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Performance parameters of Spanish Football League players for the 2022-2023 season. 10 matches before the start of the World Cup and 10 matches afterwards.

Traditionally, coaches have relied on explicit instruction to enhance motor learning and performance during exercise. However, analogy learning has emerged as an effective alternative for improving motor learning and performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of analogy (ANA) and explicit (EXP) instructions on performance and muscle activity during a weightlifting task. Twenty novice participants were randomly and counterbalanced instructed through ANA, EXP or control instruction prior to a weightlifting task (i.e., both isometric and dynamic lifting tasks). The experiment spanned three days, encompassing familiarization (day 1), control and experimental condition 1 (day 2), and experimental condition 2 (day 3). Muscle activity, force production, and declared knowledge were assessed using a within-participants comparative design. Participants exhibited significant changes in lower limb electromyography after instruction, regardless of the type (p < 0.05). Additionally, the rate of force development (RFD) in the first 200 ms was notably lower in the EXP group (p < 0.05), while the control instruction showed higher force production than EXP and ANA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that when seeking maximum force production, no instruction may be the best option, except for rapid force production, in which analogy is not lower than control instruction. Nonetheless, the instruction can produce a reorganization in motor control, favoring a greater participation of the lower limbs.

One of the most important implications of technology in swimming is to control training loads. Lactate control, video-analysis of the technique or the assessment of specific actions, i.e., the vertical jump, have helped to provide load adaptation indicators in swimmers in recent decades. However, these indicators have led to a longer application time, due to their indirect procedure and the need to analyze each variable. The aim of this study was to analyze whether inspiratory spirometry values can serve as a training load control tool in swimmers. Countermovement jump (CMJ), Inspiratory Force Index (S-INDEX) and Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF) were evaluated with a load of 3 cm H2O before, during and after performing a swimming performance test (critical speed test: specific warming up, 400 m and 100 m freestyle). Positive correlations were found between S-INDEX and jump height after warm-up, after 400 m and at the end of 100 m (Spearman = 0.470, R 2 = 0.280; Spearman = 0.508, R2 = 0.392; Spearman = 0.458, R2 = 0.359, p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, positive correlations were also found between PIF and jump height at the same evaluated moments (Spearman = 0.461, R2 = 0.305; Spearman = 0.493, R2 = 0.386; Spearman = 0.454, R2 = 0.374, p < 0.05). Both the S-INDEX and the PIF could serve as useful tools for swimmer load control, allowing coaches to make more immediate decisions

El sueño es un proceso fisiológico que desempeña un papel fundamental en la función cerebral sistémica de los diferentes sistemas corporales. La literatura científica asocia un sueño eficiente y de calidad a un óptimo desarrollo cognitivo, físico y socioemocional durante los primeros años de vida. Son muchos los preescolares que tienen problemas de sueño por un estilo de vida cada vez más digitalizado, con inactividad física que no cumple las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad diaria y dada la influencia del sueño en otras poblaciones, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar si una intervención de actividad física influye en la calidad y duración de sueño en preescolares. Se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos controlados aleatorizados en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PsycINFO, Cinahl y SPORTdiscus dando lugar finalmente a un resultado de 3 estudios incluidos y con una muestra total de 1959 sujetos. Los estudios analizados no mostraron influencia de una intervención de actividad física en la duración del sueño, pero sí en la calidad del sueño. La falta de evidencia en este tipo de poblaciones no hace posible sacar una conclusión clara, por lo tanto, parece imprescindible generar una línea de investigación para conocer de forma clara qué tipo de intervención basada en actividad física puede influir positivamente sobre la cantidad y calidad del sueño en preescolares., Sleep is a physiological process that plays a fundamental role in systemic physiological brain function in many bodily systems. The scientific literature associates efficient and high-quality sleep with optimal cognitive, physical, and socioemotional development during the early years of life. Many preschoolers have sleep problems due to an increasingly digitized lifestyle with inadequate physical activity that does not meet the minimum daily activity recommendations. Given the influence of physical activity on sleep in other populations, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine whether a physical activity intervention influences the quality and duration of sleep in preschoolers. A search for randomized controlled trials was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, PsycINFO, Cinahl, and SPORTdiscus databases using established inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in a final outcome of 3 included studies. The analyzed studies did not show an influence of physical activity intervention on sleep duration but did on sleep quality. The lack of evidence in this population makes it impossible to draw a clear conclusion; therefore, it is essential to generate a research line to clearly understand what type of physical activity-based intervention can positively influence the quantity and quality of sleep in preschoolers.

This study aims to fill a knowledge gap by investigating electromyographic disparities in anterior and posterior muscle activation and coactivation ratios among non-professional men and women during side-cuttings. A cohort of 162 non-professional athletes participated in directional change maneuvers. Electromyographic assessments focused on coactivation ratios during the initial 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms of contraction, analyzing thigh muscle activations and exploring sex-based differences. Findings revealed higher quadriceps than hamstring muscle activation during directional changes, emphasizing the pivotal role of timing and coactivation ratios. Although the coactivation ratio, indicative of protective muscle control, approached 1 in all directional changes, 40% of subjects exhibited ratios below 0.8, suggesting an elevated injury risk. During open side-cutting at 30°, no significant sex differences were observed in anterior and posterior thigh muscle activation. However, in explosive ratios, women outperformed men, potentially attributable to uncontrolled motor unit recruitment. In open side-cutting at 45° and closed side-cutting at 45°, women displayed significantly higher H/Q ratios, indicating a nuanced sex-specific response. The study underscores the importance of an innovative coactivation ratio approach, revealing its early association with injury risk. Although anterior thigh muscle activation generally exceeded posterior, women exhibited poorer coactivation, potentially heightening knee injury risks during directional changes. This research contributes valuable insights into neuromuscular responses among non-professional athletes, particularly within the context of sex-specific differences.

This research examines Bruce Lee’s martial arts philosophy, with a particular focus on his unique approach to jeet kune do, to address the scientific rigour gap in the analysis of his martial arts methodology. The study adopts a case study research strategy and employs content analysis using MaxQDA v.11 software. A selection of Lee’s official literature, prioritising unchanged writings and those reflecting his direct thought, forms the research sample. The key findings highlight Lee’s development of five ways of attacking, demonstrating an intricate knowledge of timing, distance, and rhythm. His emphasis on adaptability in combat emphasises the dynamic interplay between offensive and defensive manoeuvres. Lee’s preference for parrying over blocking, his focus on evasion, and strategic concepts such as seven stars and three fronts emphasise the importance of protecting vital body areas. In summary, Bruce Lee’s martial arts philosophy is characterised by adaptability, strategic decision-making, and efficient technique execution. His approach, constantly evolving and rejecting preconceived combat outcomes, is underpinned by principles of simplicity, economy, fluidity, and spontaneity. This comprehensive system integrates both offensive and defensive strategies, reflecting his commitment to refining the martial arts into a practical and responsive discipline, Esta investigación examina la filosofía de las artes marciales de Bruce Lee, con un enfoque particular en su método único de jeet kune do, para abordar el vacío de rigor científico en el análisis de su metodología marcial. El estudio adopta una estrategia de estudio de caso y emplea el análisis de contenido utilizando el software MaxQDA v.11. Una selección de la literatura oficial de Lee, priorizando escritos inalterados y aquellos que reflejan su pensamiento directo, conforman la muestra de investigación. Los hallazgos principales destacan el desarrollo por parte de Lee de las cinco vías de ataque, demostrando un complejo conocimiento del tiempo, la distancia y el ritmo. Su énfasis en la adaptabilidad en combate resalta la interacción dinámica entre maniobras ofensivas y defensivas. La preferencia de Lee por la parada sobre el bloqueo, su enfoque en la esquiva y conceptos estratégicos como las siete estrellas y los tres frentes subrayan la importancia de proteger las áreas vitales del cuerpo. En resumen, la filosofía de las artes marciales de Bruce Lee se caracteriza por la adaptabilidad, la toma de decisiones estratégicas y la ejecución técnica eficiente. Su enfoque, en constante evolución y rechazando resultados de combate preconcebidos, se sustenta en principios de simplicidad, economía, fluidez y espontaneidad. Este complejo sistema integra estrategias ofensivas y defensivas, reflejando su compromiso con el refinamiento de las artes marciales en una disciplina práctica y reactiva., Esta pesquisa examina a filosofia das artes marciais de Bruce Lee, com um foco particular no seu método único de jeet kune do, para abordar a lacuna de rigor científico na análise da sua metodologia marcial. O estudo adota uma estratégia de estudo de caso e utiliza a análise de conteúdo com o software MaxQDA v.11. Uma seleção da literatura oficial de Lee, priorizando escritos inalterados e aqueles que refletem o seu pensamento direto, compõem a amostra da pesquisa. Os principais achados destacam o desenvolvimento por Lee das cinco vias de ataque, demonstrando um conhecimento complexo do tempo, da distância e do ritmo. A sua ênfase na adaptabilidade em combate destaca a interação dinâmica entre manobras ofensivas e defensivas. A preferência de Lee pela interceptação em vez do bloqueio, o seu foco na esquiva e nos conceitos estratégicos como as sete estrelas e as três frontes sublinham a importância de proteger as áreas vitais do corpo. Em resumo, a filosofia das artes marciais de Bruce Lee é caracterizada pela sua adaptabilidade, tomada de decisões estratégicas e execução técnica eficiente. O seu enfoque, constantemente evoluindo e rejeitando resultados de combate preconcebidos, baseia se em princípios de simplicidade, economia, fluidez e espontaneidade. Este sistema complexo integra estratégias ofensivas e defensivas, refletindo o seu compromisso com o aperfeiçoamento das artes marciais numa disciplina prática e reativa.

