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Background: Calcium silicate-based sealer has favorable properties for root canal filling, including hydroxyapatite formation during the setting process. However, this process can cause difficulty during post space preparation when the sealer is set. Additionally, the remaining sealer could interfere with the bond strength of fiber post to root canal dentin. The different adhesive strategies and fiber post cementation time may affect the bond strength of the fiber post. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of etching modes of Scotchbond™ Universal Plus adhesive and post cementation time on the push-out bond strength of a fiber post cemented in root canals obturated with calcium silicate-based sealer. Methods: Fifty-four teeth were randomly allocated to 6 groups (n = 9) based on etching modes: self-etch (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER); post space preparation and cementation time: immediate (Im) or 7-day delayed (De): Im-Im, Im-De, and De-De. The root canals were obturated with calcium silicate-based sealer and the post space preparation was performed. The fiber post was cemented using RelyX™ Universal resin cement according to each group's design. For the push-out bond strength test, 1-mm slices of the coronal, middle, and apical regions were tested using a universal testing machine. The failure mode analysis was determined using a stereomicroscope. The data was analyzed with three-way analysis of variance. Results: No negative effects of etching modes, post space preparation or cementation time on push-out bond strength were detected (p > 0.05). Additionally, the root canal region also did not significantly affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). Conclusion: No significant differences were observed between the etching modes, post space preparation and cementation time and among root canal regions. Clinical relevance: The different etching modes of adhesive and post cementation time did not affect the bond strength of fiber post in calcium silicate filled-root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effectiveness of atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on the surface characteristics and bond strength of zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics for CAD-on restorations. A total of 70 cylindrical-shaped specimens of lithium disilicate and 70 disc-shaped specimens of Y-TZP zirconia were machined, thermally processed, surface-treated, and then resin-bonded. The specimens were grouped according to the following surface treatments: no surface treatment, sandblasting, plasma, sandblasting followed by plasma, sandblasting followed by universal adhesive, plasma followed by universal adhesive, and sandblasting and plasma treatment followed by universal adhesive. The treated surfaces were subjected to a wettability assessment via contact angle measurement and a topography assessment using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cemented assembly was subjected to shear bond strength testing with a universal testing machine, and the results were imported to SPSS 23.0 for statistical analysis. The results show that APPJ treatment induced a significantly low contact angle for both ceramics with no surface alteration upon scanning. Moreover, APPJ treatment produced a bonded assembly with a shear bond strength comparable to sandblasting. In conclusion, APPJ treatment should be considered an efficient surface treatment with a non-destructive nature that surpasses sandblasting with the provision of a high shear bond strength between CAD-on ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central aim of adhesive dentistry is to improve the compatibility between current adhesives and a range of substrates by employing diverse application techniques. Therefore, the overarching objective of this review is to offer a comprehensive analysis of dentin bonding systems, starting with an introduction to adhesion and a detailed overview of enamel and dentin structures, their histology, and the impact of dentin structure on resin–dentin bonding. It covers the mechanisms of resin–dentin bonding, including resin adhesive application, bonding mechanisms, and factors influencing efficacy. Further, this review explores the composition of resin adhesive systems, including acidic components, cross-linking monomers, solvents, and other critical elements. It also examines various adhesive strategies—etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal adhesives—highlighting their applications and advantages. The review extends to clinical applications of dental adhesion, including direct restorations, indirect restorations, and immediate dentin sealing (IDS), demonstrating the practical implications of adhesive systems in enhancing restoration longevity and performance. In conclusion, despite significant advancements, no gold-standard method for optimal adhesion exists. Each adhesive system has distinct strengths and limitations. The review emphasizes the importance of evaluating methods for achieving durable adhesion and staying current with technological advancements in adhesive systems. Summary: This review provides a thorough analysis of dentin bonding systems, delving into the structures and bonding mechanisms of both enamel and dentin. By exploring various adhesive systems and their components, it highlights the ongoing challenges in achieving optimal resin–dentin adhesion. The review also addresses the clinical applications of dental adhesion, including direct restorations, indirect restorations, and immediate dentin sealing (IDS), illustrating how different adhesive techniques impact clinical outcomes. It underscores the necessity for continuous innovation and assessment of adhesive systems to enhance long-term bonding effectiveness in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The bond strength of direct composite restoration to the caries affected dentin is a challenging issue. Preparation of dentin with an antibacterial agent is a method for creating durable bonded restorations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin photosensitizer on the bond strength of a universal adhesive to the caries-affected dentin (CAD). Materials and Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, forty-four decayed human molar teeth were selected. After removing the surface enamel and dentin by a water-cooled saw, the decayed mid-coronal dentin was stained with a caries detection solution. The green and soft infected dentin was removed and CAD and hard and healthy surrounding dentin were left. Then, the remaining dentin surfaces were treated by 600 grit silicon carbide papers and polished. The specimens were divided into two groups (n=22): dentin pretreatment group by curcumin and control with no dentin pretreatment group by curcumin. Each group was divided into two subgroups based on the method of application of All-Bond Universal adhesive (Bisco, USA) (etch and rinseand self-etching methods). After placing the Aelite All Purpose Body (Bisco, USA) composite, all specimens were placed in a universal testing machine for microshear bond strength (µSBS) test. The failure mode of the isolated surfaces was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Two-way ANOVA analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: Based on the obtained results, intervention with the adhesive application method and surface pretreatment with curcumin had no significant effect on the bond strength. Also, there was no significant difference in the bond strength of the curcumin group in both etch and rinse and self-etching methods (SE=56.3±27.11 MPa; ER=52.4±84.11 MPa) (P=0.847). In the curcumin-free group, there was no significant difference between the two different adhesive application methods (P=0.187). Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study showed that the pretreatment of dentin affected by caries with light-sensitive curcumin and also use of a universal adhesive by either self-etching or self-etchinf methods had no influence on the microshear bond strength of the composite restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the dentin bond performance of various resin luting cement (RLC) systems combined with universal adhesives in different luting strategies. Materials and methods: Three self-adhesive resin luting cements (SRLCs) were used with universal adhesives as primers. Twelve specimens per group were prepared to measure shear bond strength (SBS) under distinct luting strategies in etch-&-rinse and self-etch modes. Regarding luting strategies, the bonded specimens were categorized into four groups based on tooth primer application and the curing mode of the SRLC paste: (i) with light irradiation of the tooth primer (wL) + dual-cure mode (DC) of the SRLC paste, (ii) wL + self-cure mode (SC) of the SRLC paste, (iii) without light irradiation of the tooth primer (woL) + DC mode of the SRLC paste, and (iv) woL + SC mode of the SRLC paste. Specimens were also subjected to different storage conditions: 24 h in water (baseline condition) and 10,000 cycles of thermal cycling. Results: Luting strategy, storage condition, and SRLC system type significantly influenced dentin SBS values in both etching modes. Notably, certain SRLCs exhibited significantly higher dentin SBS when the primer was light-irradiated compared with no primer irradiation. Conclusion: Most SRLCs demonstrated higher dentin bond strength with light-irradiated primers, suggesting potential enhancement of dentin bond performance via primer light irradiation.Significance: Although touch-cure polymerization can improve bond performance, its efficacy varies among SRLCs. Light irradiation of the primer and the SRLC paste might enhance the dentin bond performance of SRLCs combined with universal adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluates the effect of morpholine on saliva-contaminated acrylic resin repaired with light-cured resin composites. Sixty rods of self-curing acrylic resin were fabricated and assigned into four groups of fifteen specimens and surface-treated with saliva, phosphoric acid (PH), morpholine (MR), liquid MMA monomer, and a universal adhesive agent (UA, Singlebond Universal) based on the following techniques: group 1, saliva; group 2, saliva + PH + MMA + UA; group 3, saliva + MMA + UA; and group 4, saliva + MR + MMA + UA. An Ultradent model was placed at the center of the specimen, and then the resin composite was pressed and light-cured for 20 s. A mechanical testing device was used to evaluate the samples' shear bond strength (SBS) scores. The debonded specimen areas were inspected under a stereomicroscope to identify their failure mechanisms. The data were assessed by employing the one-way ANOVA approach, and the significance level (p < 0.05) was established with Tukey's test. The greatest SBS scores for group 2 (30.46 ± 2.26 MPa) and group 4 (32.10 ± 2.72 MPa) did not differ statistically significantly from one another. The lowest SBS recorded for group 1 was 1.38 ± 0.87 MPa. All of the fractured samples in group 1 had an adhesive failure profile. Groups 2 and 4 had the greatest percentages of cohesive failures. This study concluded that applying phosphoric acid and morpholine to sandblasted self-curing acrylic resin contaminated with saliva before MMA and universal adhesive agents are applied is the most efficient protocol for stimulating SBS when it is repaired with light-cured resin composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Calcium silicate-based sealer has favorable properties for root canal filling, including hydroxyapatite formation during the setting process. However, this process can cause difficulty during post space preparation when the sealer is set. Additionally, the remaining sealer could interfere with the bond strength of fiber post to root canal dentin. The different adhesive strategies and fiber post cementation time may affect the bond strength of the fiber post. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of etching modes of Scotchbond™ Universal Plus adhesive and post cementation time on the push-out bond strength of a fiber post cemented in root canals obturated with calcium silicate-based sealer. Methods Fifty-four teeth were randomly allocated to 6 groups (n = 9) based on etching modes: self-etch (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER); post space preparation and cementation time: immediate (Im) or 7-day delayed (De): Im-Im, Im-De, and De-De. The root canals were obturated with calcium silicate-based sealer and the post space preparation was performed. The fiber post was cemented using RelyX™ Universal resin cement according to each group’s design. For the push-out bond strength test, 1-mm slices of the coronal, middle, and apical regions were tested using a universal testing machine. The failure mode analysis was determined using a stereomicroscope. The data was analyzed with three-way analysis of variance. Results No negative effects of etching modes, post space preparation or cementation time on push-out bond strength were detected (p > 0.05). Additionally, the root canal region also did not significantly affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). Conclusion No significant differences were observed between the etching modes, post space preparation and cementation time and among root canal regions. Clinical relevance The different etching modes of adhesive and post cementation time did not affect the bond strength of fiber post in calcium silicate filled-root canal.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on the surface characteristics and bond strength of zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics for CAD-on restorations. A total of 70 cylindrical-shaped specimens of lithium disilicate and 70 disc-shaped specimens of Y-TZP zirconia were machined, thermally processed, surface-treated, and then resin-bonded. The specimens were grouped according to the following surface treatments: no surface treatment, sandblasting, plasma, sandblasting followed by plasma, sandblasting followed by universal adhesive, plasma followed by universal adhesive, and sandblasting and plasma treatment followed by universal adhesive. The treated surfaces were subjected to a wettability assessment via contact angle measurement and a topography assessment using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cemented assembly was subjected to shear bond strength testing with a universal testing machine, and the results were imported to SPSS 23.0 for statistical analysis. The results show that APPJ treatment induced a significantly low contact angle for both ceramics with no surface alteration upon scanning. Moreover, APPJ treatment produced a bonded assembly with a shear bond strength comparable to sandblasting. In conclusion, APPJ treatment should be considered an efficient surface treatment with a non-destructive nature that surpasses sandblasting with the provision of a high shear bond strength between CAD-on ceramics.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced application time on the bond strength of a universal adhesive used for the repair of hybrid ceramic and composite resin restorations.Methods: In the study, a total of 48 rectangular prisms of sizes 7×6×2 mm hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic, Zahnfabrik, Germany) and composite resin (Solare X, GC, Japan) specimens were prepared. All samples were aged with 5000 thermal cycles. Then, the upper surfaces of the samples were roughened with a diamond fissure bur (10–36µ, 852 FG Meisinger; Hager & Meisinger GmbH, Germany) with 5 strokes under water cooling. The samples were divided into 2 subgroups according to the different application times of the adhesive system (G-Premio Bond, GC, Japan) (n=12). Then, composite resin (Solare X, GC) was placed using plastic cylinder molds with 3 mm inner diameter and height and cured with light for 20 seconds. All samples were thermal aged and then a shear bond strength test was conducted. The data were analyzed with Two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD tests (p˂0,05).Results: Two-way ANOVA revealed that the repair bond strength of the 10 seconds of waiting was significantly higher than the quick application for both hybrid ceramic and composite resin (p˂0,05). It was determined that there was no significant difference between hybrid ceramic and composite resin in the both quick application group and 10 seconds waiting group (p˃0,05).Conclusion: Quick application procedure showed lower shear bond strength than 10 seconds waiting group for the repair of both composite resin and hybrid ceramic (p

Abstract This split-mouth blinded randomized controlled study compared the efficacy of a desensitizing agent with oxalate/resin polymer and a universal adhesive containing mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) relief, using Schiff sensitivity score (SSS) and visual analog scale (VAS). Split quadrants containing teeth with DH were treated with either MS Coat ONE or Hi-Bond Universal with MBG as the functional additive. Assessments at baseline, immediately post-application, and at 1- and 2-week follow-ups used standardized stimulus protocols (air, cold, and acid). The SSS difference was the primary outcome, while the VAS difference was the secondary outcome. A mixed linear effect model performed statistical analysis. Immediate DH reduction occurred in response to air stimuli, with a significant decrease in Group HB than in Group MS (p = 0.0178). Cold stimulus reduction exhibited a gradual cumulative effect, with consistently greater reductions in Group HB than in Group MS (p ≤ 0.0377). Both groups effectively managed acidic stimuli, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). The VAS scores decreased gradually over the follow-up period (p

This study evaluated the effect on adhesive layer thickness, bond strength, and adhesive failure pattern of the application of universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal) using either manual or rotary brush in dentin previously impregnated with bioceramic sealer (Sealer Plus BC) using a manual brush, at 24 h and 1 year. Eighty‐eight bovine crowns were divided into four groups (n = 22) according to the intervention: (i) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, (ii) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush, (iii) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, and (iv) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush. Subsequently, specimens were restored with a composite resin (Filtek Z‐250). Adhesive layer thickness was evaluated using confocal microscopy. Bond strength was assessed using the microtensile bond strength test, and adhesive failure pattern was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA/Tukey tests. Specimens where a rotary brush had been used exhibited lower adhesive layer thickness. Specimens treated with resin sealer and using a manual brush showed lower bond strength values and a higher occurrence of adhesive failures at 24 h and 1 year than specimens treated with bioceramic sealer and using rotary brush for adhesive application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of additional silane treatment on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength (µTBS) between resin-based composite (RBC) post-and-core build-up material and an RBC CAD/CAM block. Twelve sample blocks (12 mm × 14 mm × 9 mm) were prepared using RBC post-and-core build-up material and were divided into six groups: Kerr Silane Primer (Sil) + OptiBond eXTRa Universal adhesive (EXA); OptiBond eXTRa Universal Primer (EXP) + EXA; Sil + OptiBond Universal (OBU); OBU; Sil + OptiBond Solo Plus (OSP); and OSP. Each treated sample was luted to a CAD/CAM block using an NX3 Nexus Third-Generation instrument. After storage in 37 °C water for 1 week, microspecimens were fabricated, and μTBS was tested immediately or after further immersion in water at 37 °C for 6 months. The failure mode of each specimen was determined using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For the immediate groups, no significant difference in µTBS was found between specimens with or without silane treatment for each adhesive (p > 0.05). For the aged groups, silane treatment significantly decreased µTBS for OptiBond eXTRa Universal (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that additional silane treatment prior to the application of adhesive did not enhance µTBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the durability of the adhesive--dentin interface is regarded as one of the main goals of contemporary adhesive dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of plasma pretreatment on MMP-2 inhibition and on the immediate and delayed shear bond strength of a universal adhesive used in 'etch-and-rinse' or 'self-etch' mode. Sixty-four decoronated human maxillary premolars were used for the bond strength test, while sixty-four dentin beams (1 mm thick, 2 mm wide, and 6 mm long) were used for the MMP-2 inhibition test. The specimens in each study were divided into four main groups (n=16): Group A: the universal adhesive (G-Premio bond) used in the 'etch-and-rinse' mode. Group B: as Group A but with plasma treatment prior to adhesive application. Group C: the universal adhesive used in 'self-etch' mode. Group D: as Group C but with plasma treatment prior to adhesive application. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (I and II) aged for 24 hours or 6 months, respectively. The universal adhesive was applied following the manufacturer's instructions. Nonthermal plasma was applied using a PiezoBrush® PZ3 Handheld Device. A universal composite was then applied in all of the groups. The shear bond strength test was carried out using a universal testing machine, while the MMP-2 concentration was measured using a special ELISA kit. Statistical Analysis: The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, or an independent sample t test at a significance level of 0.05. The highest mean value of shear bond strength (SBS) was recorded for Group BII (30.12 ± 2.29 MPa), while the lowest mean value was recorded for Group CII (12.25 ± 0.88 MPa). Significant differences were found between each set of aged subgroups, except for C1/D1, CII/DII, CI/CII and DI/DII. For MMP-2, the highest mean value was recorded for Group AI (0.483 ng/ml), while the lowest mean value was recorded for Group BII (0.086 ng/ml). Significant differences were found between each set of aged subgroups, except for C1/CII. Plasma pretreatment of an etched dentin surface prior to universal adhesive application seems to be a promising protocol for increasing the longevity of bonded composite restorations, as it significantly increased the SBS after six months of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the dentin shear bond strength (SBS) and bonding interface of three recently developed "universal" resin luting cements based on different modalities. Methods: The dentin SBS and interfacial analysis of three recently launched "universal" resin luting cements, namely, G-Cem One, RelyX Universal and Panavia SA cement universal, were studied. All bonding protocols, including the previous use of their dedicated primer or universal adhesive in touch-cure mode or light-cure mode were performed. Variolink Esthetic LC used in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal Plus was used as a control group. For each group (n = 9), 10 specimens were tested for dentin SBS and two were examined by scanning electron microscopy. SBS were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. Results: SBS values showed that the three "universal" resin luting cements tested exhibit different adhesive behaviors. G-Cem One with its touch-cure activated primer had a greater SBS to dentin (25.5 MPa) than that of the control group (22.1 MPa). Conclusion: "Universal" resin luting cements have variable efficacy when used in self-curing mode. The touch-curing mode is also of concern but may show high potential for some formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The current study compared the push-out adhesive strength of glass fiber-reinforced posts with a silane-treated surface versus a universally adhesive-treated surface. In both cases, a universal self-adhesive cement was used. Materials and Methods: Thirty bovine teeth were used in an in vitro experiment. Through cutting, the root and coronal sections were divided. Subsequently, the manufacturer’s recommendations were followed for the placement of glass fiber-reinforced posts through root canal therapy, guttapercha removal, and canal shaping. On the basis of how the posts were treated prior to cementation, the samples were split into three groups (n = 10). Posts in group A (control) did not get any prior treatment. Posts in group B had previously received a silane treatment. Posts in Group C had previously been coated with universal adhesive. Following the application of RelyX Ultimate universal self adhesive cementation, the samples were segmented and subjected to a Push-Out test at a speed of 1mm/min on a universal testing apparatus. Intergroup ANOVA was used to evaluate the adhesive strength means (measured in MPa), and Tukey’s post hoc test was performed afterward, with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Compared to the glass fiber-reinforced posts pre-treated with silane (P = 0.003) and the control group (P < 0.001), the adhesive strength of the posts pre-treated with universal adhesive was significantly higher. Similarly, the adhesive strength of the glass fiber-reinforced posts that had been pre-treated with silane was considerably higher than that of the control group (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Posts reinforced with glass fiber and pre-treated with universal adhesive exhibited notably greater adhesive strength compared to those pre-treated with silane. When compared to utilizing universal self-adhesive cement without pre-treatment, both pre-treatment techniques greatly increased the adhesive strength of glass fiber-reinforced posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This split-mouth blinded randomized controlled study compared the efficacy of a desensitizing agent with oxalate/resin polymer and a universal adhesive containing mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) relief, using Schiff sensitivity score (SSS) and visual analog scale (VAS). Split quadrants containing teeth with DH were treated with either MS Coat ONE or Hi-Bond Universal with MBG as the functional additive. Assessments at baseline, immediately post-application, and at 1- and 2-week follow-ups used standardized stimulus protocols (air, cold, and acid). The SSS difference was the primary outcome, while the VAS difference was the secondary outcome. A mixed linear effect model performed statistical analysis. Immediate DH reduction occurred in response to air stimuli, with a significant decrease in Group HB than in Group MS (p = 0.0178). Cold stimulus reduction exhibited a gradual cumulative effect, with consistently greater reductions in Group HB than in Group MS (p ≤ 0.0377). Both groups effectively managed acidic stimuli, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). The VAS scores decreased gradually over the follow-up period (p < 0.0001). This study highlights the differential efficacy of treatments for various DH triggers and recommends specific approaches based on different stimulus types. The universal adhesive containing MBG demonstrated DH relief potential, promising efficacy identical to or superior to that of a dedicated desensitizing agent. Further research exploring the long-term efficacy and underlying mechanisms is warranted. The universal adhesive containing MBG can be adopted as an in-office desensitizing agent for DH relief. The desensitizing efficacy of universal adhesive matches or surpasses dedicated agents for air and cold stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate and compare the bond strength of bulk fill composite when bonded to enamel or dentin pretreated with different concentrations of fluoride (F) compounds using a universal adhesive. A total of 120 teeth were used, including 40 enamel specimens and 80 dentin specimens. Enamel specimens were ground flat, while dentin specimens were prepared by cutting until mid-coronal dentin. The teeth were divided into four groups (n = 30) to test the F-based agents: 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), 1.1% neutral sodium fluoride (NSF), 0.4% stannous fluoride (SF), and a control group without F pretreatment. Each agent was applied for 30 s and rinsed before bonding. Enamel specimens underwent phosphoric acid etching (ER), while dentin specimens were bonded using either ER or self-etch (SE) protocols. Microtensile bond strength testing (μTBS) was performed after 24 h or 10,000 thermal cycles, and failure patterns were assessed. The study variables did not significantly affect μTBS values of enamel specimens. However, all study variables had a significant effect on μTBS values of dentin specimens. The ER protocol, after both control and SF pretreatment, exhibited the highest μTBS values. Pretreatment of enamel with different concentrations of F prior to bonding appears to be safe in terms of bond durability. However, pretreatment with F concentrations higher than 1000 ppm adversely affected bonding to dentin. Pretreating tooth structure with F-based agents at concentrations below 1000 ppm prior to bonding shows promise as a viable option without compromising bond durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of four calcium silicate‐based cements (CSCs) to composite resin using a universal adhesive in self‐etch (SE) and etch‐and‐rinse (ER) modes and to evaluate surface microstructure and chemical composition of CSCs after acid‐etching. Methods: In total, 30 specimens of each cement, Biodentine (BD), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus (MTA‐A), ProRoot MTA (MTA‐P) and MTA Repair HP (MTA‐HP), were prepared and assigned into 2 groups (n = 15) according to universal adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) applied in SE and ER mode. After composite resin (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic) was applied, the SBS was measured. Scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analysis was used to evaluate the changes in surface structure and elemental composition. Results: MTA‐P demonstrated significantly higher SBS than all CSCs, except for MTA‐HP in the SE mode. The ER mode exhibited significantly higher SBS compared to the SE mode for MTA‐P and MTA‐A. Acid‐etching caused morphological differences and affected elemental distribution. Conclusions: MTA‐P may be a more suitable pulp capping material due to its superior SBS compared to BD and MTA‐A. The application of a universal adhesive in ER mode may be suggested to increase the SBS of MTA‐P and MTA‐A to composite resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern conservative dentistry is taking the lead in daily clinical practice and is relying on adhesion. Whether it is a simple composite, ceramic inlays, onlays, veneers or crowns, the common factor for a successful outcome is a good bonding of these elements to dental structures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of resin composite to dentin when using a new device, the DENTIPURE KM™ (KM, Beirut, Lebanon), which provides a pure air flow, free of any contaminants and without humidity, when compared to other dental equipment. One hundred and eighty extracted human molars were equally divided into three groups according to the device used, the DENTIPURE KM™ (KM, Beirut, Lebanon), the KAVO™ (ESTETICA E30/E70/E80 Vision, KAVO, Biberach, Germany), or the ADEC™ (A-dec Performer 200, Newberg, OR, USA). The shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated after 24 h of storage in distilled water on a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was set with a level of significance at p ≤ 0.05. The results revealed that significantly different bond strength was imparted by the DENTIPURE KM™ device and the ADEC™ dental unit (p = 0.042). In conclusion, while the DENTIPURE KM™ device shows promise in providing contaminant-free air during bonding, its impact on dentin bond strength compared to devices like the KAVO™ appears minimal. Further research is needed to fully assess its potential in enhancing dentinal adhesion procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAchieving optimal dentin bond strength is crucial for the long-term success of adhesive restorations. This study aims to evaluate the impact of double adhesive layer application, with and without light curing between applications, on the micro-tensile dentin bond strength (µ-TBS) of a universal adhesive, in comparison to the conventional single-layer application.MethodsIntact human molars were divided into three groups (n = 15) according to the adhesive application technique using a universal self-etch adhesive (Tetric N-Bond Universal, Ivoclar) as follows: (1) according to the manufacturer's instructions, (2) double-layer application without light curing between layers, and (3) double-layer application with light curing between layers. Samples were immediately tested for µ-TBS, with failure types recorded as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. Representative samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using multiple-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).ResultsThe double adhesive layer with and without light curing between layers showed similar μ-TBS to that of the control group (p > 0.05).DiscussionFrom a clinical perspective, these findings suggest that the accurate application of a single layer of a universal adhesive can be as effective as more complex techniques. Additionally, the use of universal bonding agents may have contributed to the outcomes observed in this study. In conclusion, double adhesive layer application and light curing between adhesive layers did not increase the µ-TBS with the universal adhesive agent explored.

