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Social homogeneity, understood as the similarity of perceptions and attitudes that individuals display toward the environment around them, is explained by the relational context in which they are immersed. However, there is no consensus about which relational mechanism best explains social homogeneity. The purpose of this research is to find out which of the three classical relational processes most studied in network analysis (structural cohesion, role equivalence, or homophily) is more determinant in explaining social homogeneity. To achieve the research objective, 110 professionals (psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators) implementing a psychosocial care program in three regions of Northwest Colombia were interviewed. Different types of relationships among professionals were analyzed using network analysis techniques. To examine the structural cohesion hypothesis, interveners were categorized according to the level of structural cohesion by performing core-periphery analysis in the networks evaluated; to test the role equivalence hypothesis, participants were categorized according to their level of degree centrality in the networks examined; to test the homophily hypothesis, participants were grouped according to the level of homophily in terms of professional profile. The non-parametric tests showed that role equivalence was the most powerful mechanism for explaining social homogeneity in the sample of psychosocial interveners evaluated.

In this paper, lignin-activated carbon xerogels from the black liquor of the paper industry were synthesized by the sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol and lignin with formaldehyde, NaOH, and water. The sol-gel was prepared at three Lignin/(Lignin+Resorcinol) mass ratios of 0, 13, and 27%. A portion of sol-gel was functionalized with a no-common crosslinking agent, cyanuric chloride (CC) saturated in 1,4-dioxane, to introduce some nitrogen functional groups on the surface. The sol-gels non- and functionalized were dried and activated with H3PO4 at a mass ratio of 1:1 at 450 °C. After the functionalization with the CC and activation process, the superficial nitrogen content percentage increased to 7 wt%, where the most prevalent functionality was N-pyrrole. The sample with a high percentage of nitrogen groups did not show the best electrochemical behavior (112 F g−1 at 0.125 A g−1). However, increasing lignin content up to 27% without functionalization improved the gravimetric capacitance value of 149.5 F −1. These results are mainly attributed to electrostatic effects and the high presence of phosphorus functionalities introduced after the activation process that enhance the surface wettability of the electrodes. Furthermore, the analysis of the variance confirmed that the CC impregnation process did not favor gravimetric capacitance. Lignin can be considered as an excellent substitute for resorcinol partially to produce bio-based activated carbon xerogels and use them as electrodes for supercapacitors and reduce production costs.

The study of local public policies provides important lessons and social learning for decision makers immersed in processes of design, enforcement or evaluation of interventions and actions aimed at solving collective problems. The contributions of these analyzes are essential for the consolidation of the discipline in Colombia and Latin America, and contribute to the consolidation of knowledge about public policies designed and developed from the locality. This task is particularly relevant when reviewing local public policies from the citizen culture perspective, which are aimed to produce effects on citizen behaviors concerning social coexistence. This paper presents the case of the design of the public policy of citizen culture in Medellín, collecting its programmatic and normative path, and reviewing its implementation perspectives. It also seeks to point out some proposals for research agendas arising from empirical needs when developing a local process of public policy in citizen culture and civic engagement., El estudio de las políticas públicas locales encierra importantes lecciones y aprendizajes sociales para los tomadores de decisión inmersos en procesos de diseño, implementación o evaluación de intervenciones y acciones dirigidas a resolver problemas colectivos. Las contribuciones de estos análisis resultan fundamentales para consolidar las perspectivas de la disciplina en Colombia y América Latina, y aportan a la consolidación del conocimiento sobre las políticas públicas concebidas y desarrolladas desde la localidad. Esta tarea resulta particularmente relevante al revisar políticas públicas locales desde el enfoque de cultura ciudadana, dirigidas a producir efectos sobre los comportamientos ciudadanos referidos a la convivencia. Este artículo presenta el caso del diseño de la política pública de cultura ciudadana de Medellín, recogiendo su trayecto programático y normativo, y revisando sus perspectivas de implementación. Busca también señalar algunas propuestas de agendas de investigación originadas en las necesidades empíricas al adelantar un proceso local de política pública en cultura ciudadana.