Intrapreneurship is growing in importance at a professional and scientific level. In this sense, in the sports field there are gaps related to the precursors or facilitators (eg, gender, sport, etc.) of the generation of intrapreneurial intentions in sports organizations. The objective of this study is to analyze some precursors of intrapreneurial intention in workers of sports organizations according to gender, the sport to which their organization is dedicated and the job satisfaction of employees. A total of 296 sports employees from sports organizations participated in the study. The Intrapreneurial Intentions Scale was used as a measurement instrument to assess intrapreneurial intentions, while the Overall Job Satisfaction was used to assess job satisfaction. The questionnaires were administered through Google Forms. The results indicated that gender and the sport did not influence the intention of intrapreneurship, while job satisfaction directly and significantly influenced the intentions of intrapreneurship. This study provides valuable information for managers of sports organizations, since some guidelines are exposed that will allow them to promote intrapreneurship among their human capital., El intraemprendimiento está creciendo en importancia a nivel profesional y científico. En este sentido, en el ámbito deportivo existen vacíos vinculados con los precursores o facilitadores (ej.: sexo, modalidad deportiva, etc.) de la generación de intenciones intraemprendedoras en organizaciones deportivas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar algunos precursores de la intención intraemprendedora en trabajadores de organizaciones deportivas en función del sexo, la modalidaddeportiva a la que se dedica su organización y la satisfacción laboral de los empleados. En el estudio participaron 296 empleados de organizaciones deportivas. Se utilizó como instrumento de medida la Escala de Intenciones Intraemprendedoras para la evaluación de las intenciones de intraemprender, mientras que para valorar la satisfacción laboral se utilizó el Overall Job Satisfaction. Los cuestionarios se administraron a través de Google Forms. Los resultados indicaron que el sexo y la modalidad deportiva no influían en la intención de intraemprender, mientras que la satisfacción laboral influía directa y significativamente sobre las intenciones de intraemprender. Este estudio aporta información valiosa para los gestores y gerentes de organizaciones deportivas, ya que se exponen algunas directrices que les permitirán fomentar el intraemprendimiento entre su capital humano

Lockdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic forced fitness centers to quickly adapt their entire offering to an online format. The subsequent health situation facilitated the maintenance of the online offer and has been a paradigm shift for sports centers. Success in the nowadays situation requires a proper understanding of what factors influence e-service quality and how these factors behave in relation to consumer satisfaction, attitudes toward online fitness services, and behavioral intentions. This research was conducted in April 2020, with 745 participants (492 women, 253 men) completing the Carlson and O'Cass e-service quality evaluation battery. The results showed that e-service quality during the lockdowns predicted attitudes toward the digital platforms and behavioral intentions, and e-service quality predicted attitudes and behavioral intentions. However, attitudes did not predict behavioral intentions; the possible influence of subjective norms and low perceived control in this particular situation is discussed. When offering services on digital platforms, fitness service managers must take into account the importance of the quality of the e-fitness service, but also the social context in which it is offered. Psychosocial functioning in times of crisis influences users' perceived control and their future intention to use online services.

Background: Currently, the fusion of technology and sports is inevitable. The integration of various systems and devices has brought about significant transformations in established sports practices, impacting not only the rules but also physiological, biomechanical, and even psychological aspects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of an attention intervention through a video game on young soccer players. Methods: Twelve young male soccer players (age: mean 8.5, SD 1 years) were divided into 2 groups: a control group (CG; n=10) and an experimental group (EG; n=10). During the 6-week training program, the EG received attention training through a video game twice a week for 15 minutes per session. Pre- and postintervention measurements included a specific decision-making soccer test and interviews with coaching staff. Additionally, success in the video game, muscular activity, and sweat levels were monitored. Results: The EG demonstrated a significant improvement in video game success following the intervention program, as indicated by the achieved level (P<.001). However, no significant differences were found between groups regarding electromyographic (EMG) activity (P=.21) and sweating (P=.20). Prior to implementing the attention training program, both groups exhibited similar data for variables related to decision-making and execution mechanisms (≤10%). Only 2 decision-making variables exceeded 10% but remained below 15% (Shot_D=13.35%; Marking_with_Ball_D=−12.64%). Furthermore, changes in attacking action variables were more pronounced in execution-related variables, except for dribbling and fixing. Conversely, in defensive action variables, changes were greater in decision-related variables, except for marking with the ball and marking without the ball. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that incorporating a specific attentional video game into a soccer training program enhances decision-making compared to a program without the video ga

This study aimed to compare the risk of knee injury between men and women by integrating kinetic and kinematic parameters in a non- professional athlete population. Two hundred non-professional athletes were re- cruited for the present study. Three change of direction tests were conducted, consisting of two open cuts at 30 (SC 30 ) and 45 degrees (SC 45 ) and one closed cut at 45 degrees (SC 45cl ). Kinetic variables, including three-dimensional force and accelerations in the three axes of movement and ground contact time, were assessed using force platform and accelerometers. The initial and maximum an- gles of the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk were analyzed by photogrammetry. The data was compared between males and females to examine gender differenc- es. Gender analysis demonstrated significant differences in force values, with women displaying higher medial-lateral (ML) force in SC 30 and men exhibiting higher vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and anterior-posterior (AP) force in SC 45 . Gender-specific analysis indicated higher partial knee accelerations in women during SC30 and SC45 , with significant differences observed in accelera- tion in the vertical axe. Gender differences were observed in certain kinematic variables, with women displaying higher ankle flexion at initial contact in SC 30 and higher ankle flexion at maximum flexion and ankle dorsiflexion range in SC45 . Men showed lower knee flexion angles in both SC 45cl and SC 45 . These find- ings provide valuable insights into the kinetics and kinematics of change of direction movements and highlight gender-specific differences that may have implications for training and injury prevention strategies. Further research is needed to understand the underlying factors contributing to these differences and their impact on performance and injury risk, El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el riesgo de lesión de rodilla entre hombres y mujeres mediante la integración de parámetros cinéticos y cinemáticos en una población de atletas no profesionales. Doscientos atletas no profesionales fueron reclutados para el presente estudio. Se realizaron tres prue- bas de cambio de dirección, consistentes en dos cortes abiertos a 30 (SC30 ) y 45 grados (SC45 ), y un corte cerrado a 45 grados (SC45cl ). Se evaluaron las variables cinéticas, incluida la fuerza tridimensional, así como las aceleraciones en los tres ejes de movimiento y el tiempo de contacto con el suelo mediante plataforma de fuerza y acelerometría. Se analizaron los ángulos iniciales y máximos del tobillo, la rodilla, la cadera y el tronco a través de fotogrametría. Se realizó una compa- ración de los datos entre hombres y mujeres para examinar las diferencias de género. El análisis de género demostró diferencias significativas en los valores de fuerza, mostrando las mujeres una mayor fuerza medial-lateral (ML) en SC30 , y los hombres una mayor fuerza de reacción vertical al suelo (VGRF) y fuerza an- teroposterior (AP) en SC45 . Los análisis específicos de género indicaron mayores aceleraciones parciales de rodilla en las mujeres durante SC30 y SC45 , observándo- se diferencias significativas en la aceleración en el eje vertical. Se observaron dife- rencias de género en determinadas variables cinemáticas, mostrando las mujeres mayor flexión del tobillo en el contacto inicial en SC30 y mayor flexión del tobillo en flexión máxima y rango de dorsiflexión del tobillo en SC45 . Los hombres mos- traron ángulos de flexión de rodilla más bajos tanto en SC45cl como en SC45 . Estos resultados proporcionan información valiosa sobre la cinética y la cinemática de los movimientos de cambio de dirección y ponen de relieve las diferencias especí- ficas de género que pueden tener implicaciones para las estrategias de entrena- miento y prevención de lesiones. Se necesita más

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el nivel de actividad física, el perfil del estado de ánimo, el control neuromuscular y la manifestación de la fuerza en atletas adolescentes no profesionales. Una muestra de 24 voluntarios sanos participó en elestudio. Cada sujeto cumplimentó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y el cuestionario Perfil de Estados de Ánimo(POMS). Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación utilizando un protocolo de carga incremental para determinar el máximo de unarepetición en el ejercicio de press de banca. Después de cada serie, se evaluó la fuerza en función de la carga total, la velocidad de propulsión media y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo. Además, se aplicó la prueba de golpeteo con los dedos (FTT) como medida de control motor, y se realizó una segunda evaluación de la fuerza utilizando un dinamómetro manual. Los resultados mostraronuna diferencia significativa en las fases de golpeteo del FTT al principio y al final del protocolo. Se encontraron datossignificativos en el conjunto máximo respecto a la relación entre la carga total, la velocidad media de propulsión y la fuerza de prensión de la mano. Estos resultados apoyan el uso del FTT y del dinamómetro manual como medidas para controlar las fases del entrenamiento de fuerza en términos de carga aplicada y tiempo de recuperación, The aim of this study was to analyze the level of physical activity, mood profile, neuromuscular control, and strength manifestation in non-professional adolescent athletes. A sample of 24 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each subject com-pleted the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Subsequently,an evaluation was conducted using an incremental load protocol to determine the one-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise. After each set, strength was assessed based on total load, mean propulsive velocity, and subjective perception of effort. In addition, the Finger Tapping Test (FTT) was implemented as a measure of motor control, and a second strength assessmentwas performed using a manual dynamometer. The results showed a significant difference in the tapping phases of the FTT at the beginning and end of the protocol. Significant data were found in the maximum set regarding the relationship between total load, mean propulsive velocity, and handgrip strength. These results support the use of the FTT and manual dynamometer as measures to control the phases of strength training in terms of applied load and recovery time

