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The service-oriented nature of the Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) protocol supports the creation of flexible, open, and dynamic systems. As such, it is widely used in Internet-of-Things (IoT) deployments. However, the protocol’s service access mechanism does not consider security from the first principles and is therefore vulnerable to various attacks. In this article, we present an in-depth analysis of the service advertisement, discovery, and access methods of the UPnP protocol stack and identify security issues in an IoT network. Our analysis shows that adversaries can perform resource exhaustion, buffer overflow, reflection, and amplification attacks by exploiting the vulnerabilities of the UPnP protocol. To address these issues, we propose a capability-based security model for UPnP to ensure secure discovery, advertisement, and access of the UPnP services that considers the resource limitations of IoT devices. Our analysis shows the effectiveness of the proposed model against potential attacks, and our experimental evaluation highlights the feasibility of implementing our Secure UPnP (SUPnP) protocol in a network of IoT devices, incurring minimal network and performance overhead.

Evrensel Tak ve Çalıştır (Universal Plug and Play, UPnP) ve IoT iletişim protokolleri sayesinde cihazların birbirleriyle ve ağ ile bağlantıları çok daha kolay ve hızlı yapılabildiğinden ev ağındaki bağlantı sayısı da artmıştır. Akıllı televizyonlar ve temizlik robotları gibi akıllı cihazlar, yaşam konforumuzu artırmakta ve ev ağı üzerinden tüm dünyaya bağlantı sağlar hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle, ev ağının internete bağlı olduğu gerçeği ağdaki akıllı cihazların güvenlik durumlarının sorgulanması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ev ağı içerisindeki popüler cihazların güvenlik seviyelerinin analiz edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Ev Ağı içerisinde UPnP zafiyetine sahip cihazların varlığını tespit etmek için Python yazılım dili kullanılarak uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen uygulama kullanılarak ev ağı içerisindeki 15 adet cihazdan 3 adet cihazın UPnP açıklığına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bir senaryo içerisinde UpNP açıklığı kullanılarak saldırı uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile evdeki ağ ve iletişim yöntemleri güvenliğinin yanında her bir IoT cihazın güvenliğinin sağlanmasının gerekliliği ayrıntılı olarak sunulmuştur. As a result of Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) and Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocols, the number of connections in home networks has expanded, as devices can be connected to each other and to the network more easily and quickly. Over the home network, smart devices such as smart televisions and cleaning robots boost our living comfort and connect us to the entire globe. The fact that the home network is connected to the Internet has therefore revealed the necessity to question the security status of networked smart devices. This study provides an analysis of the security levels of popular home network devices. Using the Python programming language, a program has been developed to detect the presence of UPnP-vulnerable devices on a home network. Using the built application, it was discovered that three out of fifteen network devices support UPnP. In a scenario, an attack was built via the UpNP vulnerability. In this study, the necessity of guaranteeing the security of each IoT device, as well as the security of the home's network and communication techniques, is discussed in depth.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are vulnerable against attacks because of their limited network resources and complex operating systems. Thus, a honeypot is a good method of capturing malicious requests and collecting malicious samples but is rarely used on the IoT. Accordingly, this article implements three kinds of honeypots to capture malicious behaviors. First, on the basis of the CVE-2017–17215 vulnerability, we implement a medium-high interaction honeypot that can simulate a specific series of router UPnP services. It has functions, such as service simulation, log recording, malicious sample download, and service self-check. Second, given the limited details available for the simulated UPnP service and to help the honeypot respond to unrecognizable malicious requests, we use the actual IoT device firmware that matches the vulnerability to build a high-interaction honeypot. In addition, we investigate the most exposed SOAP service ports and design corresponding multiport honeypot to improve the capacity of the honeynet, providing a hybrid service from a real device and simulating honeypots. The Docker in the honeynet, which reduces the volume of the honeypot and realizes the rapid deployment of the honeynet, encapsulates all these honeypots. Moreover, the honeynet control center is simultaneously designed to distribute commands and transfer files to each physical node in the honeynet. We implemented the proposed honeynet system and deployed it in practice. We have successfully caught many unknown malicious attacks excluded in the VT, which proved the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

The main idea of this research is to figure out how we can create a mesh network in Android based cell phone keeping in mind the end goal to exploit the advantages of this sort of networks. Mesh networks has some extraordinary attributes that could enhance the client experience or even save lives in some extreme circumstances. In some situation where the density of individuals collapse the regular network, football stadiums or huge exhibits, or when some enormous disaster happens, tornados, tidal waves, tremors that bring down the network, mesh networks would permit us to make a few applications that allows the general population to communicate with people that is close to them, or to give an evacuation path from that specific zone.

