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The growing sophistication, frequency and severity of cyberattacks targeting all sectors highlight their inevitability and the impossibility of completely protecting the integrity of critical computer systems. In this context, cyber-resilience offers an attractive alternative to the existing cybersecurity paradigm. We define cyber-resilience as the capacity to withstand, recover from and adapt to the external shocks caused by cyber-risks. This article seeks to provide a broader organizational understanding of cyber-resilience and the tensions associated with its implementation. We apply Weick’s (1995) sensemaking framework to examine four foundational tensions of cyber-resilience: a definitional tension, an environmental tension, an internal tension, and a regulatory tension. We then document how these tensions are embedded in cyber-resilience practices at the preparatory, response and adaptive stages. We rely on qualitative data from a sample of 58 cybersecurity professionals to uncover these tensions and how they reverberate across cyber-resilience practices.

Several empirical studies have shown that women who experience violence in intimate personal relationships (IPV) commonly experience more than one form of violence. While it is recognized that individual trajectories of IPV vary over time, little is known about the temporal dynamics of this co-occurrence or its consequences. This study describes the different forms of violence experienced by women and looks at whether it is possible to predict when severe violence (physical and sexual) is most likely to occur. Data in the study comes from interviews with 70 women who had been victims of intimate partner violence. The life history calendar method was used to facilitate identifying kinds and levels of violence and the month in which violence took place. Individual victimization trajectories were found to be heterogenous and likely to change in the short term. The women in our sample experienced more than one form of intimate partner violence and co-occurrence of different forms of violence was common in individual trajectories. The characteristics of the kind of violence experienced were important in understanding the temporal aspects of acts of severe violence. The increased knowledge about patterns of violence provided by these results should help to develop better ways to intervene to prevent such events.

This study identifid the most prominent risk factors associated with driving after cannabis use (DACU). 1,126 Canadian drivers (17–35 years old) who have used cannabis in the past 12 months completed an online questionnaire about sociodemographic information, substance use habits, cannabis effect expectancies, driving behaviours and peers’ behaviours and attitudes concerning DACU. A hierarchical logistic regression allowed identifying variables that were associated with DACU. Income (CA$30,000–CA$69,000), weekly-to-daily cannabis use, higher level of cannabis-related problems, expectation that cannabis facilitates social interactions, drunk driving, belief that DACU is safe, general risky driving behaviours, having a few friends who had DACU and injunctive norms predicted past 12-month DACU. Older age, holding negative expectations concerning cannabis, driving aggressively and perceived accessibility of public transportation decreased the probability of DACU. With restricted resources, programmes will be more efficient by targeting Canadian young adults most inclined to DACU by focussing on these risk factors.

Research on assisted desistance has not considered the influence of criminal-involvement factors on the receptivity to assistance. Although most crimes committed are motivated by the prospect of gain, current knowledge on desistance from lucrative offending is still rudimentary. The purpose of this study was to examine the assistance in the desistance process of 27 individuals having committed profit-driven crimes. First, based on life story narratives, the acknowledgment of assistance was explored. Then, how and when this assistance arose in participants’ lives was studied. Results demonstrate the value of the assisted desistance framework in understanding desistance. Other findings include the fact that assistance may take many forms and may arise at various phases in the process of desistance.

Objectives We examine how responsive offenders are to illegal monetary incentives. We draw from rational choice theory, prospect theory, and models of labor supply to develop expectations regarding the relationship between criminal efficiency, which is the average earnings per offense, and frequency of offending. Methods We use OLS, fixed effects, and first-difference estimators to analyze data from 152 incarcerated male inmates from Quebec, Canada to study within individual monthly changes in criminal efficiency and offending frequency. Results There is an inverse relationship between criminal efficiency and frequency of offending, net of individual fixed effects, for market crimes, but not property crimes. We also find that the supply of crime is inelastic, meaning it is not highly sensitive to illegal wage changes. Conclusions In the months that offenders have an average bigger pay-off per crime, they offended less frequently. We conjecture that this negative relationship could be explained by two mechanisms: an income effect and/or through reference dependence. However, we are not able to disentangle between the two mechanisms. Moreover, we note that criminal efficiency is likely endogenous and should be treated as such in future scholarship.

La réinsertion sociale est un processus parsemé d’embûches au cours duquel un individu faisant face à la justice peut bénéficier d’interventions lui permettant d’être une personne autonome, intégrée à sa communauté et respectueuse des lois. Puisque l’état actuel des connaissances ne permet généralement pas d’aller au-delà de l’identification des difficultés qui surviennent dans ce processus, cette étude qualitative exploratoire a pour objectif d’examiner en profondeur les défis rencontrés par des hommes en maison de transition dans le cadre de leur processus de réinsertion sociale. L’analyse de contenu des entretiens (n = 16) a permis de distinguer six catégories de défis, soit le retour à la liberté, la situation financière et occupationnelle, le réseau social, le développement personnel, la stigmatisation et l’hébergement en maison de transition. Des particularités chez certains profils (durée de la sentence, délinquance sexuelle) ont été relevées. Les résultats sont discutés en regard des théories du désistement criminel. L’exercice souligne entre autres que certaines conditions légales et la stigmatisation des personnes judiciarisées créent des enjeux de contre-productivité., Reintegration is a difficult process and individuals who have been affected by the justice system can benefit from interventions that help them to be autonomous, law-abiding, and integrated into their communities. Current research, however, seldom goes beyond identifying the difficulties in this process. Our qualitative study was an in-depth exploration of the challenges encountered by ex-convicts who had been provided with lodging in halfway houses as part of their reentry process. Six categories of challenges were identified following a content analysis of the interviews (n=16) : return to society, financial and occupational situation, social network, personal development, stigmatization, and living in halfway houses. Experiences specific to certain profiles (length of sentence, sexual delinquency) are noted. Results are discussed in relation to desistance theories. Among other things, the study highlights the ways in which legal conditions and the stigmatization of offenders can lead to counter-productive outcomes., La reinserción social es un proceso plagado de trampas a través del cual un individuo que enfrenta un proceso judicial puede beneficiar de intervenciones que le permiten ser una persona autónoma, integrada a su comunidad y respetuosa de las leyes. Como generalmente el estado actual del conocimiento no permite ir más allá de la identificación de las dificultades que ocurren en este proceso, este estudio cualitativo exploratorio tiene como objetivo estudiar a profundidad los desafíos encontrados por algunos hombres en los centros de reinserción social, en el marco de sus procesos de reinserción a la sociedad. El análisis de contenido de las entrevistas (n = 16) permitió diferenciar seis categorías de desafíos, ya sean el retorno a la libertad, la situación financiera y ocupacional, la red social, el desarrollo personal, la estigmatización, y el alojamiento en una casa de transición. Particularidades de algunos perfiles (duración de la sentencia, delincuencia sexual) son puestos en relieve. Los resultados son discutidos a la luz de las teorías del desistimiento delictivo. Entre otras cosas, este ejercicio subraya que algunas condiciones legales y la estigmatización de las personas judicializadas crean desafíos contra productivos.

