées ci-dessus chez plus d’animaux et dans différentes races.
Published: 2021

31. Pattern of latrine use by domestic cats on dairy farms and the implications for Toxoplasma gondii transmission

Author: Simon, Julie Alice, Chancel, Eva, Hubert, Pauline, Aubert, Dominique, Villena, Isabelle, Poulle, Marie-Lazarine, Lambert, Sébastien, Ezanno, Pauline, Garel, Mathieu, Gilot-Fromont, Emmanuelle, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 (PROTAL), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse du Risque, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS)-Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse du Risque (BioEpAR)-Santé animale (S.A.), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Veterinary medicine, Biology, Cat Diseases, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host-Parasite Interactions, law.invention, Soil, 03 medical and health sciences, law, medicine, Animals, Sexual maturity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Feces, Population Density, 0303 health sciences, CATS, Behavior, Animal, General Veterinary, 030306 microbiology, Zoonosis, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Toxoplasmosis, Dairying, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Transmission (mechanics), Cats, Linear Models, Latrine, Female, Parasitology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a highly prevalent zoonosis that affects humans and warm-blooded animals. Faeces of infected cats can contain millions of T. gondii oocysts, which remain infectious in the environment for months. Sites repeatedly used by cats for defecation ('latrines') are recognised as hotspots of T. gondii soil contamination, but this contamination varies from one latrine to another. To understand this spatial heterogeneity, camera traps were deployed in 39 cat latrines on three dairy farms with high-density cat populations and programmed to record visits during sixteen 10-day sessions, rotating between three farms over a period of a year. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to test the effects of cat sexual maturity, latrine location and season on the number of cat faeces deposited and on the number of cats defecating per latrine, as determined from the analysis of 41,282 video recordings. Sexually immature cats defecated 6.60-fold (95% CI = [2.87-15.25]) more often in latrines located close to a feeding site than in other latrines. This pattern was also observed for mature males (odds ratio [OR] = 9.42, 95% CI = [3.29-26.91]), especially during winter, but not for mature females (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = [0.80-3.94]). The number of defecating cats was also 2.67-fold (95% CI = [1.66-4.30], P 0.001) higher in latrines located close to a feeding point than in those located far from it, regardless of cat category and season. Visits by intermediate T. gondii hosts (micromammals, birds and others) were also recorded. Out of the 39 latrines, 30 (76.92%) were visited by at least one intermediate host during the study period, and some latrines were highly frequented (up to 8.74 visits/day on average). These results provide evidence that the location of food resources in dairy farms influences the latrine use pattern by cats. Highly frequented latrines can be of high risk of T. gondii infection for definitive and intermediate hosts.
Published: 2019

32. Panorama des altérations limbiques cornéennes

Author: Marc Muraine, F. Majo, A. Delcampe, Julie Gueudry, Service d'ophtalmologie [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Hôpital Charles-Nicolle, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Conjunctiva, genetic structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Épithélium limbique, Tumeurs de la surface oculaire, Biology, Limbal stem cell deficiency, Cornée, Corneal limbus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Stroma, Cornea, Corneoscleral Limbus, medicine, Cornea Conjunctiva, Ultraviolet radiation, Stem cell, Ocular surface tumors, Limbal epithelium, Conjonctive, eye diseases, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Limbe cornéoscléral, Ophthalmology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cellules souches, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, sense organs
Abstract: International audience; The corneal limbus is a privileged region on the border between two quite different microenvironments, where corneal epithelial stem cells, numerous melanocytes, and antigen-presenting cells are all concentrated within a richly vascularized and innervated stroma. This situation within the ocular surface confers on it the key functions of barrier, epithelial renewal and defense of the cornea. As an immunological crossroads and since the corneoscleral limbus is directly exposed to external insults such as caustic agents, ultraviolet radiation, microbial agents, and allergens, it is the potential site of many tumoral, degenerative or inflammatory pathologies and may progress under certain conditions to limbal stem cell deficiency.; Le limbe cornéoscléral est une région privilégiée, frontière entre deux environnements tout à fait différents, où se concentrent tout à la fois les cellules souches épithéliales de la cornée en surface et de nombreux mélanocytes ainsi que les cellules de Langerhans présentatrices d’antigène au sein d’un stroma richement vascularisé et innervé. Cette situation au niveau de la surface oculaire lui confère des fonctions clés de barrière, de renouvellement épithélial et de défense de la cornée. Véritable carrefour immunologique et directement exposé aux agressions extérieures (agents caustiques, rayonnement ultraviolet, agents microbiens, allergènes …), il est le siège potentiel de très nombreuses pathologies tumorales, dégénératives ou inflammatoires et peut évoluer dans certaines conditions vers le syndrome de déficit en cellules souches limbiques.
Published: 2019

33. Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals

Author: Carine Brouat, Dominique Aubert, Camille Dubois, Marie-Laure Dardé, Mamadou Kane, Gereon Schares, Aurélien Mercier, Lokman Galal, Daniel Ajzenberg, Youssoupha Niang, Aliou Sow, Thomas Cuny, Claire Stragier, Azra Hamidović, Clément Glodas, Mamoudou Diallo, Philippe Vignoles, Thao Rohart, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Institute of Epidemiology (IfE), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), CHU Limoges, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR project IntroTox) : 17-CE35-0004, University of Limoges, France, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region (Directorate of Research, Higher Education and Technology Transfer), and ANR-17-CE35-0004,IntroTox,PHENOMÈNES D'INTROGRESSIONS DANS L'ÉTUDE DE LA DIVERSITÉ GÉNÉTIQUE DU TOXOPLASME ENTRE LA FRANCE ET L'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST ET CENTRALE : DES INFLUENCES HUMAINES ET ENVIRONEMENTALES(2017)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, Rodent, 030231 tropical medicine, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Zoology, Rodentia, Introduced species, Biology, Rodents, Genetic diversity, House mouse, Serology, Rodent Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, West Africa, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Hammondia, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Genetic Variation, biology.organism_classification, Biota, Senegal, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, House mice, Toxoplasma, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of 7'. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting 7'. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of 7'. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.
Published: 2019

34. Species Identification and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium Species Isolated from Clinical Respiratory Samples: A Multicenter Study

