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The article deals with rare and little-known money substitutes, i.e. coin-like uniface bronze and brass payment tokens issued by the so-called Dayhan (Peasants') Counting Room of Murghab Regal Estate, once the property of Tzar Alexander II (in Bayram Ali, nowadays in Mary Velayat, Turkmenistan). The article provides a survey of the information accessible, as well as an attempt of its attribution and dating. The Appendix comprises a type catalogue, which lists all kinds of the described metallic counting units (tokens) known to date.

How much stone tools are reduced and their form changed from first use to discard bears upon issues such as typological integrity, curation rate, and effects of occupation span. But degree of reduction depends partly upon the measures used to gauge it. Most studies involve single indices that gauge reduction in different ways or at different scales, so results are difficult to compare between studies. In this pilot study, we compare four allometric reduction measures—one each based on length, length:thickness ratio, volume, and mass, estimated by comparing observed values in discarded tools to estimated original values—for consistency when applied to an endscraper sample from the Nobles Pond Paleoindian site in Ohio, USA. Fitted to the Weibull distribution, all measures suggest attrition compared to experimental controls, but variation among them demands reconciliation. A multifactorial method that weights individual measures by their principal-component loadings suggests attritional discard at increasing rate as reduction advances. More importantly, it addresses the growing problem of reconciling the many reduction measures in use, a major concern in this expanding research area.

This paper discusses the problems faced by the organisations who are running domain specific 4GL systems to deploy their core business logic. Given the fact that it is often not realistic to find new engineers for these not-widespread languages, the paper proposes a method to extract useful artefacts from 4GL systems which have the data stored in XML like format such as Uniface system. In this work, the authors show how to use Encapsulated Document Object Model to read Uniface XML and scan the content to extract the custom code. In addition, this paper introduces how to restore the code schema and visualise it.

Site Form, Site 28BU520, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Pittsburgh District archaeological collections were sent to the Veterans Curation Program's (VCP) Washington, DC laboratory in the winter of 2010 and then moved to the Alexandria laboratory in August of 2011. The Alexandria VCP laboratory is a USACE, St. Louis District's Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections program, which is staffed through John Milner Associates, Inc., an archaeological contract firm located in Alexandria, Virginia. The procedures employed to re-house the archaeological material from the Stonewall Jackson Reservoir Archaeological Investigation 1974 are discussed below and follow those procedures utilized by the Alexandria VCP laboratory. In the re-housing process of each investigative effort of the USACE, Pittsburgh District collection, the same standard procedures and Archaeological Collections Facility (ACF) in West Virginia guidelines were followed. Upon completion of the curation management project, the collection was sent to ACF for permanent curation. The artifact database can be found in tDAR athttps://core.tdar.org/dataset/446947/stonewalljacksonreservoirarchaeologicalinvestigation1974_catalogxlsx

Site Form, Site 28BU556, for Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

Three different sorts of unifacial stone tool allometric patterns – representing three different sorts of flake design and exploitation patterns – are used to consider the role landscape familiarity plays in producing variability in hunter–gatherer lithic technologies. It had been previously hypothesized that colonizers' unifacial tools (on the population level) should possess the design property of longevity because as people travel in unfamiliar landscapes they could not be certain of encountering new stone outcrops to replenish their stock. Previous analyses of Clovis unifacial tools were consistent with this hypothesis and showed the first allometric pattern, namely that larger tools possessed flatter, less spherical shapes than the smaller tools, suggesting Clovis foragers exploited the retouch potential afforded by the larger, flatter blanks. Here, we hypothesized that the design property of longevity in unifacial tools would be less important to non-colonizing post-Clovis foragers because they would have been more familiar with environments and stone outcrop locations, and thus better able to tailor their unifacial tools to habitat-specific functional and scheduling requirements. Operationally, this lack of concern with tool longevity would be demonstrated by a second or third allometric pattern, namely that there is no relationship between tool size and shape, or that larger tools are rounder than smaller tools. We tested this prediction with analyses of 435 unifacial stone tools from several post-Clovis groups in vastly different environments, including Parkhill (Great Lakes), Folsom (Rocky Mountains), and Cody/Alberta (High Plains). Regardless of whether the post-Clovis dataset was examined in its entirety or by individual cultures, no iteration of the analyses exhibited an allometric pattern similar to the Clovis one. Overall, these results suggest that landscape familiarity plays a significant role in hunter–gatherer unifacial stone tool technological organization.