Dos de las variables psicológicas importantes a conocer e intervenir en la preparación del deportista son, la disposición subjetiva para rendir en la actividad y la asimilación psicofisiológica de las cargas de entrenamiento. Los objetivos fueron elaborar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad y valorar la relación existente entre esas dos variables. El estudio se realiza en los macrociclos I y II para los juegos centroamericanos San Salvador, con 42 deportistas de la preselección nacional de Atletismo de Cuba. Se consultaron a expertos, se utilizó el Flicker para valorar la frecuencia crítica de fusión ocular y se empleó el Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 para el análisis cuantitativo de las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario y la relación entre las variables: Alfa de Cronbach, rotación Promax y el Pearson. Los resultados mostraron que el cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad cumplió con las exigencias teóricas y de la actividad. La validación mostró Alfa de Cronbach .686 y se muestran 3 factores con solución factorial satisfactoria. La mayor parte de los ítems del cuestionario de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad no establecen una relación significativa lineal con los valores promedio de la frecuencia crítica de fusión antes, después y la diferencia. Se aporta un instrumento de disposición psíquica hacia la actividad y se concluye que la disposición psíquica general para rendir no influye en la asimilación de las cargas en el sistema nervioso central., Two important psychological variables to understand and intervene in athlete preparation are subjective disposition to perform in the activity and the psychophysiological assimilation of training loads. The objectives were to develop and analyze the psychometric properties of the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire and assess the relationship between these two variables. The study was conducted during macrocycles I and II for the Central American Games in San Salvador, involving 42 athletes from the national pre-selection of Athletics in Cuba. Experts were consulted, the Flicker was used to assess critical flicker fusion frequency and Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 was employed for the quantitative analysis of the questionnaire psychometric properties and the relationship between variables: Cronbach’s Alpha, Promax rotation, and Pearson correlation. The results showed that the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire met theoretical and activity-related requirements. Validation showed a Cronbach’s Alpha .686, and three factors with satisfactory factorial solution were identified. Most items of the psychophysical disposition towards activity questionnaire did not establish a significant linear relationship with average critical fusion frequency values before, after, and the difference. A subjective disposition instrument is provided, and it is concluded that the overall subjective disposition to perform does not influence the impact of loads on the nervous system., Duas das variáveis psicológicas importantes a conhecer e intervir na preparação do atleta são a vontade subjetiva de desempenho na atividade e a assimilação psicofisiológica das cargas de treino. Os objetivos foram desenvolver e analisar as propriedades psicométricas do questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade e avaliar a relação entre essas duas variáveis. O estudo é realizado nos macrociclos I e II dos Jogos Centro-Americanos de San Salvador, com 42 atletas da pré-seleção do Atletismo Nacional Cubano. Foram consultados especialistas, utilizou-se o Flicker para avaliar a frequência crítica de fusão ocular e o Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 para a análise quantitativa das propriedades psicométricas do questionário e a relação entre as variáveis: alfa de Cronbach, rotação Promax e o Pearson. Os resultados mostraram que o questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade atendeu às demandas teóricas e da atividade. A validação apresentou Alfa de Cronbach 0,686 e são apresentados 3 fatores com solução fatorial satisfatória. A maioria dos itens do questionário de disposição psicológica para a atividade não estabelece uma relação linear significativa com os valores médios da frequência crítica de fusão antes, depois e a diferença. É fornecido um instrumento de disposição psíquica para a atividade e conclui-se que a disposição psíquica geral para realizar não influencia a assimilação das cargas no sistema nervoso central.

Currently, the fusion of technology and sport is inseparable. The integration of various systems and devices has brought about significant transformations in established sports practices, impacting not only the rules but also physiological, biomechanical, and even psychological aspects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of attention intervention through a video game on young soccer players. Twelve young male soccer players were divided into two groups: control and experimental. During the six-week training program, the experimental group received attention training through a video game twice a week for 15 minutes per session. Preand post-intervention measurements included a specific decision-making football test and interviews with coaching staff. Additionally, success in the video game, muscular activity, and sweat levels were monitored. The experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in video game success following the intervention program, as indicated by the achieved level (p=0.00). However, no significant differences were found between groups regarding EMG activity and sweating (p>0.05). Prior to implementing the attention training program, both groups exhibited similar data in variables related to decision-making and execution mechanisms (%≤ 10%). Only two decision-making variables exceeded 10%, but remained below 15% (Shot_D = 13.35; Marking_with_Ball_D = -12.64). Furthermore, changes in attacking action variables were more pronounced in execution-related variables, except for Dribbling and Fixing. Conversely, in defensive action variables, changes were greater in decision-related variables, except for Marking with the ball and Marking without the ball. The findings reveal that incorporating a specific attentional video game into the football training program enhances decision-making compared to a program without it. Therefore, it is advisable for practitioners to consider using this tool due to its high efficiency in terms of e

El sector del fitness en España está experimentando un crecimiento constante y se encuentra en auge, apoyándo se en la digitalización y los medios sociales como base para sustentar su continua progresión. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia de los medios sociales (redes sociales y web) en los centros Fitness de España durante el año 2022, con el propósito de comprender de qué ma nera las empresas del sector aprovechan las plataformas digitales para interactuar y comprometer a sus clientes. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 168 cadenas/centros que cumplían las características previas de selección. Se exami nó la presencia web, la adopción de redes sociales y el nivel de engagement alcanzado por las empresas del fitness en dicho país. Los resultados revelan que las empresas del fit ness continúan utilizando activamente las plataformas di gitales con el fin de promover sus servicios y establecer una comunicación directa con su audiencia. En conclusión, este estudio demuestra que el uso de la web y las redes sociales continúa siendo crucial en la industria del fitness. Este estu dio permitirá a los profesionales del fitness a comprender cómo las empresas aprovechan las plataformas digitales para alcanzar y comprometer a su audiencia en un entorno en constante cambio., The fitness industry in Spain is experiencing steady growth and is on the rise, relying on digitalization and social media as a basis for its continuous progression. The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of social media (web and social networks) in fitness centers in Spain during 2022, in order to understand how companies in the sector take advantage of digital platforms to interact and engage with their clients. The sample consisted of 168 chains/ centers that met the previous selection criteria. Web presence, adoption of social networks, and the level of engagement achieved by fitness companies in the country were examined. The results reveal that fitness companies continue to actively use digital platforms to promote their services and establish direct communication with their audience. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the use of the web and social networks continues to be crucial in the fitness industry. This study will enable fitness professionals to understand how companies leverage digital platforms to reach and engage their audience in an ever-changing environment

The Global Consensus Statement on judo-based interventions for older adults addresses the potential of judo techniques, particularly ukemi (safe falling techniques), in minimising the risk and impact of falls among the elderly. Falls represent a significant health challenge for the ageing population, contributing to injuries and high healthcare costs. The statement outlines best practice and recommendations for implementing judo-based fall prevention programmes globally. These programmes leverage judo's multi-faceted approach, incorporating strength, balance, co-ordination, and safe landing skills to reduce the severity of falls and minimise the fear of falling. Research indicates that older adults can learn and retain these motor skills, enhancing their ability to fall safely and reduce injury risks. The consensus also highlights the importance of collaboration between judo federations, healthcare providers and community organisations to scale these interventions effectively. By promoting judo-based exercise programmes, the consensus aims to improve physical, psychological and social wellbeing among older adults, ultimately enhancing their independence and quality of life.