Author: Lorra Monpierre, Nawel Aït-Ammar, Isabel Valsecchi, Anne-Cécile Normand, Juliette Guitard, Arnaud Riat, Antoine Huguenin, Christine Bonnal, Boualem Sendid, Lilia Hasseine, Hélène Raberin, Marion Dehais, Stéphane Ranque, Christophe Hennequin, Renaud Piarroux, Eric Dannaoui, Françoise Botterel, Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Mucoviscidose: physiopathologie et phénogénomique [CRSA], Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), UNIROUEN - UFR Santé (UNIROUEN UFR Santé), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), and Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Paecilomyces variotii, Paecilomyces maximus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, antifungal susceptibility testing, molecular identification, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, MSI 2, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Paecilomyces spp. are emerging fungal pathogens, where Paecilomyces lilacinus and Paecilomyces variotii are the most reported species. Taxonomic and phylogenetic revisions in this genus have shown that P. variotii represents a species complex, whereas P. lilacinus is related to another genus called Purpureocillium. The aims of this study were to identify clinical isolates of Paecilomyces spp. at the species level, and to determine their antifungal susceptibility profiles. 70 clinical Paecilomyces spp. isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MS) and by multilocus rDNA genes sequencing including ITS and the D1/D2 genes. Among the 70 Paecilomyces spp. isolates, 28 were identified as P. lilacinum, 26 as P. variotii stricto sensu, and 16 as P. maximus. For antifungal susceptibility testing, Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) or Minimal Effective Concentrations (MECs) were determined for 8 antifungals. All P. lilacinum isolates had high MICs and MECs of amphotericin B and echinocandins, respectively, unlike P. variotii and P. maximus. For azole drugs, MICs were molecule- and species- dependent. The differences in in vitro susceptibility to antifungals underline the importance of accurate species identification. The MALDI–TOF MS can be a good alternative in routine laboratory to ensure fast identification of Paecilomyces spp. and P. lilacinum.
Published: 2022

35. Implementation of an Enzyme Membrane Reactor to Intensify the α

Author: Andreïa Texeira, Florent Allais, Irina Ioannou, Jean-Hugues Renault, Thomas Marié, Gaëlle Willig, Eduardo Gazaneo Barboza, Pierre Darme, Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims - UMR 7312 (ICMR), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IOANNOU, Irina, and Nosheen Akhtar
Subjects: Glycosylation, endocrine system diseases, enzymatic O-glycosylation, [CHIM.THER] Chemical Sciences/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RS1-441, 02 engineering and technology, enzyme membrane reactor, Resveratrol, resveratrol, 01 natural sciences, Article, Enzyme catalysis, lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Discovery, process intensification, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Solubility, cyclodextrins, Membrane reactor, 010405 organic chemistry, organic chemicals, lcsh:R, [CHIM.CATA] Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, food and beverages, Permeation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Combinatorial chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), Molecular Medicine, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The O-glycosylation of resveratrol increases both its solubility in water and its bioavailability while preventing its oxidation, allowing a more efficient use of this molecule as a bioactive ingredient in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Resveratrol O-glycosides can be obtained by enzymatic reactions. Recent developments have made it possible to selectively obtain resveratrol α-glycosides from the β-cyclodextrin–resveratrol complex in water with a yield of 35%. However, this yield is limited by the partial hydrolysis of the resveratrol glycosides produced during the reaction. In this study, we propose to intensify this enzymatic reaction by coupling the enzymatic reactor to a membrane process. Firstly, membrane screening was carried out at the laboratory scale and led to the choice of a GE polymeric membrane with a cut-off of 1 kDa. This membrane allowed the retention of 65% of the β-cyclodextrin–resveratrol complex in the reaction medium and the transfer of 70% of the resveratrol α-O-glycosides in the permeate. In a second step, this membrane was used in an enzymatic membrane reactor and improved the yield of the enzymatic glycosylation up to 50%.
Published: 2021

36. Experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus): seroconversion, tissue cyst distribution, and prophylaxis

Author: Zsuzsa Kalmár, Gereon Schares, Adriana Györke, Cristina Laura Ştefănuţ, Ivana Klun, Vasile Cozma, Viorica Mircean, Zsuzsa Friss, Maria E Nedişan, Andra Toma-Naic, Olgica Djurković-Djaković, Radu Blaga, Isabelle Villena, Amandine Blaizot, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, Antibodies, Protozoan, Artemisia annua, 030308 mycology & parasitology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Random Allocation, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Parasite hosting, Tissue Distribution, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0303 health sciences, biology, Triazines, Antibody titer, Brain, Heart, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Seroconversion, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasma, Tissue cysts, Genotype, 030231 tropical medicine, TOXOSOURCES, Toxoplasma gondii, Pectoralis Muscles, 03 medical and health sciences, Mouse bioassay, Diclazuril, Nitriles, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Poultry Diseases, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Plants, Medicinal, General Veterinary, Broiler, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, chemistry, Insect Science, biology.protein, Cats, Coccidiostats, Parasitology, Chickens
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread zoonotic protozoan that infects most species of mammals and birds, including poultry. This study aimed to investigate the course of T. gondii infection and the efficacy of diclazuril and Artemisia annua in preventing infection in experimentally infected chickens. Seventy-five 1-month-old chickens, female and male, were randomly divided into five groups (n = 15 each) as follows: (1) uninfected untreated (negative control, NC); (2) infected with T. gondii genotype II/III isolated from a wild cat (group WC); (3) infected with T. gondii genotype II isolated from a domestic cat (group DC); (4) infected with T. gondii domestic cat strain and treated with the anticoccidial diclazuril (group DC-D); and (5) infected with T. gondii domestic cat strain and treated with the medicinal plant Artemisia annua (group DC-A). Clinical signs, body temperature, mortality rate, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hematological parameters, and the presence of T. gondii–specific IgY antibodies were recorded in all groups. Five chickens per group were euthanized 28 days post-infection (p.i.) and their brains, hearts, and breast muscle tested for T. gondii by mouse bioassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No clinical signs related to the experimental infection were observed throughout the study period. T. gondii–specific antibodies were detected by day 28 p.i., but not in all infected chickens. Overall, T. gondii DNA was detected (bioassay or tissue digests) in all infected and untreated chickens (10/10), while viable parasite (bioassay) was isolated from 7 out of 10 chickens. The parasite was most frequently identified in the brain (7/10). There were no differences in the T. gondii strains regarding clinical infection and the rate of T. gondii detection in tissues. However, higher antibody titers were obtained in chickens infected with T. gondii WC strain (1:192) comparing with T. gondii DC strain (1:48). A. annua reduced replication of the parasite in 3 out of 5 chickens, while diclazuril did not. In conclusion, broiler chickens were resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis, irrespective of the strain (domestic or wild cat strain). The herb A. annua presented prophylactic efficacy by reduced parasite replication. However, further studies are required aiming at the efficacy of diclazuril and A. annua for the prevention of T. gondii infection in chickens using quantitative analysis methods.
Published: 2021

