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The concept of an “African Renaissance,” to be led by South Africa, entered the political arena following Thabo Mbeki’s “I am an African” speech, made at the adoption of South Africa’s new Constitution, in 1996. It became particularly popular during Mbeki’s presidency (1999-2008). This paper will examine humorous portrayals of so-called African Renaissance men and women in South African literature and the visual arts., Le concept d’une “renaissance africaine” menée par l’Afrique du Sud a fait son apparition dans la sphère politique sud-africaine à la suite du discours intitulé « I am an African » prononcé par Thabo Mbeki au moment de l’adoption de la nouvelle constitution de l’Afrique du Sud, en 1996. Devenu très populaire pendant la période de la présidence de Mbeki (1999-2008), ce concept se manifeste dans la culture sud-africaine de façons diverses. Cette communication examinera les manifestations humoristiques des femmes et des hommes dites « de la renaissance africaine » dans la littérature et dans l’art plastique sud-africains contemporains.

Co-infections have a key role in virus transmission in wild reservoir hosts. We investigated the simultaneous presence of astroviruses, coronaviruses, and paramyxoviruses in bats from Madagascar, Mayotte, Mozambique, and Reunion Island. A total of 871 samples from 28 bat species representing 8 families were tested by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase genes. Overall, 2.4% of bats tested positive for the presence of at least two viruses, only on Madagascar and in Mozambique. Significant variation in the proportion of co-infections was detected among bat species, and some combinations of co-infection were more common than others. Our findings support that co-infections of the three targeted viruses occur in bats in the western Indian Ocean region, although further studies are needed to assess their epidemiological consequences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01673-2.

Background: Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are major vectors for several human diseases of global importance, such as dengue and yellow fever. Their life cycles and hosted arboviruses are climate sensitive and thus expected to be impacted by climate change. Most studies investigating climate change impacts on Aedes at global or continental scales focused on their future global distribution changes, whereas a single study focused on its effects on Ae. aegypti densities regionally. Objectives: A process-based approach was used to model densities of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus and their potential evolution with climate change using a panel of nine CMIP6 climate models and climate scenarios ranging from strong to low mitigation measures at the Southeast Asian scale and for the next 80 y. Methods: The process-based model described, through a system of ordinary differential equations, the variations of mosquito densities in 10 compartments, corresponding to 10 different stages of mosquito life cycle, in response to temperature and precipitation variations. Local field data were used to validate model outputs. Results: We show that both species densities will globally increase due to future temperature increases. In Southeast Asia by the end of the century, Ae. aegypti densities are expected to increase from 25% with climate mitigation measures to 46% without; Ae. albopictus densities are expected to increase from 13%–21%, respectively. However, we find spatially contrasted responses at the seasonal scales with a significant decrease in Ae. albopictus densities in lowlands during summer in the future. Discussion: These results contrast with previous results, which brings new insight on the future impacts of climate change on Aedes densities. Major sources of uncertainties, such as mosquito model parametrization and climate model uncertainties, were addressed to explore the limits of such modeling. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11068

International audience; S'appuyant sur une enquête inédite réalisée auprès de 1 022 élèves du CM1 à la troisième, l'article montre la façon dont se consolident les acquis scolaires en géographie. Les résultats font apparaître une lente et très progressive appropriation des fondamentaux de la géographie (utiliser le vocabulaire de la discipline, mobiliser la sémiologie graphique, représenter l'espace en vue zénithale, varier les échelles, etc.). L'enquête met aussi en évidence les inégalités entre élèves dans l'acquisition de ces savoirs et savoir-faire, et la porosité de la discipline aux expériences extérieures à l'école.