Nanoparticles (NPs) decorated with coating agents (polymers, gels, proteins, etc.) form Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems (DDNS), which are of high interest in nanotechnology and biomaterials science. There have been increasing reports of experimental data sets of biological activity, toxicity, and delivery properties of DDNS. However, these data sets are still dispersed and not as large as the datasets of DDNS components (NP and drugs). This has prompted researchers to train Machine Learning (ML) algorithms that are able to design new DDNS based on the properties of their components. However, most ML models reported up to date predictions of the specific activities of NP or drugs over a determined target or cell line. In this paper, we combine Perturbation Theory and Machine Learning (PTML algorithm) to train a model that is able to predict the best components (NP, coating agent, and drug) for DDNS design. In so doing, we downloaded a dataset of >30 000 preclinical assays of drugs from ChEMBL. We also downloaded an NP data set formed by preclinical assays of coated Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MONPs) from public sources. Both the drugs and NP datasets of preclinical assays cover multiple conditions of assays that can be listed as two arrays, namely, cjdrug and cjNP. The cjdrug array includes >504 biological activity parameters (c0drug), >340 target proteins (c1drug), >650 types of cells (c2drug), >120 assay organisms (c3drug), and >60 assay strains (c4drug). On the other hand, the cjNP array includes 3 biological activity parameters (c0NP), 40 types of proteins (c1NP), 10 shapes of nanoparticles (c2NP), 6 assay media (c3NP), and 12 coating agents (c4NP). After downloading, we pre-processed both the data sets by separate calculation PT operators that are able to account for changes (perturbations) in the drug, coating agents, and NP chemical structure and/or physicochemical properties as well as for the assay conditions. Next, we carry out an information fusion proce

Nanosystems are gaining momentum in pharmaceutical sciences because of the wide variety of possibilities for designing these systems to have specific functions. Specifically, studies of new cancer cotherapy drug-vitamin release nanosystems (DVRNs) including anticancer compounds and vitamins or vitamin derivatives have revealed encouraging results. However, the number of possible combinations of design and synthesis conditions is remarkably high. In addition, a large number of anticancer and vitamin derivatives have been already assayed, but a notably less number of cases of DVRNs were assayed as a whole (with the anticancer compound and the vitamin linked to them). Our approach combines with the perturbation theory and machine learning (PTML) model to predict the probability of obtaining an interesting DVRN by changing the anticancer compound and/or the vitamin present in a DVRN that is already tested for other anticancer compounds or vitamins that have not been tested yet as part of a DVRN. In a previous work, we built a linear PTML model useful for the design of these nanosystems. In doing so, we used information fusion (IF) techniques to carry out data enrichment of DVRN data compiled from the literature with the data for preclinical assays of vitamins from the ChEMBL database. The design features of DVRNs and the assay conditions of nanoparticles (NPs) and vitamins were included as multiplicative PT operators (PTOs) to the system, which indicates the importance of these variables. However, the previous work omitted experiments with nonlinear ML techniques and different types of PTOs such as metric-based PTOs. More importantly, the previous work does not consider the structure of the anticancer drug to be included in the new DVRNs. In this work, we are going to accomplish three main objectives (tasks). In the first task, we found a new model, alternative to the one published before, for the rational design of DVRNs using metric-based PTOs. The most accurate PTML

In this work, a thermogravimetric analyser was used to assess the pyrolysis kinetics of pineapple, orange and mango peel wastes and agro-industrial by-products, rice husk and pine wood. Five isoconversional methods (KAS, FWO, Starink, Vyazovkin and Friedman) and one model-fitting method (DAEM) accurately fitted the experimental data at three heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C/min) between 10% and 90% conversion. These methods agree with the trends shown by the activation energy (Ea) distribution calculated, with fluctuations between 150 and 550 kJ/mol. The fluctuations of Ea in the whole range of conversion, in addition to a higher number of relevant reactions obtained by DAEM for fruit peel samples compared to agro-industrial samples, are associated with a higher extractive content in the peels. Kinetic parameters fitted by DAEM were successfully verified at the highest heating rate studied.