37. Assessment of a Multiplex PCR for the Simultaneous Diagnosis of Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis and Microsporidiosis

Author: Cyril Garrouste, Frédéric Dalle, Frédéric Delbac, Loïc Favennec, Céline Nourrisson, Maxime Moniot, Philippe Poirier, Charlotte Faure, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon)
Subjects: 030231 tropical medicine, Microsporidiosis, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, parasitic diseases, Medicine, Multiplex, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, fungi, Cryptosporidium, [SDV.MHEP.HEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and Gastroenterology, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, 3. Good health, Microsporidia, Molecular Medicine, Encephalitozoon, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract: International audience; Microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis are associated with chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. The objectives of this study were to: i) assess a multiplex quantitative PCR assay targeting Cryptosporidium spp and the microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp, and ii) provide an update on the epidemiology of these pathogens. A prospective study was conducted from January 2017 to January 2019. Performance of the assay was assessed, and all cryptosporidia and microsporidia isolates were genotyped. The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR method reached 1 copy/μL for each targeted pathogen. The sensitivity of co-proantigen testing in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis was 73%. The sensitivity of microscopy in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis was 64%, and microsporidiosis, 50%. Among the 456 patients included, 14 were positive for Cryptosporidium spp (4 different species); 5, for E. bieneusi; and 2, for Encephalitozoon intestinalis. The overall prevalence of cryptosporidia was 3.1%, and of microsporidia, 1.5%; in kidney transplant recipients (n = 82), corresponding values were 7.3% and 2.4% (6 and 2 patients), respectively. Two cases of E. intestinalis infection were diagnosed in children who had traveled to the tropics. This study is the first to assess a multiplex quantitative PCR method for the simultaneous diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis. The highest prevalences of both pathogens were observed in kidney transplant recipients
Published: 2021

38. Exposure of pelagic seabirds to Toxoplasma gondii in the Western Indian Ocean points to an open sea dispersal of this terrestrial parasite

Author: Poulle, Marie-Lazarine, Le Corre, Matthieu, Bastien, Matthieu, Gedda, Elsa, Feare, Chris, Jaeger, Audrey, Larose, Christine, Shah, Nirmal, Voogt, Nina, Göpper, Byron, Lagadec, Erwan, Rocamora, Gérard, Geers, Régine, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, Laurence, Villena, Isabelle, Lebarbenchon, Camille, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Eco-éthologie (2C2A-CERFE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), WildWings Bird Management, Nature Seychelles, Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Université des Seychelles, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Treichville] (CHU), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Topography, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, Antibodies, Protozoan, Toxoplasma Gondii, Soil, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Zoonoses, Oceans, Prevalence, Marine Fish, Indian Ocean, Protozoans, Islands, Mammals, Eukaryota, Seabirds, Vertebrates, Medicine, Toxoplasma, Research Article, Science, Marine Biology, Birds, Bodies of water, Indian Ocean Islands, Agglutination Tests, Parasite Groups, parasitic diseases, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Parasites, Poultry Diseases, Landforms, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, fungi, Organisms, Oocysts, Biology and Life Sciences, Geomorphology, Parasitic Protozoans, Fish, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Amniotes, Earth Sciences, Cats, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Parasitology, Environmental Pollution, Zoology, Apicomplexa, Chickens
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that uses felids as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. While the dispersal of T . gondii infectious oocysts from land to coastal waters has been well documented, transmission routes to pelagic species remain puzzling. We used the modified agglutination test (MAT titre ≥ 10) to detect antibodies against T . gondii in sera collected from 1014 pelagic seabirds belonging to 10 species. Sampling was carried out on eight islands of the Western Indian Ocean: Reunion and Juan de Nova (colonized by cats), Cousin, Cousine, Aride, Bird, Europa and Tromelin islands (cat-free). Antibodies against T . gondii were found in all islands and all species but the great frigatebird. The overall seroprevalence was 16.8% [95% CI: 14.5%-19.1%] but significantly varied according to species, islands and age-classes. The low antibody levels (MAT titres = 10 or 25) detected in one shearwater and three red-footed booby chicks most likely resulted from maternal antibody transfer. In adults, exposure to soils contaminated by locally deposited oocysts may explain the detection of antibodies in both wedge-tailed shearwaters on Reunion Island and sooty terns on Juan de Nova. However, 144 adults breeding on cat-free islands also tested positive. In the Seychelles, there was a significant decrease in T . gondii prevalence associated with greater distances to cat populations for species that sometimes rest on the shore, i.e. terns and noddies. This suggests that oocysts carried by marine currents could be deposited on shore tens of kilometres from their initial deposition point and that the number of deposited oocysts decreases with distance from the nearest cat population. The consumption of fishes from the families Mullidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae and Engraulidae, previously described as T . gondii oocyst-carriers (i.e. paratenic hosts), could also explain the exposure of terns, noddies, boobies and tropicbirds to T . gondii . Our detection of antibodies against T . gondii in seabirds that fish in the high sea, have no contact with locally contaminated soils but frequent the shores and/or consume paratenic hosts supports the hypothesis of an open-sea dispersal of T . gondii oocysts by oceanic currents and/or fish.
Published: 2021

39. Soil contamination by Echinococcus multilocularis in rural and urban vegetable gardens in relation to fox, cat and dog faecal deposits