The Hoabinhian is the most representative technocomplex in Southeast Asian prehistory for the later hunter–gatherer period. As a mainland technology based exclusively on seasonal tropical environments, this core-tool culture was previously defined in northern Vietnam in 1932 and characterized originally by its large, flat and long, largely unifacial cobble tools associated with tropical forest fauna. The recent discoveries and dates obtained at Xiaodong rockshelter in Yunnan Province (southwest China) allow us to discuss the origin and the homeland of this singular Asian technocomplex which spread to Southeast Asia during the end of the Late Upper Pleistocene. Here we present the first Chinese Hoabinhian lithic implements in their stratigraphic and chronological context within a rockshelter site, and we address the question of the dispersal of modern humans from South China to Southeast Asia.

The paper discusses a hitherto neglected group of five uniface gold medallions in the names of Constantine I and II, issued betweenc.a.d.318 and 337, found in Britain and Ireland. These have been found either beyond the frontier (three examples are from Ireland and one from Scotland) or close to it (one example is from Cumbria). It is suggested that they may have been produced as diplomatic gifts for peoples beyond the frontier or as payment forlaeti.

In this report, the results of data recovery efforts conducted for the Palo Verde to Pinal West transmission line project at the Gillespie Dam site, AZ T:13:18 (ASM), in the Gila Bend area of the Gila River are presented. The site is a prehistoric Hohokam-Patayan settlement with an overlay of Historic era material. Fieldwork primarily occurred within the construction staging area of a transmission tower. Although covering less than an acre, the staging area contained surprising numbers of prehistoric features, including numerous pithouses, a cobble-buttressed adobe structure, ramadas, a storehouse/granary, and myriad other feature types typical of the range of outdoor activities that would be associated with a residential locus in a Hohokam village. Chronological evidence indicates the locus was occupied from the beginning of the Sedentary period, well into the Classic period, or from the tenth century to sometime after the thirteenth century A.D. Three of the pithouses are among the largest ever excavated within the Hohokam cultural area; the adobe structure was also exceptionally large. The large structures formed a corridor through the center of the staging area, which was accentuated by a fronting, prepared caliche surface. It is these structures that are the essential project finding, providing important insights about village organization and activity at the Gillespie Dam site. In turn, the project results inform on larger prehistoric events occurring within the Gila Bend area. Fieldwork also included sampling of a historic canal, AZ T:14:143 (ASM), which skirts the edge of the river terrace scarp in the southwestern portion of the Gillespie Dam site. Archival research identified this channel as the Wolfley, or original, Gila Bend Canal. It was the first of several historic canals built on the eastern side of the Gila River north of Gila Bend. The Wolfley/Gila Bend canal operated intermittently between 1892 and 1895, and possibly as late as 1905. The study of the canal during this project provided a rare opportunity to compare the archaeological record of a canal with its documented history of constructions, management, and natural events. This document contains contributions by Jenny L. Adams, Elizabeth A. Bagwell, Tiffany Clark, Connie A. Darby, Michael W. Diehl, T. Kathleen Henderson, Gary Huckleberry, Christine H. Lange, Manuel R. Palacios-Fest, Stacy L. Ryan, M. Steven Shackley, Susan J. Smith, Pat. H. Stein, Sandra Wadsworth, and Joshua Watts.

This report presents the results of an archaeological testing and data recovery program conducted by EcoPlan for COP on approximately three acres of land in south Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. These archaeological investigations were conducted in advance of the COP Neighborhood Services Department’s South Phoenix Village Loop Street and Landscaping project (COP Cost Center Numbers ND30010010 and ND30010011). Because project activities associated with these projects were deemed likely to impact suspected cultural resources within the project area, COP requested that EcoPlan prepare and implement a cultural resources testing and discovery program for the treatment of suspected cultural resources in the project area. In total, fifteen prehistoric features and one historic feature were discovered and investigated. Archaeological features included four Hohokam field houses, three canals, six small pits, a possible reservoir, and an alignment of postholes believed to be the remains of a ramada-like structure. The historic feature consisted of the buried remains of a privy. The archaeological expressions in the study area were assigned site number AZ T:12:231 (ASM) by ASM.