The reproductive phenology of tropical geckos varies considerably between species. We investigated the reproductive timing of Phelsuma inexpectata, a critically endangered tropical squamate endemic to Reunion Island (western Indian Ocean). From February 2018 to August 2020 (30 months), we carried out monthly monitoring of laying sites. Phelsuma inexpectata exhibited a seasonal reproductive pattern, with breeding activity from the end of the austral winter to the end of the austral summer. We observed intra- and interannual synchronicity of oviposition in September. The seasonal reproductive pattern appears to be synchronized with optimal environmental conditions (temperatures, food resources) for the survival of eggs and hatchlings. Females deposited their eggs in communal laying sites (up to 9 eggs) and exhibited interannual laying site fidelity (50% of the laying sites were reused in the second breeding season). Minimum and maximum incubation periods (± SD) were 69 ± 24 days and 115 ± 25 days, respectively. Our study provides the first description of the Manapany Day Gecko reproduction in the wild and highlights for the first time the very high synchronicity of oviposition in the genus Phelsuma. These results will be very useful to improve the conservation of this species, in particular with regard to the timing of predator control, designing monitoring protocols for breeding and survival parameters, and implementing a captive rearing program for hatchlings.

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Tropical cyclones are arguably one of the most damaging and threatening natural disasters for human systems. Among other examples, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina caused the displacement of approximately 650,000 people and destroyed more than 200,000 homes along the US Gulf Coast. A number of empirical studies have explored the short and long-run economic relationship between tropical cyclones and national growth rates, but no general conclusion can be drawn from them so far. While negative effects are found in samples of exposed countries worldwide, cyclone shocks also show no significant influence in other national-level analyses. This suggests that, beyond inequalities in the exposure to cyclonic risk between countries, there is also inequality regarding these extreme weather events' impacts.

This article presents an ethnographic field survey carried out on Reunion Island during the first year of the covid-19 pandemic. This study concerns the neo-traditional therapeutic practices of a fundi originating from the Comoros archipelago. Our objective is to identify and analyze the mechanisms at work in the processes of reinterpreting biomedicine during this pandemic context. Our analysis shows how this collective ordeal is transformed into a professional resource by a fundi. Health recommendations such as containment measures and barrier gestures push the fundi to adapt its practice through the establishment of « ritual teleconsultations ». Our field also shows a fundi that gives meaning to this pandemic through plural explanatory models (biomedical and sacred) and the manufacture of talismanic objects called hirizi integrated into protective masks. The findings show the use of traditional syncretic therapy practices that are not new. In all cases, recourse to religion is omnipresent through magico-Islamic ritual practices, the fundi of which builds symbolic effectiveness by transposing them to the biomedical model., Cet article présente une enquête ethnographique de terrain réalisée à l'île de La Réunion durant la première année de pandémie de la covid-19. Cette étude concerne les pratiques thérapeutiques néo-traditionnelles d'un fundi originaire de l'archipel des Comores. Notre objectif est d'identifier et d'analyser les mécanismes à l'oeuvre dans les processus de réinterprétation de la biomédecine durant ce contexte pandémique. Notre analyse montre comment cette épreuve collective est transformée en ressource professionnelle par un fundi. Les recommandations sanitaires telles que les mesures de confinement et les gestes barrières poussent le fundi à adapter sa pratique à travers la mise en place de « téléconsultations rituelles ». Notre terrain décrit également un fundi qui donne sens à cette pandémie à travers des modèles explicatifs pluriels (biomédicaux et sacrés) et la fabrication d'objets talismaniques nommés hirizi intégrés à des masques de protection. Les conclusions montrent l'utilisation de pratiques thérapeutiques traditionnelles syncrétiques qui ne sont pas nouvelles. Dans tous les cas, le recours au religieux est omniprésent à travers des pratiques rituelles magico-islamiques dont le fundi construit l'efficacité symbolique en les transposant au modèle biomédical.

International audience; Here we describe Bulbophyllum mascarenense sp. nov., a new endemic species from the Mascarenes, and assess its conservation status. This taxon has previously been confused with B. nutans var. nutans and has also been erroneously identified in the Mascarenes as B. minutum auct. non Thouars, the latter a Malagasy endemic. Bulbophyllum mascarenense is known from tropical humid native vegetation between 400 and 1200 m elevation, being abundant on the island of Réunion, but less so on Mauritius. Using the Red List Categories and Criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this new species should be considered as “Least Concern”.