Dealing with use of excessive force by the police has historically been a struggle in the United States. The 1992 protests in Los Angeles following the death of Rodney King are one example of public response to an instance of excessive use of force. More recently, the death of George Floyd led to widespread protests against excessive use of force and the current model of policing in general. The increasing popularity and availability of social media over the past decade have made it a powerful tool for mobilizing citizens and provided a place for protest. This study looks at the negative reactions of social media users to police use of force in the United States based on analysis of two significant instances: the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis and the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha. Using quantitative, forensic linguistics, and advanced topic modelling methodologies, three prominent aspects of policing identified in the literature – excessive use of force, racial bias, and legitimacy – were analysed from 14 days of tweets following each event. Analyses deal with trends in frequency, case similarities, and topic modelling. The results show important differences in negative online reaction to the two events, particularly regarding excessive use of force: those following the Floyd death focused on the technicalities of the intervention, while those responding to the Blake death focused on its aftermath. Analysis of tweets related to racial bias and police legitimacy revealed similar patterns, with users repeating criticisms such as differential treatment according to race and the need for changes in the policing model. The results also suggest that perceptions of excessive use of force and racial bias are deeply intertwined. Implications and issues are discussed., La question de l’usage excessif de la force par la police est un problème de longue date aux États-Unis. En 1992, à Los Angeles, les manifestations qui ont suivi la mort de Rodney King sont un exemple de réaction populaire devant un cas d’usage excessif de la force et, plus récemment, la mort de George Floyd a suscité un peu partout des manifestations contre la brutalité policière et le modèle de maintien de l’ordre en vigueur. Depuis dix ans, la popularité et la disponibilité croissantes des médias sociaux ont fait de ceux-ci de puissants outils de mobilisation citoyenne, ainsi qu’un lieu où manifester. Cette étude porte sur les réactions négatives des utilisateurs et des utilisatrices des médias sociaux devant l’usage de la force aux États-Unis. Elle se fonde sur deux cas révélateurs : la mort de George Floyd à Minneapolis et les coups de feu tirés sur Jacob Blake à Kenosha. Trois revendications contre la police déterminées par la littérature sur le sujet – l’usage excessif de la force, les préjugés raciaux et la légitimité – sont analysées ici au moyen de méthodes quantitatives, de la linguistique forensique et de la modélisation thématique avancée, dans un corpus formé de gazouillis publiés sur Twitter dans les 14 jours suivant chacun des évènements. Les analyses portent sur des tendances observées dans la fréquence, la ressemblance entre les occurrences et la modélisation des thèmes. Les résultats montrent des différences marquées dans la réaction négative en ligne aux deux évènements, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’usage excessif de la force : les réactions à la mort de George Floyd se concentrent sur les détails techniques de l’intervention policière, tandis que celles qui suivent l’arrestation violente de Jacob Blake se concentrent sur ses conséquences. L’analyse des gazouillis associés aux préjugés raciaux et à la légitimité policière révèle des résultats similaires : les utilisatrices et les utilisateurs partagent des critiques comme le traitement différentiel selon la couleur de la peau et la nécessité de revoir le modèle actuel de maintien de l’ordre. Les résultats suggèrent par ailleurs une imbrication étroite de la perception d’un usage excessif de la force et de la perception de préjugés raciaux. Les conséquences et les enjeux de ces résultats sont ensuite examinés.

Young adults that drive after cannabis use (DACU) may not share all the same characteristics. This study aimed to iden-tify typologies of Canadians who engage in DACU. About 910 cannabis users with a driver's license (17–35years old) who have engaged in DACU completed an online question-naire. Two-step cluster analysis identified four subgroups, based on driving-related behaviors, cannabis use and related problems, and psychological distress. Complementary comparative analysis among the identified subgroups was performed as external validation. The identified subgroups were: (1) frequent cannabis users who regularly DACU; (2) individuals with generalized deviance with diverse risky road behaviors and high levels of psychological distress; (3) alco-hol and drug-impaired drivers who were also heavy frequent drinkers; and (4) well-adjusted youths with mild depres-sive-anxious symptoms. Individuals who engaged in DACU were not a homogenous group. When required, prevention and treatment need to be tailored according to the different profiles.

Due to the prevalence of victimization in society, it is likely that many victimologists have been victimized or will be in their lifetimes. This poses a challenge for the field of victimology as traditional, positivist conceptions of ‘good science’ require researchers to be outsiders relative to populations they study. This paper asks: What are the epistemological and practical implications of victimological research conducted by researchers who have firsthand experiences of victimization? What lessons can be retained by other victimologists and researchers in general? How can these epistemological considerations be applied in practice? To answer these questions, I examine the meanings of insider and outsider status and the implications for objectivity and subjectivity as per positivist and standpoint epistemologies. I present the case of victimologists who have been victimized as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this form of insider research. I deconstruct insider–outsider, subjectivity–objectivity dualisms as they pertain to victimologists, concluding that all victimologists can be subjective whether they are technically insiders or not. In closing, I discuss how all victimologists can embrace their own and their participants’ subjectivity as a resource for objectivity by examining location, emotions and bodies, and ethics throughout the research process.

As a sociocriminologist studying women’s prisons, I have contended that leisure needs to be rethought as a component of its environment and therefore as subjected to prisons’ functioning and goals (Marcoux Rouleau, 2020). In the following pages, I build on this to argue that despite its many benefits to incarcerated women and people in general, leisure has a limited capacity to fix that which is cracked and broken by the institution itself. Indeed, poverty, homelessness, victimization, and addiction are pathways to poor health and to criminalization, especially among women (Chesnay, 2016, 2017). Incarceration amplifies and creates issues with health and wellbeing, leading critical scholars to conclude that such problems are constitutive of the institution (Robert and Frigon, 2006). I infer that emphasis on leisure as the penultimate answer to poor health in prison does a disservice to incarcerated individuals, who are held accountable for improving their wellbeing while government responsibility is deflected, and discuss what practitioners, scholars, and advocate can do about this.

9/11 is a paradigmatic event: one cannot evoke and understand the notion of terrorism without having the fall of the Twin Towers in mind. Here is one of the main characteristics of “basic historica...

Dans la dernière année, des thèmes abolitionnistes ont été au cœur de mobilisations comme #BlackLivesMatter, #MoiAussi, et #LibérezLesTous. Cet article s’inspire d’une méthodologie sociolégale et féministe pour proposer une analyse pragmatique et abolitionniste de la Loi sur le système correctionnel du Québec (LSCQ). Je présente deux enjeux reflétant des torts structurels perpétués dans les prisons pour femmes – le travail et les fouilles à nu – et soutiens que ces pratiques instillent des torts corporels quotidiens vu leur cadrage au sein de la LSCQ. Bien que le travail en prison soit présenté comme moyen de réinsertion sociale, vu la LSCQ les femmes reçoivent des salaires inadéquats relatifs au coût de vie en prison, ce qui limite l’accès aux produits menstruels et peut mener à des alternatives dangereuses. Pour ce qui est des fouilles à nu, celles-ci sont présentées comme favorisant la sécurité de l’institution mais sont subies comme agressions sexuelles infligées par l’état. La LSCQ prévoit que ces fouilles puissent être conduites dans une variété de circonstances à la discrétion des agents correctionnels, laissant ainsi place à une application discriminatoire des règlements et exposant les femmes racisées à davantage de violences en détention. Je conclus en présentant des réformes abolitionnistes qui pourront réduire ces torts corporels quotidiens à court terme. J’appelle aussi à une solidarisation avec les personnes incarcérées au sein des mouvements sociaux., In the past year, abolitionist themes have been at the forefront of mobilizations such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #FreeThemAll. This paper relies on socio-legal feminist methodology and proposes a pragmatic abolitionist analysis of correctional law, the Loi sur le système correctionnel du Québec (LSCQ). I emphasize two issues reflective of ongoing structural harms within women’s jails – prison labor and strip searches – and argue that both practices instill everyday bodily harms due to their framing in the LSCQ. Although prison labor is presented as favoring social reinsertion, per the LSCQ incarcerated women receive inadequate wages relative to the cost of living in prison thus limiting their access to menstrual products and potentially leading to dangerous alternatives. As for strip searches, they are presented as means to ensure the safety of the institution yet are experienced as unsafe and as stateinflicted sexual assault. Per the LSCQ, strip searches can be conducted in a range of circumstances leaving much to correctional officers’ discretion, thus allowing for discriminatory rule enforcement and exposing incarcerated women of color to further violence. I conclude by presenting short-term abolitionist reforms which could reduce these everyday bodily harms. I also call for increased solidarity with incarcerated people within social mobilizing and organizing.

This paper is a revised and updated edition of a previous description of the Quebec Newborn Twin Study (QNTS), an ongoing prospective longitudinal follow-up of a birth cohort of twins born between 1995 and 1998 in the greater Montreal area, Québec, Canada. The goal of QNTS is to document individual differences in the cognitive, behavioral, and social-emotional aspects of developmental health across childhood, their early genetic and environmental determinants, as well as their putative role in later social-emotional adjustment, school, health, and occupational outcomes. A total of 662 families of twins were initially assessed when the twins were aged 6 months. These twins and their family were then followed regularly. QNTS now has 16 waves of data collected or planned, including 5 in preschool. Over the last 24 years, a broad range of physiological, cognitive, behavioral, school, and health phenotypes were documented longitudinally through multi-informant and multimethod measurements. QNTS also entails extended and detailed multilevel assessments of proximal (e.g., parenting behaviors, peer relationships) and distal (e.g., family income) features of the child’s environment. QNTS children and a subset of their parents have been genotyped, allowing for the computation of a variety of polygenic scores. This detailed longitudinal information makes QNTS uniquely suited for the study of the role of the early years and gene–environment transactions in development.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Most preschool children in Western industrialized countries attend child care during the day while parents work. Studies suggest that child care may be stressful to young children, perhaps because they still lack the social skills to interact daily in a group setting away from parents. This gap in social abilities may be greater for children in lower-income families, who may face more adversity at home, with fewer resources and more social isolation. METHODS: We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 2013-2014 to test whether a social skills intervention led by early childhood educators within the child care center could reduce diurnal cortisol levels to more typical patterns expected of children this age. We randomized 19 public child care centers (n = 361 children) in low-income neighborhoods of Montreal, Canada, to either: 1) the Minipally program - intervention group (n = 10 centers; 186 children), or 2) waiting list - control group (n = 9 centers; 175 children). Saliva samples for cortisol levels were collected 3 times/day, pre- and post-implementation. The Minipally puppet program consists of 2 workshops/month for 8 months for the development of social skills and self-regulation in 2-5-year-olds, with reinforcement activities between workshops. Educators received 2-days' training and 12 h' supervision in Minipally. RESULTS: Linear mixed models for repeated measures revealed a significant interaction between intervention status and time of day of cortisol sampling (beta = -0.18, p = 0.04). The intervention group showed patterns of decreasing diurnal cortisol secretion (beta = -0.32, p < 0.01), whereas the control group showed increasing slopes (beta = 0.20, p < 0.01). Moreover, family income was a moderator; children in lower-income families benefited most from the intervention. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that a social skills training program, when integrated into a preschool education curriculum, can foster an environment more conducive to typical childhood patterns of cortisol secretion.