Author: Christophe Caillot, Carine Peytavin de Garam, Jenny Knapp, Sandra Courquet, Vanessa Bastid, Franck Boué, Jean-Marc Boucher, Vincent Scalabrino, Gérald Umhang, Camille Renault, Laurence Millon, Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Abdou Malik da Silva, Matthieu Bastien, Marine Faisse, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (LCBPT - UMR 8601), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Eco-éthologie (2C2A-CERFE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), This work was supported by the 'Zones Ateliers'network and the Conseil Départemental des Ardennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE)
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Soil test, Environmental contamination, Veterinary (miscellaneous), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Foxes, Alveolar echinococcosis, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Echinococcus multilocularis, 030308 mycology & parasitology, Foodborne parasites, 03 medical and health sciences, Feces, Soil, 0302 clinical medicine, Dogs, Soil flotation, Vegetables, Animals, Carnivore, Soil-transmitted parasites, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Copro-qPCR, Repeated sampling, biology, biology.organism_classification, Soil contamination, Molecular analysis, Infectious Diseases, Insect Science, Cats, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Gardens, Research Article
Abstract: Echinococcus multilocularis eggs are deposited on the ground with the faeces of the carnivore definitive hosts. A reliable assessment of the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis eggs in environments used by humans is crucial for the prevention of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). This study was conducted in 192 rural and 71 urban vegetable gardens in AE endemic areas of north-eastern France. Its objective was to explore the relationship between the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis estimated from the collection and molecular analysis of two types of samples: faeces and soil. A total of 1024 carnivore faeces and 463 soil samples were collected and analysed by real-time PCR. No fox droppings and no positive soil samples were collected from the urban gardens. Positive soil samples, positive carnivore faeces, or both, were found in 42%, 24% and 6% of the sampled rural gardens, respectively. No significant association was found between the detection of E. multilocularis in soil samples collected from 50 gardens during a single sampling session and the extent and frequency of deposits of fox and cat faeces collected during repeated sampling sessions conducted in the previous months. In 19/50 gardens, E. multilocularis was detected in the soil while no positive faeces had been collected in the previous 12 months. Conversely, in 8/50 gardens, no soil samples were positive although positive faeces had been collected in the previous months. Collecting and analysing faeces provide information on soil contamination at a given time, while analysing soil samples provides an overview of long-term contamination.Contamination du sol par Echinococcus multilocularis dans des jardins potagers ruraux et urbains en relation avec les dépôts fécaux de renards, de chats et de chiens.Les œufs d’Echinococcus multilocularis sont déposés sur le sol avec les fèces des carnivores hôtes définitifs. Une évaluation fiable de la distribution spatiale des œufs d’E. multilocularis dans les environnements utilisés par l’homme est cruciale pour la prévention de l’échinococcose alvéolaire (EA). La présente étude a été conduite dans 192 jardins potagers ruraux et 71 jardins potagers urbains des zones endémiques d’EA du nord-est de la France. Son objectif était d’explorer la relation entre la distribution spatiale d’E. multilocularis estimée à partir de la collecte et de l’analyse moléculaire de deux types d’échantillons : des fèces et du sol. Au total, 1024 fèces et 463 échantillons de sol ont été collectés et analysés par PCR en temps réel. Aucun excrément de renard et aucun échantillon de sol positif n’a été collecté dans les jardins urbains. Des échantillons de sol positifs, des fèces de carnivores positives ou les deux ont été trouvés dans 42 %, 24 % et 6 % des jardins ruraux échantillonnés. Aucune association significative n’a été trouvée entre la détection d’E. multilocularis dans les échantillons de sol collectés dans 50 potagers lors d’une unique session d’échantillonnage et l’importance et la fréquence des dépôts de fèces de renards et de chats collectées lors d’échantillonnages répétés conduits au cours des mois précédents. Dans 19/50 potagers, E. multilocularis a été détecté dans le sol alors qu’aucun excrément positif n’avait été collectés dans les 12 mois précédents. A l’inverse, dans 8/50 potagers aucun échantillon de sol n’était positif alors que des fèces positives avait été collectées dans les mois précédents. La collecte et l’analyse de fèces renseignent sur la contamination du sol à un instant donné, alors que l’analyse d’échantillons de sol fournissent un aperçu de la contamination à long terme.
Published: 2021

40. Investigation of antiparasitic activity of ten European tree bark extracts on Toxoplasma gondii and bioguided identification of triterpenes in Alnus glutinosa barks

Author: Darme, Pierre, Spalenka, Jérémy, Hubert, Jane, Escotte-Binet, Sandie, Debelle, Laurent, Villena, Isabelle, Sayagh, Charlotte, Borie, Nicolas, Martinez, Agathe, Renault, Jean-Hugues, Bertaux, Benjamin, Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, Laurence, Aubert, Dominique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims - UMR 7312 (ICMR), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), NatExplore, Matrice extracellulaire et dynamique cellulaire - UMR 7369 (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Alnus glutinosa, bark, antiparasitic, toxoplasma gondii, Betulaceae, apicomplexa, triterpene, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [CHIM.THER]Chemical Sciences/Medicinal Chemistry, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics
Abstract: International audience; Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitosis that affects one-third of the population. People at risk, such as immunocompromised patients (AIDS, chemotherapy treatment) or fetuses (maternal-fetal transmission) can develop severe forms of the disease. The antiparasitic activity of extracts of different polarities ( n -heptane, MeOH, MeOH/H 2 O) of ten tree species endemics to temperate regions was investigated against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro . Our results showed that the n -heptane extract of the black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) exhibited a significant antiparasitic activity without any cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations, with an IC 50 of up to 25.08 μg/mL and a selectivity index higher than 3.99. The chemical profiling of this extract revealed triterpenes as major constituents. The ability of commercially available triterpene (betulin, betulinic acid, and betulone) to inhibit the growth of T. gondii was evaluated and showed growth inhibition rates of 44%, 49%, and 99% at 10 μM, respectively.
Published: 2021