International audience; The mosquito-borne viral disease dengue is a global public health problem causing a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild dengue fever to severe dengue with plasma leakage and bleeding which are often fatal. To date, there are no specific medications to treat dengue and prevent the risk of hemorrhage. Dengue is caused by one of four genetically related but antigenically distinct serotypes DENV-1–DENV-4. The growing burden of the four DENV serotypes has intensified both basic and applied research to better understand dengue physiopathology. Research has shown that the secreted soluble hexameric form of DENV nonstructural protein-1 (sNS1) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of severe dengue. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of sNS1 in the immunopathogenesis of dengue disease. We discuss the potential use of sNS1 in future vaccine development and its potential to improve dengue vaccine efficiency, particularly against severe dengue illness.

International audience; One promising avenue for reconciling the goals of crop production and ecosystem preservation consists in the manipulation of beneficial biotic interactions, such as between insects and microbes. Insect gut microbiota can affect host fitness by contributing to development, host immunity, nutrition or behavior. However, the determinants of gut microbiota composition and structure, including host phylogeny and host ecology, remain poorly known. Here we used a well-studied community of eight sympatric fruit fly species to test the contributions of fly phylogeny, fly specialization, and fly sampling environment on the composition and structure of bacterial gut microbiota. Comprising both specialists and generalists, these species belong to five genera belonging to two tribes of the Tephritidae family. For each fly species, one field and one laboratory samples were studied. Bacterial inventories to the genus level were produced using 16S metabarcoding with the Oxford Nanopore technology. Sample bacterial compositions were analyzed with recent network-based clustering techniques. Whereas gut microbiota were dominated by the Enterobacteriacaeae family in all samples, microbial profiles varied across samples, mainly in relation with fly identity and sampling environment. Alpha diversity varied across samples and was higher in the Dacinae tribe than in the Ceratitinae tribe. Network analyses allowed grouping samples according to their microbial profiles. The resulting groups were very congruent with fly phylogeny, with a significant modulation of sampling environment, and a very low impact of fly specialization. Such a strong imprint of host phylogeny in sympatric fly species, some of which share much of their host plants, suggests important control of fruit flies on their gut microbiota through vertical transmission and/or intense filtering of environmental bacteria.

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2022; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2020; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2034; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2024; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2028; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2025; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2033; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2027; International audience

International audience; The development of new diagnostic assays become a priority for managing COVID-19. To this aim, we presented here an in-house ELISA based on the production of two major recombinant and high-quality antigens from SARSCoV-2. Full-length N and S-RBD fragment proteins fused to mouse IgG2a-Fc were produced in the CHO cell line. Secreted recombinant proteins were easily purified with standard Protein A chromatography and were used in an in-house ELISA to detect anti-N and anti-RBD IgGs in the plasma of COVID-19 RTPCR-positive patients. High reactivity against recombinant antigens was readily detected in all positive plasma samples, whereas no recognition was observed with control healthy subject’s plasmas. Remarkably, unpurified recombinant N protein obtained from cell culture supernatant was also suitable for the monitoring by ELISA of IgG levels in positive patients. This work provides an early prospection for low price but high-quality serological kit development.

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2026; International audience

Actes de la Conférence internationale sur la Justice climatique tenue à l’Université de Maurice en collaboration avec l’Université de la Réunion en octobre 2031; International audience

Ce poster a obtenu le 1er prix pour un poster et le 1er prix de la meilleure recherche au 23ème congrès international de la revue l'Autre.; International audience