The mass production of metal molds for glass bottles is a highly automated and technologically demanding sector of activity. Mold manufacturing involves several operations and one of the most critical is the one related to mold surface welding. The main goal here is to insert a more durable metal into specific areas of the mold to create regions with enhanced characteristics (e.g. improved wear resistance) in order to improve the quality and durability of the mold. Such an operation typically involves three steps, namely: i) mold preheating, ii) manipulation and iii) welding. Overall, this is a rather complex process, demanding tight control and monitoring of its variables. Our industrial partner, a medium-size manufacturer of molds for glass bottles, already had an extensively automated manufacturing process. However, there were frequent reports of processing flaws during the welding stage (e.g. quality of metal deposition, fissures, welding pores) with the mold being lost in some cases. The reasons behind most of the reported flaws were difficult to discern from the available sensors and methods. From our early assessment it became clear that the range of sensors available during the welding operation was insufficient and that the communication between the machines inside the production cell was either too simple or disconnected from the rest of the factory. This resulted in an absence of an integrated record of the production process. In view of this, it was necessary to develop and implement a digitalization plan, which we describe in this paper, of the production cell responsible for mold surface welding. As a result of this planning, additional sensors were introduced to the production cell, related to pressure, temperature, humidity, flow, and voltage. The intent here was to have monitoring variables that could be used to diagnose and/or prognosticate problems in the process. Also, since the sensors lacked integration, a network was established using IoT technologies supported by the PlugThings Framework together with Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) technology. The PlugThings, an IoT platform developed by our partner iTime, acted as a mediator between the sensor network and a Web server. The IoT platform also allowed to perform the vertical integration of the process, from sensors on the production cell to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Finally, this initiative enabled access to charting tools and to data in the form of XML files. Currently, the system in undergoing exhaustive tests before expanding to other production cells in the shop floor. Future steps will involve the use of analytics and artificial intelligence to diagnose and predict failures of the manufacturing process and to better streamline production.

Evrensel Tak ve Çalıştır (Universal Plug and Play, UPnP) ve IoT iletişim protokolleri sayesinde cihazların birbirleriyle ve ağ ile bağlantıları çok daha kolay ve hızlı yapılabildiğinden ev ağındaki bağlantı sayısı da artmıştır. Akıllı televizyonlar ve temizlik robotları gibi akıllı cihazlar, yaşam konforumuzu artırmakta ve ev ağı üzerinden tüm dünyaya bağlantı sağlar hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle, ev ağının internete bağlı olduğu gerçeği ağdaki akıllı cihazların güvenlik durumlarının sorgulanması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ev ağı içerisindeki popüler cihazların güvenlik seviyelerinin analiz edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Ev Ağı içerisinde UPnP zafiyetine sahip cihazların varlığını tespit etmek için Python yazılım dili kullanılarak uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen uygulama kullanılarak ev ağı içerisindeki 15 adet cihazdan 3 adet cihazın UPnP açıklığına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bir senaryo içerisinde UpNP açıklığı kullanılarak saldırı uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile evdeki ağ ve iletişim yöntemleri güvenliğinin yanında her bir IoT cihazın güvenliğinin sağlanmasının gerekliliği ayrıntılı olarak sunulmuştur., As a result of Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) and Internet of Things (IoT) communication protocols, the number of connections in home networks has expanded, as devices can be connected to each other and to the network more easily and quickly. Over the home network, smart devices such as smart televisions and cleaning robots boost our living comfort and connect us to the entire globe. The fact that the home network is connected to the Internet has therefore revealed the necessity to question the security status of networked smart devices. This study provides an analysis of the security levels of popular home network devices. Using the Python programming language, a program has been developed to detect the presence of UPnP-vulnerable devices on a home network. Using the built application, it was discovered that three out of fifteen network devices support UPnP. In a scenario, an attack was built via the UpNP vulnerability. In this study, the necessity of guaranteeing the security of each IoT device, as well as the security of the home's network and communication techniques, is discussed in depth.