The formal design of stone tools is closely linked to the various tasks or functions for which tools are employed. The tasks may relate to the production and maintenance of houses, tools, and clothing, or food procurement, such as hunting and butchering. Traditionally archaeologists have focused upon these task-oriented activities when considering tool design constraints. However, the design of stone tools can be related to constraints that are in addition to specific-task-related activities and functions. It has been shown that stone tool design and production can be affected by the abundance, quality, and shape of raw materials (Andrefsky 1994b, 1995; Ashton and White 2003; Bamforth 1986; Flenniken 1981; Flenniken and Wilke 1989; Lothrop 1989), by the relative mobility and sedentism of the people using the stone tools (Andrefsky 1991; Bamforth 1990, 1991; Blades 2001; Kelly 1988; Parry and Kelly 1987; Shackley 1990; Torrence 1983, 1989), and by artifact uselife (Andrefsky 1997b; Goodyear 1974; Jelinek 1976; Marks 1988; Rolland and Dibble 1990). Still other constraints on tool design include stylistic factors (Close 1989; Sackett 1982, 1986; Wobst 1977), risk minimizing (Bleed 1986; Cashdan 1985; Wiessner 1982), and time optimization (Boydston 1989; Rasic and Andrefsky 2001; Tomka 2001; Torrence 1983). The previous chapter discussed the relationship between artifact diversity and site functions within a context of prehistoric mobility. Related to the concept of prehistoric mobility is that of sedentism. This chapter explores the relationship between prehistoric sedentism and lithic artifact analysis.

La variabilité des systèmes de production lithique en Asie du Sud-Est, tant chez #Homo erectus$ que chez #Homo sapiens sapiens$, est encore une zone d'ombre de la recherche préhistorique dans cette immensité géographique écartelée entre continentalité et insularité. De plus, il est à signaler que les synthèses typologiques sont rares. Loin de se conformer à des modèles d'évolution linéaire et "simplificatrice" des industries comme ceux d'Europe Occidentale (galets aménagés, industries à bifaces, puis les débitages d'éclats et de lames etc.), l'Asie du Sud-Est semble à ce sujet défier tout raisonnement logico-empirique. La liste des chaînes opératoires que nous présentons ci-dessous n'a rien d'exhaustif et bien au contraire, elle pose le problème de la variabilité et de la richesse des systèmes de production lithique chez l'Homme Moderne dans cette région tropicale du monde. Dans une optique strictement qualitative, nous n'aborderons que les chaînes opératoires de façonnage et de débitage d'éclats réalisées à la percussion directe à la pierre dure. (Résumé d'auteur)

This is a report on archaeological field investigations conducted in 1994 and 1995 at a Classic period Hohokam compound located in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of Arizona. The work was performed at the southern locus of site AZ U:9:14 (ASM) under the direction of Glen Rice as part of a course in archaeological field methods taught in the Department of Anthropology at Arizona State University (course number ASB 231 for undergraduates and ASB 532 for graduate students). Archaeological permits for the field work were issued by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (AP-001-94) and the Phoenix Area Office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The assistance of both the Salt River Community and the agency in helping to make the research possible is gratefully acknowledged. This report provides a record of the basic field data and observations (maps, profiles, stratigraphic analyses), and makes such data available for use in subsequent analyses, studies and interpretation of the collected samples and artifact assemblages. An analysis of the ceramic and lithic artifactts has been completed and is summarized here as well. The report also includes a summary of the 1994 season.

Between April 15 and June 14, 1993, Archaeological Research Services, Inc. performed a cultural resources survey of State Route 88 (the Apache Trail). The right-of-way varies from 66 to 200 feet, but construction as-builts were not available. Therefore, the Arizona Department of Transportation requested that a 200 foot wide right-of-way be surveyed for the entire project length unless clearly marked property boundaries or other right-of-way indications were present. The 17.5 mile long survey corridor crosses lands owned by the Arizona Department of Transportation, and sections of Arizona Department of Transportation right-of-way across Bureau of Land Management lands. That segment of State Route 88 on Tonto National Forest lands was constructed through the provisions of a Special Use Permit issued to the Arizona Department of Transportation by Tonto National Forest. The survey was conducted under the conditions and authority of a Tonto National Forest special use permit issued to Archaeological Research Services, Inc. on 2/17/93, Arizona State Museum general permit number 93-11, and Bureau of Land Management permit number AZ-000054 issued 10/13/90 (fieldwork authorization number PDO-93-5, 3/23/93). The project area encompasses approximately 424.24 acres, of which approximately, 371.21 were actually surveyed when the existing paved surface of State Route 88 is excluded. The Arizona Department of Transportation requested the survey (Arizona Department of Transportation Project No. STP-952-4(1), Tracs PN 195 H3275 01C) in anticipation of a proposed pavement preservation project. Archaeological Research Services performed a Class III (Intensive Field Inventory) survey in order to locate and record any cultural resources that could be disturbed as a result of the proposed undertaking. This study provides descriptions and National Register eligibility evaluations for cultural resources encountered during the survey. As a result of the survey, 22 archaeological sites (4 previously recorded, 18 newly recorded) and 49 isolated artifact occurrences or cultural features were recorded (or rerecorded or relocated). This is the second revision of this document, with earlier versions completed 29 June 1993 and 15 November 1994.