El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la adicción a las redes sociales y el nivel de práctica de AF de los adolescentes considerando el papel del género, la edad y el IMC. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 103 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de entre 14 y 17 años. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico (que sirvió para dividir la muestra por sexo -hombres y mujeres- y por edad -14, 15, 16 y 17 años), la Escala para medir la adicción de los estudiantes a las redes sociales, adaptada por Cabero-Almenara et al. (2020) a partir del instrumento original de Sahin (2018) y para el Cuestionario Global de Actividad Física (GPAQ) diseñado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014), siguiendo las recomendaciones los escolares fueron clasificados en activos y sedentarios. El IMC de los escolares se obtuvo de forma autodeclarada (Baile & González-Calderón, 2014) y posteriormente se clasificaron los escolares según los indicadores de referencia recogidos en las tablas de la fundación Orbegozo (Sobradillo et al., 2004). Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las niñas tienen una mayor necesidad de estar conectadas que los niños. Aunque en un grado moderado, los escolares obesos son los que más problemas tienen por su adicción a las redes sociales. El problema de la adicción a las redes sociales es más significativo entre los escolares de mayor edad, y los más jóvenes muestran menos satisfacción por estar conectados. El nivel de actividad física determina que los chicos dedican más tiempo a la actividad física que las chicas, siendo los de 14 años los más activos físicamente. En relación con el índice de masa corporal IMC los escolares más activos físicamente son los que tienen un peso normal. Se puede concluir que el nivel de satisfacción con el uso de las redes sociales aumenta con la edad. El nivel de práctica de AF moderada es mayor en los chicos, siendo los escolares de peso normal más activos que, The aim of this research is to describe the addiction to social networks and the level of PA practice of adolescents considering the role of sex, age and BMI. The study carried out was a cross-sectional descriptive study, with the participation of 103 students of compulsory secondary education (ESO) between 14 and 17 years of age. A sociodemographic questionnaire (which was used to divide the sample by sex - male and female - and by age - 14, 15, 16 and 17 years old-9), the Scale to measure students' addiction to social networks, adapted by Cabero-Almenara et al. (2020) from the original instrument by Sahin (2018) and for the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) designed by the World Health Organization (2014), following the recommendations the schoolchildren were classified into active and sedentary. The BMI of the schoolchildren was obtained in a self-reported manner (Baile & González-Calderón, 2014) and subsequently the schoolchildren were classified according to the reference indicators collected in the tables of the Orbegozo foundation (Sobradillo et al., 2004). The results of this study show that girls have a greater need to be connected than boys. Although to a moderate extent, obese schoolchildren have the greatest problems with social networking. The problem of social networking is more significant among older schoolchildren, with younger schoolchildren showing less satisfaction with being online. The level of physical activity determines that boys spend more time than girls, and it is schoolchildren aged 14 who engage in more intense physical activity. In relation to body mass index, the schoolchildren who do more physical activity are those who are normal weight. It can be concluded that the level of satisfaction with the use of social networks increases with age. The level of moderate PA practice is higher in boys, with normal-weight schoolchildren being more active than those with excess weight

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de un programa gamificado en las clases de Educación Física sobre las regulaciones motivacionales y las calificaciones de los estudiantes de secundaria en comparación con un planteamiento tradicional de enseñanza. La muestra se compuso por los 102 estudiantes de 4.º de ESO (16.7 ± 0.43 años) de un mismo centro concertado de la provincia de Barcelona, los cuales se dividieron en un grupo experimental (gamificación) (n = 51, 18 chicos y 33 chicas) y otro de comparación (planteamiento tradicional) (n = 51, 20 chicos y 31 chicas). El estudio siguió un diseño cuasi experimental, pretest postest (ocho semanas), a partir de la utilización de la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC) y el análisis de las calificaciones finales. Solo el programa gamificado logró cambios significativos en la motivación intrínseca, la desmotivación y las regulaciones identificada, introyectada y externa, aunque en mayor medida en la intrínseca. Estos estudiantes también obtuvieron unas calificaciones finales significativamente más altas. En definitiva, la aplicación de un programa gamificado como modelo pedagógico emergente puede generar efectos positivos entre el alumnado a nivel motivacional y de rendimiento académico.

Age brings consequent physical deterioration of body balance, strength, flexibility and agility. It has been demonstrated that daily physical activity (PA), managed by professionals, is fundamental to ageing with increased quality and to reducing the number of falls, which are a consequence of factors highlighted above. This has been most evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to determine and analyse the effects of a multidisciplinary intervention based on the Safe Fall, Safe Schools, adapted utilitarian judo (JUA) and Pilates programmes in a population of older people. After an intervention of 60 min, 2 days a week for 12 weeks, the changes produced in variables such as quality of life, balance, lower body strength, flexibility and agility were analysed. A p-value ≤ 0.05 is accepted. The data show that the intervention can help to improve quality of life, especially two of its dimensions: pain (increases 12 points) and health transition (increases 13 points). It also helped to improve balance, lower body strength, flexibility and agility to a lesser extent. It is concluded that this type of intervention has positive effects for the sample in all the variables mentioned above.

Desde los primeros años de vida, el desarrollo cognitivo está estrechamente relacionado con la habilidad motriz o el desarrollo motor. El principal objetivo fue analizar las relaciones existentes entre el rendimiento académico en edad escolar y la habilidad del lanzamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por 152 estudiantes, 66 chicas y 86 chicos con edad media de 8,54 ± 0,61 años. La intervención constó de cuatro sesiones destinadas a la recogida de datos, la realización de test de evaluación del lanzamiento y la mejora de la habilidad de lanzamiento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que tras la intervención se produjo una mejora en la ejecución técnica de los lanzamientos (Una mano (t (139) = 3,23; diff mean = 0,200; p < 0,01); Dos manos (t (139) = 5,636; diff mean = 0,307; p < 0,01)), aunque no así en la distancia (Una mano (t (139) = -0,187; diff mean = - 0,026; p > 0,05); Dos manos (t (139) = - 4,604; diff mean = - 0,434; p < 0,01)). La práctica deportiva se relaciona con un mejor rendimiento académico en la nota media general y asignaturas como Francés, Educación Física o Educación Artística. Por último, la habilidad de lanzamiento se relaciona significativamente con el rendimiento académico en distintas asignaturas, especialmente con Educación Física. Podemos concluir que una intervención a corto plazo puede mejorar la ejecución técnica del lanzamiento, y que la práctica deportiva y la habilidad de lanzamiento se relaciona significativamente con el rendimiento académico en algunas áreas curriculares de Educación Primaria., From the earliest years of life, cognitive development is closely related to motor ability or motor development. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between academic performance at school age and the basic motor skill of throwing. The sample consisted of 152 students, 66 girls and 86 boys with a mean age of 8.54 ± 0.61 years. The intervention consisted of four sessions aimed at data collection, performance of throwing evaluation tests, and improvement and refinement of throwing skills. The results obtained show that after the intervention there was an improvement in the technical execution of throws (one hand (t (139) = 3.23; diff mean = 0.200; p < 0.01); two hands (t (139) = 5.636; diff mean = 0.307; p < 0.01), but not in distance (one hand t (139) = -0.187; diff mean = - 0.026; p > 0.05); two hands t (139) = - 4.604; diff mean = - 0.434; p < 0.01). Sport practice has been related to better academic performance in the overall average grade and in some subjects such as French, Physical Education or Art Education. Finally, throwing skill is significantly related to academic performance in some of the curricular areas, especially Physical Education. We can conclude that a short-term intervention can improve the technical execution of throwing, and that sports practice and throwing ability is significantly related to academic performance in some curricular areas of Primary Education.

El término emprendimiento en el deporte presenta una dicotomía en su concepto, la existencia de dos figuras muy diferenciadas entre sí, emprendedor e intraemprendedor. La principal diferencia entre ambos radica en que el desarrollo de proyectos/ideas creativas e innovadoras repercuta directamente sobre el propio sujeto -emprendedor- o que se produzca por empleados dentro de organizaciones ya existentes como nuevas líneas de negocio repercutiendo sobre la propia empresa -intraemprendedor-. El intraemprendimiento en el deporte es una línea de investigación actual, relevante y significativa, que se puede entender como una oportunidad para minimizar los efectos de la actual crisis sanitaria y económica en la que estamos inmersos. El objetivo principal de la tesis es establecer el nivel de desarrollo de las intenciones intraemprendedoras en empleados de organizaciones deportivas, así como determinar sus principales precursores. Como primer paso, se ha determinado el grado de desarrollo en la literatura científica del intraemprendimiento en el deporte y se han detectado los nichos de investigación que requerían una acción directa sobre ellos. Partiendo de esta información, se ha procedido a la detección y análisis de las intenciones intraemprendedoras de los clientes internos de organizaciones deportivas dedicadas a diferentes modalidades deportivas (tenis y fitness). Así, se ha obtenido información acerca de los precursores/antecedentes necesarios para que se manifieste la intención de intraemprender. Los resultados han mostrado que el sexo no se puede entender como una variable precursora del intraemprendimiento, mientras que la satisfacción laboral, la edad, el nivel formativo, nivel de responsabilidad y tamaño de la organización sí. Sin embargo, estas variables no actúan de forma independiente, ya que lo hacen de forma interrelacionada y vinculadas entre sí. Además, se ha propuesto una definición para los empleados intraemprendedores, ya que la literatura alberga múlt

Physical activity is an important part of children’s and young people’s healthy functioning, but evidence suggests many students are inactive to the extent that they are compromising their well-being. Traditionally, schools have played a minor role in contributing to physical activity, but it has held relatively low prestige. Some commentators have called for Whole-School or Active School approaches. Physical activity, in these models, is integrated into all aspects of school life. This article reports on a review of the most-cited elements of school-based physical activity promotion, assesses evidence of actual and potential contributions, and provides a tentative weight of evidence judgement for each component. A rapid reviewing methodology was followed, and the searches used a range of specialist academic databases (PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus, CINAHL Complete), Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Academia.edu, restricted to 2010–2021. Six settings were found to have the potential to add physical activity time, although none suffices alone: Active Breaks; Active Homework; Active Learning; Active Recess; Active Transport; and School Sports. Active Schools offer a plausible solution to the problem of physical inactivity by adding moments of movement and integrating physical activity in all aspects of school life, underlining the need for school-level change, the consideration of stakeholder groups, and the social and physical environments of school.