Mirai and its variants have demonstrated the ease and devastating effects of exploiting vulnerable Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In many cases, the exploitation vector is not sophisticated; rather, adversaries exploit misconfigured devices (e.g. unauthenticated protocol settings or weak/default passwords). Our work aims at unveiling the state of IoT devices along with an exploration of the current attack landscape. In this paper, we perform an Internet-level IPv4 scan to unveil 1.8 million misconfigured IoT devices that may be exploited to perform large-scale attacks. These results are filtered to exclude a total of 8,192 devices that we identify as honeypots during our scan. To study current attack trends, we deploy six state-of-art IoT honeypots for a period of 1 month. We gather a total of 200, 209 attacks and investigate how adversaries leverage misconfigured IoT devices. In particular, we study different attack types, including denial of service, multistage attacks and attacks from infected online hosts. Furthermore, we analyze data from a /8 network telescope covering a total of 81 billion requests towards IoT protocols (e.g. CoAP, UPnP). Combining knowledge from the aforementioned experiments, we identify 11, 118 IP addresses (that are part of the detected misconfigured IoT devices) that attacked our honeypot setup and the network telescope.

The power distribution network is transforming to power distribution IoT (Internet of Things), which enables the overall perception of state, efficient handling of information, and convenient and feasible application of distribution network. The distribution terminals are the fundamental components and core devices of distribution network. In order to integrate the power distribution terminals into the power distribution internet of things, this paper specifies their information model, procedure of access to cloud main station, and structure of message sent to and received from cloud main station. The information model is based on IEC 61850, the access is made using UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) protocol, and the communication uses MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol. These technical specifications have been verified by a power distribution IoT demonstration project in Nanjing. Therefore, these specifications act as a guide or reference for building other power distribution IoT.

A large number of devices that are typically present in IoT scenarios prevent any human intervention in their deployment. Since these devices are associated with services and resources, automated mechanisms for their discovery and management are essential. This chapter introduces several different technologies that enable applications to accomplish these goals. Specifically, two protocols derived from the well-known DNS standard, mDNS and SD-DNS, provide generic ways to support service discovery. In addition, this chapter presents alternative mechanisms like UPnP and CoAP to support specific service discovery schemes.

The vast majority of home automation systems depend on a permanent central controller and this is the source of many serious problems. The controller may be eliminated by using one or more Intermittent Control Devices such as a smartphone, but the responsibilities of the controller must be redistributed. This paper considers the problem of keeping multiple intermittent controllers up-to-date with status information for devices around the home. Four protocols are proposed, taking key lessons from existing network protocols, and then implemented, tested and compared with the expected performance of UPnP. All four protocols outperform UPnP and further analysis shows that these protocols can be implemented in a robust and user-friendly manner. A comparison of the packet efficiency of these protocols demonstrates that the combination of device registration and packet broadcasting makes for the most efficient protocol and should form the basis of devices status communications in home automation systems without a permanent central controller.

With the prosperity of wearable computing and industrial sensing technologies, industrial wearables are widely adopted in industries to collect real-time information, facilitate daily operations, and support front-line decision-making. Although many attempts have been made, the heterogeneity of industrial wearables makes them knotty and time-consuming to integrate with complex business/operation logics. Aiming at facilitating their efficient implementation in real-life complex scenarios, this paper proposes Cloud-based Mobile Gateway Operation System (CMGOS) for industrial wearables. It has two core components: Mobile Gateway Operation System (MGOS) and Microservices Cloud (MssC). MGOS is designed as a lightweight mobile middleware to deal with the heterogeneity of industrial wearables, in which reconfigurable mobile agent is proposed to realize Hot Universal Plug and Play (HUPnP) management of industrial wearables. MssC is built to serve MGOSs with cloud computing resources in microservice architecture, which could enhance the computing capabilities of industrial wearables. Finally, a prototype of CMGOS is developed and implemented to verify the proposed solution for managing heterogeneous industrial wearables in an E-commerce order picking scenario.

