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Prostate cancer (PCa) is the third highest cause of cancer death in men. PCa is a very heterogeneous tumor form in terms of grade, phenotypes, and genetics, often accompanied by complex networks. PCa is characterized by slow growth that does not compromise the patient's quality of life, unlike more aggressive forms showing rapid growth and progression. Early diagnosis, even for the most aggressive forms, increases the possibilities of cure with less aggressive treatments and fewer side effects. However, it is important to know how to decrease the exposure to modifiable risk factors, including diet, sedentary life, smoking and alcohol, can represent an effective tool to reduce the incidence of PCa. In addition, the chronic exposure to environmental factors, most of which act as endocrine disruptors, is the focus of recent studies for their potential role in promoting the onset and progression of PCa. Although molecular therapies and clinical trials for biomarker identification have been introduced into the management of PCa, these still lag behind research performed in other solid tumors. This review provides an overview of the modifiable factors of PCa, linked to lifestyle and environmental pollutants, which together with the development of new therapeutic targets, can reduce the incidence of PCa and improve the quality of life of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young adults are prone to stress due to various life events. Managing these stressors can be difficult for them, making them cope with these through behavioral changes, the most common being unhealthy and irregular eating habits with a lack of physical activities. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to find the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and perceived stress among young adults. Any gender differences are also evaluated. Materials and Methods: Out of the 300 1st year medical students enrolled, height and weight for BMI and perceived stress scale-10 (PSS-10) scores were obtained for 228 participants as a one-time reading for every participant. Then, the relationship between these values of BMI and PSS was evaluated. Results: Out of the analyzed participants, 46.1% were in the normal BMI category, with 15.8% being underweight. Out of the 38.1% of participants with an above-normal BMI, 2/3rd were found to be obese. Moderate stress was seen in 75% of participants. We found a weak negative correlation between BMI and stress (significant at 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of the youth experience stress at moderate level, which is concerning for society as they indulge in stress eating to cope but end up being obese and more prone to metabolic diseases, thus entering a vicious cycle of obesity, disease, and stress. Hence, activities such as exercise, meditation, and others must be included in daily life to balance physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Facial attractiveness has recently been considered an indicator of underlying immunocompetence. However, studies examining this relationship have yielded mixed findings. Previous research suggested that these discrepant findings could be due to the common influence of lifestyle factors upon both rated facial attractiveness and health. Methods: Young men (N = 162) provided standardized facial photos with a neutral expression subsequently rated by eight women for overall attractiveness. Saliva was assayed for immunoglobulin A, testosterone (T) and cortisol (C), and body fat was measured using a skinfold caliper. Self-reports of poor health, and lifestyle factors that could influence health status (age, sleep habits, smoking, drinking alcohol, family stress, and exercising) were collected. Results: Results showed that symptoms of poor health and skinfold negatively predicted facial attractiveness. There was a modest but statistically nonsignificant T x C interaction where higher T lower C men trended toward having more attractive faces. A sequential mediation model examining the influence of lifestyle showed support for an indirect effect on facial attractiveness. Specifically, skinfold and poor health symptoms mediated the links between exercise, stress, and facial attractiveness. Discussion: These findings suggest links between facial attractiveness and immunocompetence could be linked to some common lifestyle and hormonal variables, but that more comprehensive research involving lifestyle indicators (such as nutrition) are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the mediating effect of depressive symptoms between unhealthy lifestyle and body mass index (BMI), and to provide a reference basis for the prevention of common diseases among adolescents. Methods In 2023, 88, 594 students were selected by random stratified, class - based cluster sampling method from 12 municipalities in Inner Mongolia (103 counties) for questionnaire survey, to describe the basic demographic characteristics of the students, to explore the correlation between unhealthy lifestyle, depressive symptoms and BMI, and to establish the mediation effect model by using the PROCESS macro program in SPSS 26. 0. Results The number of detections of unhealthy lifestyle was 85 866, with a detection rate of 96. 92 percent; the number of detections of abnormal BMI was 32 078, with a detection rate of 36. 21 per cent; and the number of detections of depressive symptoms was 19, 356, with a detection rate of 21. 85 per cent. The results showed that the mediating effect value of depressive symptoms on unhealthy lifestyle and body mass index was 0. 0770, 95% CI: 0. 0513 - 0. 1027, and the mediating effect accounted for 11.35% of the total effect, which indicated that unhealthy lifestyle could mediate the increase of BMI through depressive symptoms. Conclusion Adolescents can prevent abnormal body mass index by improving unhealthy lifestyles, and they can also improve the occurrence of depressive symptoms and thus maintain a normal body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the potential causal relationship between seven common unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, alcohol, sugar intake, salt intake, fat intake, sleep, and prolonged sedentary behaviors) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) using Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Methods The instrumental variables were obtained from genome-wide association study (GW AS) databases. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis method, and MR-Egger and weighted-median (WM) as supplementary metliods to analyze the potential causal association between exposure and outcome. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results The IVW analysis showed a causal relationship between fat intake (O/-=1.09, 95%CZ: 1.01-1.19, P=0.027) and CKD. Sensitivity analysis results did not reveal notable heterogeneity (-=18.00, P=0.12) or pleiotropy (P=0.27). Smoking, alcohol, sugar intake, salt intake, sleep, and prolonged sedentary behaviors showed no causal relationship with CKD in the IVW analysis. Conclusion There is a positive relationship between fat intake and CKD risk. It is suggested to control fat intake to reduce the risk of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood trauma (CT) is associated with unhealthy lifestyle in adulthood. However, an in-depth exploration of how CT relates to multiple unhealthy lifestyle behaviors remains inconclusive. This study included 2968 adults from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. We examined associations between retrospectively reported CT, its severity, and types with seven unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and a cumulative lifestyle index. Results showed that CT was positively associated with smoking, illicit drug use, social inactivity, sleep deprivation, and excessive weight gain (β =.040–.98, pFDR <.05); negatively associated with alcohol use (β = -.042, pFDR =.033), and most strongly associated with cumulative lifestyle index (β =.141, pFDR <.001). Severe CT history (multiple types or frequencies of trauma) showed the strongest effects. The largest effects with the cumulative lifestyle index were found for physical abuse (β =.159, pFDR <.001), while other CT subtypes (emotional neglect/abuse, sexual abuse) showed similar effects (β =.127–.157, pFDR <.001). Associations were partially explained by the presence of depressive/anxiety disorders, lower education, and higher numbers of chronic diseases. Individuals with CT, especially severe forms, show diverse and accumulated unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in adulthood and, thus, may benefit from lifestyle-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little evidence on the association between patterns of unhealthy lifestyle and mental health among young adults. This study included a total of 28,978 young adults aged 18 to 44 years old in Guangdong province in south China, which was conducted from September to December in 2022. We used latent class analysis to classify the patterns of unhealthy lifestyle among young adults and used multiple logistic regression to explore their associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms. The weighted prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms were 28.0 % and 19.5 %, respectively. The cumulative effect of unhealthy lifestyles on depressive and anxiety symptoms was significant. Five patterns of unhealthy lifestyle were classified. Compared to the relatively healthy lifestyle class, the class with more unhealthy lifestyles (OR = 6.54, 95 % CI: 5.70–7.51) and insufficient sleep (OR = 6.16, 95 % CI: 4.92–7.70) had higher risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms. Meaningfully, having adequate mental health literacy could reduce the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms from unhealthy lifestyle by half. The cross-section design study limited causal inferences, and the self-report information may lead to recall bias. Unhealthy lifestyles have a negative impact on depressive and anxiety symptoms through independent, cumulative and combined effects, and they could be interrelated. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns differed in younger population by socio-demographic characteristics and mental health literacy. Health-care professionals and policymakers may provide programs to intervene multiple unhealthy lifestyles and improve mental health literacy by integrating healthy lifestyle education to promote youngers' mental health. • Physical inactivity, excessive screen time, abnormal BMI, and sedentary behaviour were prevalent among young adults. • Unhealthy lifestyle patterns differed among young adults by socio-demographic characteristics and mental health literacy. • Unhealthy lifestyle negatively impacted on depressive and anxiety symptoms. • Mental health literacy can reduce the negative impact of unhealthy lifestyle on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFacial attractiveness has recently been considered an indicator of underlying immunocompetence. However, studies examining this relationship have yielded mixed findings. Previous research suggested that these discrepant findings could be due to the common influence of lifestyle factors upon both rated facial attractiveness and health.MethodsYoung men (N = 162) provided standardized facial photos with a neutral expression subsequently rated by eight women for overall attractiveness. Saliva was assayed for immunoglobulin A, testosterone (T) and cortisol (C), and body fat was measured using a skinfold caliper. Self-reports of poor health, and lifestyle factors that could influence health status (age, sleep habits, smoking, drinking alcohol, family stress, and exercising) were collected.ResultsResults showed that symptoms of poor health and skinfold negatively predicted facial attractiveness. There was a modest but statistically non-significant T x C interaction where higher T lower C men trended toward having more attractive faces. A sequential mediation model examining the influence of lifestyle showed support for an indirect effect on facial attractiveness. Specifically, skinfold and poor health symptoms mediated the links between exercise, stress, and facial attractiveness.DiscussionThese findings suggest links between facial attractiveness and immunocompetence could be linked to some common lifestyle and hormonal variables, but that more comprehensive research involving lifestyle indicators (such as nutrition) are necessary.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the third highest cause of cancer death in men. PCa is a very heterogeneous tumor form in terms of grade, phenotypes, and genetics, often accompanied by complex networks. PCa is characterized by slow growth that does not compromise the patient’s quality of life, unlike more aggressive forms showing rapid growth and progression. Early diagnosis, even for the most aggressive forms, increases the possibilities of cure with less aggressive treatments and fewer side effects. However, it is important to know how to decrease the exposure to modifiable risk factors, including diet, sedentary life, smoking and alcohol, can represent an effective tool to reduce the incidence of PCa. In addition, the chronic exposure to environmental factors, most of which act as endocrine disruptors, is the focus of recent studies for their potential role in promoting the onset and progression of PCa. Although molecular therapies and clinical trials for biomarker identification have been introduced into the management of PCa, these