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The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was created in 1958 in response to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik. The agency matured in an era of incredible American scientific [...]

This article summarizes the findings of a book-length study of how Americans have used information since the 1700s, with a primary emphasis on the post-1870 period. The author argues that [...]

ARTICLE COUNT (AC): 29,325 FRACTIONAL COUNT (FC): 22,276 WEIGHTED FRACTIONAL COUNT (WFC): 20,126 North America is strides ahead of all other regions, including its nearest rival North and Western Europe, [...]

Abstract: The evolution of the Internet in the past decade--from a slow, stationary, and primarily communications-based technology to a mobile, fast technology that supports a range of communication, participatory, and [...]

This paper examines whether national differences in political culture add an explanatory dimension to the formulation of policy in the area of biotechnology, especially with respect to genetically modified food. The analysis links the formulation of protective regulatory policies governing genetically modified food to both country and region-specific differences in uncertainty tolerance levels and risk perceptions in the United States, Canada, and European Union. Based on polling data and document analysis, the findings illustrate that these differences matter. Following a mostly opportunistic risk perception within an environment of high tolerance for uncertainty, policymakers in the United States and Canada modified existing regulatory frameworks that govern genetically modified food in their respective countries. In contrast, the mostly cautious perception of new food technologies and low tolerance for uncertainty among European Union member states has contributed to the creation of elaborate and stringent regulatory policies governing genetically modified food. Key words: Biotechnology policy, genetically modified food, genetic engineering in agriculture, political culture, risk perceptions doi:10.2990/29_2_17

The week in science: 10-16 May 2019. The week in science: 10-16 May 2019., Author Affiliations: Terror deaths, primate research and nuclear deal falters EVENTS Chang'e-4 finds hints of lunar mantle China's Chang'e-4 mission to the far side of the Moon has detected minerals [...]

Since 1998, a significant global industry has developed around human embryonic stem cell (hESC) science, in which U.S.-based research is highly prominent. Yet the continued success of the United States in the global economy of hESC is not expected to last in the long term. In America, hESC research is both highly contentious and morally imperative; public interest is high, yet as a whole, the sector is seen to be underperforming. The regulatory, political, economic, and scientific limitations surrounding the development of hESC research in the United States have been widely discussed. The argument in this article is that the dominance of the biotechnology innovation model exacerbates the existing limitations to the long-term success of hESC research in the United States, and that the federal government has a more proactive role to play in managing stem cell innovation if U.S. advantage is going to be maintained., The discovery in 1998 that stem cells could be isolated from human embryos opened new avenues for research and experimentation that consolidated early achievements in regenerative medicine and pushed the [...]

Daniel Sarewitz asks, 'Does Science Policy Matter?' (Issues, Summer 2007). The answer is 'absolutely yes.' In a high-tech global economy, science and technology are indispensable to maintaining America's economic edge. […]

TIMELY, UNBIASED SCIENTIFIC ADVICE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE public policy, but the system now operating in the United States is in a state of dangerous disrepair. The danger takes two [...]

IN JULY 2005, AMERICA'S ONGOING DEBATE OVER EMBRYONIC STEM cell research reached a dramatic moment during a Senate subcommittee hearing. * In a conference room crowded with television camera crews, [...]

The anthrax attacks that closely followed the 9/11 terrorist attacks helped create a sense that danger was everywhere. They also helped create a crisis for science. Government statements that the […]

Scientific experimentation are taking place in a climate of almost unrelenting contention, with popular democracy proving to be more an obstacle and the prospect of new discoveries worrying entrenched partisans. Such partisans' fall into two basic groups, the Ideologues, who traverse the political spectrum, from the Religious Right to the New Left and the Big-Money Crowd who are reluctant to acknowledge an inconvenient truth like the case of global warming, as their bottom-line businesses seem invested in fable and distortion.

The science policies in the U.S., within the Johnson administration in the mid- and late 1960s, show that science had limited role foreign policies. The article discusses about the adoption of science by them in diplomatic policy from 1964 through 1968.

The quantity of legal and government information accessible through online delivery has increased tremendously. Information technology has revolutionized the way much of this information is disseminated by government and the way that researchers access it. The increase in publication can be attributed to two factors: the government's efforts to create a virtual depository of publications and the capability of Internet technology to provide personalized 'feeds' of topic-specific information through Web logs and RSS news aggregators. In this article, finding tools, primary and secondary sources of legal and regulatory government information will be identified and described including search engines and guides. KEYWORDS. Legal research-United States, government information, Internet legal resources, blogs-legal, laws and legislation-United States, government publications, regulations-United States, United Stales law-bibliography

On May 5, 1961, President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Arthur Schlesinger, Admiral Arleigh Burke, and Jackie Kennedy watched the television [...]