Purpose To examine the cross-lagged associations between delinquency (nonviolent and violent), depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescence and to test the moderating effect of sex and family socioeconomic status (SES). Methods Participants (n=1,515) were from a birth cohort in the Canadian province of Quebec. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel analyses were used to examine the associations between delinquency (nonviolent and violent), depression and anxiety symptoms from ages 15 to 17 years, while taking into account conduct and emotional problems at ages 10-12 years. Results Findings suggest that delinquency (violent delinquency especially) and depression symptoms may develop according to a spiraling model, such that conduct problems in childhood give rise to depression symptoms in mid-adolescence, which in turn, contribute to more delinquent acts at the end of adolescence. Family SES, but not sex, had a moderating effect on the paths. We found that anxiety symptoms at age 15 years were associated with nonviolent delinquency at age 17 years when family SES was low, and that violent delinquency at age 15 years was associated with anxiety symptoms at age 17 years when family SES was high. Conclusions Delinquency and emotional problems do not develop independently from each other; both dimensions should be examined simultaneously.

‘Cybercrime’ is an umbrella concept used by criminologists to refer to traditional crimes that are enhanced via the use of networked technologies (i.e. cyber-enabled crimes) and newer forms of crime that would not exist without networked technologies (i.e. cyber-dependent crimes). Cybersecurity is similarly a very broad concept and diverse field of practice. For computer scientists, the term ‘cybersecurity’ typically refers to policies, processes and practices undertaken to protect data, networks and systems from unauthorised access. Cybersecurity is used in subnational, national and transnational contexts to capture an increasingly diverse array of threats. Increasingly, cybercrimes are presented as threats to cybersecurity, which explains why national security institutions are gradually becoming involved in cybercrime control and prevention activities. This paper argues that the fields of cyber-criminology and cybersecurity, which are segregated at the moment, are in much need of greater engagement and cross-fertilisation. We draw on concepts of ‘high’ and ‘low’ policing ( Brodeur, 2010 ) to suggest it would be useful to consider ‘crime’ and ‘security’ on the same continuum. This continuum has cybercrime at one end and cybersecurity at the other, with crime being more the domain of ‘low’ policing while security, as conceptualised in the context of specific cybersecurity projects, falls under the responsibility of ‘high’ policing institutions. This unifying approach helps us to explore the fuzzy relationship between cyber- crime and cyber- security and to call for more fruitful alliances between cybercrime and cybersecurity researchers.

Les violences au sein du couple peuvent s’exercer de différentes manières (physique, sexuelle, psychologique, économique), varier en fréquence, en intensité et évoluer dans le temps. Pour faire face à ces violences, diverses stratégies peuvent être adoptées. La présente étude explore les stratégies de protection adoptées par 75 femmes ayant vécu au moins une forme de violence au sein du couple dans les trois années précédant l’entrevue. Le recueil des données s’est fait durant des entretiens en face-à-face à l’aide de questions fermées et de calendriers d’histoire de vie. L’objectif est de présenter un portrait des stratégies mises en place par les victimes pour minimiser la revictimisation. Lorsque la dynamique des événements n’est pas prise en considération, les résultats montrent une efficacité toute relative des mesures utilisées., Intimate partner violence can take different forms (physical, sexual, verbal psychological and economic). They may change in frequency and intensity over time. Various strategies can be used to deal with such violence. The present study examines the protection strategies adopted by 75 women who experienced at least one form of intimate partner violence within a window period of three years. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews using closed-ended questions and life history calendars. The aim is to present a portrait of the strategies implemented by victims to minimize revictimization. When the dynamics of the events are not taken into consideration, the results suggest a relative effectiveness of the measures used.

The digital world represents a new frontier for law enforcement operations. The virtual nature of online communications creates challenges regarding legal frameworks and sovereignty that are exacerbated by the inherent context of the digital world, the current state of policing expertise and resources and the detection and reporting rates of cybercrimes. This book chapter presents an informed review of the current state of ‘what works’ in policing both offline and online, providing at each step the context needed to understand how new technologies impact police operations. Our conclusion suggests that new models of policing are indeed needed to effectively police the digital world and that cooperation through nodal governance could improve the ability of police agencies to regulate cyberoffenders.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a cybercrime prevention campaign that was run by a Canadian financial institution. More specifically, we examined how participants/clients perceived the financial institution’s initiative to inform them about cybercrimes. The study also explored whether or not the campaign had the desired effect, which was to reinforce the clients’ sense of security. This campaign took place on October 2018 and 1452 adults (831 males and 621 females) participated in the online web survey. The results indicated that the prevention campaign had been positively perceived by most of the respondents (93.2%). However, only a low percentage of individuals (18%) had seen the poster/campaign prior to the completion of the survey while the majority (82%) accessed the prevention campaign’s components during the survey. Further analysis has shown no gender differences in participants’ responses. In general, participants felt that the campaign has increased their sense of security, especially among older individuals (55 years old and over). Most participants have expressed an interest in receiving more information on cybercrime and how to take actions on protecting one’s self. Results suggest that it would be advisable to conduct targeted prevention campaigns in order to reach out to as many people as possible. Discussion also includes practical recommendations based on the results and the review of the literature.

Leisure is commonly understood as contributing to well-being; this is especially appealing when considering multiply marginalized populations such as incarcerated women. However, leisure is not impervious to cooptation by less benevolent social processes. In this conceptual analysis, I argue that incarcerated women's leisure must be rethought as a component of its environment and by extension, as subjected to coercive and normative prison missions. After broadly delineating incarcerated women's leisure, I determine that some characteristics of leisure can be compatible with these prison missions. I then examine individual, organizational, and social benefits and issues with leisure in women's prisons. I link these practices to reduced coerciveness and increased normativity. I conclude by suggesting that ensuring incarcerated people's well-being through leisure is not in itself an end, but a means to achieve prison's coercive and normative ends. I discuss implications for scholars, practitioners, and advocates.

Plusieurs routes mènent au désistement criminel et le parcours emprunté dépend des expériences passées. Peu de travaux se sont penchés sur le lien entre la carrière criminelle et la période qui lui succède, sur la manière dont les événements qui ont caractérisé le mode de vie criminel influencent la décision de se désister, mais surtout de maintenir l’abstinence criminelle. Sur la base de récits de vie narratifs de délinquants impliqués dans une criminalité lucrative (N = 15), cette étude vise à reconstruire avec chaque individu sa trajectoire de vie afin d’étudier le sens et la dynamique derrière le processus d’amorce et de maintien du désistement. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier deux parcours distincts. Ils suggèrent aussi que la considération des expériences subjectives et des événements passés affectant la carrière criminelle donne accès à une compréhension approfondie du désistement et des défis de la réinsertion sociale. Les analyses mettent en évidence l’intérêt de la notion de réussite criminelle dans l’étude du processus de désistement. L’étude favorise la compréhension des moments décisifs dans les carrières criminelles, et les processus qui expliquent la continuité et le désistement des activités criminelles., Many roads lead to criminal desistance and the path taken depends on past experiences. Few studies have examined the link between criminal career and its aftermath, how the events that characterized the criminal lifestyle influence the decision to desist and to maintain this abstinence from crime. Based on the life narratives of individuals involved mainly in lucrative crimes (N = 15), this study aims to reconstruct their life trajectory to study the meaning and dynamics behind the process of stopping and maintaining abstinence from crime. The results identified two distinct paths. They also suggest that subjective experiences and past events affecting the criminal career provides access to a deeper understanding of desistance and challenges of reentry. Findings also highlight the relevance of criminal achievement in the study of the desistance process. It is hoped that the project will foster a better understanding of turning points in criminal careers and the processes that affect continuity and desistance.