With the arrival of the Internet of Things (IoT), more devices appear online with default credentials or lacking proper security protocols. Consequently, we have seen a rise of powerful DDoS attacks originating from IoT devices in the last years. In most cases the devices were infected by bot malware through the telnet protocol. This has lead to several honeypot studies on telnet-based attacks. However, IoT installations also involve other protocols, for example for Machine-to-Machine communication. Those protocols often provide by default only little security. In this paper, we present a measurement study on attacks against or based on those protocols. To this end, we use data obtained from a /15 network telescope and three honey-pots with 15 IPv4 addresses. We find that telnet-based malware is still widely used and that infected devices are employed not only for DDoS attacks but also for crypto-currency mining. We also see, although at a much lesser frequency, that attackers are looking for IoT-specific services using MQTT, CoAP, UPnP, and HNAP, and that they target vulnerabilities of routers and cameras with HTTP.

Opportunistic service composition is a novel and disruptive approach for building software in dynamic and open pervasive environments. It aims to tackle the growing complexity of software design in such environments by dynamically providing relevant applications in the absence of explicit user needs: an intelligent engine composes software components that are present in the pervasive environment in order to build user-tailored context-adapted applications, relying on reinforcement learning. This demonstration presents the current status of our opportunistic composition prototype: the intelligent engine builds pervasive applications in bottom-up mode from actual software components that are discovered via the UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) protocol, taking into account learned user preferences.

Today, IoT devices are flooding, and traffic is increasing rapidly. The Internet of Things creates a variety of added value through connections between devices, while many devices are easily targeted by attackers due to security vulnerabilities. In the IoT environment, security diagnosis has problems such as having to provide different solutions for different types of devices in network situations where various types of devices are interlocked, personal leakage of security solutions themselves, and high cost, etc. To avoid such problems, a TCP-based active scan was presented. However, the TCP-based active scan has limitations that it is difficult to be applied to real-time systems due to long detection times. To complement this, this study uses UDP-based approaches. Specifically, a lightweight active scan algorithm that effectively identifies devices using UPnP protocols (SSDP, MDNS, and MBNS) that are most commonly used by manufacturers is proposed. The experimental results of this study have shown that devices can be distinguished by more than twice the true positive and recall at an average time of 1524 times faster than Nmap, which has a firm position in the field.

Web of Things is the concept of controlling smart and communicating systems, Connected Objects (COs), through Web applications. Web technologies offer interoperable and flexible technologies to implement sophisticated GUI to control COs. However, such technologies are very limited in terms of communication protocols. This paper proposes a lightweight platform to control COs via Web applications without adding any extension to the Web browser. For this, only the standardized protocol HTTP is used by exploiting two JavaScript objects: (i) XMLHttpRequest for synchronous communication and (ii) EventSource for CO-to-Web application communication. The proposed platform implements the basic functionalities, inspired from OUPnP/UPNP, for remote monitoring and controlling of COs such as: (a) Discovering to allow COs advertising their presence to Web applications and Web applications to find available COs, (b) Description to know how controlling COs and their services, (c) Controlling to allow Web application invoking COs services, and finally (d) Eventing to allow CO sending notifications to the adequate Web applications. Moreover, this platform allows dynamic incorporation of pre-implemented control panel (fragment of Web page) on the Web application to control COs.

This article is focused on the description of a service that allows one user to automatically create a VPN server on his computer and provide it to another user, as well as to be able to use another client’s computer as a VPN server. An HTTP server was developed that stores user data and allows clients to connect to available VPN servers, as well as client programs which provide a connection established between users. The article describes the interaction of service clients with the "central" server, as well as with each other. As part of the work, experiments were conducted where it was investigated how the program will affect the performance of the computer, how the speed of the Internet connection will change when connected to a VPN server. The problem of blocking the client connection by the provider was also investigated.