Pyrolysis offers the possibility to convert waste tires into liquid and gaseous fractions as well as a carbon-rich solid (CBp), which contains the original carbon black (CB) and the inorganic compounds used in tire manufacture. Whilst both liquid and gaseous fractions can be valorized without further processing, there is a general consensus that CBp needs to be improved before it can be considered a commercial product, seriously penalizing the pyrolysis process profitability. In this work, the CBp produced in a continuous pyrolysis process was demineralized (chemical leaching) with the aim of recovering the CB trapped into the CBp and thus, producing a standardized CB product for commercial purposes. The demineralization process was conducted by using cheap and common reagents (HCl and NaOH). In this sense, the acid treatment removed most of the mineral matter contained in the CBp and concentration was the main parameter controlling the demineralization process. An ash content of 4.9 wt% was obtained by using 60 min of soaking time, 60 °C of temperature, 10 mL/g of reagent/CBp ratio and HCl 4 M. The demineralized CBp (dCBp) showed a carbon content of 92.9 wt%, while the FRX analysis indicated that SiO2 is the major component into the ash. The BET surface area was 76.3 m2/g, and textural characterizations (SEM/EDX and TEM) revealed that dCBp is composed by primary particles lower than 100 nm. Although dCBp showed a low structure, the surface chemistry was rich in surface acidic groups. Finally, dCBp was used in Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compounding, probing its technical feasibility as substitute of commercial CB N550.

En Colombia la economía social reúne a diversas organizaciones con distintas apuestas políticas y económicas. Por la especificidad jurídica como son constituidas, estas organizaciones pueden ser reconocidas como no gubernamentales; por ello, a este sector de la economía pertenecen las fundaciones, las corporaciones, las asociaciones y las tradicionales cooperativas, entre otras. Ante esta diversidad de organizaciones, se sugiere como tema central de este artículo la pregunta por el rol que la comunicación desempeña en las organizaciones de economía social y solidaria. Las reflexiones aquí expuestas surgieron de los resultados de la caracterización a organizaciones no gubernamentales que promueven el desarrollo social en los municipios de Bucaramanga y Barrancabermeja, en el departamento de Santander, Colombia. Como resultado de esta caracterización se destaca el concepto y acción de la comunicación que tienen las organizaciones, al tiempo que se evidenciaron algunos retos de las organizaciones de acuerdo con tres escenarios posibles: los procesos mediáticos para fortalecer la esfera pública; la acción organizacional de la comunicación; y la vinculación de la comunicación para el cambio social como apoyo en los procesos de empoderamiento y participación comunitaria., In Colombia the social economy brings together various organizations with diffrent political and economic stakes. For the legal specificity of how they are formed, these organizations can be also recognized as nongovernmental, for this reason here can be foundations, corporations, associations and traditional cooperatives, among others. Given this diversity of organizations, the question of the role communication can play in organizations of social economy suggested the central theme of this article. The reflections presented here emerged from the results of a characterization of non-governmental organizations promoting social development in the municipalities of Bucaramanga and Barrancabermeja, Santander State, Colombia. As a result of this characterization, the concept of communication and action that organizations have highlighted. At the same time, some challenges were suggested by organizations according to three possible scenarios: media processes to strengthen the area public, organizational communication and action linking the field of communication for social change and supporting processes of empowerment and community participation., Na Colômbia a economia social reúne diversas organizações com apostas políticas e económicas distintas. Pela especificidade jurídica de como se constituem, estas organizações podem ser reconhecidas igualmente como não governamentais, por isso a este setor da economia fazem parte das fundações, as corporações, as associações e as tradicionais cooperativas, entre outros. Ante esta diversidade de organizações, a pergunta pelo papel que a comunicação pode desempenhar nas organizações de economia social e solidária se sugere como tema central deste artigo. As reflexões aqui expostas surgiram dos resultados de uma caracterização a organizações não governamentais que promovem o desenvolvimento social nos municípios de Bucaramanga e Barrancabermeja, no departamento de Santander, Colômbia. Como resultado desta caracterização se destaca o conceito e ação da comunicação que têm as organizações, ao tempo que se evidenciaram alguns desafias sugeridos às organizações de acordo a três cenários possíveis: processos mediáticos para fortalecer a esfera pública, a ação organizacional da comunicação e a vinculação do campo da comunicação para mudança social como apoio aos processos de empoderamento e participação comunitária.