Purpose: Resin composites are commonly used in pediatric dentistry, but there is limited evidence on adhesion to primary teeth, especially primary enamel. In this study, three bonding strategies were assessed - one-step self-etch (1-SE), two-step self-etch (2-SE), and three-step etch-and-rinse (3-ER) - by measuring the immediate and aged microshear bond strength (µSBS) to sound primary enamel. Materials and Methods: 120 extracted human primary molars with sound buccal surfaces were used for µSBS testing. Six adhesive protocols (two per bonding strategy) were selected and µSBS was measured either after 24 h or 10,000 thermal cycles (n = 10). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine failure modes. Furthermore, 18 primary molars were etched using the different adhesive protocols (n = 3) for the measurement of surface roughness (Sa) using CLSM and morphological analysis using SEM. Results: After 24 h, there was no significant difference in µSBS between 1-SE and 2-SE strategies (p = 0.96), but the 2-SE strategy yielded significantly higher µSBS after thermocycling (p < 0.001). The highest µSBS was obtained using the 3-ER strategy regardless of aging (p < 0.001). The 3-ER strategy clearly exposed enamel prisms and resulted in the highest Sa (p < 0.001). In contrast, if SE strategies were used, enamel prisms were barely recognizable, and Sa was not significantly different from baseline (p > 0.95). Conclusion: The 3-ER strategy is optimal for bonding to primary enamel. The etching effect of SE strategies is weaker, resulting in lower µSBS. Thermocycling revealed that the bonding durability of the 1-SE strategy is inferior to that of to multi-step strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the 3-year clinical performance of a universal adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUBQ); Kuraray Noritake) when restoring non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using two different application modes (etch-and-rinse vs self-etch with prior selective enamel etching). Materials and Methods: Fifty-one patients participated in this study. A total of 251 NCCLs (n = 251) were assigned to two groups: 1) CUBQ applied in etch-and-rinse mode (n = 122; CUBQ-ER) and 2) CUBQ applied in self-etch mode with prior selective etching of enamel with phosphoric acid (n = 129; CUPQ-SEE). The same resin composite, Clearfil Majesty ES-2 (Kuraray Noritake), was used for all restorations. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 1 and 3 years using FDI criteria: marginal staining, fracture and retention, marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity and recurrence of caries. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations (2-way GEE model). Materials and Methods: Fifty-one patients participated in this study. A total of 251 NCCLs (n = 251) were assigned to two groups: 1) CUBQ applied in etch-and-rinse mode (n = 122; CUBQ-ER) and 2) CUBQ applied in self-etch mode with prior selective etching of enamel with phosphoric acid (n = 129; CUPQ-SEE). The same resin composite, Clearfil Majesty ES-2 (Kuraray Noritake), was used for all restorations. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 1 and 3 years using FDI criteria: marginal staining, fracture and retention, marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity and recurrence of caries. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations (2-way GEE model). Results: The patient recall rate at 3 years was 90%. After 3 years, both groups presented an increase in the percentage of small but still clinically acceptable marginal defects (CUBQ-ER: 67%, CUBQ-SEE: 63.2%) and marginal staining (CUBQ-ER: 32.6%, CUBQ-SEE: 31.7%). The overall success rate was 82.6% and 83.8% for CUBQ-ER and CUBQ-SEE, respectively. In total, 38 restorations (19 CUBQ-ER, 19 CUBQ-SEE) failed because of loss of retention, fracture, severe marginal defect and/or marginal discoloration. A retention rate of 87.2% and 86.3% was recorded for CUBQ-ER and CUBQ-SEE, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the two bonding-mode groups for any of the evaluated parameters. Conclusion: After 3 years of clinical service, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick performed similarly in etch-and-rinse and selfetch modes with prior selective enamel etching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the clinical behavior of direct anterior composite restorations performed with a universal adhesive or with a three-step etch-and-rinse (E&R) adhesive. Material and Methods: Patients were randomly treated with a three-step E&R adhesive (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a universal adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, Kuraray Noritake) applied in E&R mode. All restorations were performed with a nanohybrid composite (ClearFil Majesty ES-2, Kuraray Noritake) by the same experienced operator. Two calibrated examiners evaluated the restorations using a dental mirror and explorer, in accordance with modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) procedures. Clinical events were registered and classified as either failure (F), survival (SR), or success (S). Results: 168 restorations were evaluated in 90 patients with an average follow-up period of 37.9 (± 22.9) months. A total of 132 restorations were performed on vital teeth, and 36 were performed on endodontically treated teeth (ETT). A total of 128 Class-IV and 40 Class-III restorations were performed. In 89 restorations, a three-step E&R adhesive was applied (14 Class-III and 75 Class-IV), while in 79, a universal adhesive was used (26 Class-III and 53 Class-IV, p = 0.0091). A Cox regression analysis was performed (p < 0.05) to analyze which factors were involved in the failure of the restorations, considering failure (F) as restorations that needed re-intervention at the follow-up period of 37.9 (± 22.9) months. No statistically significant differences were observed when considering parameters directly involved with the adhesives tested. Endodontically treated teeth were more prone to fractures (p = 0.0006) compared to vital teeth. Restorations made with universal adhesives failed by fracturing significantly more frequently (p = 0.0234), while restorations made on endodontically treated teeth had a significantly worse outcome (p = 0.0001). Restorations made on canines also failed significantly more frequently (HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.4-10.1, p = 0.0062). Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, both the universal adhesive and the three-step E&R adhesive proved to be good treatment choices for direct anterior restorations after 37.9 (± 22.9) months of follow-up. Tooth vitality seems fundamental for the prognosis of a direct anterior composite restoration over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milagros Falcon Aguilar,1 Marcela Alvarez Ferretti,1 Rodrigo Barros Esteves Lins,2 Jardel Dos Santos Silva,3 Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima,1 Giselle Maria Marchi,1 Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar1 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; 2School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil; 3School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, BrazilCorrespondence: Milagros Falcon Aguilar, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School UNICAMP, Av Limeira 901, Areião, PO BOX 52, Piracicaba, 13414-903, Brazil, Tel +55 (11) 978391245, Email milafalcona@gmail.comObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin (μTBS) using different time periods of airborne particle abrasion (APA) and two types of acid etching.Methods: Seventy-two human third molars were divided into 9 groups (n=8) according to dentin pretreatment: APA duration (0, 5, or 10s) and acid etching (no acid - NA, 37% phosphoric acid - PhoA, or 1% phytic acid - PhyA). APA was performed at a 0.5 cm distance and air pressure of 60 psi using 50 μm aluminum oxide particles. Afterwards, two coats of Single Bond Universal adhesive (3M) were applied to the dentin surface. Composite blocks were built using the incremental technique, sectioned into 1× 1 mm slices and subjected to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing. Fracture patterns and surface topography of each dentinal pretreatment were evaluated using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bond strength data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.Results: The group that received pretreatment with 5s APA and PhoA presented higher μTBS values among all groups, which was statistically different when compared with the PhoA, 10APA+PhoA, and 5APA+PhyA groups. PhyA did not significantly influence the bond strength of the air-abraded groups. Finally, adhesive failure was considered the predominant failure in all groups.Conclusion: Dentin pretreated by airborne particle abrasion using aluminum oxide demonstrated an increase in bond strength when abraded for 5 seconds and conditioned with phosphoric acid in a universal adhesive system.Keywords: dental air abrasion, dental bonding, universal adhesive, microtensile bond strength, phytic acid, phosphoric acid