Advances in the development and increased availability of smart devices ranging from small sensors to complex cloud infrastructures as well as various networking technologies and communication protocols have supported the rapid expansion of Internet of Things deployments. The Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol has been widely accepted and used in the IoT domain to support interactions among heterogeneous IoT devices, in part due to zero configuration implementation which makes it feasible for use in large-scale networks. The popularity and ubiquity of UPnP to support IoT systems necessitate an exploration of security risks associated with the use of the protocol for IoT deployments. In this work, we analyze security vulnerabilities of UPnP-based IoT systems and identify attack opportunities by the adversaries leveraging the vulnerabilities. Finally, we propose prospective solutions to secure UPnP-based IoT systems from adversarial operations.

The interchangeability of devices in intelligent substations is one of realization goals of the IEC 61850 standards. In this regard, this paper conducted research on interchangeability of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) based on plug-and-play (PnP) in intelligent substations, and a method to realize the interchange of IEDs in intelligent substations is proposed. Firstly, we refer to Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) and IEC 61850 standards to implement the PnP of IEDs in the network, and realize PnP for IEDs in the system in combination with the management and control platform. Then, according to the actual operation and maintenance in intelligent substations, we divide the scenarios of IEDs’ interchange into special scenario and general scenario from the perspective of system configuration. The research in this paper can provide technical guidance for advancing the implementation of IED interchangeability projects in intelligent substations.

The ubiquitous nature of IoT devices has brought new and exciting applications in computing and communication paradigms. Due to its ability to enable auto-configurable communication between IoT devices, pervasive applications, and remote clients, the use of the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol is widespread. However, the advertisement and discovery mechanism of UPnP incurs significant overhead on resource-constrained IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a delegation-based approach that extends the UPnP protocol by offloading the service advertisement and discovery-related overhead from resource-limited IoT devices to the resource-rich neighbours of a UPnP-enabled IoT network. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed scheme shows significant improvement over the basic UPnP, reducing energy consumption and network overhead.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a plug-and-play, practical, and enabling method allowing to synchronise the building blocks of a quantum network in an all-optical way. Our scheme relies on mature and reliable classical telecommunication and non-linear optical technologies, and can be implemented in a universal way with off-the-shelf components. Compared to already reported solutions, it allows achieving high-quality synchronisation compatible with high network-operation rate and is free from opto-electronic jitters affecting servo-loop-based configurations. We test our scheme with a genuine quantum optical method in terms of the interference between two photons coming from two remotely synchronised sources spaced by distances of up to 100 km. Measured visibilities well above 90% confirm the validity of our approach. Due its simplicity and high-quality performance, our scheme paves the way for the synchronisation of long-distance quantum networks based on fibre, free-space, as well as hybrid solutions.

The intelligence of infrastructure gradually becomes the straw for logistics enterprises to make data-based or date-driven optimization. The integration of heterogeneous logistics systems with existing enterprise information systems is one of the most critical steps to achieve the intelligent infrastructure. Unfortunately, the integration is always a time-consuming process with heavy investment, which suppresses the longings of enterprises, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Aiming at simplifying the system integration, this paper proposed a cloud-based ubiquitous object sharing platform (CUOSP) to share the integration across SMEs based on the concept of sharing economy. CUOSP acts as a middleware system to make heterogeneous logistics systems universal plug-and-play (UPnP) for enterprise information systems. A kernel-based agent (KBA) is designed as the sharing entity of physical systems. It maintains the features of physical systems and is scalable for different application scenarios. A series of cloud gateway services are emerged not only to provide the basic running and sharing environment, but also to remedy KBA’s weaknesses in computing capacity. A prototype system is developed and implemented based on the framework of CUOSP and a laboratory case according to the consolidation scenario in E-commerce logistics is demonstrated. Comparison experiments are also conducted to explore the real-time and multitasking capacity of KBAs with different kernel characteristics and different computing resources.

To accommodate the proliferation of heterogeneous network models and protocols, the use of semantic technologies to enable an abstract treatment of networks is proposed. Network adapters are employed to lift network specific data into a semantic representation. Semantic reasoning integrates the disparate network models and protocols into a common data model by making intelligent inferences from low‐level network and device details. Automatic discovery of new devices, monitoring of device state, and invocation of device actions in a generic fashion that is agnostic of network types is enabled. A prototype system called SNoMAC is described that employs the proposed approach operating over UPnP, TR‐069, and heterogeneous sensors. These sensors are integrated by means of a sensor middleware named SIXTH that augments the capabilities of SNoMAC to allow for intelligent management and configuration of a wide variety of sensor devices. A major benefit of this approach is that the addition of new models, protocols, or sensor types merely involves the development of a new network adapter based on an ontology. Additionally, the semantic representation of the network and associated data allows for a variety of client interfaces to facilitate human input to the management and monitoring of the system.