During January 2004, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted an archaeological survey of a selected portion (300 feet by 7 feet) of the proposed expansion and improvement of Castroville Regional Park in the City of Castroville, Medina County, Texas. The Phase I survey consisted of the excavation of six shovel tests. A single previously unrecorded prehistoric archaeological site (41ME134) was encountered atop a ridge landform. Abundant amounts of burned rock and lithic debitage, along with several tested cobbles, a few cores, and one non-diagnostic uniface were encountered at ground surface and within the upper 10 cm of shallow soils mantling the landform. Due to the primarily surficial nature of this site and the lack of cultural features, the Center for Archaeological Research recommends that site 41ME134 is ineligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places or for designation as a State Archeological Landmark. It is therefore recommended that the proposed improvements proceed without further cultural resources investigations. This work was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 3328 with Steve A. Tomka serving as Principal Investigator. Burned rock collected from the site was discarded pursuant to Chapter 26.27(g)(2) of the Texas Administrative Code. All other artifacts collected during the survey are permanently housed at the Center for Archaeological Research curatorial facility.

A collection of lithic material from a site in the lower Tennessee River valley contains Paleoindian projectile points, uniface, and biface tools. Since few projectile points of Archaic types are included, there are implications that the rather extensive biface industry is of Late Paleoindian origin, contrary to the accepted idea that biface industries occur extensively only in post-Paleoindian occupations.

The repeated occurrence of flakes possessing remnants of unifacially trimmed edges was noted in the analysis of chipping refuse from two late prehistoric sites in west central Texas. Attributes on these flakes suggest three techniques of removal–by a burin technique, by striking the uniface on the ventral surface near the edge, and by striking the uniface on the dorsal surface near the edge. Examples of these retouch techniques were evident on certain unifacially chipped scrapers from the two sites, and, together with wear patterns and edge angle values, support inferences that the flakes are by-products of uniface retouch.

Two hafted unifaces from cave sites in southwestern Coahuila, Mexico, are described and illustrated. In both instances, a chipped stone uniface was inserted into a notch or cleft on one end of a long wooden shaft; the haft was made secure by the application of resin. The specimens are compared to other hafted objects from the area, and hypotheses regarding the function of these implements are given.

At the request of Salt River Project, the Museum of Northern Arizona conducted an archaeological survey of a proposed 500kV transmission line between the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (near Wintersburg, Arizona) and the Kyrene Substation (near Tempe, Arizona). During survey of the 73.3 mi right-of-way, evidences of historic and prehistoric activity were recorded at 10 sites and 43 loci of isolated artifacts or features. With few exceptions, all identified remains could be assigned to the Hohokam culture. The Museum recommends, where feasible, that all cultural remains be avoided. In instances where sites or portions of sites cannot be avoided specific mitigation recommendations are presented. This file includes related correspondence.

Publisher Summary In the study of the early Paleoindian period, a site rarely provides a large sample of a specialized artifact type under the conditions of secure provenience and dated context. The extensive endscraper collection from Shawnee Minisink is an exception to the rule and allows an opportunity to gain insight into a significant artifact type. The formal endscraper occupies a unique position within early Paleoindian assemblages as the single unifacial tool to be hafted and curated. The endscraper was the most expensive uniface within a tool kit dominated by unifacial forms and second only to the projectile point in the overall cost of production and maintenance. The generalized nature of the Clovis endscraper can be challenged on several grounds. This chapter discusses the consistencies and variations in the technological attributes of endscrapers as represented at a single place and time.