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Traditionally, first-year law students in Mauritius are taught that the conclusion of a contract is based on an offer followed by an acceptance. However, the phase preceding the conclusion of the contract is not always based on this traditional model. This is particularly the case pertaining to real estate sales, where the conclusion of the planned contract is often preceded by a more or less lengthy negotiation, at the end of which it may be impossible to identify an offer and its acceptance. It may happen, during this pre-contractual phase, that the parties, wishing to move closer to the conclusion of the final contract, conclude real contracts, called pre-contracts. This applies in particular to unilateral promise of contract, synallagmatic promise of contract and pact of preference.This pre-contractual phase is thus a source of legal effects and reveals a fairly regular presence of the obligation to act. In unilateral promises of contract, the obligation to act seems to be present, without really being. On the other hand, in pre-contractual negotiation, synallagmatic promise of contract, pact of preference and irrevocable offer the obligation to act is present.The sanction applicable in the event of non-fulfillment of the obligation to act will depend directly on the existence or non-existence during the pre-contractual phase of consent to the proposed final contract. On the one hand, when the two parties have still not given their reciprocal consents to the final contract, and it happens in a pre-contractual negotiation or even in an autonomous synallagmatic promise, the only possible sanction in the event of non-performance of the obligation to act will consist of the award of damages to the victim of this non-performance. No one can be forced to become a party to a new contract. On the other hand, when one of the parties has already committed, by giving, as is the case in a pact of preference, or in a unilateral promise of contract or in a synallagmatic promise of contract equivalent to a contract or in an offer, his consent to the final contract, the performance of the obligation to act becomes conceivable, because no intolerable pressure is exerted on the consent of the person who has already consented to the final contract. Therefore, it becomes possible to opt for a more vigorous sanction than a simple award of damages. This is the case with the substitution of the beneficiary to a party to the contract, the declaration without effect of the revocation of a unilateral promise of contract or with an offer or the replacement of the authentic (notarial) form by a judgment of the Supreme Court of Mauritius, in order to ensure the transfer of ownership of the thing to the purchaser., Traditionnellement, on enseigne aux étudiants de première année de droit à Maurice que la conclusion d’un contrat repose sur une offre suivie d’une acceptation. Néanmoins, la phase qui précède la conclusion du contrat ne repose pas toujours sur ce modèle. C’est notamment le cas en matière de vente immobilière, où la conclusion du contrat projeté est souvent précédée d’une négociation plus ou moins longue à l’issue de laquelle il peut être impossible d’identifier une offre et son acceptation. Il arrive, pendant cette phase précontractuelle, que les parties, désireuses de se rapprocher de la conclusion du contrat définitif, concluent des véritables contrats, appelés avant-contrats. Il en va ainsi notamment de la promesse unilatérale de contrat, de la promesse synallagmatique de contrat et du pacte de préférence.Cette phase précontractuelle est, ainsi, source d’effets juridiques et révèle une présence assez régulière de l’obligation de faire. Dans les promesses unilatérales de contrat l’obligation de faire semble être présente, sans véritablement l’être. En revanche, dans la négociation précontractuelle, la promesse synallagmatique de contrat, le pacte de préférence et l’offre irrévocable l’obligation de faire est présente.La sanction applicable en cas d’inexécution d’une obligation de faire dépendra directement de l’existence ou de l’inexistence pendant la phase précontractuelle, du consentement au contrat définitif projeté. D’une part, lorsque les deux parties n’ont toujours pas donné leurs consentements réciproques au contrat définitif, ce qui arrive dans une négociation précontractuelle ou encore dans une promesse synallagmatique autonome, la seule sanction envisageable en cas d’inexécution de l’obligation de faire consistera en l’allocation de dommages et intérêts à la victime de cette inexécution. Personne ne peut être forcé à devenir partie à un nouveau contrat. D’autre part, lorsque l’une des parties s’est déjà engagée, en donnant, comme c’est le cas dans un pacte de préférence, ou dans une promesse unilatérale de contrat ou dans une promesse synallagmatique de contrat valant contrat ou dans une offre, son consentement au contrat définitif, l’exécution de l’obligation de faire devient concevable, car aucune pression intolérable n’est exercée sur le consentement de la personne ayant déjà consenti au contrat définitif. Par conséquent, il devient possible d’opter pour une sanction plus vigoureuse qu’une simple allocation de dommages et intérêts. Il en va ainsi de la substitution du bénéficiaire à une partie au contrat, de la déclaration sans effets de la révocation d’une promesse unilatérale de contrat ou d’une offre ou encore du remplacement de la forme authentique (notariale) par un jugement de la Cour suprême de Maurice, dans le but d’assurer le transfert de propriété de la chose à l’acquéreur.