Appliance recognition by a home energy management system (HEMS) is a principal challenge in the area of future smart and home grid systems, particularly for electrical power load balancing. In this paper, a novel HEMS is proposed, with a smart socket outlet that is capable of appliance recognition for interworking with a Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) network. The proposed method of appliance recognition, which is based on a Pearson correlation and a weighted cosine similarity technique, significantly increases the accuracy of the recognition degree in a real experimental environment. It also requires much less computing power and recognition time for appliance identification in comparison with various conventional methods based on complex artificial intelligence and machine learning schemes. The proposed system also generates a virtual UPnP device interface for the recognized appliance to be exposed to the UPnP network. Thus, any appliance plugged into the smart socket outlet can utilize the features of the UPnP network even if it does not support UPnP functionalities. The proposed system is demonstrated by implementing a simple and fast appliance recognition unit and a virtual UPnP device generation unit. The experimental results show the feasibility of appliance recognition and the capability of virtual UPnP device generation having superior performance when compared with conventional methods.

The emergence of social manufacturing has facilitated the evolution of resource organization in the manufacturing industry, with a trend towards a flat management structure. The mass absorption of socialized idle resources that lack a digitalized and intelligent basis has influenced the efficiency of collaborative production. The digital twin has been widely applied to promote cyber collaboration through the multidimensional digitalization of physical resources. As a knowledge-intensive software entity, it is impractical for resource owners, especially individuals and small and micro businesses, to implement digital twins. To make sufficient use of the sharing convenience in the social manufacturing community (SMC), this paper proposes a blockchain-based digital twin sharing platform to enable software copyright protection and simplify heterogeneous manufacturing resource integration in decentralized and distributed environments. Domain-driven design is adopted as the major methodology to recognize the problem domain and partition the business subdomains. Blockchain technology is introduced to construct a novel sharing schema to preserve and retrieve the copyrights of digital twins under a distributed and decentralized SMC network. Furthermore, to enhance the reusability of digital twins, a reconfigurable digital twin architecture is proposed to enable UPnP implementation of shared digital twins under heterogeneous deployment environments. Finally, a demonstrative case study motivated by a real-life 3D printing scenario is conducted to verify and evaluate the proposed platform.

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) communication protocol has become in a standard for communication between devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). UPnP protocol has facilitated the increased use of IoT devices integrating in activities of people and also in different processes of organizations. A disadvantage of UPnP protocol is that it operates in conjunction with other standardized network communications protocols that make it vulnerable and target of threats that can cause a security incident.Files in XML format, which UPnP protocol uses for identification of devices in a local area network, have a standard structure and when transmitted in clear text represents a security risk that may compromise confidentiality, integrity and availability of devices across the network. This article presents the proposal of a security tool using a Raspberry Pi2 programmed in Python that modifies information of XML files when they are transmitted through UPnP protocol to provide confidentiality to identity of IoT devices and it was taken as a case of study to Smart TV for development of tests of this work. Results obtained when using security tool and Smart TVs showed that communication is functional in a private data network, when they use UPnP protocol with modified XML file.

There are many standards for interconnectivity technology in home networks, and many of them use multicast communications. In these standards, the method to implement IGMP, a protocol for group management of multicast in IPv4, is outside the scope for the standard. Therefore, the operation of IGMP at each terminal may be different depending on the interpretation by the developer of the standard for IGMP. Some home routers do not implement IGMP according to any standard, so depending on the combination of the terminal and home router, interconnection using multicast communication may not be possible in some cases. In this paper, we investigate implementations of IGMP in home routers that prevent interconnectivity of home network technologies. In addition, we clarify the issue and propose a method to improve interconnectivity through a terminal side implementation against the home router issue. Furthermore, evaluation and consideration of the proposed method are described.