41. Taxonomical insights and ecology of sandfly (Diptera, Psychodidae) species in six provinces of Northern Vietnam

Author: Vu Sinh Nam, Tran Hai Son, Tran Vu Phong, Tran Cong Tu, Tran Nhu Duong, Dang Duc Anh, Nguyen Thi Yen, Vu Thi Lieu, Ngo Khanh Phuong, Nguyen Viet Hoang, Hoàng Ngọc Anh, Cassan Cécile, Prudhomme Jorian, Depaquit Jérôme, Rahola Nil, Bañuls Anne-Laure, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Transmission Vectorielle et Épidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires - EA 4688 (VECPAR), SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, Veterinary (miscellaneous), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Leishmaniasis risk, 030308 mycology & parasitology, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, Spatial distribution, Sandfly, Leishmaniasis, 0303 health sciences, Northern Vietnam, Ecology, Sergentomyia, Infectious Diseases, Vietnam, Insect Science, Phlebotomus, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Psychodidae, Research Article
Abstract: We studied sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations in six provinces of Vietnam. This work explores the diversity of sandfly species according to the province, as well as environment, and updated information on public health since leishmaniasis cases were reported in two provinces. Sandflies were collected using 428 CDC light traps from May 30 to October 13, 2016 and identified based on the morphology of the cibarium, pharynx and/or male genitalia or female spermathecae. A total of 2585 sandflies belonging to five genera and 13 identified species were collected. The main species were: the Sergentomyia barraudi group (12.53%), Se. sylvatica (9.63%) and Phlebotomus stantoni (3.95%). In all, 294 Sergentomyia specimens classified as Se. sp2 and Se. sp3 and a heterogeneous group, herein called Se. und_sp., showed unknown morphological characteristics requiring further studies. We provide detailed comments about morphological description and taxonomical identification in order to help standardization of sandfly classification in Southeast Asia. We observed differentiation according to the provinces in terms of density and species richness, with Lang Son having the highest density and Ninh Binh having the highest species richness. The majority of specimens were collected in rock caves and outdoors, suggesting mainly cavernicolous and exophilic characters of sandfly species in Northern Vietnam. However, specimens were also collected in intra- and peri-domiciliary sites. It is worth noting that Ph. stantoni was the main species found in dog sheds and indoors, and in particular in a leishmaniasis patient's house.Aperçu taxonomique et écologie des espèces de phlébotomes (Diptera, Psychodidae) dans six provinces du nord du Vietnam.Nous avons étudié les populations de phlébotomes (Diptera : Psychodidae) dans six provinces du Vietnam. Ce travail explore la diversité des espèces de phlébotomes selon les provinces, les environnements et les informations mises à jour sur la santé publique depuis que des cas de leishmanioses ont été signalés dans deux provinces. Des phlébotomes ont été collectés à l’aide de 428 pièges lumineux CDC du 30 mai au 13 octobre 2016 et identifiés sur la base de la morphologie du cibarium, du pharynx et/ou des organes génitaux des mâles ou des spermathèques des femelles. Au total, 2585 phlébotomes, appartenant à cinq genres et 13 espèces identifiées, ont été collectés. Les principales espèces étaient : le groupe Sergentomyia barraudi (12,53 %), Se. sylvatica (9,63 %) et Phlebotomus stantoni (3,95 %). 294 spécimens de Sergentomyia classés comme Se. sp2 et Se. sp3 et un groupe hétérogène ici appelé Se. und_sp. ont montré des caractéristiques morphologiques inconnues nécessitant des études complémentaires. Nous fournissons des commentaires détaillés sur la description morphologique et l’identification taxonomique afin d’aider à la normalisation de la classification des phlébotomes en Asie du Sud-Est. Nous avons observé une différenciation selon les provinces en termes de densité et de richesse en espèces, avec Lang Son ayant la plus forte densité et Ninh Binh ayant la plus grande richesse en espèces. La majorité des spécimens ont été collectés dans des grottes rocheuses et à l’extérieur, suggérant principalement des caractères cavernicoles et exophiles des espèces de phlébotomes du nord du Vietnam. Cependant, des spécimens ont également été collectés dans des sites intra et péri-domiciliaires. Il convient de noter que Ph. stantoni était la principale espèce trouvée dans les abris pour chiens et à l’intérieur, notamment dans la maison d’un patient atteint de leishmaniose.
Published: 2021

42. Contribution of Foods and Poor Food-Handling Practices to the Burden of Foodborne Infectious Diseases in France

Author: Jean-Christophe Augustin, Pauline Kooh, Thomas Bayeux, Laurent Guillier, Thierry Meyer, Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva, Isabelle Villena, Moez Sanaa, Olivier Cerf, on Behalf of the Anses Working Group on Consumer Information on Foodborne Biological Risks, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques (DER), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Mission Sciences sociales Expertise et Société (MiSSES), Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale (LAPPS), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Health (social science), Food handlers, foodborne disease burden, Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Chemical technology, Health Professions (miscellaneous), Microbiology, Food handling, Article, Food category, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, medicine, lcsh:TP1-1185, foodborne pathogens, Disease burden, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Campylobacter, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Food safety, Biological hazard, 3. Good health, food safety, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, food-handling practices, 13. Climate action, Food preparation, business, Food Science
Abstract: The foodborne disease burden (FBDB) related to 26 major biological hazards in France was attributed to foods and poor food-handling practices at the final food preparation step, in order to develop effective intervention strategies, especially food safety campaigns. Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella accounted for more than 60% of the FBDB. Approximately 30% of the FBDB were attributed to 11 other hazards including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Meats were estimated as the main contributing food category causing (50–69%) (CI90) of the FBDB with (33–44%), (9–21%), (4–20%) (CI90) of the FBDB for poultry, pork and beef, respectively. Dairy products, eggs, raw produce and complex foods caused each approximately (5–20%) (CI90) of the FBDB. When foods are contaminated before the final preparation step, we estimated that inadequate cooking, cross-contamination and inadequate storage contribute for (19–49%), (7–34%) and (9–23%) (CI90) of the FBDB, respectively, (15–33%) (CI90) of the FBDB were attributed to the initial contamination of ready-to-eat foods—without any contribution from final food handlers. The thorough implementation of good hygienic practices (GHPs) at the final food preparation step could potentially reduce the FBDB by (67–85%) (CI90) (mainly with the prevention of cross-contamination and adequate cooking and storage).
Published: 2020

43. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

Author: Costa, Damien, Razakandrainibe, Romy, Valot, Stéphane, Vannier, Margot, Sautour, Marc, Basmaciyan, Louise, Gargala, Gilles, Viller, Venceslas, Lemeteil, Denis, Ballet, Jean-Jacques, Dalle, Frédéric, Favennec, Loïc, Bastien, Patrick, Sterkers, Yvon, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), CHU Dijon, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Cryptosporidium infection, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Microbiology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Common species, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, Young adult, Genotyping, lcsh:QH301-705.5, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, biology, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, cryptosporidiosis, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Diarrhea, Cryptosporidium parvum, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, lcsh:Biology (General), epidemiology, France, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Cryptosporidiosis is currently recognized worldwide as a leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea. In Europe, large water- and foodborne outbreaks have been reported, highlighting the widespread distribution of the parasite and its important health impact. Surveillance networks have been progressively set up and the aim of this study was to present recent epidemiological data obtained in France from 2017 to 2019 by the National Reference Center—Expert Laboratory of cryptosporidiosis (Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert cryptosporidioses CNR-LE). Data were obtained from online reports of volunteer network participants and stools were sent to the CNR-LE for species identification and GP60 genotyping. During this period, data from 750 online reports were available. Cryptosporidiosis occurred predominantly in young children (&lt, 5 years old) and in young adults, especially during late summer. Most patients were immunocompetent (60%), and deaths were reported only in immunocompromised patients. Cryptosporidium parvum was largely predominant (72% of cases) over C. hominis (24%) and some other uncommon species. C. parvum GP60 subtypes IIa and IId were the most represented, which suggests frequent zoonotic transmission. For C. hominis, subtypes IbA10G2 and IaA22R2 were predominant.
Published: 2020
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44. Outbreak of Amazonian Toxoplasmosis: A One Health Investigation in a Remote Amerindian Community