According to the criminal career paradigm, the link between past and future criminal activities is important and the desistance process may vary for individuals whose criminal trajectories were punctuated by failure compared to those who achieved a certain level of success. This study, based on the life narratives of 27 individuals who maintained a state of non-offending for more than a year, examines how criminal achievement modulates the desistance process. The aim is to understand whether criminal achievement acts as a barrier or a facilitator in the desistance process. A short questionnaire based on the life-history calendar method was used to classify individuals according to the parameters of their criminal careers. Narrative life stories were then used to look at the obstacles and frustrations encountered during desistance. The results show the relation between criminal achievement and desistance is complex: success in criminal activities is not always hindering desistance.

Various multiple-disciplinary terms and concepts (although most commonly “interdisciplinarity,” which is used herein) are used to frame education, scholarship, research, and interactions within and outside academia. In principle, the premise of interdisciplinarity may appear to have many strengths; yet, the extent to which interdisciplinarity is embraced by the current generation of academics, the benefits and risks for doing so, and the barriers and facilitators to achieving interdisciplinarity, represent inherent challenges. Much has been written on the topic of interdisciplinarity, but to our knowledge there have been few attempts to consider and present diverse perspectives from scholars, artists, and scientists in a cohesive manner. As a team of 57 members from the Canadian College of New Scholars, Artists, and Scientists of the Royal Society of Canada (the College) who self-identify as being engaged or interested in interdisciplinarity, we provide diverse intellectual, cultural, and social perspectives. The goal of this paper is to share our collective wisdom on this topic with the broader community and to stimulate discourse and debate on the merits and challenges associated with interdisciplinarity. Perhaps the clearest message emerging from this exercise is that working across established boundaries of scholarly communities is rewarding, necessary, and is more likely to result in impact. However, there are barriers that limit the ease with which this can occur (e.g., lack of institutional structures and funding to facilitate cross-disciplinary exploration). Occasionally, there can be significant risk associated with doing interdisciplinary work (e.g., lack of adequate measurement or recognition of work by disciplinary peers). Solving many of the world’s complex and pressing problems (e.g., climate change, sustainable agriculture, the burden of chronic disease, and aging populations) demands thinking and working across long-standing, but in some ways restrictive, academic boundaries. Academic institutions and key support structures, especially funding bodies, will play an important role in helping to realize what is readily apparent to all who contributed to this paper—that interdisciplinarity is essential for solving complex problems; it is the new norm. Failure to empower and encourage those doing this research will serve as a great impediment to training, knowledge, and addressing societal issues.

La violence conjugale vécue par une femme est un phénomène dynamique qui évolue à travers le temps. En dépit de ce fait, peu d’études y sont consacrées. On connaît notamment peu les facteurs derrière l’intensité de la violence et ses variations au fil du temps. La présente étude propose de combler ces lacunes en examinant les trajectoires individuelles de femmes qui ont été victimes de violence conjugale. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif est d’analyser l’évolution de la fréquence de la violence physique à travers le temps. L’échantillon se compose de 53 femmes qui ont toutes subi des violences en contexte conjugal à l’intérieur d’une période fenêtre des 36 derniers mois. Les trajectoires individuelles de ces femmes ont été reconstruites en utilisant la méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que la fréquence de ces violences physiques varie grandement d’une victime à l’autre, mais elle varie également au sein même des trajectoires de chacune de ces femmes. Ils montrent également que pour comprendre comment évoluent ces violences, il faut impérativement considérer les caractéristiques de la victime, du conjoint et de leur relation, mais aussi les circonstances de vie qui changent au cours des trajectoires. Un autre résultat important est l’impact du temps qui passe. En effet, on constate que, de manière générale, la fréquence de la violence tend à augmenter au fil des mois. L’étude des trajectoires de violence conjugale constitue assurément un chemin vers une meilleure connaissance du phénomène et une meilleure intervention auprès des victimes., Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a dynamic phenomenon that evolves over time. However, despite our recognition of this situation, few studies have been devoted to the phenomenon. In particular, little is known about the factors behind changes in the intensity of violence or how it varies over time. This study addresses these gaps by focusing on the individual trajectories of women who have been victims of IPV. More specifically, the goal is to analyze how the frequency of physical violence evolves over time. The research is based on retrospective data from 53 women who experienced IPV over a period of 36 months. The individual trajectory of these women was reconstructed using the life history calendar method. Results suggest that the frequency of physical violence not only varies greatly from one victim to another but the trajectory also varies for each woman. They also demonstrate that in order to understand how violence evolves, it is imperative to consider the characteristics of the victim, the spouse, and their relationship, as well as changes in life circumstances. Another result is the effect of time: we found that the frequency of violence tended to increase over the period being studied. Studying the trajectory of women victims of IPV is an important way to better understand the phenomenon as well as to find ways for more effective intervention with victims., La violencia conyugal vivida por una mujer es un fenómeno dinámico que evoluciona a través del tiempo. A pesar de este hecho, pocos estudios se han consagrado. Sobre todo, se conocen poco los factores detrás de la intensidad de la violencia y sus variaciones a lo largo del tiempo. El presente estudio propone llenar estas lagunas, concentrándose en las trayectorias individuales de mujeres que fueron víctimas de violencia conyugal. Más específicamente, el objetivo es analizar la evolución de la frecuencia de la violencia física a través del tiempo. La muestra se compone de 53 mujeres, quienes todas fueron víctimas de violencias en contexto conyugal, dentro de un período de los últimos 36 meses. Las trayectorias individuales de estas mujeres fueron reconstruidas, utilizando el método de los calendarios de la historia de la vida. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que la frecuencia de estas violencias físicas varía mucho de una víctima a la otra, pero varía igualmente en el seno mismo de las trayectorias de cada una de estas mujeres. Igualmente, demuestran que para comprender cómo evolucionan estas violencias, toca imperativamente considerar las características de la víctima, del conyugue y de su relación, pero igualmente las circunstancias de vida que cambian en el curso de las trayectorias. Otro resultado importante es el impacto del tiempo que pasa. En efecto, se constata que, de manera general, la frecuencia de la violencia tiende a aumentar a lo largo de los meses. El estudio de las trayectorias de violencia conyugal constituye, sin ninguna duda, un camino hacia un mejor conocimiento del fenómeno, y hacia una mejor intervención para las víctimas.

Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PD/A) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are characterized by major behavioral dysruptions that may affect patients’ social and marital functioning. The disorders’ impact on interpersonal relationships may also affect the quality of support patients receive from their social network. The main goal of this systematic review is to determine the association between social or marital support and symptom severity among adults with PD/A or OCD. A systematic search of databases was executed and provided 35 eligible articles. Results from OCD studies indicated a negative association between marital adjustment and symptom severity, and a positive association between accommodation from relatives and symptom severity. However, results were inconclusive for negative forms of social support (e.g. criticism, hostility). Results from PD/A studies indicated a negative association between perceived social support and symptom severity. Also, results from studies using an observational measure of marital adjustment indicated a negative association between quality of support from the spouse and PD/A severity. However, results were inconclusive for perceived marital adjustment and symptom severity. In conclusion, this systematic review generally suggests a major role of social and marital support in PD/A and OCD symptomatology. However, given diversity of results and methods used in studies, more are needed to clarify the links between support and symptom severity among patients with PD/A and OCD.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is a serious concern for workers’ mental health and well-being in high risk work sectors. OBJECTIVE: This study examined victims’ and witnesses’ experiences after exposure to workplace violence, and the types of help they used to cope with the violent event.METHODS: Workers (n = 211) from five different work sectors participated in our study. Multiple mediation analysis was used to investigate the indirect effects through psychological and work consequences on victims’ versus witnesses’ differential likelihood of using formal, paraformal and informal helping.RESULTS: Results showed that workplace violence has detrimental effects on both victims and witnesses. Direct victims were more negatively affected psychologically and at work than witnesses. The indirect effect through psychological difficulty after experiencing workplace violence was significant in predicting formal helping. The indirect effect through reduced work functioning in predicting paraformal helping was also significant. No significant indirect effect was found in predicting informal helping.CONCLUSIONS: Both victims and witnesses used multiple types of helping to cope with the violent event. This study has practical implications on management and clinical practices for better organizations of resources in helping victims and witnesses to cope with workplace violence.