E-commerce logistics is on the rise with the rapid development of logistics industry. Facing the fierce competition, the improvement of logistics service becomes necessity for service providers to gain competitiveness in the market. However, the heterogeneous requirements from different service demanders place great challenges for the E-commerce logistics service providers. The most puzzled one is to prevent fragmentation of logistics resources to serve different demanders (customers). This phenomenon of resource fragmentation is aggravated by the implementation of ogies or management requirements. It restricts the liquidity of logistics resource to serve different kinds of demanders. Hence, to break this limitation and achieve central coordination of logistics resources to satisfy heterogeneous requests from demanders becomes an imperative requirement for E-commerce logistics service provider. Therefore, this paper proposed a blockchain-enabled workflow management system (BCWMS) to centrally share heterogeneous logistics resources with different customers. Three key innovative technologies are involved to empower BCWMS. The first one is gateway technology introduced to realize the UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) management of heterogeneous logistics resources. Secondly, to effectively and efficiently coordinate logistics resources, a workflow operating platform is designed to suit different business logic. Additionally, a resource blockchain is designed with the integration of blockchain technology with agent technology to guarantee the data reliability to provide accurate front-line resource execution data for different customers to conduct higher decision-makings.

There are many standards for interconnectivity technology in home networks, and many of them use multicast communications. In these standards, the method to implement IGMP, a protocol for group management of multicast in IPv4, is outside the scope for the standard. Therefore, the operation of IGMP at each terminal may be different depending on the interpretation by the developer of the standard regarding IGMP. Some home routers do not implement IGMP according to any standard, so depending on the combination of the terminal and home router, interconnection using multicast communication may not be possible in some cases. In this paper, we investigate the implementation related to IGMP of home routers that prevent interconnectivity of home network technologies. In addition, we clarify the issue and propose a method to improve interconnectivity in the implementation on the terminal side against the home router issue. Furthermore, evaluation and consideration of the proposed method are described.

HTTP based communication protocols are ubiquitous in modern distributed control/supervision systems, therefore it becomes important to understand the performance of the HTTP protocol working with this type of applications and to develop techniques to investigate the impact of the protocol on the overall performance of these systems. A distributed control/supervision system based on HTTP usually consists of multiple nodes sending control requests or measurements to one or more recipient nodes; these data are used to perform control functions, and are stored or presented to supervising personnel. Typically multiple, concurrent flows of data are carried over HTTP to a given recipient. The stochastic characteristics of these flows are often different from the bursty nature of the ordinary Web Browser – Web Server interactions. Furthermore, in order to efficiently carry the randomly arriving data, the number of overlapping (concurrent) HTTP request/response sessions utilized by a sending node is higher than in typical Web Browser – Web Server communications.

UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) is popular in home networks because it provides a general service management schemes for heterogeneous hardware and software based on open standards. Meanwhile, the rise of the internet of things (IoT) results in the rapid growth of the number of small or embedded devices which makes the IPv4 address exhaustion even worse. Hence, IPv6 is widely adopted in recent years. It is worthy to note that IPv6 also improves the design of the family of IP-based management protocols, namely, ICMPv6, so that the efficiency of transmission is significantly improved. Following this trend, UPnP also supports IPv6, but this extension concentrates on the address compatibility and neglects to utilize the improved design in IPv6. In light of this, this paper proposes a new service discovery protocol which bases on ICMPv6 in order to make the service discovery of UPnP more compact and efficient. Also, we develop a monitoring tool for developers to troubleshoot the problems of the proposed protocol. We hope this enhancement can make the deployment of IoT in the smart home network more scalable and robust.