Author: Romain Blaizot, Cécile Nabet, Laure Laghoe, Benjamin Faivre, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Felix Djossou, Emilie Mosnier, Fanny Henaff, Denis Blanchet, Aurélien Mercier, Marie-Laure Dardé, Isabelle Villena, Magalie Demar, Service des maladies infectieuses, Hopital Andree Rosemond, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), and Gestionnaire, HAL Sorbonne Université 5
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, parasitology, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, lcsh:QR1-502, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, Disease Outbreaks, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Infection Microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, One Health, indigenous, Original Research, 2. Zero hunger, biology, outbreak, Transmission (medicine), Public health, Zoonosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Outbreak, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, rainforest (Amazon forest), 3. Good health, French Guiana, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of worldwide importance but its burden in indigenous communities remains unclear. In French Guiana, atypical strains of T. gondii originating from a complex rainforest cycle involving wild felids have been linked to severe infections in humans. These cases of Amazonian toxoplasmosis are sporadic and outbreaks are rarely described. We report on the investigation of an outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in a remote Amerindian village. We discuss the causes and consequences of this emergence.Methods: In May 2017, during the rainy season and following an episode of flooding, four simultaneous cases of acute toxoplasmosis were serologically confirmed in two families living the village. Other non-diagnosed cases were then actively screened by a medical team along with epidemiological investigations. Inhabitants from nine households were tested for T. gondii antibodies and parasite DNA by PCR when appropriate. Samples of water, cat feces and cat rectal swabs, soil, and meat were tested for T. gondii DNA by PCR. Positive PCR samples with sufficient DNA amounts were genotyped using 15 microsatellite markers.Results: Between early May and early July 2017, out of 54 tested inhabitants, 20 cases were serologically confirmed. A fetus infected at gestational week 10 died but other cases were mild. Four patients tested positive for parasite DNA and two identical strains belonging to an atypical genotype could be isolated from unrelated patients. While domestic cats had recently appeared in the vicinity, most families drank water from unsafe sources. Parasite DNA was recovered from one water sample and nine soil samples. Three meat samples tested positive, including wild and industrial meat.Conclusions: The emergence of toxoplasmosis in such a community living in close contact with the Amazon rainforest is probably multifactorial. Sedentary settlements have been built in the last few decades without providing safe water sources, increasing the risk of parasite circulation in cases of dangerous new habits such as cat domestication. Public health actions should be implemented in these communities such as safe water supply, health recommendations, and epidemiological surveillance of acute toxoplasmosis. A “One Health” strategy of research involving medical anthropology, veterinary medicine, and public health needs to be pursued for a better understanding of the transmission routes and the emergence of this zoonosis.
Published: 2020

45. Fluorescent bead-based serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens

Author: Martin Koethe, Benedikt T. Fabian, Isabelle Villena, Gereon Schares, Frank Seeber, Dominique Aubert, Berit Bangoura, Franz Josef Conraths, Fatima Hedar, Pavlo Maksimov, Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Leipzig University, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Serum, Multiplexing, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Direct agglutination test, Bioassay, Multiplex, SAG1, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect, 2. Zero hunger, medicine.diagnostic_test, Primary and secondary antibodies, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MAT, ELISA, Antibody, Toxoplasma, Magnetic-Capture PCR, 030231 tropical medicine, TOXOSOURCES, Toxoplasma gondii, Antigens, Protozoan, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Luminex assay, Biology, Immunofluorescence, Microbiology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Serologic Tests, lcsh:RC109-216, Poultry Diseases, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Research, biology.organism_classification, Virology, IFAT, 030104 developmental biology, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, biology.protein, Parasitology, Chickens, Real-time PCR
Abstract: Background Free-ranging chickens are often infected with Toxoplasma gondii and seroconvert upon infection. This indicates environmental contamination with T. gondii. Methods Here, we established a bead-based multiplex assay (BBMA) using the Luminex technology for the detection of T. gondii infections in chickens. Recombinant biotinylated T. gondii surface antigen 1 (TgSAG1bio) bound to streptavidin-conjugated magnetic Luminex beads served as antigen. Serum antibodies were detected by a fluorophore-coupled secondary antibody. Beads of differing color codes were conjugated with anti-chicken IgY or chicken serum albumin and served for each sample as an internal positive or negative control, respectively. The assay was validated with sera from experimentally and naturally infected chickens. The results were compared to those from reference methods, including other serological tests, PCRs and bioassay in mice. Results In experimentally infected chickens, the vast majority (98.5%, n = 65/66) of birds tested seropositive in the BBMA. This included all chickens positive by magnetic-capture PCR (100%, n = 45/45). Most, but not all inoculated and TgSAG1bio-BBMA-positive chickens were also positive in two previously established TgSAG1-ELISAs (TgSAG1-ELISASL, n = 61/65; or TgSAG1-ELISASH, n = 60/65), or positive in an immunofluorescence assay (IFAT, n = 64/65) and in a modified agglutination test (MAT, n = 61/65). All non-inoculated control animals (n = 28/28, 100%) tested negative. In naturally exposed chickens, the TgSAG1bio-BBMA showed a high sensitivity (98.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 90.7–99.9%) and specificity (100%; 95% CI: 85.0–100%) relative to a reference standard established using ELISA, IFAT and MAT. Almost all naturally exposed chickens that were positive in bioassay or by PCR tested positive in the TgSAG1bio-BBMA (93.5%; 95% CI: 77.1–98.9%), while all bioassay- or PCR-negative chickens remained negative (100%; 95% CI: 85.0–100%). Conclusions The TgSAG1bio-BBMA represents a suitable method for the detection of T. gondii infections in chickens with high sensitivity and specificity, which is comparable or even superior to other tests. Since assays based on this methodology allow for the simultaneous analysis of a single biological sample with respect to multiple analytes, the described assay may represent a component in future multiplex assays for broad serological monitoring of poultry and other farm animals for various pathogens.
Published: 2020