Les jeunes à double statut ou sous double autorité (crossover youth) sont des adolescents ayant été victimes de maltraitance et qui sont aussi auteurs d’une infraction criminelle. Une étude a montré que ces jeunes reçoivent généralement des peines plus sévères que les contrevenants n’ayant jamais été en contact avec le système de protection de la jeunesse, ce qui indiquerait la présence d’un préjugé dans la détermination des peines à leur égard. L’objectif de la présente étude est de contribuer à cette seule analyse réalisée sur le sujet en abordant la question de l’effet du double statut du jeune dans la détermination de sa peine, après le contrôle des principales covariables et l’analyse des différences de genre. À l’aide des dossiers officiels d’adolescents québécois ayant plaidé coupables ou ayant été condamnés pour un délit, de 2005 à 2010, un modèle de régression logistique prédisant les peines d’emprisonnement a été établi. Il semblerait que les incidents passés de maltraitance d’un jeune prédiraient l’infliction d’une peine d’emprisonnement dans le cas des jeunes à double statut de sexe masculin, et ce, même en tenant compte de l’âge, de l’origine ethnique, du type et de la gravité de l’infraction. En s’appuyant sur les résultats de cette analyse, des études plus approfondies devraient se pencher sur l’efficacité de ces peines dans la modification du comportement des contrevenants et la sécurité au sein de la famille., Crossover youth are youth who were both victims of maltreatment and have committed a criminal act. One study has suggested that these youth receive harsher sentences than young offenders who have not been involved with the youth protection system, suggesting a bias in juvenile justice sentencing. The objective of the present study was to examine whether an adolescent’s status as a crossover youth is a significant predictor of his or her sentencing outcome, while controlling for important covariates and analyzing sex differences. Official records for Quebec adolescents who pled guilty or were convicted of a crime between 2005 and 2010 were consulted and a logistic regression model of the likelihood of a custodial sentence was developed. Findings revealed that a history of maltreatment predicted the imposition of a custodial sentence for male crossover youth, after age, ethnicity, and the severity and type of offence were controlled for. Given the results of this study, future studies should evaluate the efficacy of sentencing on rehabilitation by considering changes in offending behaviours and any change in safety issues within the family home., El término de jóvenes « híbridos » agrupa los adolescentes que han sido víctimas de maltrato y que son también autores de un delito. Un estudio ha demostrado que dichos jóvenes reciben generalmente penas más severas que los delincuentes que no han estado jamás en contacto con el sistema de protección de menores, lo que indicaría la presencia de un sesgo en la determinación de las penas acordadas a estos por el tribunal de menores. El objetivo del presente estudio es de contribuir al único análisis realizado sobre el tema, abordando la cuestión del estatuto del joven « híbrido » en la predicción de su pena, después del control de las principales covariables y del análisis de las diferencias de género. Luego de haber consultado los expedientes oficiales de adolescentes quebequenses que se han declarado culpables o que han sido condenados por un delito, de 2005 a 2010, un modelo de regresión logística ha sido establecido que predice las penas de prisión. Es posible que los incidentes anteriores de maltrato hacia un joven, predigan la imposición de una pena de prisión, en el caso de los jóvenes « híbridos » de sexo masculino, luego del control de la edad, del origen étnico, del tipo y de la gravedad del delito. Apoyándose sobre los resultados de este análisis, estudios más profundos deberían orientarse sobre la eficacia de dichas penas en la modificación de la conducta de los delincuentes y en la minimización de los problemas de seguridad en el seno de la familia.

En violence conjugale on ne peut négliger l’impact des circonstances immédiates et les caractéristiques individuelles des protagonistes dans la modulation du cours des évènements. Toutefois, peu d’études ont analysé simultanément les effets des circonstances immédiates, des caractéristiques de la victime et de l’agresseur sur la séquence des violences conjugales. L’objectif de cette étude est de mieux comprendre ce qui prédit la revictimisation ainsi que la récidive. Les résultats se fondent sur 52 149 évènements violents commis entre conjoints actuels ou passés enregistrés par les policiers sur le territoire d’une grande ville du Québec, de 2000 à 2009. Nos résultats montrent l’importance du sens de la violence, des expériences de victimisation et des antécédents criminels dans l’explication de la répétition de la violence, tout en nuançant leur effet en fonction de la récidive ou de la revictimisation. Cette étude peut permettre d’orienter les interventions sur plusieurs plans, en améliorant l’efficacité des mesures préventives et en permettant, par exemple, de déterminer des indicateurs facilement observables sur lesquels on peut baser l’intervention afin de mieux répondre au cours des évènements., Both immediate circumstances and the characteristics of protagonists have an effect on domestic violence. However, few studies have undertaken simultaneous analysis of the effects of immediate circumstances and victim and perpetrator characteristics on the sequence of domestic violence. The objective of this study is to better understand how to predict revictimization and recidivism. Results are based on 52,149 violent incidents involving current or former intimate partners that were recorded by police officers for a large city in the province of Quebec between 2000 and 2009. Our results show the importance of how the violence developed, victimization experiences, and criminal background in explaining recidivism in domestic violence. This study may help guide intervention at several levels and improve the effectiveness of preventive measures by making it possible, for example, to identify easily observable indicators that should lead to intervention in order to make a difference in the course of events., Cuando se trata de violencia conyugal, no puede haber negligencia, ni del impacto de las circunstancias inmediatas, ni de las características individuales de los protagonistas en la modulación del curso de los acontecimientos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han analizado simultáneamente los efectos de las circunstancias inmediatas, de las características de la víctima y del agresor sobre la secuencia de las agresiones conyugales. El objetivo del presente estudio es de lograr una mejor comprensión de aquéllo que predice la revictimización, así como de la reincidencia. Los resultados se basan sobre 52149 eventos violentos cometidos entre conyugues, actuales o anteriores, registrados por los policías en el territorio de una gran ciudad de la provincia de Quebec, entre 2000 y 2009. Nuestros resultados demuestran la importancia del sentido de la violencia, de las experiencias de victimización y de los antecedentes penales en la explicación de la persistancia de la violencia, matizando siempre sus efectos, en función de la reincidencia o de la revictimización. El presente estudio permite orientar las intervenciones a diferentes niveles, mejorando la eficacidad de las medidas preventivas y permitiendo, por ejemplo, identificar los indicadores fácilmente observables, en los cuales se puede basar la intervención, con el fin de lograr una diferencia en el curso de los acontecimientos.

What do policing leaders think and know of forensic science? Beyond crime scene investigators or detectives, how do police senior managers perceive the role, utility and limitations of forensic science? Very few empirical studies have addressed the issue. Forensic scientsts should be concerned about the perception that law enforcement senior managers have of their discipline for two reasons. First, strategic and financial decision-makers are obviously key players in the overall administration and provision of forensic science, either as a supervisor, money provider or as a customer. Second, literature has highlighted that other actors involved in forensic science underestimate the scope and possibilities offered by forensic science, hence limiting its exploitation and potential. Following interviews with 18 police senior managers from Quebec (Canada), this study shows that they generally restrict forensic science to a reactive discipline whose role and utility is to identify offenders and support the Court. This understanding of forensic science, like that of many others including a significant share of forensic scientists, differs from the perception of other police activities in modern law enforcement agencies where proactive action is sought. Considering these findings and the growing body of literature which calls for forensic science to connect more tightly with policing and security, we advocate a more extensive education of police leaders regarding the scope of forensic science.

Dans l’Enquête sociale générale de 2014, on estime qu’environ 34 % des femmes victimes de violence conjugale auraient été « agressées sexuellement, battues, étranglées ou menacées avec une arme à feu ou un couteau » (Statistique Canada, 2016). Malgré l’urgence de la problématique, peu de recherches à ce jour ont étudié la dynamique de la gravité de la violence conjugale à travers le temps. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’examiner les variations mensuelles de la gravité de la violence conjugale afin de déterminer les facteurs qui permettraient de prédire les violences physiques et sexuelles. Les données rétrospectives utilisées dans ce projet ont été récoltées, grâce à la méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie, auprès de 70 femmes victimes de violence conjugale. Cette étude est novatrice puisqu’elle utilise une approche multidimensionnelle et une méthode avant-gardiste, celle des calendriers d’histoire de vie, pour appréhender la question de la violence conjugale. La mise en place de stratégies d’intervention efficaces dépend de l’amélioration de nos connaissances sur le sujet et de la mise en évidence des facteurs de vulnérabilité et de protections, et nous croyons que cette étude peut contribuer au développement de ces connaissances., Revue verte.