The COVID-19 lockdown may have had collateral effects on the conditions of athletes, with possible increases in injury risks upon the return to sports. Due to the existence of multiple factors of injury risks based on the lockdown and the return to sports, the aim of this study was to analyze the injury rates after the lockdown in competitive athletes. A non-experimental quantitative design based on a survey was carried out, and 94 athletes (42 males and 52 females; 23.57 6.20 years) participated. Statistical analyses were carried out using non-parametric tests. Injury rates did not increase significantly after the lockdown, and there were no statistical differences between performance levels, types of sports, the design of a specific training program by sports professionals during the lockdown, the moment of injury, and the mechanism of injury. It is important to develop injury prevention protocols to prepare athletes after such a long period of detraining.

The practice of racket sports has had an exponential growth in the last decade, along with it, the scientific interest in researching the different disciplines: badminton, padel, table tennis, tennis, and squash. However, most research has focused on the technical and tactical field. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze and compare the indicators of the internal load of each sport: heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), and lactate (LA) in order to reset physiological references to adjust the training of the players and also use these references to propose the practice of these sports for healthy purposes to the general population. PRISMA Guidelines for Systematic Review were used to search for articles that met the inclusion criteria in three databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, and Sportdiscus. The search was performed between January 2010, and September 2022. Finally, a total 27 records were included for analysis in this study. The main findings were related to the differences in the intensity rates between sports. The highest lactate concentrations and heart values were found in badminton in the intensity of effort values (whose highest values were found in badminton) 10.11 (±4.99) mmol/L and 182.6 (±2.7) bpm respectively, whereas table tennis showed the lowest ones 1.2 (± 0.4) mmol/L, and 103.99 (±15.09) bpm, respectively. The highest mean VO2 was found in table tennis with a value of 36.8 (±13.2) ml/kg/min and the lowest in tennis with a value of 26.6 (±2.7) ml/kg/min. The highest VO2max was found in tennis players 58.0 (±4.6) ml/kg/min, and the lowest value was in table tennis with a value of 42.9 (±4.2) ml/kg/min. Since most of the studies were carried out on elite men players, future research should focus on amateur and women level players.

Physical activity is a familiar feature in schools worldwide. Its most common justification for inclusion is its distinctive contribution to students’ physical health and fitness and claimed benefits to non-physical aspects of education, such as social skills. Possible effects on cognitive and academic performance are less frequently assumed. This article examines the academic effects of ‘Active Learning’ practices in school classrooms. Our objective was to test the claim that physical activity can enhance curricular achievement and learning, specifically curriculum-focused physical activity and Learning ThroughMovement. Methods: Using a rapid review methodology, in this article we report on the evidence of contributions of active learning from peer-reviewed publications from 2010 to 2022. Results: The literature generally supported the central hypothesis that students in Active Learning conditions out-performed those in non-active conditions, both during Active Learning tasks and later. Whether this was due to the introduction of physical activity in the specific setting of classroom lessons or physical activity per se remains unclear. Conclusions: To ensure positive outcomes from Active Learning, practices should be planned in association with a series of favourable change mechanisms: proactive leadership, teacher engagement, the ease of finding and implementing Active Learning in sessions, and the genuine integration of Active Learning into curricula and lessons.

Background: No prior research has investigated how exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to the combination of 24-h movement behaviors among young populations thus far. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between exposure to secondhand smoke and the 24-h movement guidelines. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the last available wave of the Spanish National Health Survey [2017], a nationally representative survey of the Spanish children and adult population. The final sample included 4,378 (49.0% girls) Spanish young people aged 2–14 years. Results: A lower likelikood of meeting screen time (ST) and all three 24-h movement guidelines were found in those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in unadjusted models. After adjusting for several covariates, meeting screen time [odds ratio (OR) =0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59–0.97], sleep duration (OR =0.75; 95% CI, 0.58–0.96), and all three 24-h movement guidelines (OR =0.63; 95% CI, 0.44– 0.91) reached significance after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Given the inverse associations found, environmental tobacco smoke exposure should be a relevant factor to consider when promoting 24-h behaviors in the young population. Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke in the environment is essential, as it can potentially influence the 24-h movement behaviors of young people, and consequently, the health benefits associated with s

Introduction: Osteoporosis, a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, results in increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This condition imposes a significant economic and healthcare burden, with an alarming prevalence among older adults. Physical activity can play a crucial role in enhancing bone health and mitigating the risk of osteoporosis. With advances in wearable technology, accelerometers have emerged as a promising tool for monitoring and quantifying exercise intensity, providing valuable insights into human motion and mechanical loading. By leveraging wearable accelerometers and mobile health (mHealth) applications, this thesis aims to develop and implement a nonsupervised physical activity program designed to enhance bone health and prevent osteoporosis, thus offering an accessible, cost-effective solution with the potential to reach a wider population. Methods: This thesis was structured in three distinct phases. In Phase I, the validity of a wearable accelerometer-based activity monitor, Muvone®, was assessed by comparing it with an ActiGraph GT3X+ during various exercise protocols. Measurements were recorded at both the wrist and hip to evaluate the significance of accelerometer placement in quantifying the intensity of osteogenic physical activities. In Phase II, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the current evidence regarding non-supervised osteoporosis prevention exercise programs and their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in adult women. Phase III involved a sixmonth randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of an mHealth intervention that delivered a non-supervised exercise program for osteoporosis prevention using the Muvone® accelerometer. The intervention's impact on bone turnover markers (BTM) after three months was assessed. At the end of the trial, changes in BMD were measured to determine whether this mHealth in, Introducción: La osteoporosis, una enfermedad esquelética sistémica progresiva caracterizada por una baja masa ósea y deterioro en la microarquitectura ósea, resulta en una mayor fragilidad ósea y susceptibilidad a fracturas. Esta condición impone una significativa carga económica y de atención médica, con una prevalencia alarmante entre los adultos mayores. La actividad física puede desempeñar un papel crucial en mejorar la salud ósea y mitigar el riesgo de osteoporosis. Con los avances en tecnología de vestir, los acelerómetros han surgido como una herramienta prometedora para monitorear y cuantificar la intensidad del ejercicio, proporcionando valiosos conocimientos sobre el movimiento humano y la carga mecánica. Aprovechando los acelerómetros portátiles y las aplicaciones móviles de salud (mHealth), esta tesis tiene como objetivo desarrollar e implementar un programa de actividad física no supervisado diseñado para mejorar la salud ósea y prevenir la osteoporosis, ofreciendo así una solución accesible y rentable con el potencial de alcanzar a una población más amplia. Métodos: Esta tesis se estructuró en tres fases distintas. En la Fase I, se evaluó la validez de un monitor de actividad basado en acelerómetro portátil, Muvone®, comparándolo con un ActiGraph GT3X+ durante varios protocolos de ejercicio. Las mediciones se registraron tanto en la muñeca como en la cadera para evaluar la importancia del lugar de colocación del acelerómetro en la cuantificación de la intensidad de las actividades físicas osteogénicas. En la Fase II, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis para investigar la evidencia actual sobre programas de ejercicio de prevención de osteoporosis no supervisados y sus efectos en la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en mujeres adultas. La Fase III implicó un ensayo controlado aleatorizado de seis meses evaluando los efectos de una intervención de mHealth que proporcionó un programa de ejercicio no supervisado para la prevención de la oste

(1) Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance seem to be involved in fibromyalgia (FM) pathogenesis. The results of our previous studies suggest that whole-body vibration training (WBVT) would improve redox status markers, increase blood irisin levels, and ameliorate the body composition of women with FM. (2) Objective: The current study aimed to investigate WBVT on oxidative stress markers, plasma irisin levels, and body composition in women with FM. (3) Methods: Forty women with FM were randomized into WBVT or untrained (UN) groups. Before and after 6 weeks of WBVT, body composition was assessed by dual-energy radiological absorptiometry (DXA), and inflammatory marker activities were measured by enzymatic assay. (4) Results: Body composition, blood irisin levels, and oxidative stress markers were similar between UN and WBVT groups before the intervention. After 6 weeks of intervention, the WBVT group presented higher irisin levels (WBVT: 316.98 ± 109.24 mg·dL3 , WBVT: 477.61 ± 267.92 mg·dL3 , p = 0.01) and lower TBARS levels (UN: 0.39 ± 0.02 nmol MDA/mg protein, WBVT: 0.24 ± 0.06 nmol MDA/mg protein, p = 0.001) and visceral adipose tissue mass (UN: 1.37 ± 0.49 kg, WBVT: 0.69 ± 0.54 kg, p = 0.001) compared to the UN group. (5) Conclusions: Six weeks of WBVT improves blood redox status markers, increases irisin levels, and reduces visceral adipose tissue mass, favoring less cell damage and more outstanding oxidative balance in women with FM.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos que tiene el sobrepeso y la obesidad en la composición: corporal, función física y rendimiento académico a lo largo de las etapas de Educación Primaria y Secundaria. La muestra incluyó 70 niños evaluados durante 5 años. Se obtuvieron datos de composición corporal (Índice de Masa Corporal, Índice de Cintura Cadera (ICC), % de grasa corporal y % de masa muscular), rendimiento físico (salto de longitud, salto de altura, Test de agilidad o Test de Tapping, Test de Cooper, presión manual) y rendimiento académico en cada asignatura cursada en ambas etapas educativas. Los resultados mostraron que el alumnado que padece sobrepeso u obesidad presentan una peor composición corporal en el ICC, el porcentaje de grasa corporal y el porcentaje de musculatura, entre otras. En el rendimiento académico no se hallaron diferencias significativas, sin embargo las notas medias son mejores en el grupo normopeso que en el grupo de exceso de peso., The aim of this study was to determine the effects of overweight and obesity on body composition, physical function and academic performance throughout the primary and secondary school years. The sample included 70 children evaluated during 5 years. Data were obtained on body composition (Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Index, % body fat and % muscle mass), physical per- formance (long jump, high jump, agility test or Tapping Test, Cooper Test, manual pressure) and academic performance in each subject studied in both educational stages. The results showed that students who are overweight or obese have a worse body compo- sition in ICC, body fat percentage and muscle percentage, among others. No significant differences were found in academic perfor- mance; however, the average grades were better in the normal weight group than in the overweight group.