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International audience; Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus considered as a threat to human health due to large epidemics and serious clinical outcomes such as microcephaly in new-borns. Like all flaviviruses, ZIKV relies on the cellular machinery to complete its viral cycle, with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) being the critical site of viral replication factories. The sudden high protein load in the ER induces an ER stress to which the cell responds with an appropriate unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore its disturbed homeostasis. When the restoration fails, the cell signalling leads to a programmed cell death by apoptosis with the upregulation of the UPR-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) which acts as the main trigger for this fatal outcome. Our previous studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to manipulate various cellular responses in order to optimize virus production. ZIKV is able to delay apoptosis to its benefit and although ER stress is induced, the UPR is not complete. Here we discovered that ZIKV impairs the expression of CHOP/DDIT3, the main factor responsible of ER-stress driven apoptosis. Surprisingly, the mechanism does not take place at the transcriptional level but at the translational level.

International audience; Given the recurrent bat‐associated disease outbreaks in humans and recent advances in metagenomics sequencing, the microbiota of bats is increasingly being studied. However, obtaining biological samples directly from wild individuals may represent a challenge, and thus, indirect passive sampling (without capturing bats) is sometimes used as an alternative. Currently, it is not known whether the bacterial community assessed using this approach provides an accurate representation of the bat microbiota. This study was designed to compare the use of direct sampling (based on bat capture and handling) and indirect sampling (collection of bat's excretions under bat colonies) in assessing bacterial communities in bats. Using high‐throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of urine and feces samples from Rousettus aegyptiacus, a cave‐dwelling fruit bat species, we found evidence of niche specialization among different excreta samples, independent of the sampling approach. However, sampling approach influencedboth the alpha‐ and beta‐diversity of urinary and fecal microbiotas. In particular, increased alpha‐diversity and more overlapping composition between urine and feces samples was seen when direct sampling was used, suggesting that cross‐contamination may occur when collecting samples directly from bats in hand. In contrast, results from indirect sampling in the cave may be biased by environmental contamination. Our methodological comparison suggested some influence of the sampling approach on the bat‐associated microbiota, but both approaches were able to capture differences among excreta samples. Assessment of these techniques opens an avenue to use more indirect sampling, in order to explore microbial community dynamics in bats.

The renal fibrotic process is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state and oxidative stress. Antirhea borbonica (A. borbonica) is a French medicinal plant found in Reunion Island and known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities mostly related to its high polyphenols content. We investigated whether oral administration of polyphenol-rich extract from A. borbonica could exert in vivo a curative anti-renal fibrosis effect. To this aim, three days after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), mice were daily orally treated either with a non-toxic dose of polyphenol-rich extract from A. borbonica or with caffeic acid (CA) for 5 days. The polyphenol-rich extract from A. borbonica, as well as CA, the predominant phenolic acid of this medicinal plant, exerted a nephroprotective effect through the reduction in the three phases of the fibrotic process: (i) macrophage infiltration, (ii) myofibroblast appearance and (iii) extracellular matrix accumulation. These effects were associated with the mRNA down-regulation of Tgf-β, Tnf-α, Mcp1 and NfkB, as well as the upregulation of Nrf2. Importantly, we observed an increased antioxidant enzyme activity for GPX and Cu/ZnSOD. Last but not least, desorption electrospray ionization-high resolution/mass spectrometry (DESI-HR/MS) imaging allowed us to visualize, for the first time, CA in the kidney tissue. The present study demonstrates that polyphenol-rich extract from A. borbonica significantly improves, in a curative way, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis progression in the UUO mouse model.

International audience; Mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) became a real threat to human health due to the lack of vaccine and effective antiviral treatment. The virus has recently been responsible for a global outbreak leading to millions of infected cases. ZIKV complications were highlighted in adults with Guillain–Barré syndrome and in newborns with increasing numbers of congenital disorders ranging from mild developmental delays to fatal conditions. The ability of ZIKV to establish a long-term infection in diverse organs including the kidneys has been recently documented but the consequences of such a viral infection are still debated. Our study aimed to determine whether the efficiency of ZIKV growth in kidney cells relates to glucose concentration. Human kidney HK-2 cells were infected with different ZIKV strains in presence of normal and high glucose concentrations. Virological assays showed a decrease in viral replication without modifying entry steps (viral binding, internalization, fusion) under high glucose conditions. This decrease replication was associated with a lower virus progeny and increased cell viability when compared to ZIKV-infected HK-2 cells in normal glucose concentration. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that an elevated glucose level influences ZIKV replication level with an effect on kidney cell survival.