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, alüminyum oksit partikülleriyle kumlama sonrası kullanılan farklı primerlerin ve universal adezivin, termal yaşlandırma sonrasında zirkonya ile self adeziv rezin siman arasındaki makaslama bağlanma dayanımı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda CAD/CAM zirkonya bloklardan boyutları 2 mm x 11 mm x 11 mm olacak şekilde 20 adet dörtgen örnek hazırlanmıştır. Tüm örneklerin yüzeyine 50 µm Al2O3 partikülleri yüzey pürüzlendirme işlemi uygulanmıştır. Hazırlanan örnekler farklı primer ve adeziv uygulamalarına göre 4 alt gruba ayrılmıştır (n=5). Kontrol: Herhangi bir primer veya universal adeziv uygulanmamıştır. Kerr Silane Primer (Negatif Kontrol): MDP içeriği bulunmayan seramik primeri uygulanmıştır. Ceramica-S ve Nova Compo-B Plus: Ceramica-S primer ve Nova Compo-B Plus universal adeziv karıştırılarak uygulanmıştır. Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus: Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus uygulanmıştır. Yüzey uygulamalarını takiben self adeziv rezin siman seramik yüzeylerine polimerize edilmiştir. Ardından örnekler 5000 devir termal döngü işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Örneklere universal test cihazında makaslama bağlanma dayanımı testi uygulanmıştır. Yüzey işlemlerine göre Fmax (N) ve Mpa değerlerinin karşılaştırılmasında Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Farklı primer ve adeziv kullanımına göre Fmax (N) ortalama değerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermiştir (p0,001). Sonuç: Mevcut limitasyonlar dahilinde, self adeziv rezin simanın herhangi bir primer uygulaması olmaksızın veya MDP içermeyen bir primer uygulanmasının, zirkonya seramik yüzeyine bağlanma gücünü artırmak için yeterli olmadığı sonucuna varılabilir. MDP içeren ve kumlama sonrası uygulanan primerler veya adezivler, zirkonyaya bağlanma için ideal bir seçenek olarak görünmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Primer, Universal adeziv, Zirkonya

This study investigated the effect of 3 s light-curing with a high-power LED curing unit on the shear bond strength of bulk-fill composites. Four bulk-fill composites were bonded to dentin with a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Plus): two materials designed for rapid curing (Tetric PowerFill and Tetric PowerFlow) and two controls (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative and SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable). The 4 mm composite layer was light-cured with Bluephase PowerCure for 20 s at 1000 mW/cm2 ("20 s") or for 3 s at 3000 mW/cm2 ("3 s"). The samples were stored at 37 °C in distilled water and tested after 1, 6 and 12 months. The samples polymerised in the "3 s" mode had statistically similar or higher bond strength than the samples cured in "20 s" mode, except for the Tetric PowerFlow (1 month) and SDR+ (6 month). The flowable materials Tetric PowerFlow and SDR Plus initially showed the highest values in the "3 s" and "20 s" groups, which decreased after 12 months. The bond strength was statistically similar for all materials and curing protocols after 12 months, except for Tetric PowerFill cured with the "3 s" protocol (21.22 ± 5.0 MPa), which showed the highest value. Tetric PowerFill showed the highest long-term bond strength. While "3 s" curing resulted in equal or better shear bond strength, its use can only be recommended for a material with an AFCT agent such as Tetric PowerFill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The composition of universal adhesives is highly diverse. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of a composite with five different universal adhesives to human enamel and dentin. Materials and Methods: The shear bond strength of a composite (G‐aenial Universal Injectable) to human enamel and dentin was tested in selective enamel etching mode before and after thermocyclic aging (10,000 cycles) using five different universal adhesive systems (Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, G‐Premio Bond, Prime&Bond active, and Scotchbond Universal Plus). Two‐bottle systems (OptiBond FL and G2‐Bond Universal) were used as control. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted of the bonding interface. Results: Significant differences in shear bond strength values were found among the five evaluated universal adhesives. Lowest shear bond strength values were observed for 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)‐free systems. Thermocyclic aging did not significantly reduce shear bond strength values indicating that the initial bond remains stable. Conclusions: The clinical use of universal adhesives Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, and Scotchbond Universal Plus can be encouraged as they provided comparable or even better shear bond strength values than the two‐bottle controls. Clinical Significance: Universal adhesives that were developed for the same indication and approved for clinical use demonstrated variety in shear bond strength values. When applied in the selective enamel etching mode, a stable bond can be expected from adhesives containing HEMA and monomers with phosphate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of an ammonia-based and a water-based silver-containing solutions on bonding performance and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity of a universal adhesive to dentin after 1 year of artificial aging. Mid-coronal dentin surfaces of 60 sound human molars were exposed and the following groups were formed according to the surface pre-treatment and etching mode of the universal adhesive (Zipbond Universal, SDI) (n = 10): G1) Zipbond in the self-etch mode (ZSE); G2) Riva Star (SDI) applied before ZSE; G3) Riva Star Aqua (SDI) applied before ZSE; G4) Zipbond in the etch-and-rinse mode (ZER); G5) Riva Star applied before ZER; G6) Riva Star Aqua applied before ZER. The specimens were sectioned and subjected to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test at baseline (T 0) and after 12 months (T 12) of artificial storage. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS) were also conducted. Three additional molars per group were processed for the in situ zymography analysis at T 0 and T 12. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Dentin pre-treatments and aging decreased bonding values, regardless of the etching mode (p < 0.05). No differences in µTBS were observed between the two silver-containing solutions, both at T 0 and T 12. Riva Star Aqua and etching significantly increased the MMPs activity, independent of the storage period (p < 0.05). Dentin surface pre-treatment with silver-containing solutions negatively affects the bonding performances of resin composite restorations placed with a universal adhesive. However, the ammonia-based product Riva Star might show better stability in the long term, due to lower activation of MMPs. • Silver-containing solutions lower bond strength of resin composite to sound dentin; • Riva Star might show better hybrid layer stability in the long term; • Riva Star Aqua has never been investigated before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin (μTBS) using different time periods of airborne particle abrasion (APA) and two types of acid etching. Methods: Seventy-two human third molars were divided into 9 groups (n=8) according to dentin pretreatment: APA duration (0, 5, or 10s) and acid etching (no acid - NA, 37% phosphoric acid - PhoA, or 1% phytic acid - PhyA). APA was performed at a 0.5 cm distance and air pressure of 60 psi using 50 μm aluminum oxide particles. Afterwards, two coats of Single Bond Universal adhesive (3M) were applied to the dentin surface. Composite blocks were built using the incremental technique, sectioned into 1× 1 mm slices and subjected to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing. Fracture patterns and surface topography of each dentinal pretreatment were evaluated using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bond strength data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Results: The group that received pretreatment with 5s APA and PhoA presented higher μTBS values among all groups, which was statistically different when compared with the PhoA, 10APA+PhoA, and 5APA+PhyA groups. PhyA did not significantly influence the bond strength of the air-abraded groups. Finally, adhesive failure was considered the predominant failure in all groups. Conclusion: Dentin pretreated by airborne particle abrasion using aluminum oxide demonstrated an increase in bond strength when abraded for 5 seconds and conditioned with phosphoric acid in a universal adhesive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The present study aimed to assess the level of shear bond strength (SBS) of universal adhesives (G-premio Bond Universal (GBU) and All Bond Universal (ABU) on zirconia without surface preparation, zirconia sandblasted by 50-micron aluminum oxide particles, and zirconia glazed by low-fusing ceramics after the thermocycling process. Methods Two Ceramill ZI zirconia blocks were used to prepare 18 cubes with dimensions of 10×10×10 mm. Then, based on the type of surface preparation, these 18 sintered zirconia cubes were classified into three groups of six, including the control group, sandblasted group, and glazed group. Each group was classified into two subgroups based on the type of universal adhesive (ABU/GBU). On each cube, four cylinders filled with Panavia F2 resin cement with a diameter of 1.5 mm and a height of 2 mm were attached by the universal adhesive of the related subgroup (n = 72). The samples were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles in the thermocycler, each sample was assessed to test SBS, and the type of failure observed in each group was finally observed under a stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, Tukey’s post hoc test, and independent t-test, with a significance level of 0.05. Results There was a statistically significant difference in SBS between the control group and the other two groups (p-value < 0.05). At the same time, there was no statistically significant difference between the sandblasted zirconia group and the glazed zirconia group (p-value = 0.13). Conclusion: Applying a low-fusing glazed layer to prepare the zirconia surface leads to an increased SBS of dual-cured self-etch resin cement, equivalent to sandblasting with 50-micron aluminum oxide after the thermocycling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of three different universal adhesives (Single Bond Universal [SBU], All-Bond Universal [ABU], and Prime&Bond universal [PBU]) on the bonding durability of an adhesive (Panavia F 2.0, PF) and a conventional (Duo-Link, DL) resin cements to air-abraded zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Rectangular-shaped zirconia specimens were prepared. The chemical composition and surface energy parameters of the materials were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle measurement, respectively. To evaluate resin bonding to the zirconia, all the bonding specimens were immersed in water for 24 h and the specimens to be aged were additionally thermocycled 10000 times before the shear bond strength (SBS) test. RESULTS. The materials showed different surface energy parameters, including the degree of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. While the DL/CON (no pretreatment) showed the lowest SBS and a significant decrease in the value after thermocycling (P < .001), the PF/CON obtained a higher SBS value than the DL/CON (P < .001) and no decrease even after thermocycling (P = .839). When the universal adhesives were used with DL, their SBS values were higher than the CON (P < .05), but the trend was adhesive-specific. In conjunction with PF, the PF/SBU produced the highest SBS followed by the PF/ABU (P = .002), showing no significant decrease after thermocycling (P > .05). The initial SBS of the PF/PBU was similar to the PF/CON (P = .999), but the value decreased after thermocycling (P < .001). CONCLUSION. The universal adhesive pretreatment did not necessarily show a synergistic effect on the bonding performance of an adhesive resin cement, whereas the pretreatment was beneficial to bond strength and durability of a conventional resin cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess visually and quantitatively the contributions of the adhesive layer photopolymerization and the subsequent resin composite increment to spatio-temporal maps of temperature at five different cavity locations, subjected to two irradiance curing protocols: standard and ultra-high. Caries-free molars were used to obtain 40, 2 mm thick dentin slices, randomly assigned to groups (n = 5). These slices were incorporated within 3D-printed model cavites, 4 mm deep, restored with Adhese® Universal bonding agent and 2 mm thick Tetric® Powerfill resin composite, and photocured sequentially, as follows: G1: control-empty cavity; G2: adhesive layer; G3 composite layer with no adhesive; and G4 composite layer with adhesive. The main four groups were subdivided based on two curing protocols, exposed either to standard 10 s (1.2 W/cm2) or Ultra high 3 s (3 W/cm2) irradiance modes using a Bluephase PowerCure LCU. Temperature maps were obtained, via a thermal imaging camera, and numerically analyzed at 5 locations. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by multiple one-way ANOVA, independent t-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). T max , ΔT, T int (integrated area under the curve) and time-to-reach-maximum-temperature were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant interaction between light-curing time and location on the measured parameters (p > 0.05), except for the time-to-reach-maximum-temperature (p < 0.05). Curing the adhesive layer alone with the 10 s protocol resulted in a significantly increased pulpal roof temperature compared to 3 s cure (p < 0.05). Independent T-tests between G3 and G4, between 3 s and 10 s, confirmed that the adhesive agent caused no significant increases (p > 0.05) on the measured parameters. The ultra-high light-curing protocol significantly increased ΔT in composite compared to 10 s curing (p < 0.05). When the adhesive layer was photocured alone in a cavity, with a 2 mm thick dentin floor, the exothermal release of energy resulted in higher temperatures with a 10 s curing protocol, compared to a 3 s high irradiance. But when subsequently photocuring a 2 mm layer of composite, the resultant temperatures generated at pulpal roof location from the two curing protocols were similar and therefore there was no increased hazard to the dental pulp from the immediately prior adhesive photopolymerization, cured via the ultra-high irradiation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how different methods of surface treatment and different universal adhesives with or without extra silane affected the repair bonding strength of hybrid ceramic CAD/CAM restorations. Cerasmart specimens (n=320) were subjected to thermocycling and assigned to the following surface pretreatment protocols: control, diamond bur (DB), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and tribochemical silica coating (TSC). Half the specimens received a coating of silane, followed by application of the universal adhesives Futurabond M+ (FMU), Tokuyama Universal Bond (TUB), Single Bond Universal (SBU), or Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUQ) (n=10). A hybrid composite resin was used to simulate repair; then the specimens underwent further thermocycling. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined and modes of failure were examined. The TSC-CUQ silane (−) group showed the highest SBS values. The best repairs were obtained when the surface was treated with TSC, with the exception of the DB-TUB silane (−) group. TUB increased SBS more than the other adhesives. Additional silane decreased SBS in the HF-TUB and TSC-CUQ groups, while increasing it in the TSC-TUB and DB-FMU groups (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using two photosensitizers, methylene blue and indocyanine green, on the microtensile bond strength of a universal adhesive to caries-affected dentin. Methods: The occlusal enamel of 60 third molars was cut to expose the inner one-third of the dentin. Artificial caries were induced through a pH cycling process. The samples were divided into three groups: M (Methylene blue+ diode laser), I (Indocyanine green agents+ diode laser irradiation), and control. Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to the adhesive protocol (self-etch, total-etch). After restoring with Gradia composite resin, teeth were sectioned and exposed to 5000 thermal cycles. Microtensile bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The data were subjected to two- and one-way ANOVA and paired comparisons were performed by the Tamhane and Tukey tests. Results: The study found significant effects of the photosensitizer, etching pattern, and their interactions on the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to caries-affected dentin (P < 0.001). In the self-etching mode, PDT with indocyanine green exhibited significantly higher bond strength values compared to PDT with methylene blue (P = 0.001) and the control groups (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in the total-etch mode. (P = 0.54). Conclusions: The etching mode played a more significant role in the bond strength when using the universal adhesive alongside PDT with methylene blue and indocyanine green. Employing two photosensitizers in PDT during the self-etch mode significantly increased the bond strength values.

Objective: This work aimed to assess the bonding performance of universal adhesive and self-etch adhesives, and a comparative study was conducted using the same acid etching mode. Methods: The selective acid-etching mode was used to simulate bonded restorations to teeth defects of isolated human molars including enamel and dentin. Microtensile bond strength and microleakage of all adhesives were tested and compared after 24 h and 5000 thermocycles, respectively. The morphology of the adhesive interfaces was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent staining. Results: The bond strength and microleakage of Single Bond Universal (SBU) adhesive are comparable to those of self-etch adhesives, although Clearfil Tri-S Bond (S3) exhibited significantly lower bond strength compared to other two self-etch groups evaluated. No significant differences were found in the microleakage resistance of these four adhesives, suggesting their similar effectiveness in sealing the margins of the restorations, although SBU showed the highest resistance of microleakage. The SEM and fluorescent staining results of the resin-dentin interfaces further revealed the formation of abundant resin tags for all adhesives. Conclusions: Self-etch adhesives evaluated in this study performed similarly to universal adhesives in selective acid-etch mode for bond strength and microleakage resistance. Both types of adhesives exhibited effective penetration capabilities into the dentinal tubules. Clinical significance: During the adhesion processes involving both dentin and enamel, self-etch adhesives can serve as alternatives to universal adhesives in selective acid-etch mode.