Based on a case study that is supported on the inferential statistics of a leading Colombian cooperative, a proposal is made for the analysis of correspondence between image and corporate identity, and the communication´s impact on the perception of its associates and employees. It is particularly noted that the associates have a very favorable image of the institution, but a high lack of knowledge of their identity. On the contrary, in the employees there is correspondence between the recognition of a favorable image of the company and the identity of the same thanks to a greater focus towards corporate communication., A partir de un estudio de caso, soportado en la estadística inferencial de una cooperativa líder colombiana, se propone el análisis de la correspondencia entre imagen e identidad corporativa, y la incidencia de la comunicación en la percepción de sus asociados y empleados. Se destaca particularmente que los asociados tienen una imagen muy favorable de la institución, pero un alto desconocimiento de su identidad. Por el contrario, en los empleados sí existe correspondencia entre el reconocimiento de una imagen favorable de la organización y la identidad de la misma, gracias a una mayor exposición a la comunicación corporativa., A partir de um estudo de caso em cooperativa colombiana e, com base na estatística inferencial, propomos uma análise de correspondência entre imagem e identidade corporativa, e a incidência da comunicação na percepção de seus associados e empregados. Destaca-se que, se de um lado os associados têm uma imagem bastante favorável da instituição, por outro, demonstram um alto desconhecimento a respeito de sua identidade corporativa. Entre os empregados, contudo, identificamos correspondência no âmbito do reconhecimento de uma imagem favorável da organização e a identidade empresarial, o que parece ser efeito de maior exposição à comunicação corporativa.

Intellectual property management, knowledge management are disciplines that have been treated independently, both in academia and in the organizational field. Through the legal discipline of intellectual property, the former manages intangible assets that are eligible for protection (copyright, patents and trademarks, among others) leaving aside those assets that cannot be realized in any way. The latter is devoted to the processes of knowledge management in general, namely, the knowledge of the processes, people, documents, etc. without any special status for protected knowledge. This article is the result of an exploratory research that has focused on the description of the design of a conceptual framework that integrates knowledge management processes and intellectual property processes, addressing both protected and unprotected knowledge. This research was carried out in two phases: a relationship with the documentary revision and the other with the definition and design of the proposed framework., La gestión de la propiedad intelectual y la gestión del conocimiento son disciplinas que se han tratado de manera independiente, tanto en el campo académico como en el organizacional. La primera administra, a través de la disciplina jurídica de la propiedad intelectual, los activos intangibles que son susceptibles de protección: derechos de autor, patentes y marcas, entre otros. La segunda se dedica a los procesos de administración del conocimiento en general, es decir, al conocimiento de los procesos, las personas, los documentos, sin considerar un tratamiento especial para el conocimiento protegido. El artículo es el resultado de una investigación de carácter exploratorio que se han enfocado en la descripción del diseño de un marco conceptual que integra los procesos de la gestión del conocimiento, de la de la propiedad intelectual, el conocimiento protegido y no protegido de la organización. Esta investigación fue realizada en dos fases: una relacionada con la revisión documental y la otra con la definición y diseño del marco de referencia propuesto.