Patients following infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can suffer for months to years from arthralgia and arthritis. Interestingly, methotrexate (MTX) a major immune-regulatory drug has proved to be of clinical benefit. We have previously shown that CHIKV can persist in the joint of one patient 18 months post-infection and plausibly driving chronic joint inflammation but through ill-characterized mechanisms. We have pursued our investigations and report novel histological and in vitro data arguing for a plausible role of a COX-2-mediated inflammatory response post-CHIKV. In the joint, we found a robust COX-2 staining on endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts and more prominently on multinucleated giant cells identified as CD11c+ osteoclasts known to be involved in bone destruction. The joint tissue was also strongly stained for CD3, CD8, CD45, CD14, CD68, CD31, CD34, MMP2, and VEGF (but not for NO synthase and two B cell markers). Dendritic cells were rarely detected. Primary human synovial fibroblasts were infected with CHIKV or stimulated either by the synthetic molecule polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (PIC) to mimic chronic viral infection or cytokines. First, we found that PIC and CHIKV enhanced mRNA expression of COX-2. We further found that PIC but not CHIKV increased the mRNA levels of cPLA2α and of mPGES-1, two other central enzymes in PGE2 production. IFNβ upregulated cPLA2α and COX-2 transcription levels but failed to modulated mPGES-1 mRNA expression. Moreover, PIC, CHIKV and IFNβ decreased mRNA expression of the PGE2 degrading enzyme 15-PGDH. Interestingly, MTX failed to control the expression of all these enzymes. In sharp contrast, dexamethasone was able to control the capacity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β as well as TNFα, to stimulate mRNA levels of cPLA2α, COX-2 and mPGES-1. These original data argue for a concerted action of CHIKV (including viral RNA) and cytokines plausibly released from recruited leukocytes to drive a major COX-2-mediated PGE2 proinflammatory responses to induce viral arthritis., Author summary It is important to have a better understanding of the immuno-pathogenesis of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and particularly focusing on the chronic phase associated to arthralgia and arthritis. Benefiting from our prospective cohort studies, we herein provide novel in vivo data identifying for the first time the implication of COX-2 and several other enzymes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis and the persistence of the virus on the joint. Prostaglandin has major activities in inflammation and joint destruction. In vitro, we have used a model of human synovial fibroblasts to decipher the regulatory mechanisms of prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway. We have made important observations showing that the virus itself as well as major inflammatory cytokines can dramatically control the expression of all enzymes involved in the metabolism of prostaglandin. Interestingly, pharmacological investigations further revealed that dexamethasone, but not methotrexate (currently used to treat patients with chikungunya) may be of clinical values.

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Leptospirosis, an environmental infectious disease of bacterial origin, is the infectious disease with the highest associated mortality in Seychelles. In small island territories, the occurrence of the disease is spatially heterogeneous and a better understanding of the environmental factors that contribute to the presence of the bacteria would help implement targeted control. The present study aimed at identifying the main environmental parameters correlated with animal reservoirs distribution and Leptospira infection in order to delineate habitats with highest prevalence. We used a previously published dataset produced from a large collection of rodents trapped during the dry and wet seasons in most habitats of Mah&eacute, the main island of Seychelles. A land use/land cover analysis was realized in order to describe the various environments using SPOT-5 images by remote sensing (object-based image analysis). At each sampling site, landscape indices were calculated and combined with other geographical parameters together with rainfall records to be used in a multivariate statistical analysis. Several environmental factors were found to be associated with the carriage of leptospires in Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, namely low elevations, fragmented landscapes, the proximity of urbanized areas, an increased distance from forests and, above all, increased precipitation in the three months preceding trapping. The analysis indicated that Leptospira renal carriage could be predicted using the species identification and a description of landscape fragmentation and rainfall, with infection prevalence being positively correlated with these two environmental variables. This model may help decision makers in implementing policies affecting urban landscapes and/or in balancing conservation efforts when designing pest control strategies that should also aim at reducing human contact with Leptospira-laden rats while limiting their impact on the autochthonous fauna.