46. Discrimination of Uranotaenia species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar based on morphology and wing morphometric traits

Author: Sébastien Boyer, Antsa Rakotonirina, Friederike Woog, Fano José Randrianambinintsoa, Romain Girod, Michaël Luciano Tantely, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université d'Antananarivo, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, This study was supported by the Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar and the State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart., Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, food.ingredient, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 010607 zoology, Zoology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, MESH: Wings, Animal, MESH: Madagascar, food, morphology, Madagascar, Animals, Wings, Animal, MESH: Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Taxonomy, Fauna of Madagascar, wing morphometry, Wing, Diptera, Uranotaenia neireti, Biodiversity, Ur. alboabdominalis, Culicidae, Taxon, Ur. mayottensis, Animal Science and Zoology, Taxonomy (biology), MESH: Culicidae, Uranotaenia
Abstract: International audience; The genus Uranotaenia (Diptera: Culicidae) has been well documented in Madagascar where it includes 73 species, 89.4% being endemic. However, one problem is that most species are morphologically similar in the adult stage. Here, 713 Uranotaenia specimens collected in the tropical forests of Anorana and Maromizaha between 2008 and 2014 were examined. Using the dichotomous keys for the Uranotaenia fauna of Madagascar published in 2004, three species were identified: Uranotaenia neireti (220), Ur. alboabdominalis (110) and Ur. mayottensis (28). The other specimens (355) were not identifiable and were classified as Uranotaenia sp1. Using wing morphometry, the four taxa were classified into four morphogroups. Within the Uranotaenia sp1 group, specimens from the Anorana forest and those from the Maromizaha forest overlapped. This result suggests that wing morphometric traits could be a good marker to distinguish Uranotaenia species in Madagascar.
Published: 2020

47. Epidemiological investigation for grouped cases of Trichosporon asahii using whole genome and IGS1 sequencing

Author: N. Brieu, B. Sendid, E. Sitterle, Frédéric Gabriel, I. Poilane, D. Moissenet, Christine Aznar, V. Blanc, N. Traversier, M. Sasso, N. Godineau, O. Eloy, Corinne Maufrais, Danièle Maubon, H. Rabérin, C. Lawrence, P. Mariani, P. Cahen, C. Bonnal, B. Bouteille, M. Cornet, F. Moriot, B. Heym, Elisabeth Chachaty, Dominique Toubas, M. Nicolas, Sophie Cassaing, A. Paugam, S. Picot, E. Moalic, Adela Angoulvant, Loïc Favennec, Françoise Dromer, M. Gari‐toussaint, Marc Pihet, Taieb Chouaki, Magalie Pierre Demar, Frédéric Grenouillet, N. Fauchet, L. Collet, Frédéric Dalle, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Céline Nourrisson, Marie Desnos-Ollivier, O. Faure, Françoise Botterel, C. Nabet, N. Bourgeois, E. Bailly, Dorothée Quinio, Alexandre Alanio, O. Mouquet, S. Brun, S. Bland, Julie Bonhomme, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Stéphane Ranque, Philippe Poirier, N. Desbois, Florence Persat, Anne-Pauline Bellanger, H. Piarroux, E. Forget, L. Lachaux, V. Bru, Laurence Millon, A. Minoza, C. Kauffman, L. Hasseine, Martine Wallon, A.L. Roux, D. Poisson, S. Bonacorsi, Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Informatique pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU d'Angers), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Université d'Angers (UA), SFR UA 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le Virus de L'Immunodéficience Humaine (COREVIH)-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-Université des Antilles (UA), Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque, Partenaires INRAE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Thérapeutique Recombinante Expérimentale (TIMC-IMAG-TheREx ), Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications Grenoble - UMR 5525 (TIMC-IMAG), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de parasitologie [Pointe-à-Pitre], CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Sud Saint Pierre [Ile de la Réunion], Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot (CHV), Hôpital Huriez, CHU Limoges, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Institut de parasitologie et mycologie médicale, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Fort-de-France, Martinique], CHU Fort de France-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Hôpital Pierre Zobda-Quitman [CHU de la Martinique], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Matrice extracellulaire et dynamique cellulaire - UMR 7369 (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Hôpital Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU de Saint-Etienne), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Hôpital universitaire Bichat, Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Curie [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Antifungal Agents, Adolescent, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Dermatology, Trichosporon asahii, Biology, Genome, DNA, Ribosomal, 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Trichosporonosis, medicine, Humans, Child, DNA, Fungal, Mycological Typing Techniques, Genotyping, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, Genetics, Voriconazole, Whole genome sequencing, Whole Genome Sequencing, Basidiomycota, Haplotype, Infant, General Medicine, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, France, Genome, Fungal, medicine.drug
Abstract: BACKGROUND Trichosporonosis is a rare invasive infection in humans mainly due to Trichosporon asahii, and especially recovered from patients having haematological malignancy. Since 2012, IGS1 region sequencing is used as a genotyping method to distinguish isolates, with high frequency of one haplotype worldwide and a geographic specificity for some haplotypes. OBJECTIVES We compared the IGS1 genotyping method and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study the relationship between clinical isolates involved in two grouped cases in France. METHODS IGS1 sequencing and antifungal susceptibility testing were performed for 54 clinical isolates. Clinical data for 28 isolates included in surveillance programs were analysed. Whole genome was sequenced for 32 clinical isolates and the type strain. RESULTS All isolates were intrinsically resistant to flucytosine, while voriconazole had the most potent in vitro activity. The majority of the isolates was recovered from patients with haematological malignancies (42.86%), with a high proportion of children (
Published: 2020

48. Two new phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the forest edge in Madagascar: the anthropophilic Phlebotomus artemievi sp. nov. and Sergentomyia maroantsetra ensis sp. nov