The current study evaluates the effect of morpholine on saliva-contaminated acrylic resin repaired with light-cured resin composites. Sixty rods of self-curing acrylic resin were fabricated and assigned into four groups of fifteen specimens and surface-treated with saliva, phosphoric acid (PH), morpholine (MR), liquid MMA monomer, and a universal adhesive agent (UA, Singlebond Universal) based on the following techniques: group 1, saliva; group 2, saliva + PH + MMA + UA; group 3, saliva + MMA + UA; and group 4, saliva + MR + MMA + UA. An Ultradent model was placed at the center of the specimen, and then the resin composite was pressed and light-cured for 20 s. A mechanical testing device was used to evaluate the samples’ shear bond strength (SBS) scores. The debonded specimen areas were inspected under a stereomicroscope to identify their failure mechanisms. The data were assessed by employing the one-way ANOVA approach, and the significance level (p < 0.05) was established with Tukey’s test. The greatest SBS scores for group 2 (30.46 ± 2.26 MPa) and group 4 (32.10 ± 2.72 MPa) did not differ statistically significantly from one another. The lowest SBS recorded for group 1 was 1.38 ± 0.87 MPa. All of the fractured samples in group 1 had an adhesive failure profile. Groups 2 and 4 had the greatest percentages of cohesive failures. This study concluded that applying phosphoric acid and morpholine to sandblasted self-curing acrylic resin contaminated with saliva before MMA and universal adhesive agents are applied is the most efficient protocol for stimulating SBS when it is repaired with light-cured resin composites.

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and silver nitrate uptake (SNU) of three universal adhesives used in etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) modes on dry, wet, and oversaturated dentin surfaces after 24 h and 1 year of water storage. The morphology of the hybrid layer (MHL) and the degree of conversion (DC) were also evaluated. Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and silver nitrate uptake (SNU) of three universal adhesives used in etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) modes on dry, wet, and oversaturated dentin surfaces after 24 h and 1 year of water storage. The morphology of the hybrid layer (MHL) and the degree of conversion (DC) were also evaluated. Results: When 24-h vs 1-year data were compared, there was a significant decrease in µTBS and an increase in SNU values for the majority of experimental groups (p < 0.0001). On dry (ER) and oversaturated (ER and SE) dentin, AMB showed higher µTBS than did PBA (p < 0.00001). No significant decrease in µTBS was observed when universal adhesives were applied in the SE mode to dry dentin (p > 0.05). Regarding SNU, at all moisture levels, AMB showed lower SNU values than SBU (p < 0.001). Regarding MHL, SBU showed several imperfections when applied to oversaturated dentin in comparison with AMB and PBA. Regarding DC, when dentin was kept dry or was oversaturated, AMB showed a higher DC than PBA (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The behavior of the different universal adhesives evaluated did not vary when applied to wet or dry dentin. However, the results with oversaturated dentin were dependent on the universal adhesive. Independent of the moisture level and the universal adhesive evaluated, significant degradation of the bonding properties occurred after 1 year of water storage, with the exception of universal adhesives applied to dry dentin in the SE strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of universal adhesives on the long-term bond strength to yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP). Materials and Methods: Polyethylene tubes filled with composite cement containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) were adhesively luted to 60 fully sintered Y-TZP slabs (7 x 7 x 2 mm) with or without (control) previous application of a 10-MDP-based adhesive (All Bond Universal, Bisco) - ABU; Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, Kuraray Noritake - CUB; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M Oral Care - SUA) on the zirconia surface. The bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 h, 6 months, or 1 year and subjected to microshear bond strength testing. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The contact angle was measured after adhesive application to evaluate surface wettability. The adhesive-treated specimens were analyzed with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for chemical characterization. Results: The application of a 10-MDP-based adhesive significantly improved bond strength of composite cement to zirconia when compared to the control group (no adhesive application) (p < 0.05). One-year water storage significantly decreased bond strength for ABU- and CUB-bonded specimens, but not for SUA-bonded specimens. The analysis by XPS and ToF-SIMS showed peaks of carbon, phosphorus, and silicon in all adhesive-treated specimens. Conclusions: One-year water storage affected the bond strength of composite cement to zirconia when All Bond Universal or Clearfil Universal Bond Quick were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of three universal adhesives to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six human premolars were cut to expose mid-coronal dentin. The teeth were randomly divided into a control group (uncontaminated dentin) and an experimental group in which a hemostatic agent was applied (contaminated dentin). Each group was further divided into 6 subgroups according to universal adhesives - SBU (Single Bond Universal), OPU (OptiBond Universal), CBQ (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) - and etching mode, either etchand-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE). Following adhesive application, composite was placed in two increments and light cured. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. The µTBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. Failure mode was assessed using a light microscope. The data were statistically analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test (p < 0.05). The resin-dentin interface was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: Significantly lower bond strength was observed when the universal adhesives were bonded to contaminated dentin in SE mode (p < 0.05). In contrast, the µTBS of the universal adhesives in ER mode was not affected by contamination (p > 0.05). The µTBS of CBQ to contaminated dentin was significantly lower than that of the other adhesives. Observation of the resin-dentin interface revealed limited resin penetration when the universal adhesive was applied in SE mode on contaminated dentin. Conclusion: Contaminating the dentin with a hemostatic agent significantly reduced the µTBS of the universal adhesives in SE mode. However, this adverse effect was not found when the universal adhesives were used in ER mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the 24-month clinical performance of a "no wait" universal adhesive with different application modes in comparison with an etch-and-rinse and two-step self-etch adhesive in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs). Materials and Methods: A total of 234 noncarious cervical lesions in 34 patients were restored following 5 different adhesive approaches: 1. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Noritake), self-etch mode (CUQ-SE); 2. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, selective enamel-etch mode (CUQ-SLE); 3. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, etch-and-rinse mode (CUQ-ER); 4. Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake; self-etch adhesive) (CSEB); 5. Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent), etch-and-rinse mode (TBU-ER). All NCCLs were restored with a nanohybrid composite (Tetric N-Ceram; Ivoclar Vivadent). The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months of clinical service regarding retention, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, post-operative sensitivity, color match, surface texture using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Results: The patient recall rate at 24 months was 73.5%. Eleven restorations, 6 of the CUQ-SE group, 4 of the CSEB group and 1 of the TBU-ER group, were clinically unacceptable due to retention loss. Regarding marginal adaptation and discoloration, CUQ-SE and CSEB groups exhibited higher bravo scores than other groups after 24 months (p < 0.05). At the end of 24-month examinations, no significant differences were detected among the groups regarding secondary caries, post-operative sensitivity, color match and surface texture. Conclusion: The clinical survival rates of the "no wait" universal adhesive at self-etch mode after 24 months were not acceptable. The "no wait" universal adhesive showed clinically acceptable performance in selective enameletch and etch-and-rinse mode, according to the evaluated USPHS criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of different smear layers on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a reference two-step self-etch adhesive and two universal adhesives. Materials and Methods: Mid-coronal dentin of 90 teeth was exposed and divided into three bur groups (coarse diamond, fine diamond, or tungsten carbide). Each bur-prepared group was further divided into three adhesive groups: Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray Noritake), Single Bond Universal (SB; 3M Oral Care), and G-Premio Bond (GP, GC). After adhesive application, 4-mm-thick resin composites were built up. Half of the teeth in each bur-adhesive group were used in immediate µTBS testing, and the others were tested after thermal aging (n = 5). Rectangular sticks were prepared using a low-speed diamond saw. For each tooth, 6 central sticks were used in the µTBS test. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (a = 0.05). Results: SE presented higher µTBS than universal adhesives and SB presented higher µTBS than GP regardless of dentin surface preparation and thermal aging (p 0.05). For SE and SB, the tungsten carbide bur demonstrated higher immediate and aged µTBS than did the extra-fine diamond bur (p 0.05). The immediate µTBS was similar for GP with all bur types (p 0.05); the tungsten carbide and extra-fine diamond burs presented higher µTBS than did the coarse-diamond bur after thermal aging (p 0.05). Conclusion: Dentin surface preparation and adhesive type had significant effects on µTBS. The smear layer created with an extra-fine diamond or tungsten carbide bur is favorable when mild and ultra-mild self-etch adhesives are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effect of different surface treatments on the repair microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of resin composite using a universal adhesive. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six resin composite blocks were fabricated and aged in 37°C distilled water for 1 month. The blocks were randomly assigned to different surface treatments: no treatment (control); diamond bur grinding (D); diamond bur + phosphoric acid cleaning (DP); diamond bur + silane application (DSi); diamond bur + phosphoric acid + silane (DPSi); and grit blasting with 50 µm Al2O3 particles + phosphoric acid + silane (APSi). Thereafter, Single Bond Universal adhesive was applied and repaired with the same composite. Composite-composite stick-shaped specimens were fabricated and subjected to the µTBS test either after 37°C water storage for 24 h or thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. Roughness of different surface-prepared specimens was measured by profilometer. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test (a = 0.05). Failure mode and micromorphology of different surface-prepared specimens were observed with SEM and EDS analysis. Results: The highest µTBS was found in DPSi group at 24 h, and was significantly higher than others. The bond strengths in all thermocycled groups were significantly lower than those measured at 24 h. The highest µTBS was also found in the DPSi group, but this did not significantly differ from the DSi group. Conclusion: Thermocycling significantly reduced the repair bond strength. Diamond bur roughening with application of silane and universal adhesive yielded the highest repair bond strength for the aged resin composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of C-factor on the bond strength of universal adhesives to floor and wall dentin in class-I composite restorations using a bulk-fill composite. Materials and Methods: 108 non-carious humans third molars were randomly divided into four groups as follows: flat wall, flat floor, cavity wall, and cavity floor (n = 36). Then, each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of adhesive used: Single Bond Universal, G-premio Bond (both universal adhesives), or Adper Single Bond 2 (an etch-and-rinse adhesive). After the bonding procedure, X-tra fill resin composite was applied in bulk to build up the flat surfaces or fill the cavities. Then the teeth were sectioned into 1-mm2 sticks and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was measured using a universal testing machine. µTBS (MPa) was analyzed by one-way, two-way, and three-way ANOVA using SPSS Version 23 (a = 0.05). Results: Interactions between adhesives and bonding surfaces, as well as C-factor and bonding surfaces showed statistically significant differences, but the interaction between the C-factor and type of adhesive was not statistically significant. The comparison of bonded surfaces including the flat wall and the flat floor in Adper Single Bond 2 was statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the cavity wall and cavity floor. Conclusion: Regardless of the type of adhesives, the C-factor reduced the µTBS of the composite resin to dentin. Adper Single Bond 2 mediated higher µTBS than did the universal adhesives G-premio Bond and Single Bond Universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the immediate dentin bond performance and bond durability of self-adhesive resin luting cements (RLCs) in combination with universal adhesives in different curing modes. Two self-adhesive RLCs were used with universal adhesives as primers. They were also used alone as self-adhesive RLCs. Two multiple-step RLC systems were used as comparison materials. To measure the shear bond strength (SBS) in different curing modes, 12 specimens were prepared for each group. Stainless-steel rods were bonded to bovine dentin, and the bonded specimens were assigned to the baseline group (stored for 24 h) and artificially aged group (thermal cycling [TC], 10,000 cycles). After each storage period, the SBS of the bonded specimens was measured. The Knoop hardness number (KHN) of the cured RLCs was measured with or without primer application in different curing modes at 24 h and after 10,000 TC. The representative RLC/dentin interfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentin SBS was significantly influenced by the RLC system but not by the curing mode. Self-adhesive RLCs alone showed significantly lower SBS values than self-adhesive RLCs with primer regardless of the curing mode or storage period. The storage period, curing mode, and RLC system significantly influenced the KHN. The use of universal adhesives as a primer may help enhance the immediate dentin bond performance and bond durability of self-adhesive RLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18‐month retrospective study of self‐etch adhesive (Prime&Bond One Select) and self‐etch mode of universal adhesives (Single Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal) applied to non‐carious cervical lesions according to the World Dental Federation criteria. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients without any systemic disease, good oral hygiene, having at least 20 teeth and six non‐carious cervical lesions treated using a self‐etch mode of adhesives operated between January and March 2017. Accordingly, 335 restorations were evaluated according to the World Dental Federation criteria at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. Pillai's Trace test was used to determine the interaction of criteria with time and adhesive systems. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program was used in the analysis. Value of P < 0.05 was accepted as a criterion for statistical significance. Results: At the end of 18 months, participation was 100%. There was a statistically significant difference P < 0.05 between Prime&Bond One Select and Single Bond Universal, Prime&Bond One Select and Gluma Bond Universal in the 18‐month period. In terms of marginal staining, fracture of material and retention, recurrence of caries, erosion and abfraction, tooth integrity criteria at the end of the 18 months, Prime&Bond One Select performed clinically very good, Single Bond Universal and Gluma Bond Universal performed clinically good according to World Dental Federation criteria. Marginal adaptation criteria, Prime&Bond One Select, Single Bond Universal and Gluma Bond Universal performed clinically good. Retention loss rate was found to be the lowest in Prime&Bond One Select and the highest in Gluma Bond Universal. Conclusion: Accordingly, 18‐month evaluation of all adhesives used in the study showed clinically acceptable results in all of the World Dental Federation criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The successful integration of resin-based dental adhesives significantly impacts restorative dentistry, providing efficient and aesthetically pleasing caries treatments. Among various adhesives, one-step self-etching adhesives (1-SEAs) have gained popularity due to their simplicity and short application time. However, concerns have been raised regarding their bonding performance and marginal adaptation characteristics, which differ from two-step self-etching adhesives (2-SEAs) and three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives. Additionally, light-cured bonding materials may encounter challenges in deep cavities and inaccessible areas, necessitating extended light irradiation time. Autocured bonding materials are a potential solution, but limited comparative studies have been conducted on their performance. Methods In this in vitro study, we evaluated a new autocured universal bonding material (Bondmer Lightless 2) and compared the results with recent light-cured bonding materials. Microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests were performed on 25 human molars using five different combinations of adhesives and composite resins: Bondmer Lightless 2 with Estelite Bulk Fill Flow (BE group), Bondmer Lightless 2 with a prototype composite resin (BO group), Prime&Bond Universal with SDR flow + (PS group), Scotchbond Universal with Filtek Bulk Fill (SF group), and G-Premio Bond with Gracefil BulkFlo (GG group). The bond strengths and failure modes were assessed using a universal testing machine and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Marginal adaptation was evaluated using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) on 40 sound bovine maxillary incisors. Results The μSBS test showed no significant differences in bond strength among the tested groups. Most failure modes were observed at the bond interface between the adhesive and the dentin. The autocured bonding material demonstrated significantly higher marginal adaptation (SI%) than PS, SF, and GG. The CLSM images corresponded with gaps observed in the SS-OCT images, indicating improved marginal sealing in the autocured group. Conclusions The new autocured universal bonding material exhibited comparable bond strength to a conventional light-cured material while demonstrating a superior marginal adaptation level. This finding suggested that the autocured material could be a valuable alternative, especially when extended light irradiation would pose a challenge. Further clinical studies would be warranted to evaluate the performance of the autocured bonding material in actual restorative dental practice.

Abstract Background White spot lesion (WSL) is a main shortcoming accompanied by orthodontic treatment. It impairs the esthetic, surface hardness, and surface texture of enamel. So, this study was conducted to analyze the surface characteristics and color change of white spot lesions treated with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)-enriched universal adhesive resin. Materials and methods Eighty sound human permanent molars crowns were sectioned into two halves, producing 160 specimens. 16 specimens were left untreated, and 144 specimens were artificially-demineralized to generate WSLs. The specimens were classified according to the treatment approach applied as follows: I; Sound enamel, Group II; artificially-created WSLs, Group III; ICON resin-restored WSLs, Group IV; Universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs, Group V; 0.5 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs, Group VI; 1 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin- restored WSLs, and Group VII; 3 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs, Group VIII; 5 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs, Group IX; 7 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs, and Group X; 10 wt% nHA-containing universal adhesive resin-restored WSLs. Some surface characteristics and color changes were assessed. Data was collected and analyzed statistically using ANOVA and the Tukey test at p

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate remineralisation and its effect on microtensile bond-strength of artificially induced caries affected dentin (CAD) when treated with a commercial universal adhesive modified with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) loaded mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (A-PMBG). Material and methods Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG) were synthesised using sol–gel process, where PAMAM was loaded (P-MBG) and added to commercial adhesive at different weight percentages (0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%). First, rheological properties of commercial and modified adhesives were evaluated. The effect of remineralization/hardness and microtensile bond-strength (MTBs) of those samples that mimicked the rheological properties of commercial adhesives were evaluated using Vickers hardness tester and universal testing machine respectively. Scanning-Electron microscope was used to visualize failed samples of MTBs and remineralization samples. Both evaluations were carried out at 1-,3 and 6-month intervals, samples being stored in stimulated salivary fluid during each time interval. Results Addition of nanoparticles altered the rheological properties. With increase in the weight percentage of nanoparticles in commercial adhesive, there was significant increase in degree of conversion, viscosity and sedimentation rate (p