The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring together billions of devices, denoted as Smart Objects (SOs), in an Internet-like architecture. Typically, SOs are embedded devices with severe constraints in terms of processing capabilities, available memory (RAM/ROM), and energy consumption. SOs tend to be deployed in environments in which the human intervention is not suitable or needs to be minimized (e.g., smart city maintenance). They must adapt to the surrounding environment by self-configuring: to this end, several mechanisms have been proposed (e.g., UPnP, ZeroConf, etc.). In this paper, we focus on IEEE 802.15.4 networks with IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) adaptation layer, where IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the routing protocol of choice. In this context, we propose a lightweight RPL-based mechanism to Resource Discovery (RD) and Service Discovery (SD), denoted as DiRPL. In particular, DiRPL exploits the RPL handshake to detect new nodes in the network, resources are then simply discovered with a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) request and can thus be published in a local resource directory. A very attractive feature of the proposed DiRPL approach is that it builds on well-defined and well-known standard protocols. The performance of the proposed system is investigated with WisMote nodes deployed inside the Cooja simulator, running the Contiki operating system. Practical application scenarios to large-scale smart city monitoring, such as smart lighting and large-scale water consumption monitoring, are investigated.

Resources discovery is a fundamental requirement to the full realization of the vision of Internet of Things. Discovery includes resource properties, capabilities, and metadata. It enables consumers to build IoT applications and services that utilize "smart things" with no prior knowledge about these things. This paper studies three of the most commonly used discovery protocols, CoAP, MQTT, and UPnP. We compare between their performance and behavior in IoT deployments. Each protocol is implemented and deployed on a mobile phone as a client and a Raspberry Pi as a broker/server. The implementation includes a WeMo switch and a TI SensorTag as resources. The paper provides insights on the different features, behavioural attributes, and a comparative analysis between these protocols. We also present performance indexes of each protocol in terms of memory and CPU usage, latency, and traffic exchange between a publisher and a subscriber. Our analysis shows that despite the three protocols are fundamentally different and each one has pros and cons, they are all highly useful in IoT environments. However, CoAP is generally more flexible and scalable, but requires a higher memory footprint.

To improve the self-adapting ability and real-time performance of client/server based networked manufacturing system (NMS), this paper introduces the universal plug and play (UPnP), an intelligent network middleware, into networked manufacturing area, and proposes an embedded self-adapting network framework and related service methods. Referring to small world model and scale-free principles, a complex network model oriented to digital manufacturing is set up. Based on the model, an improved entropy vector projection algorithm is proposed to evaluate the network complexity and reveal the evolution regulars. Then, the self-adapting services for NMS are performed by UPnP service-calling and inter-process communication methods. Finally, the case studies and industrial field experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed service framework.

Context-aware ubiquitous computing systems should be able to introspect the surrounding environment and adapt their behavior according to other existing systems and context changes. Although numerous ubiquitous computing systems have been developed that are aware of different types of context such as location, social situation, and available computational resources, few are aware of their computational behavior. Computational behavior introspection is common in reflective systems and can be used to improve the awareness and autonomy of ubicomp systems. In this paper, we propose a decentralized approach based on Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), and on state transition models to model and expose computational behavior. Typically, SNMP and UPnP are targeted to retrieve raw operational variables from managed network devices and consumer electronic devices, e.g., checking network interface bandwidth and automating device discovery and plug and play operations. We extend the use of these protocols by exposing the state of different ubicomp systems and associated state transitions statistics. This computational behavior may be collected locally or remotely from ubicomp systems that share a physical environment, and sent to a coordinator node or simply shared among ubicomp systems. We describe the implementation of this behavior awareness approach in a home health-care environment equipped with a VoIP Phone and a drug dispenser. We provide the means for exposing and using the behavior context in managing a simple home health-care setting. Our approach relies on a system state specification being provided by manufacturers. In the case where the specification is not provided, we show how it can be automatically discovered. We propose two machine learning approaches for automatic behavior discovery and evaluate them by determining the expected state graphs of our two systems (a VoIP Phone and a drug dispenser). These two approaches are also evaluated regarding the effectiveness of generated behavior graphs.

Network communication and micro-electro-mechanical embedded technologies have attracted much attention in recent years. Through these technologies, the capabilities of sensing, identification, and communication can be embedded in various smart devices. These smart devices can automatically connect to the Internet and form an intelligent network called Internet of Things (IoT). However, these devices are embedded with different wireless communication interfaces such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT access point that supports functionalities of coordination of various wireless transmission protocols. Based on the existing Wi-Fi access point, we have embedded a ZigBee module and implemented ZigBee and UPnP protocols into the designed IoT access point, which supports ZigBee communication capabilities over the Internet.