Las funcionalidades de las diferentes redes sociales permiten en tiempo real y diferido, la colaboración y divulgación de información académica y científica. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la tendencia en el uso de redes sociales en relación al ámbito académico, y evaluar la influencia de un programa específico de enseñanza-aprendizaje aplicado a través de la red social Instagram en alumnos universitarios. Este estudio sigue un diseño transversal descriptivo y posteriormente un diseño cuasiexperimental de medidas pre post test en el que los docentes postearon infografías durante 8 semanas. Un total de 120 estudiantes (22,13 ± 2,83 años) participaron en el estudio. Entre los resultados encontramos que los perfiles creados mejoraron el contacto con expertos, ayudan a mejorar aspectos académicos relacionados con la carrera profesional y facilitan intercambio de apuntes. Se concluye que el uso de Instagram es adecuado y mejora aspectos relacionados con el grado que estudian., The functionalities of the different networks allow real-time and deferred collaboration and dissemination of academic and scientific information. The aim of this study was to determine the trend in the use of social networks in relation to the academic environment, and to evaluate the influence of a specific teaching-learning program applied through the social network Instagram on university students. This study follows a descriptive cross-sectional design and, subsequently, a quasi-experimental design of pre-post test measures in which teachers posted infographics for 8 weeks. A total of 120 students (22.13 ± 2.83 years) participated in the study. Among the results, the profiles created helped participants contact experts, improve academic aspects related to their professional career and facilitate exchange of notes. To conclude, Instagram seems adequate, improving aspects related to the degree they study.

Higher education plays a critical role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals established in the 2030 Agenda, especially the fourth goal (quality and equality in higher educa tion). Therefore, teacher education must play a central role in providing transformative learning experiences for future teachers that can lead the change to create high quality programs in every school. The purpose of this study was to conduct a gamified experience in Physical Education Teacher Education with two goals: assess the students’ views on the framework and evaluate the teachers’ feelings and thoughts. One teacher-researcher (36 years) and 74 students (19–27 years) enrolled in a Spanish university agreed to participate. A qualitative descriptive method and an action-research design were used. The teacher-researcher completed a personal diary, while the students answered two open-ended questions. From the students’ responses emerged three positive themes (framework, motivation, and transference) and two negatives (boredom and group work); from the teacher-researcher, we received three positive responses (mixed emotions, expectations, and students’ motivation) and one negative (workload). As a conclusion, gamification could be considered a framework that promotes transformative learning.

La presente investigación se centró en determinar la magnitud de la respuesta de IGF-1 medido en saliva tras realizar un programa de entrenamiento HIIT. A su vez, se comprobó el efecto en variables relacionadas con la salud, como son la composición corporal, condición física, calidad de vida y funciones ejecutivas. Éstas se midieron a través de las pruebas Stroop test (ST), test de cartas de Wisconsin (WCST) y Digit Span test (DST). Además, se determinó el efecto agudo de un esfuerzo máximo en la concentración de IGF-1 y en las funciones ejecutivas en los tres momentos que se evaluaron (Pre, post y Follow up). Un total de 58 mujeres jóvenes universitarias y sedentarias participaron de forma voluntaria en la investigación, en la cual desarrollaron un programa de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) durante 12 semanas, con una frecuencia de tres entrenamientos/semana. La población de estudio fue aleatorizada en tres grupos, siendo estos el grupo control (GC) el cual no realizó ningún cambio en su estilo de vida y dos grupos de intervención. Por un lado, se encontraba el grupo HIIT (tres entrenamientos HIIT/semana) y el grupo HIIT+AF (tres entrenamientos HIIT junto a un incremento de su AF diaria). Antes de desarrollar el programa, tras su finalización y tras un periodo de tres meses de seguimiento (Follow-up), todas las mujeres fueron evaluadas para comprobar el estado de las diferentes variables estudiadas en cada momento. Los resultados muestran cómo un programa de entrenamiento HIIT con una duración de 12 semanas puede mejorar de forma significativa la concentración de IGF-1 en mujeres jóvenes universitarias y sedentarias. Además, se observó que las mejoras dadas se incrementaron en mayor medida tras la evaluación de Follow-up, obteniendo el grupo HIIT+AF un mayor porcentaje de cambio. Respecto al efecto agudo, en la evaluación inicial se pudo observar un incremento significativo en la concentración de IGF-1 en todos los grupos del estudio. Por otro, The present investigation focused on determining the magnitude of the IGF-1 response measured in saliva after a HIIT training program. In turn, the effect on health-related variables such as body composition, physical condition, quality of life and executive functions was tested. These were measured by means of the Stroop test (ST), Wisconsin Card Test (WCST) and Digit Span Test (DST). In addition, the acute effect of a maximal effort on IGF-1 concentration and executive functions was determined at the three moments that were evaluated (Pre, Post and Follow up). A total of 58 sedentary young university women voluntarily participated in the research, in which they underwent a high interval intensity training (HIIT) program for 12 weeks, with a frequency of three workouts/week. The study population was randomized into three groups, being the control group (CG), which did not make any changes in their lifestyle and two intervention groups. On the one hand, there was the HIIT group (three HIIT workouts/week) and the HIIT+AF group (three HIIT workouts together with an increase in their daily physical activity). Before developing the program, after its completion and after a three-month Follow-up period, all the women were evaluated to check the status of the different variables studied at each moment. The results show how a HIIT training program lasting 12 weeks can significantly improve the IGF-1 concentration in young sedentary university women. Furthermore, it was observed that the given improvements increased to a greater extent after the Follow-up evaluation, with the HIIT+AF group obtaining a higher percentage of change. Regarding the acute effect, a significant increase in IGF-1 concentration was observed in all the study groups at the initial evaluation. On the other hand, with respect to executive functions, only the HIIT+AF group obtained greater efficiency in inhibitory control (ST) after the training program. In relation to the acute effect, it is observed th

En Chile, durante la última década, las demandas en materia de educación han impulsado elevar las exigencias de la formación inicial docente. Lo anterior motiva a las instituciones formadoras de profesores a mejorar sus estándares, en todos los aspectos vinculados a la formación inicial docente. En este contexto, el proceso de prácticas profesional adquiere gran interés, ya que, por las características propias de su función, permite al estudiante de pedagogía desarrollarse en un contexto real de aprendizaje. La presente propuesta, pretende conocer cuál es la influencia de los profesores tutores de práctica sobre los estudiantes de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física Deportes y Recreación de la Universidad de La Frontera, al finalizar su trayectoria de práctica, durante el proceso de práctica profesional. Respecto de la adquisición del quehacer docente en los aspectos preparación de la enseñanza, Enseñanza inter-activa y reflexión docente de los contenidos curriculares abordados durante la enseñanza. Para lograr el objetivo anteriormente planteado, se propone un estudio cualitativo que contempla para su desarrollo la indagación en diferentes ámbitos del quehacer docente de los estudiantes en práctica. El primero pretende conocer el quehacer del estudiante en práctica respecto de cómo planifica las clases, en el segundo se propone conocer cómo el estudiante en práctica lleva a cabo su enseñanza y, en el tercero, cuáles son las reflexiones que tiene el estudiante en práctica de los contenidos de la Educación Física que fueron parte de la enseñanza. Para el desarrollo de lo anterior, se utilizarán las siguientes técnicas de investigación: la, revisión documental y el uso de entrevistas episódica. A partir de lo anterior, y en base a los testimonios de los estudiantes en prácticas, se busca conocer la influencia de los profesores tutores sobre el estudiante en práctica de Educación Física durante la trayectoria de prácticas.