Author: Sébastien Boyer, Jérôme Depaquit, Jean-Philippe Martinet, Luciano Michaël Tantely, Christopher D. Golden, Fano José Randrianambinintsoa, Vincent Robert, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Hôpital Maison Blanche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Madagascar Health and Environmental Research [Maroantsetra, Madagascar] (MAHERY), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Field data collection was funded by the Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY) team and the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar.
Subjects: Biotope, Male, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, Phlebotomus artemievi sp. nov, Disease Vectors, Forests, Madaphlebotomus, 030308 mycology & parasitology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Anthropophily, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Natural park, Madagascar, Animals, Disease ecology, Psychodidae, Ecosystem, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, General Veterinary, biology, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Insect Science, Phlebotomus, Ensis, Vector ecology, Phlebotomine sandflies, Parasitology, Female, Morphological and molecular taxonomy, Sergentomyia maroantsetraensis sp. nov
Abstract: International audience; A few data are related to the anthropophily of Malagasy Phlebotomine sandflies. Prior studies focussed mainly to inventories and description of new species. Our goal was to emphasize the anthropophily of Malagasy Phlebotomine sandflies. We worked in the Makira region, using two simultaneous methods: human landing catches (HLC) and CDC light traps. We collected sandflies in three rural communities adjacent to the Makira Natural Park. In each community, three different biotopes were sampled: within community settlements; at the edge of forest, typically in agricultural land; and within the forest. We collected 61 sandflies belonging to two new species presently described: Phlebotomus artemievi sp. nov. and Sergentomyia maroantsetraensis sp. nov. These sandflies were caught exclusively in the forest edge biotope. None were captured within communities or within forests. HLC provided 97% of the collected sandflies, corresponding to a human-biting rate of 15 females per human per night. CDC provided only two females. Ph. artemievi sp. nov. was predominantly captured by HLC and appears to be highly anthropophilic. Here, we update the behavioural ecology of sandflies and describe two new species. Further research is required to understand their vector competence and their ability to transmit arboviruses and other pathogens such as Leishmania.
Published: 2020

49. Antifungal susceptibility testing practices in mycology laboratories in France, 2018

Author: E. Mazars, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Isabelle Accoceberry, Valérie Letscher-Bru, B. Bouteille, O. Augereau, V. Risco-Castillo, Sophie Brun, Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Arnaud Fekkar, Jacques Guillot, E. Bailly, André Paugam, Y. Le Govic, R.-A. Lavergne, Taieb Chouaki, C. Angebault, Emilie Frealle, Damien Costa, Adela Angoulvant, J. Dorin, Florence Persat, P. Bourdeau, Eric Dannaoui, Céline Nourrisson, Julie Bonhomme, S. Larréché, K. Brunet, Françoise Foulet, L. Hasseine, Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Y. Senghor, Stéphane Ranque, A.-M. Camin-Ravenne, Marie Machouart, Juliette Guitard, N. Desbois, F. Bert, Françoise Botterel, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Laurence Lachaud, S. Le Gal, Sophie Cassaing, Milène Sasso, Marc Sautour, Boualem Sendid, A. Fiacre, Antoine Huguenin, C. Bonnal, M. Cornet, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de parasitologie [Mondor], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Hôpital universitaire Bichat, CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans (CHRO), Hôpital Universitaire de Tours, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU d'Angers), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques - Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity (BPF), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), CHU Limoges, Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Pharmacologie des anti-infectieux (PHAR), Université de Poitiers-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier de Bigorre [Tarbes], Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Techniques de l'Ingénierie Médicale et de la Complexité - Informatique, Mathématiques et Applications Grenoble - UMR 5525 (TIMC-IMAG), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Fort-de-France, Martinique], CHU Fort de France-CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France]-Hôpital Pierre Zobda-Quitman [CHU de la Martinique], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Ecologie du parasitisme - EA 3609 (ECOPA), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes (UR)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Begin, Service de Santé des Armées, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), CHU Valenciennes, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Biomatériaux Ostéo-Articulaires (B2OA), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation - U 1286 (INFINITE (Ex-Liric)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Hôpital Henri Mondor, Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), We are very grateful to Dominique Toubas for all the help she provided for the preparation and smooth running of our meeting. We also thank all our colleagues who participate to the meeting and discuss the results of the present survey., Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Research Group Dynamyc , EA 7380, EnvA (DynamYc), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est (UPE), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Centre Hospitalier de Bigorre (Tarbes), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP*, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France, EA3609, Laboratoire ECOPA, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity / Recherche Translationnelle et Innovation en Médecine et Complexité - UMR 5525 (TIMC ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: Antifungal, Quality Control, medicine.medical_specialty, Susceptibility testing, Laboratory Proficiency Testing, Antifungal Agents, medicine.drug_class, Laboratory practice, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mycology, History, 21st Century, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests, Drug Resistance, Fungal, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Medical physics, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Antifungal susceptibility testing, Etest, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, 030306 microbiology, Professional Practice, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Mic values, MIC value interpretation, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, France, Laboratories
Abstract: International audience; A survey of mycology laboratories for antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was undertaken in France in 2018, to better understand the difference in practices between the participating centers and to identify the difficulties they may encounter as well as eventual gaps with published standards and guidelines. The survey captured information from 45 mycology laboratories in France on how they perform AFST (number of strains tested, preferred method, technical and quality aspects, interpretation of the MIC values, reading and interpretation difficulties). Results indicated that 86% of respondents used Etest as AFST method, with a combination of one to seven antifungal agents tested. Most of the participating laboratories used similar technical parameters to perform their AFST method and a large majority used, as recommended, internal and external quality assessments. Almost all the participating mycology laboratories (98%) reported difficulties to interpret the MIC values, especially when no clinical breakpoints are available. The survey highlighted that the current AFST practices in France need homogenization, particularly for MIC reading and interpretation.
Published: 2020

50. Corneal Pharmacokinetics of Voriconazole and Posaconazole following Intrastromal Injection and Posaconazole Eye Drops Instillation in Rats

Author: Gueudry, Julie, Le Goff, Laetitia, Lamoureux, Fabien, Pereira, Tony, Levefre, Sabine, Razakandrainibe, Romy, Costa, Damien, Ballet, Jean, Muraine, Marc, Ballet, Jean Jacques, Favennec, Loïc, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Posaconazole, Antifungal Agents, Antifungal drugs, Corneal Stroma, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Administration, Ophthalmic, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Infectious Keratitis, Cornea, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacokinetics, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Ophthalmology, medicine, Animals, Fungal keratitis, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Voriconazole, Blindness, business.industry, Triazoles, medicine.disease, Sensory Systems, 3. Good health, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Injections, Intraocular, Ophthalmic Solutions, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, medicine.drug, Chromatography, Liquid
Abstract: Purpose/Aims: Infectious keratitis is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Common difficulties in treating fungal keratitis prompt new therapeutic possibilities. In this stud...
Published: 2020

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