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La problématique de l’école et de la société inclusives relève d’une question vive en éducation. L’approche scientifique retenue pour la mettre à distance relève des Sciences de l’éducation et de la formation et s’inscrit dans une approche socio-anthropologique au fil de laquelle sont analysés, en écho, les comportements observés en situation scolaire et la manière dont les acteurs donnent sens à leur vie professionnelle, au quotidien, dans les conditions proposées par le législateur.Les travaux et analyses scientifiques sur lesquels s’appuie cette note de synthèse, se situent à l’intersection des deux thèmes du laboratoire Icare (EA 7389), dans la catégorie des recherches pragmatiques, au sein de son projet quinquennal. Dans ce contexte, l’enjeu consiste à explorer des réponses fonctionnelles articulées à cette question vive, via des recherches qui partent de l’identification des besoins et des préoccupations des acteurs. Tout au long du périple initiatique, la contextualisation est choisie pour cap et la question des pratiques langagières comme une clé d’intelligibilité et d’action relative à l’éducation inclusive.La structure de cette note de synthèse est ternaire. Mobilisant la métaphore du voyage, la première partie, réflexive et critique, est découpée en 5 jalons scientifiques. Elle prend la forme d’un texte théâtral mettant en scène ma parole en tant que chercheure. Ce trajet revisité contribue ainsi à l’analyse d’un changement paradigmatique majeur que restitue le titre de la note De la méthodologie expérimentale à la recherche interventionniste. C’est dans cette partie que s’installe progressivement une approche écologique de la situation scolaire avec une nécessaire prise en compte des parents et l’idée que le plurilinguisme s’avère fécond pour questionner la relation école-familles.La seconde partie caractérise la voûte conceptuelle sur laquelle repose la schématisation soumise au débat. Cette construction est organisée en 8 chapitres dans une dynamique d’opérationnalisation : paradigmes (celui de la complexité et de l’interculturel critique), concepts (l’intervention éducative, la double contextualisation et l’inter-métiers), approches (de la langue comme pivot central et de l’inclusion comme finalité) et enfin, méthodes mixtes.La troisième partie livre une schématisation de l’école et de la société inclusives, potentiellement utile pour caractériser des pratiques dans et hors les murs de l’école et questionner les dynamiques interactionnelles inclusives qu’elles peuvent engendrer (Pyramide D2i). Au cœur de la pyramide, se localise un espace d’inter-métiers qui pourrait constituer un composite d’espaces anthropologiques, avec pour horizon mobilisateur l’école et la société inclusives, élargissant la question de l’intervention au- delà des frontières de l’école et autorisant le questionnement des pratiques professionnelles des différents métiers intégrés dans la situation inclusive.En synthèse conclusive, la réflexion est prolongée par une série de logiques binaires, susceptibles d’interpréter le projet inclusif et sa complexité de mise en œuvre. Dans ces conditions, l’éducation inclusive devient une finalité de l’école du XXIème siècle et l’approche qualifiée d’idéelle, avec la recherche comme mode d’intervention et de développement professionnel en situation d’inter-métiers.

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International audience

International audience

En droit mauricien actuel, à la différence du droit français, la cession conventionnelle de contrat n’est pas réglementée dans les textes, que ce soit dans le Code civil mauricien ou dans une loi spéciale, alors qu’il n’y a pas d’obstacle, à notre avis, que sa validité soit reconnue par les juridictions mauriciennes. Le droit civil français, cette persuasive authority à Maurice, servira de base de réflexion dans cet article sur les contours que la cession conventionnelle de contrat devrait prendre en droit mauricien., In Mauritian law, unlike French law, the conventional transfer of contract is not currently regulated either in the Mauritian Civil Code or in a special law, whereas there is no obstacle, in our opinion, for its validity to be recognized by the Mauritian courts. French civil law, this persuasive authority in Mauritius, will serve, in this article, as a basis for reflection on the shape that the conventional transfer of contract should take in Mauritian law.