Dans les travaux sur les carrières criminelles le lien entre les activités criminelles passées et futures est assez soutenu. Il est alors possible de présumer de ce constat que le désistement ne s’actualiserait pas de la même façon pour les individus ayant eu des trajectoires parsemées de succès versus ceux ayant vécu de multiples échecs. Or, peu de travaux se sont penchés sur le lien entre la carrière criminelle et la période qui lui succède, comment les événements et circonstances qui ont caractérisé le mode de vie criminelle influencent la décision de se désister, mais surtout le processus de maintien de l’abstinence criminelle. Cet article propose d’examiner l’association potentielle entre la réussite criminelle et le processus de désistement, ainsi que son maintien. L’examen de cette problématique sur la carrière criminelle de 27 délinquants s’étant désisté du crime. Deux stratégies sont utilisées dans ce projet. La première s’inspire de la méthode des calendriers de vie, elle vise à colliger les détails entourant la carrière criminelle. La deuxième se fonde sur des entretiens semi-dirigés et vise à recueillir, les récits de vie des participants. Ces récits servent à documenter le processus de désistement. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’intérêt de considérer les paramètres de la carrière criminelle dans la compréhension du processus désistement, que le niveau de réussite dans le crime a une incidence sur la forme du désistement. Cette étude favorise la compréhension des processus qui expliquent la continuité et le désistement, elle pourrait donc servir à orienter le développement de programme visant la réinsertion sociale., Future criminal activities are often dependent on past criminal activities, as shown by researches on criminal career. Following this train of thought, previous successes or failures might shape the desistance process. However, literature on the relation between parameters of the criminal career and the desistance process is at most sparse. Little is known about how specific events can modulate the decision to reduce or stop criminal activities and to maintain the desistance from crime. This work will focus on criminal success, desistance and the upkeep of desistance. The goal is to investigate criminal success such as criminal earning and impunity to investigate its impact of the desistance process. To be selected in the sample, the participants needed to have participated actively in lucrative crime for period of more than 2 years and have ended their criminal career for more than a year. 27 participants were selected. To collect the data, two strategies were used. A life history calendar methodology was used to map out the criminal and legitimate careers of all participants. Interviews were also done to let the participants ‘’tell their story’’ as that methodology enables the researcher to grasp the impact of the events on the participant’s life trajectory. The parameters of the criminal career might be of interest in the study of desistance, since the results show that the desistance process differs with the success level. This work helps in our understanding of the desistance process and the impact of success on the process. It could also be useful when it comes to the development of programs for social reintegration., Revue verte.

Introduction In the last decades, cortisol has been extensively studied in association to early exposure to adversity as well as in the etiology of a number of physical and mental problems. While saliva and blood samples allow the measurement of acute changes in cortisol secretion, hair samples are thought to provide a valid retrospective measure of chronic cortisol secretion over an extended period of time. Nevertheless, the existing protocol for hair collection involves considerable financial and logistical challenges when performed in large epidemiological studies. Objective This study aimed to validate an adapted collection protocol asking participants to sample their hair at home and to send it back to our laboratory by regular mail. Methods Participants were 34 teenagers between 17 and 18 years of age. They participated in two hair collections: (a) at home, with the help of someone they know, and (b) in our laboratory, with a trained research assistant. Results We noted a strong correlation between cortisol ascertained from hair collected at home and at the laboratory. No mean difference in cortisol levels could be detected between the two protocols. Moreover, we showed that a wide range of hair-related, sociodemographic, lifestyle factors that may be associated with hair cortisol levels did not affect the association between cortisol measures derived from each protocol. Conclusion Our study provides initial support that reliable measures of chronic cortisol secretion could be obtained by asking adolescents to collect a sample of their hair at home and send them to the laboratory by regular mail. This adapted protocol has considerable financial and logistical advantages in large epidemiological studies.

Social support is one of the three strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the present study, we aimed to assess the buffering power of overt socially supportive and unsupportive behaviors from the significant other, in a group with PTSD and a comparison group. Design and methods: A total of 46 individuals with PTSD and 42 individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or panic disorder (PD) completed diagnostic interviews and an anxiety-oriented social interaction with a significant other. Heart rate of participants was continuously measured during this interaction and overt social behaviors from the significant other were recorded on videotape and coded using a validated system. Results: Changes in heart rate in PTSD participants correlated negatively with changes in overt socially supportive behaviors from their significant other (r from −.36 to −.50, p .05). No such statistically significant association emerged in the group with OCD or PD (r from .01 to −.27, p > .05). Conclusions: This study sustain the buffering power of overt supportive behaviors from the significant other on heart rate changes in PTSD.

Purpose To identify compensatory/protective factors in pre-adolescence and in mid-adolescence against late adolescence violent delinquency in a sample of kindergarten males from low socioeconomic environments. The selected factors concerned modifiable elements of their family (parental supervision), school (school engagement), and personal life (perceived legitimacy of legal authorities). Methods Participants were from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study, a prospective longitudinal study of 1037 kindergarten boys from disadvantaged neighborhoods. We used latent profile analysis to identify at-risk and non-at-risk behavioral profiles in kindergarten and regression analyses to test the putative compensatory/protective factors against late adolescence violent delinquency. Results We identified three at-risk behavioral profiles in kindergarten (i.e., Low, Moderate, and High aggressive–disruptive). Perceived legitimacy of legal authorities, parental supervision and school engagement were identified as compensatory and/or protective factors in pre-adolescence and mid-adolescence against violent delinquency in late adolescence. The relative influence and the specific role of these factors depended, however, on the developmental period examined (pre-adolescence vs. mid-adolescence). Conclusions Interventions for high risk kindergarten children that aim to foster positive social bonds with the community (including legal authorities), family and school probably need to start early in elementary school and continue until late adolescence to prevent violent delinquency during adolescence.

Introduction By and large, studies have reported moderate contributions of genetic factors to cortisol secreted in the early morning and even smaller estimates later in the day. In contrast, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) has shown much stronger heritability estimates, which prompted the hypothesis that the etiology of cortisol secretion may vary according to the time of day. A direct test of this possibility has, however, not yet been performed. Objective To describe the specific and common etiology of the CAR, awakening level and cortisol change from morning to evening in an age-homogenous sample of twin adolescents. Methods A total of 592 participants of the Quebec Newborn Twin Study, a population-based 1995–1998 cohort of families with twins in Canada, have collected saliva at awakening, 30 min later, at the end of afternoon and in the evening over four collection days. Results Multivariate Cholesky models showed both specific and common sources of variance between the CAR, awakening and cortisol diurnal change. The CAR had the strongest heritability estimates, which, for the most part, did not overlap with the other indicators. Conversely, similar magnitudes of genetic and environmental contributions were detected at awakening and for diurnal change, which partially overlapped. Conclusion Our study unraveled differences between the latent etiologies of the CAR and the rest of the diurnal cycle, which may contribute to identify regulatory genes and environments and detangle how these indicators each relate to physical and mental health.

Few offenders maintain a linear or constant path in their criminal activities; instead, zigzag paths characterize most criminal careers. The present study seeks to understand the dynamics of such intermittent cycles and examines the effect of direct experience with the justice system and offender success in criminal ventures on the likelihood that offenders will interrupt and then restart their illegal activities. Using the method of life history calendars, the study is based on detailed criminal career data from 172 offenders involved in lucrative forms of crime. Results show the relevance and complementarity of sanctions and dimensions of criminal achievement in understanding an offending path. The research design highlights the importance of considering the timing of circumstances in understanding zigzag paths.

Peritraumatic dissociation and distress are strong predictors of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) development. However, there is limited data concerning gender differences in these relations, particularly among victims of violent crimes (VVC). The objective of this study is to examine whether peritraumatic dissociation and distress predict the number of ASD symptoms differently for men and women VVC. In all, 162 adults (97 women, M age = 39.6 years), 63% of whom experienced physical assaults, completed the Acute Stress Disorder Interview, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Questionnaire, and the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. Analyses included t tests and multiple hierarchical regressions models controlling for known PTSD risk factors. The regression model showed dissociation and distress to be significant predictors of ASD for both men and women (β = .349 and β =.312 respectively; all p < .001). A significant three-way interaction was also observed between peritraumatic distress (PDI), past potentially traumatic experiences, and gender. In simple slopes analyses, the combination of high levels of PDI and of a high number of past potentially traumatic events were associated with greater risk of ASD in men only ( b = 3.78, p < .001). However, women experienced greater PDI, t(157) = 5.844, p = .005, than men, and elevated distress was associated with more ASD symptoms independently of past traumatic events. Gender differences were revealed as a function of past potentially traumatic experiences. There is a cumulative impact of past potential traumas and current distress that predicts ASD in men, while in women, it contributes to ASD via increased distress.