Actualmente, existe un aumento de problemas de salud mental en el mundo, aunque tal y como se ha demostrado, la actividad física puede paliar estas enfermedades, destacando entre ellos la ansiedad. La ansiedad es una vivencia emocional negativa, que se presenta tanto a nivel cognitivo como somático. A nivel deportivo, la competición puede presentarse como un reto, pudiendo percibirla como una fuente de activación o el origen de alteraciones para el deportista. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar si los participantes de las MiniOlimpiadas sufren ansiedad competitiva. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 153 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 13 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario de Ansiedad Competitiva SAS-2 (Ramis et al., 2010), que utiliza una escala Likert 1-4 para valorar la ansiedad somática, preocupación y desconcentración. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indican que los participantes de las MiniOlimpiadas sufren ansiedad competitiva, presentando los valores más elevados en el componente de preocupación. Además, los niños presentan valores más elevados de ansiedad competitiva que las niñas. Así pues, se hace una propuesta de actividades para intentar paliar la ansiedad competitiva con 10 semanas de intervención. Conclusiones: Este trabajo aporta una visión clara acerca de las posibilidades de mejora de las MiniOlimpiadas induciendo beneficios saludables entre sus participantes. Además, se presenta una propuesta de intervención que podría generar una mejora de la ansiedad y poder permitir el disfrute del alumnado durante la competición o no, por lo que habría que realizar una evaluación tras la intervención para determinar su impacto, Currently, there is an increase in mental health problems worldwide. However, as has been shown, physical activity can alleviate these diseases, highlighting anxiety among them. Anxiety is a negative emotional experience that occurs at both cognitive and somatic levels. At the sports level, competition can be presented as a challenge, being able to perceive it as a source of activation or the origin of alterations for the athlete. Aim: The main objective of this study is to analyze whether participants in the MiniOlympics suffer from competitive anxiety. Methods: Methods: The sample consisted of 153 participants aged between 10 and 13 years. The Competitive Anxiety SAS-2 Questionnaire (Ramis et al., 2010) was used, which uses a Likert scale 1-4 to assess somatic anxiety, worry and distraction. Results & discussion: Results and discussion: The results indicate that MiniOlympics participants suffer from competitive anxiety, presenting the highest values in the worry component. In addition, boys have higher values of competitive anxiety than girls. Thus, a proposal for activities is made to try to alleviate competitive anxiety with 10 weeks of intervention. Conclusions: This work provides a clear vision about the possibilities of improvement of the MiniOlympics inducing healthy benefits among its participants. In addition, an intervention proposal is presented that could generate an improvement in anxiety and allow students to enjoy the competition or not, so an evaluation would have to be carried out after the intervention to determine its impact, Actualmente, verifica-se um aumento dos problemas de saúde mental no mundo, embora, como já foi demonstrado, a actividade física possa aliviar estas doenças, destacando-se entre elas a ansiedade. A ansiedade é uma experiência emocional negativa, que ocorre tanto a nível cognitivo como somático. A nível desportivo, a competição pode ser apresentada como um desafio, podendo ser percepcionada como uma fonte de activação ou como a origem de alterações para o atleta. Objectivos: O principal objectivo deste estudo é analisar se os participantes nas Mini-Olimpíadas sofrem de ansiedade competitiva. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 153 participantes, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 13 anos. Foi utilizado o Questionário de Ansiedade Competitiva SAS-2 (Ramis et al., 2010), que utiliza uma escala de Likert de 1 a 4 para avaliar a ansiedade somática, a preocupação e a desconcentração. Resultados e discussão: Os resultados indicam que os participantes das Mini- Olimpíadas sofrem de ansiedade competitiva, apresentando os valores mais elevados na componente preocupação. Para além disso, os rapazes apresentam valores mais elevados de ansiedade competitiva do que as raparigas. Assim, é feita uma proposta de actividades para tentar atenuar a ansiedade competitiva com 10 semanas de intervenção. Conclusões: Este trabalho fornece uma visão clara sobre as possibilidades de melhorar as Mini-Olimpíadas, induzindo benefícios saudáveis entre os seus participantes. Além disso, é apresentada uma proposta de intervenção que pode gerar uma melhoria na ansiedade e pode ou não permitir que os alunos desfrutem da competição, de modo que uma avaliação deve ser realizada após a intervenção para determinar seu impacto

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the associations of activity fragmentation with frailty status and all-cause mortality in a representative US sample of people 50 years and over. Methods: This prospective study used data from the 2003-2006 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants 50 years or over were included in the study (n = 2,586). Frailty status was assessed using a valid modification of the Fried criteria. Linked data from the National Death Index registry were used to ascertain mortality. Physical activity fragmentation was measured by accelerometry. To calculate activity fragmentation, an active-to-sedentary transition probability was calculated as the number of physical activity bouts divided by the total sum of minutes spent in physical activity. Age, gender, ethnicity, education, mobility issues, drinking status, smoking status, BMI, and self-reported chronic diseases were reported in the NHANES study. Results: An increment of 1 SD in activity fragmentation was associated with an increased likelihood of frailty (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.36 [1.13-1.664]). Compared with participants in the high activity fragmentation/low physical activity category, participants in the low activity fragmentation/low physical activity and low activity fragmentation/high physical activity categories were associated with a lower likelihood of frailty. We found a nonlinear association between activity fragmentation and all-cause mortality. Compared with participants in the high activity fragmentation/low physical activity category, participants in the low activity fragmentation/low physical activity, low activity fragmentation/high physical activity, and high activity fragmentation/high physical activity categories were associated with a lower mortality risk. Participants with a low fragmented activity pattern may also overcome some of the detrimental effects associated with sedentary behavior. Conclusions: Our

La enseñanza de movimientos olímpicos es un proceso difícil debido a la naturaleza del propio movimiento. Las diferentes estrategias de enseñanza tienen características singulares modulando el aprendizaje. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una prueba piloto para comparar la influencia de diferentes tipos de instrucción en la enseñanza de este tipo de levantamientos. Métodos: 35 alumnos, fueron evaluados. Un grupo recibió instrucciones relacionadas con estrategias de enseñanza implícitas y el otro fue instruido a través de estrategias de enseñanza explícitas. El movimiento de arrancada fue el contenido principal de la sesión. Fueron valoradas las respuestas afectivas y la mejora en el rendimiento del ejercicio. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados muestran que las instrucciones implícitas generaron una carga mental para entender de 2,71, 2,71 para conseguir el objetivo y una mejora en el rendimiento de la tarea del 32,2%. Las instrucciones explícitas consiguieron unos resultados de 3,14, 3,76 y 15,8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Las instrucciones implícitas aportaron mayores mejoras en el rendimiento de la tarea, así como unas respuestas afectivas mejores durante el aprendizaje técnico de la arrancada de halterofilia. Entrenadores y profesores pueden apoyarse en este tipo de estrategias de enseñanza como alternativa a la enseñanza tradicional con alto conocimiento explícito, Teaching Olympic movements is a difficult process due to the inherent nature of the movements themselves. To promote learning, different teaching strategies are used. The different teaching strategies have unique characteristics that modulate learning. Aim: The objective of this study is to conduct a pilot test to compare the influence of different types of instruction in teaching these types of lifts. Methods: 35 students with no prior experience in sports science were evaluated. One group received instructions related to implicit teaching strategies (N=14) while the other was instructed through explicit teaching strategies. The snatch movement was the main content of the 1.5-hour class. Affective responses were assessed in different elements such as mental effort to understand the instructions, mental effort to achieve the task objective, and improvement in exercise performance. Results & discussion: Results show that implicit instructions generated a mental load to understand of 2.71, 2.71 to achieve the objective, and a 32.2% improvement in task performance. Explicit instructions yielded results of 3.14, 3.76, and 15.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Implicit instructions provided greater improvements in task performance, as well as better affective responses during the technical learning of the snatch lift. Coaches and teachers can rely on these teaching strategies as an alternative to traditional teaching with high explicit knowledge

Background Evidence investigating associations between hospitalization and physical activity is scarce and limited to specific populations of older adults. The current study aimed to describe the impact of past hospitalization on current physical activity levels of a large representative sample of European older adults with accelerometry data. Methods A representative sample of 856 European older adults aged 50 years and over were included in this study. Hospital admission and utilization (i.e., accumulated times and length of stay in hospital) in the last 12 months were self-reported retrospectively. Physical activity volume (mg) and distribution of intensity (intensity gradient) were assessed with thigh-worn accelerometers. Results Multivariate linear regressions indicated that hospital admission (15% of the sample) was associated with reduced physical activity volume (-4.29 mg [95% Confidence Interval, 95%CI, -9.07 to 0.47]) of participants. Each additional hospital admission was associated with lower volume (-2.29 mg [95%CI, -4.65 to 0.06]) and poorer distribution of intensity (- 0.07 [95%CI, -0.11 to -0.04]). Total length of stay was not assocoiated with physical activity. Conclusions This study suggests that hospital admission and the number of times admitted, but not accumulated length of stay, may curb physical activity levels of older adults. Public-health strategies to promote successful aging should target post-hospitalization physical activity.