The impact of current political and economic realities on the U.S. investment and supportive policies for research is discussed. The fiscal, social and political realities in federal funding of research and the critical decisions faced by the U.S. on a confluence of critical issues relative to the research enterprise are highlighted.

The public attitudes and perceptions about health-related research and health care in the U.S. are described. The national and state opinion survey report data shows that Americans rate research as a high national priority and they strongly support greater investment by private and public funders.

A policy networks explain the difference that Canada has a more restrictive biotechnology policy than the United States. American networks have promoted beliefs favorable to more permissive regulatory preferences than the Canadian environmental and health risk assessment networks and American biotechnology policies are therefore even more permissive than those of Canada.

The process that is to be followed for the successful implementation of policies according to technological developments, with reference to the 1970 Clean Air Act amendments of United sates. The steps that are to be followed in the implementation are also discussed.

Recent studies have shown that in many science and engineering fields, almost 40% of faculty are affiliated with university-based research centers (Corley & Gaughan, 2005). As major science funding organizations continue to increase annual levels of funding for interdisciplinary science centers, it is likely that this number will increase significantly over the next decade. Moreover, some scholars have argued that the rise of university-based science centers has already led to the development of a new institutional form for the execution of university-based research (Bozeman & Boardman, 2004). Yet, interestingly few researchers have studied the impacts of this new institutional form on the productivity of individual researchers. The purpose of this article is to begin to address how individual career strategies and perceptions of scientific work environments within university-based science centers relate to the productivity of academic scientists who participate in these centers. In particular, this article investigates the relationships between productivity, individual career strategies, and perceptions of scientific work environment across gender. The results of the study demonstrate that university-based science centers might serve as an equalizing mechanism for male and female productivity levels. Yet, women scientists affiliated with these centers are significantly more likely to feel discriminated against--and they are less likely to embrace the most promising career strategy for the current structure of these centers., Introduction As major science funding organizations (such as the National Science Foundation [NSF], the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy) continue to increase financial support for cutting [...]

The effectiveness of policies designed to encourage technology transfer between universities and private sector is examined. It is noted that Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, a statute framed under the policy improved the transfer of technology but did not increase the applied research at university.

The United States today faces a new set of economic challenges. Indeed, for the first time since the end of World War II, U.S. global leadership in innovation is being […]

ADDRESSING THE FOURTH ANNUAL FORESIGHT Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology in 1995, Adm. David Jeremiah, a former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, made a bold prediction. The 'military [...]

On 15 July, a spacecraft bristling with instruments to measure Earth's atmospheric chemistry soared into orbit. The successful launch of Aura rounds out NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), an ambitious [...]

Byline: Barry Bozeman (1), Craig Boardman (1) Abstract: The NSF engineering research centers (ERC) program served notice of a sea change in university research funding and institutional designs, representing a transition from department-based, principle investigator-oriented university science to a new center-based model encouraging universities to work with industry and to work beyond the strictures of academic disciplines. In our view, the past three decades of U.S. science and technology policy have not seen an institutional change of greater importance. This paper begins with a brief history of the ERC program, including discussion of the program's origins, goals and research foci, growth, and influence as a model for other science center programs in the U.S. and abroad. Our 'primary data' include an interview with Erich Bloch, former NSF director who was one of the chief architects and advocates for the ERC program. Because of the historical importance of this interview, we present the entire interview with the original material largely unaltered. We conclude with discussion of the managerial challenges that ERCs face within the context of traditional university structures. Author Affiliation: (1) Research Value Mapping Program School of Public Policy Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, 30332 Article History: Registration Date: 18/10/2004

A lot has been said and written recently about U.S. manufacturing job losses. Much of the focus, though, has been on the movement of U.S. jobs overseas. Not enough attention […]

'The scientific debate remains open. Voters believe that there is no consensus about global warming within the scientific community. Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are [...], Early environmental policy depended on science, with mixed results. Newer approaches continue to rely on science to identify problems and solve them, but use other mechanisms to set standards and legal obligations. Given the important role that science continues to play, however, several cautionary tales are in order concerning 'scientific management,' 'good science,' the lure of money, and the tension between objectivity and involvement in important issues of our time.

Since World War II, policymakers have increasingly viewed investments in knowledge as central to achieving societal goals--unless that knowledge is in the humanities. In 2003, less than 1 percent of […]