Cet article examine la couverture et le traitement du criminel dans la revue Criminologie. Pour observer la représentation du criminel et son étude à travers le temps, des articles empiriques publiés entre 1968 et 2016 qui répondent à certains critères ont été retenus : ils devaient avoir pour objet d’étude principal le criminel et s’appuyer sur une méthodologie détaillée, rigoureuse et ayant un devis reproductible. Ainsi, 24 articles ont été retenus. Dans ceux-ci, la définition du criminel repose sur un présupposé opératoire. Alors que la manière d’identifier le criminel varie très peu et qu’elle se fait le plus souvent sur la base des antécédents criminels officiels, la nomination du criminel varie en fonction de diverses caractéristiques. L’étude du criminel, elle, se centre surtout autour des conduites ou des carrières criminelles, comme en témoigne la majorité des études qui en font leur question d’étude. Les devis sont variés, mais il y a une forte majorité de devis quantitatifs, et bien que les devis longitudinaux doivent être favorisés dans l’étude des carrières criminelles, ils se font rares. Les données autorapportées sont davantage employées dans l’étude du criminel que les données officielles, ce qui souligne la limite de celles-ci dans l’étude de cette thématique. Des pistes de recherche sur l’étude du criminel sont proposées dans la conclusion., This article examines the coverage and approach of articles dealing with the criminal based on empirical research published between 1968 and 2016 that met certain criteria: criminals had to be the main object of the study, the methodology had to be detailed and rigorous, and the research design had to be reproducible. Twenty-four articles were selected. In these, who counts as a criminal rests on certain presuppositions. While the way in which a criminal is identified varies very little and is usually based on official criminal records, deciding whether someone should be considered a criminal varies according to certain characteristics. Research on criminals focuses largely on specific criminal conduct or criminal careers. Research designs in the articles selected vary, but a large majority are quantitative and although longitudinal designs are to be encouraged in studying criminal careers, they are rare. Self-reported data are more often used than official data, highlighting the limitations of official data for study of this topic. Possible directions for research on criminals are suggested in the conclusion., Este artículo examina el cubrimiento y el tratamiento del criminal en la revista Criminologie. Para observar la representación del criminal y su estudio a través del tiempo, los artículos empíricos publicados entre 1968 y 2016 que respondían a ciertos criterios fueron retenidos: Debían tener como objeto de estudio principal al criminal y apoyarse en una metodología detallada, rigurosa y teniendo un objetivo reproductible. Veinticuatro artículos fueron retenidos. En estos, la definición del criminal recae en un prejuicio operacional. Mientras que la manera de identificar al criminal varía muy poco, y que se hace lo más frecuentemente sobre la base de los antecedentes criminales oficiales, la nominación del criminal varía en función de diversas características. Este estudio del criminal se centra sobre todo alrededor de las conductas o de las carreras criminales, como lo demuestra la mayoría de los estudios realizados. Los proyectos son variados pero existe una gran mayoría de proyectos cuantitativos y, a pesar de que los estudios longitudinales deberían ser privilegiados en el estudio de las carreras criminales, estos son poco frecuentes. Los datos autoreportados son, en mayor medida, empleados en el estudio del criminal que los datos oficiales, lo que subraya el límite de estos estudios de esta temática. Algunas pistas de investigación sobre el estudio del criminal son sugeridas en la conclusión.

Bien que des photographies d’expressions émotionnelles faciales soient couramment utilisées pour étudier le traitement des informations affectives, les ensembles de stimuli actuels comportent différentes limites méthodologiques. Dans la perspective d’améliorer la validité écologique des travaux sur la reconnaissance émotionnelle faciale (REF), l’étude propose un nouvel ensemble de stimuli dynamiques constitué de personnages virtuels exprimant les six émotions fondamentales à différentes intensités. La validation préliminaire des stimuli a été effectuée en les comparant aux stimuli du POFA. Dans l’étude 1, le contenu émotionnel de 84 avatars statiques et de 48 photographies du POFA a été évalué par 150 étudiants. Dans l’étude 2, la REF a été évaluée chez 134 étudiants à l’aide d’avatars dynamiques. L’habileté à reconnaître les émotions est similaire à celle rapportée dans la littérature scientifique ainsi qu’au POFA. Les résultats permettent de conclure que les avatars constituent un ensemble valide de stimuli pour étudier la REF, offrant une contribution significative dans le domaine de la recherche émotionnelle. L’usage d’avatars étant de plus en plus courant à des fins d’intervention et de recherche, les stimuli ouvrent aussi la voie à diverses applications, entre autres pour l’étude des comportements violents. D’autres travaux devront être réalisés afin de poursuivre leur validation., Even though pictures of facial expressions are increasingly being used in research on how emotional information is processed, the existing sets of images have several methodological weaknesses. In order to increase the validity of studies on facial affect recognition (FAR), we created a new set of dynamic stimuli that uses virtual characters to display the six basic emotions at different levels of intensity. Preliminary validation was obtained by comparing the new images with the empirically validated Pictures of Facial Affect. In study 1, the emotional content of 84 avatars and 48 pictures from POFA was evaluated by 150 undergraduate students. In study 2, a sample of 134 undergraduate students evaluated FAR based on animated characters. The ability to identify facial expressions of emotions was similar to that reported in previous studies and for POFA. The results show that the avatars provide valid stimuli for studying FAR and are a significant contribution to the field of research on emotions. Avatars are being increasingly used in both treatment and research and these new stimuli can be used in various ways, for instance, to study violent behavior. Other work should be undertaken to ensure their validity., Si bien las fotografías de expresiones emocionales faciales son utilizadas corrientemente con el fin de estudiar el procesamiento de informaciones afectivas, el conjunto de estímulos actuales conlleva diferentes límites metodológicos. Con la perspectiva de mejorar la validez ecológica de los trabajos sobre el reconocimiento emocional facial (REF), el presente estudio propone un nuevo grupo de estímulos dinámicos constituido de personajes virtuales que expresan las seis emociones fundamentales en diferentes intensidades. La validación preliminar de los estímulos ha sido efectuada comparándolos a los estímulos de POFA. En el estudio 1, el contenido emocional de 84 avatares estadísticos y 48 fotografías de POFA ha sido evaluado por 150 estudiantes. En el estudio 2, la REF ha sido evaluada en 134 estudiantes con la ayuda de avatares dinámicos. La habilidad para reconocer emociones es similar a aquélla aportada en la literatura como en la POFA. Los resultados permiten de concluir que los avatares constituyen un conjunto válido de estímulos para estudiar la REF, ofreciendo una contribución significativa en el campo de la investigación emocional. Siendo el uso de avatares cada vez más frecuente a los fines de intervención y de investigación, los estímulos abren también la vía a diversas aplicaciones, entre otras, para el estudio de comportamientos violentos. Otros trabajos deberán ser realizados con el fin de proceder a su validación.

Characterization of cognitive and behavioral complaints is explored in Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) samples according to the severity of PTSD, depression and general anxiety conditions. Self-reported questionnaires on cognitive and behavioral changes are administered to PTSD, MTBI, MTBI/PTSD and control groups. Confounding variables are controlled. All groups report more complaints since the traumatic event. PTSD and MTBI/PTSD groups report more anxiety symptoms, depression and complaints compared to the MTBI group. Relatives of the PTSD group confirm most of the behavioral changes reported. Results suggest the utility of self-reported questionnaires to personalize cognitive and behavioral interventions in PTSD and MTBI to cope with the impacts of the traumatic event.

Contradictory evidence exists regarding the role of peritraumatic distress (PDI) and dissociation (PD) in the development of PTSD. Victims of certain trauma types may be more susceptible to these peritraumatic reactions. Few studies have assessed gender differences in these associations, particularly among victims of violent crimes. This prospective study evaluated the main and interactive effects of peritraumatic reactions with gender on PTSD onset, independently of known risk factors. Methods. 111 adult victims of violent crime (68 women, Mage = 41.23) completed the Structured Clinical Interview, the Modified PTSD symptom Scale, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Questionnaire, and the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. Hierarchical regressions and chi-square tests were conducted for continuous and categorical measures of PTSD. Results. Extremely elevated scores of PD and PDI were obtained for both sexes. Greater PDI and PD were related to more PTSD symptoms (b =0. 380, p =. 001; b =0. 217, p =. 025, respectively). No significant interaction effects with gender emerged. These results remained when acute stress disorder was controlled for. Analyses on categorical data produced similar results. Conclusion. Victims of violent crimes recall severe peritraumatic reactions. The more severe these are, the more likely they are to develop significant PTSD symptomatology in the months that follow.