The numerical solution of transient stability problems is a key element for electrical power system operation. The classical model for multi-machine systems is defined as a set of non-linear differential equations for the rotor speed and the generator angle for each electrical machine, this mathematical model is usually known as the swing equations. This paper presents how to use direct Richardson extrapolation of several orders for the numerical solution of the swing equations and compares it with other commonly used implicit and explicit solvers such as Runge-Kutta, trapezoidal, Shampine and Radau methods. A numerical study on a simple three machine system is used to illustrate the performance and implementation of algebraic Richardson extrapolation coupled to several solution methods. Normally, the order of accuracy of any numerical solution can be increased when Richardson Extrapolation is used. A numerical example is provided for an electrical grid consisting of three machines and nine buses undergoing a disturbance. It is shown that in this case Richardson extrapolation effectively increases the order of accuracy of the explicit methods making them competitive with the implicit methods., La solución numérica de problemas de estabilidad transitoria es un elemento clave para la operacion de sistemas eléctricos. El modelo clásico para sistemas multi-máquina se define como un conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales no lineales para la velocidad del rotor y el ángulo del generador para cada máquina eléctrica, este modelo matemático se conoce generalmente como las ecuaciones de oscilación. Este artículo presenta la forma de utilizar la extrapolación directa de Richardson de varios órdenes para la solución numérica de las ecuaciones de oscilación y la compara con otros métodos implícitos y explícitos de uso común como los métodos Runge-Kutta, Trapezoidal, Shampine y Radau. Se presenta un estudio numérico sobre un sistema simple de tres máquinas para ilustrar el desempeño y la implementación algebráica de la extrapolación de Richardson. El orden de exactitud de cualquier solución numérica puede aumentarse cuando se utiliza la extrapolación de Richardson. Se proporciona un ejemplo numérico para una red eléctrica que consta de tres máquinas y nueve buses que sufren una perturbación. Se demuestra que en este caso la extrapolación de Richardson aumenta efectivamente el orden de exactitud de los métodos explícitos haciéndolos competitivos con los métodos implícitos.

This paper aims to determine the impact of the Antioquia department’s road system, particularly the rural roads system, on the probability of advancement in the educational achievement of students from rural areas in high schools in Antioquia, Colombia. For this we propose an ordered logistic model of educational performance, defining as a independent variable a transformation of the rural road densities in relation to the supply of sewage, energy, telephone service, among others, with the aim of capturing the variability and dispersion of rural areas in each municipality. The results show that rural roads influence the probability of increasing educational performance for rural students., El presente artículo tiene el propósito de determinar el impacto del sistema vial del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), en particular su sistema de vías terciarias, sobre la probabilidad de ascenso en el logro educativo de estudiantes de básica secundaria que viven en zonas rurales del departamento. Para tal efecto, se estima un modelo probit ordenado del rendimiento educativo en la prueba de matemáticas, definiendo, como una de las variables independientes, una transformación de las densidades viales terciarias en relación con la oferta de alcantarillado, energía, servicio de teléfono, entre otros, con el fin de capturar la variabilidad y dispersión de las zonas rurales en cada municipio. Los resultados muestran que las vías terciarias inciden sobre la probabilidad de ascender en el rendimiento educativo para los estudiantes rurales.

Este proyecto pretende construir la relación empírica de la creación de empresas de los sectores: agropecuario, industria manufacturera y comercio, y su relación con el crecimiento económico, el mercado de trabajo y de capitales, como instrumento analítico aplicado al caso antioqueño en el período 1994-2006. Se utiliza para este fin el método de cointegración, soportado sobre información de tipo primaria y secundaria, donde se tiene que para la muestra en particular del período 1994:1 a 2006:4, existe una relación de tipo positiva entre el crecimiento económico y la creación de empresas, mientras que el empleo y el costo de uso de capital muestran una relación de tipo negativa con la creación de empresas.

[ES] La globalización es un proceso que se ha venido dando a nivel mundial y para Colombia este no es ajeno; a través de la Visión 2032 se propone que nuestro país se convierta en uno de los tres países más competitivos de América Latina, por tanto Bucaramanga y su Área Metropolitana asumen este reto como eje fundamental para el desarrollo económico y social del país y de la región, incrementando la participación de las empresas en los mercados mundiales. El presente artículo efectúa una revisión teórica de la internacionalización y las empresas exportadoras, para encontrar los aspectos fundamentales, que permitan establecer la influencia de la competitividad y el capital tecnológico en la internacionalización de las empresas exportadoras y además se constituyan en fuente de consulta desde lo académico y empresarial, aporte a decisiones en la internacionalización empresarial de la región., [EN] Globalization is a process that has been given to the global level and for Colombia this is no stranger; through the ¿Vision 2032¿ it is proposed that our country will become one of the three most competitive countries in Latin America, thus Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area, take on this challenge as a fundamental axis for the economic and social development of the country and the region, increasing the participation of firms in global markets. This article makes a theoretical review of the internationalization and the exporting companies, to find the fundamental aspects that make it possible to establish the influence of the competitiveness and technological capital in the internationalization of the exporting companies and also constitute a source of query from the academic and business, contribution to decisions in the internationalization of companies in the region.