La formación permanente constituye un elemento fundamental en el desarrollo profesional continuo del profesorado. El objetivo de esta investigación es establecer qué características debe tener la formación permanente según el profesorado de Educación Física de la etapa de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en Andalucía. El diseño de investigación utilizado ha sido el estudio de caso embebido, haciendo uso de la entrevista semiestructurada para la recolección de los datos de la muestra (n = 20). Para el análisis de datos se ha aplicado la técnica de análisis de contenido mediante el uso del software Atlas.ti v.8.4. Los resultados muestran que el profesorado de Educación Física diagnostica como obstáculo el diseño actual de las formaciones ofrecidas por los centros del profesorado (CEP), exponiendo que no responden a las dificultades propias de la asignatura. En conclusión, se destaca que la formación permanente ofrecida por los centros del profesorado no está abordando las necesidades del profesorado, a la vez que su participación en estas actividades no supone un incentivo real para la profesión. Se precisa un aumento en la oferta de las acciones formativas del área, elevando su aplicabilidad y especificidad, haciendo de la experiencia docente la base para configurar el diseño de las acciones formativas., In-service training is a fundamental element in the continuing professional development of teachers. The purpose of this research is to determine what characteristics in-service training should have, according to Physical Education teachers at the compulsory secondary level in Andalusia. The research design used was an embedded case study, in which semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the sample (n = 20). Content analysis was used to analyse the data using Atlas.ti v.8.4 software. The results show that Physical Education teachers diagnose the current design of the training courses offered by the Teacher Training Centres (CEP) as an obstacle, stating that they do not respond to the specific difficulties of the subject. Finally, it is pointed out that the in-service training offered by the teacher training centres does not meet the needs of teachers, while their participation in these activities does not provide a real incentive for the profession. There is a need to increase the supply of training in this area, to make it more applicable and specific, and to make teaching experience the basis for the design of training activities.

One of the primary goals of Franco’s education policy was to train the working class in the doctrinal principles of the regime. Labour Universities were one of the education institutions created for this purpose; there were three for women (Zaragoza, Cáceres and Huesca). This article focuses on analysing the purposes sought by these macro-institutions when training working-class women, using diverse primary sources: documentary, audiovisual, archive and legal. Findings indicate that Women’s Labour Universities aimed to provide specialised vocational training and also to impose the doctrine of the ideological principles advocated by the regime in relation to the model of women. However, these goals were somewhat incompatible as providing women with vocational training promoted their emancipation, contrary to the female ideal mainly advocated.

Pregnancy is a unique period in women life, characterized by anatomical and metabolic variation that may affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Physical activity has the potential to positively influence HRQoL. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between the fulfillment of physical activity guidelines and HRQoL throughout pregnancy. Seventy eight pregnant women were assessed at two time point through their pregnancy: at mid- and at later-pregnancy. Physical activity was objectively assessed by a multi-sensor monitor and pregnant women were categorized by the fulfillment of the minimum physical activity recommendations: at least 30 minutes/day on at least 5 days/week. Perceived mental health was evaluated by health-related quality of life and by psychological pregnancy symptoms, using the SF-36 and the Pregnancy Symptoms Inventory, respectively. T-Student Test and hierarchical multiple linear regressions analysis was developed. Pregnant women who fulfilled physical activity recommendations reported better mental HRQoL both at mid-pregnancy (p = 0.148) and later-pregnancy (p = 0.007). The number of days meeting minimum physical activity recommendations contributes to better mental HRQoL and together with depression and anxiety symptoms the model explain the 65% of the mental HRQoL at later pregnancy. Meeting the minimum physical activity recommendations is associated with better perceived health at both midpregnancy and later pregnancy. While mental HRQoL is explained by physical activity, physical HRQoL is explained by others factors such as age or pregnancy-related symptoms, but not by meeting the minimum physical activity recommendations.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. Methods: Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. Results: The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. Conclusion: Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. Methods: Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. Results: The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. Conclusion: Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries

La finalidad de este trabajo es analizar la mejora en la salud y calidad de vida de los niños/as y jóvenes detectados con sedentarismo y/o sobrepeso, mediante la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento basado en los entornos virtuales motrices. En el estudio participaron un total de 359 niños y niñas de entre 3 y 12 años pertenecientes a cuatro centros escolares, de los que se seleccionaron 20 niños de entre 5 y 12 años, para formar dos grupos de 10 niños/as cada uno. El grupo experimental llevó a cabo el programa de entrenamiento, junto a pautas nutricionales, mientras que el grupo control no tuvo ninguna intervención. Las variables analizadas fueron el IMC y perímetro de la cintura, mediante mediciones antropométricas, el tiempo de uso de pantalla, el tipo de desplazamiento al colegio y el nivel de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, medidos mediante cuestionario, y la imagen corporal, evaluado a través de las siluetas. Para complementar la investigación, se efectuaron valoraciones nutricionales iniciales y finales al grupo experimental. Se analizaron los estadísticos descriptivos para todas las variables, calculando para las variables cuantitativas la media, mediana y desviación típica; porcentajes y frecuencias para las variables cualitativas. Los resultados obtenidos pueden indicar que un programa de intervención motriz basado en los entornos virtuales motrices contribuye a promover la salud de los escolares con rasgos de sedentarismo y/o sobrepeso., The purpose of this work is to analyse the improvement in the health and quality of life of children and youth detected with sedentary lifestyle and/or overweight, through the application of a training program based on exer-games. A total of 359 boys and girls between the ages of 3 and 12 from four schools participated in the study, from which 20 children between the ages of 5 and 12 were selected, to form two groups of 10 children each. The experimental group carried out the training program, together with nutritional guidelines, while the control group had no intervention. The variables analysed were the BMI and waist circumference, through anthropometric measurements, screen time, the type of commute to school and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, measured by questionnaire, and body image, evaluated at through the silhouettes. To complement the research, initial and final nutritional evaluations were carried out on the experimental group. Descriptive statistics for all variables were analysed, calculating the mean, median and standard deviation for the quantitative variables; percentages and frequencies for qualitative variables. The results obtained may indicate that a motor intervention program based on exer-games contributes to promoting the health of students with sedentary and/or overweight traits.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on mood and objective physical activity. A sample of 78 college students in Spain completed an assessment of mood using the valid Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire and had their physical activity tracked objectively using a validated wrist-worn accelerometer (Xiaomi Mi Band 2) for one week before being under COVID-19 lockdown (T1) and for one week during COVID-19 lockdown (T2). Paired samples t-tests revealed significantly greater (p = 0.027) POMS Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) Score T2 (mean ± SD) (22.6 ± 28.0) compared to T1 (17.7 ± 22.6) (lower score represents better mood) and significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) POMS Vigor Score T2 (14.1 ± 5.0) compared to T1 (18.2 ± 4.5) (lower vigor score represents lower mental and physical energy levels). Additionally, Total Objective Steps was significantly less (p ≤ 0.001) lT2 (15,841.9 ± 17,253.2 steps) compared to T1 (64,607.0 ± 50,525.2 steps). Regression analyses demonstrated significant negative relationships of Total Objective Steps and POMS Depression (p = 0.014, Beta = −0.277, t = −2.511), POMS Anger (p = 0.040, Beta = −0.233, t = −2.091), and POMS TMD (p = 0.007, Beta = −0.302, t = −2.754) T2. The regressions also revealed a significant positive relationship (p = 0.012, Beta = 0.283, t = 2.57) of Total Objective Steps and POMS Vigor T2. These data suggest that being in a lockdown due to a pandemic may have negative physical and mental health-related consequences and that engaging in physical activity may reduce these deleterious mental health-related consequences during lockdowns and quarantines.

Adolescence has been considered a crucial stage for the adoption of healthy habits such as physical activity. In addition, numerous research studies have shown that physical activity is a positive factor for health behaviors and quality of life. In this sense, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity levels and perceived quality of life in a sample of students studying physical activity and sport. This is a descriptive observational study with a population of physical activity and sports students from the San Pablo High School in Seville, Spain. The participants (N = 86), with a mean age of 18.56 ± 1.88 years, were pursuing professional qualifications in Physical Activity and Sport. They were administered the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the SF-36 questionnaire on perceived health status. For data analysis, a correlation analysis (Spearman’s rho) was performed. The results indicate that students attending sports-related vocational training programs engaged in more physical activity (96.9%) than the population average suggested by the World Health Organization (20%). In addition, a direct relationship was shown between participating in physical activity and perceived health. Depending on the intensity of the physical activity, students found less physical interference (IPAQ Vigorous—Physical Function (rho = 0.252; p = 0.019); IPAQ Sedentary—Bodily Pain (rho = 0. 223; p < 0.039); IPAQ Total—Physical Function (rho = 0.256; p = 0.018)) and emotional interference (IPAQ Moderate—Emotional Role (rho = 0.237; p = 0.028)) when performing exercise or activities of daily life; therefore, physical activity appears to be beneficial for self-perception of quality of life.

The aim of the present study was to compare the possible effects of a gamified programme and a traditional instructional approach in secondary physical education at the level of intrinsic motivation, autonomy satisfaction, competence satisfaction, relatedness satisfaction, and intention to be physically active. A total of 54 year-nine students (14±0.1 years) enrolled in two classes in the same high school participated. The school administration (totally anonymous to the study) distributed all the students among the two classes and the research team randomly considered one the experimental group (n =27, 13 boys, 14 girls), which experienced a gamified learning unit, and the other the comparison group (n =27, 15 boys, 12 girls), which followed a traditional instructional approach. Both study groups had the same physical education teacher with training and experience on several pedagogical approaches, including gamification. The study followed a pretest, post-test quasi-experimental research design (the time lag between pre-test and post-test was nine weeks). The results showed significant differences at post-tests favouring the experimen tal group in all the variables assessed. In conclusion, the results from the present study provided support for the use of gamification in physical education since it was associated with increased levels of students’ intrinsic motivation, basic psychological needs and intention to be physically active more than a traditional approach. Therefore, gamification could be considered a positive pedagogical framework for secondary physical education. Nevertheless, more studies with larger variability in contexts, participants and content are needed.