Many youths who are victimized by peers suffer from depression symptoms. However, not all bullying victims show depression symptoms and individuals’ biological sensitivity may play an important moderating role in this regard. In line with this notion, peer victimization has been associated with increased depressive symptoms in youth with higher basal cortisol secretion. It is unclear, however, whether this moderating effect of cortisol really concerns the environmental effect of peer victimization on depression. Indeed, genetic factors can also influence individuals’ environmental experiences, including peer victimization, and part of these genetic factors may be those associated with depression. Using a genetically informed design based on 159 monozygotic and 120 dizygotic twin pairs (52% girls) assessed at age 14 years, this study examined whether cortisol secretion moderates the environmental or the genetic association between peer victimization and depression symptoms. Salivary cortisol at awakening was obtained with buccal swabs during four school week days. Peer victimization and depression were assessed via self-reports. Cholesky modeling revealed that peer victimization was associated with depression symptoms via both genetic and environmental pathways. Moreover, the environmental association between peer victimization and depression symptoms steadily increased with increasing levels of morning cortisol. The genetic association between peer victimization and depression symptoms also varied, albeit less, as a function of individuals’ cortisol secretion. These findings support the hypothesis that peer victimization increases internalizing psychopathology mainly in youth with heightened biological reactivity to environmental conditions.

BackgroundThis study investigated the potential environmental effects of peer victimization and the quality of relationships with parents and friends on diurnal cortisol secretion in mid-adolescence.MethodThis study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin-difference design to control for genetic effects and thus estimate the unique environmental influences on diurnal cortisol. Participants were 136 MZ twin pairs (74 female pairs) for whom cortisol was assessed four times per day over four collection days grouped in a 2-week period in grade 8 (mean age = 14.07 years). Participants also provided self-reports of peer victimization from grade 4 to grade 8 and of the relationship quality with the mother, father and best friend in grade 8.ResultsThe expected pattern of diurnal cortisol secretion was observed, with high levels at awakening followed by an increase 30 min later and a progressive decrease subsequently. Controlling for a host of confounders, only within-twin pair differences in peer victimization and a problematic relationship with the mother were significantly linked to twin differences in diurnal cortisol secretion. Specifically, whereas a more problematic mother–child relationship was associated with morning cortisol secretion, peer victimization was linked to cortisol secretion later in the day (diurnal slope).ConclusionsControlling for genetic influences and other confounders, stressful relationships with peers and the mother exert unique and time-specific environmental influences on the pattern of diurnal cortisol secretion in mid-adolescence.

Objectif. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la validité de construit de la version française de l’échelle Perception Of Prevalence of Aggression Scale (POPAS), un questionnaire auto-rapporté mesurant l’exposition à la violence au travail commise par la clientèle du milieu de la santé et des services sociaux. Méthode. Un échantillon de 310 intervenants en protection de la jeunesse est utilisé afin de confirmer la structure interne à quatre facteurs de l’instrument. À défaut de confirmer cette structure, un modèle d’équation structurelle exploratoire est utilisé. Les facteurs retenus sont soumis aux tests d’alpha de Cronbach qui permettent d’évaluer leur cohérence interne. Ils sont corrélés avec la version française du Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) et du nombre de jours d’absence du travail causé par la violence afin d’évaluer la validité convergente. Il sont également corrélées avec le Felt Accountability (FA) afin d’évaluer la validité divergente. Des analyses de comparaison en fonction du lieu de travail permettent d’explorer la validité de critère. Résultats. L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire ne confirme pas la structure à quatre facteurs du POPAS. L’équation structurelle exploratoire valide une structure à trois facteurs : « violence verbale », « violence physique » et « violence envers soi-même ». Les deux premiers possèdent une bonne cohérence interne. Les corrélations positives entre ces deux facteurs et le PCLS, ainsi qu’entre ces deux facteurs et le nombre de jours d’absence appuient la validité convergente du POPAS. Toutefois, l’absence de corrélation significative entre le dernier facteur et le PCLS, et entre ce facteur et le nombre de jour d’absence n’appuient pas cette convergence. L’absence de corrélation des facteurs avec le FA appuie la validité divergente du POPAS. Les différences observées selon les environnements de travail attestent aussi de la validité de critère. Discussion. La validité de construit de la version française canadienne du POPAS suggère que l’outil permet d’évaluer la fréquence subjective de différentes formes de violence au travail vécues par les intervenants en protection de la jeunesse. Il offre ainsi une alternative aux données officielles (c.-à-d. déclaration d’incidents à l’employeur) qui reflètent peu la réalité de ces travailleurs compte tenu de la sous-déclaration des incidents de violence dans ce milieu., The objective of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the French Canadian version of the Perception Of Prevalence of Aggression Scale (POPAS), a selfreport questionnaire measuring exposure to workplace violence committed by clients in the health and social services sector. Method. A sample of 310 youth protection workers is utilized to confirm the four-factor internal structure of the instrument. If this structure is not confirmed, an exploratory structural equation model is used. The selected factors undergo Cronbach alpha tests that assess their internal consistency. They are correlated with the French version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) and the number of absentee days caused by violence in order to measure convergent validity. There are also correlated with the Felt Accountability (FA) scale to assess divergent validity. Comparison analyses according to work environments assess criterion validity. Results. The confirmatory factor analysis does not corroborate the four-factor structure of the POPAS. The exploratory structural equation model validates a three-factor structure: ‘‘verbal violence’’, ‘‘physical violence’’ and ‘‘violence against oneself’’. The first two possess good internal consistency. The positive correlations between these two factors and the PCLS, as well as between these two factors and the number of absentee days, support the convergent validity of POPAS. However, the absence of a significant correlation between the last factor and the PCLS, as well as between this factor and the number of absentee days, does not support convergence. The lack of correlation between the factors and the FA supports the divergent validity of the POPAS. The differences observed as they relate to work environments also attest to criterion validity. Discussion. The construct validity of the French Canadian version of the POPAS suggests that this instrument allows for an evaluation of the subjective frequency of different forms of workplace violence experienced by youth protection workers. It therefore represents an alternative to the use of official data (i.e. incident reports made to the employer), which poorly reflect the reality of these workers given the underreporting of violent incidents in this sector.

Introduction The use of peer support programmes to help workers experiencing potentially traumatic events (PTE) has increased in high-risk organisations in the last decades. However, the scientific evidence of its effectiveness is still very limited. This paper aims to describe the protocol of a prospective cohort study that assesses the efficacy of a peer support programme among youth social services employees exposed to a PTE at work on psychological well-being, work functioning and needs of support. Methods and analysis This is a mixed-methods prospective study that will examine workers9 evolution four times over a 12-month period in Canada. This study involves: (1) quantitative data obtained through self-administrated questionnaires among 222 workers, and (2) qualitative in-depth interviews with a subsample of 45 workers. This study will compare findings from a cohort who received the support of a peer following a PTE (peer support–experimental protocol) as part of the experimental protocol of the Montreal Youth Social Services-University Institute (MYSS-UI), the second group of workers did not ask for the peer support (no peer support-experimental protocol) but was part of MYSS-UI, and the third group received standard organisational support from the Monteregie Youth Social Services (MYSS) (standard organisational protocol). Ethics and dissemination The protocol and informed consent form complied with the ethics guidelines of the MYSS-UI. The Research Ethics Board of MYSS-UI and MYSS reviewed and accepted the protocol as required. The results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at research and general public conferences, disseminated via a public report for the institute that funded the project and for all workers. Results of this study will influence decision making regarding intervention policies following PTE and peer support interventions may be expanded throughout the youth social services in Canada and worldwide.

Recent models propose deoxyribonucleic acid methylation of key neuro-regulatory genes as a molecular mechanism underlying the increased risk of mental disorder associated with early life adversity (ELA). The goal of this study was to examine the association of ELA with oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation among young adults. Drawing from a 21-year longitudinal cohort, we compared adulthood OXTR methylation frequency of 46 adults (23 males and 23 females) selected for high or low ELA exposure based on childhood socioeconomic status and exposure to physical and sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence. Associations between OXTR methylation and teacher-rated childhood trajectories of anxiousness were also assessed. ELA exposure was associated with one significant CpG site in the first intron among females, but not among males. Similarly, childhood trajectories of anxiousness were related to one significant CpG site within the promoter region among females, but not among males. This study suggests that females might be more sensitive to the impact of ELA on OXTR methylation than males., Gouin, J.-P., Zhou, Q. Q., Booij, L., Boivin, M., Côté, S. M., Hébert, M., Ouellet-Morin, I., Szyf, M., Tremblay, R. E., Turecki, G. & Vitaro, F. (2017) Associations among oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) DNA methylation in adulthood, exposure to early life adversity, and childhood trajectories of anxiousness. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-14 (7446).