This article presents the results of an inter-institutional research study that assessed the impact of strategies instruction on students’ preparation for and performance in oral exams. Two teacher-researchers at different universities trained 26 students in their respective B1-English-level courses in using language learning strategies. The study included pre- and post-intervention tests and on-line questionnaires after each oral exam. After comparing the test scores and analyzing the questionnaire responses, we arrived at two main conclusions: First, that strategies instruction, especially in combination with evaluation rubrics, promotes students’ autonomy and enhances their oral test performance. Second, that students’ use of language learning strategies is influenced by instructional variations tied to the relative importance that teachers ascribe to specific aspects of oral communication., En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación inter-institucional que evaluó el impacto de la instrucción en estrategias en la preparación para pruebas orales. Dos docentes-investigadores de diferentes universidades capacitaron a 26 estudiantes de nivel B1 en el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje. El estudio incluyó la administración de pruebas antes y después de la intervención y de cuestionarios después de cada prueba. Los datos nos permitieron llegar a dos conclusiones: primero, la instrucción en estrategias, especialmente en combinación con el uso de rúbricas, promueve la autonomía y mejora el desempeño en pruebas orales. Segundo, el uso de estrategias está influenciado por variaciones en la instrucción asociadas a la importancia relativa que cada maestro asigna a aspectos específicos de la comunicación hablada.

This article addresses the use of Customer Perceived Value as a tool for Competitive Analysis by manufactures and dealers of Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). It shows how both, the relative importance of the value attributes and the performance evaluation of the main brands competing in the market, were determined. Then, the way a brand goes about to visualize its competitive position, is illustrated. It also portraits the gap between the ideal value expected by the market and the actual perceived value offer, which is like a “map” of opportunities for existing firms and new comers., Este artículo trata del uso del Valor Percibido por el Cliente como herramienta para el análisis competitivo por parte de ensambladoras y concesionarios de Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). Se muestra cómo se determinan la importancia relativa de los atributos que los compradores tienen en cuenta para evaluar el desempeño de un concesionario y la evaluación de desempeño de los principales proveedores de este tipo de vehículo. Posteriormente, se ilustra la manera como una marca visualiza su posición competitiva. También muestra la brecha entre los valores ideales esperados por el mercado y el valor percibido por el mercado, lo cual se constituye en un mapa de oportunidades para las firmas actualmente presentes en el mercado y para nuevos participantes.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[EN] Settlements of uncontrolled population on side of road in Venezuela originate the excessive use of traffic speed reducers to mitigate accidents. Misuse of these speed control devices generate problem of functionality in the two-lane main rural roads which requires to be studied to demonstrate its effect on the capacity and level of service. Although other factors may occur (i.e, environmental problems and health), the disproportionate use of speed-bumps worsens circulation quality by increase of travel time as most sensitive parameter. Where this effect not can be reversed it should be made efforts to mitigate speed using another traffic-calming device. The studied stretches are selected according to particular characteristics such as: urban settlement, isolated speed-bump and its installation in series, including case without speed-bumps which guarantees the proper contrast. Video cameras to detect the travel time of vehicles are used in each road section, it allow the measures of other parameters.The travel time distribution with or without speed-bumps and probability distribution that characterizes vehicle movement in each stretch allows the simulation and modeling with the ARENA software. Travel time allows obtain the speed which, together with the volume of traffic, determines the level of service according to the Highway Capacity Manual criterion. The economic cost of substitute measures versus travel time is evaluated and may be useful in decision-making or implementation of better policies by transport governmental institutions.