still lag behind research performed in other solid tumors. This review provides an overview of the modifiable factors of PCa, linked to lifestyle and environmental pollutants, which together with the development of new therapeutic targets, can reduce the incidence of PCa and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective To explore the potential classification and characteristics of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in high -risk population of stroke. Methods From August to September 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 500 high-risk stroke patients aged 40 and over in a community of Guangdong Province by convenience sampling method, including general demographic data, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and knowledge of stroke prevention and treatment. Latent class analysis and unordered multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to explore the potential class distribution characteristics and influencing factors of unhealthy lifestyle characteristics in high-risk groups. Results The high-risk groups could be divided into three potential categories: "basically healthy lifestyle groupn (Cl, 67.20%), "sedentary-lack of exercise group" (C2, 21.60%), and aunhealthy lifestyle -prominent smoking group" (C3, 11.20%). Compared with abasically healthy lifestyle group'; people aged 40 to 59 years old were more likely to be classified as asedentary-lack of exercise groupn (OR =2.160, 95%CI: 1.249-3.734, P < 0.05), and tliose with high score of prevention and treatment knowledge were more likely to be classified as "sedentary-lack of exercise group" compared with aunhealthy lifestyle -prominent smoking group" (OR =0.935, 95%CI: 0.887-0.985, P<0.05). Compared with the "basically healthy lifestyle group笃 men (OR =29.682, 95%CI: 9.758-90.283, P <0.05), living alone (OR=2.727, 95%CI: 1.117-6.656, P<0.05), and non-hypertension (OR=2.51 & 95%CI: 1312-4.831, P < 0.05) group were more likely to be classified as aunhealthy lifestyle-prominent smoking group". Conclusion Attention should be paid to the heterogeneity of lifestyle characteristics of stroke high -risk groups, and targeted intervention measures should be given to different types of high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data which follow the educational trajectories of students during secondary education and measure health status during adulthood, this paper analyzes the effects of private schooling on a range of unhealthy lifestyle outcomes. To account for the non-random selection of students in French private schools I use propensity score matching. I find a positive effect of private schooling on the self-reported health status of girls and a negative effect for boys. These results are related to those on risky behaviours: I find that enrolment in a private school reduces the likelihood of daily smoking for girls, but increases the likelihood of drinking multiple times a week for boys, twelve years after sixth grade. A set of robustness checks confirms the robustness of my results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Unhealthy lifestyle has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Whereas its association with vascular complications in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes is still uncertain. Methods A total of 1188 patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes from the Taiwan Diabetes Registry (TDR) data were analyzed. We stratified the severity of unhealthy lifestyle via scoring three factors (sleep duration 9 h, sit duration ≥ 8h, and meal numbers ≥ with night snack) and analyzed their associations with the development of vascular complications using logistic regression analysis. Besides, we also included 3285 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes as the comparison. Results Increased numbers of factors that stand for unhealthy lifestyle were significantly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial occlusion disease (PAOD) and nephropathy in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting multiple covariables, having ≥ 2 factors of unhealthy lifestyle remained significant associations with cardiovascular disease and PAOD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–3.69) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.21–5.90), respectively. Among individual factor for unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, we revealed that eating ≥ 4 meals per day with night snack increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and nephropathy after multivariable adjustment (OR of 2.60, 95% CI 1.28–5.30; OR of 2.54, 95% CI 1.52–4.26, respectively). Whereas sit duration for ≥ 8 h per day increased the risk of PAOD (OR of 4.32, 95% CI 2.38–7.84). Conclusion Unhealthy lifestyle is associated with increased prevalence of macro- and micro-vascular comorbidities in Taiwanese patients with long-duration type 2 diabetes.

Immunity plays a fundamental role in the maintenance and protection of the human body from infectious and pathogenic microorganisms. It requires regular intake of nutrients for proper functioning of the immune system. Due to an unbalanced lifestyle and consumption of ready-to-eat foods, immunity is being affected negatively. Inflammation and immunity are influenced by diet and nutrition. Simple sugars, trans fats, refined carbs, and processed meat, among other meals, may induce inflammation while simultaneously counteracting the anti-inflammatory benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. As a result, unhealthy food intake may enhance systemic inflammation in individuals, boosting the generation of IL-6. Dietary nutrition is a well-known aspect of immune system maintenance, with the significance of micronutrients prominently featured in a variety of scientific literary works. Currently, global population is susceptible viral infection such as COVID-19. This viral strain is directly attacking the immunity of the individual and bringing it at risk. When a patient's immune system isn't operating correctly, COVID-19 is thought to raise the harshness of the infection or make it more vulnerable to contagious diseases. This review paper will help in understanding the immune responses mechanism along with diet balance and maintaining the sufficiency of vitamins and minerals to fight against COVID-19 infection.

BackgroundTo determine the relationship between the number of controllable unhealthy lifestyles on the risk of the first occurrence of ischemic stroke after the disease in middle-aged and elderly people in the community, and to provide data support and basis for community physicians to guide hypertensive patients to control modifiable risk factors to prevent the first occurrence of ischemic stroke.MethodsThe relationship between the number of unhealthy lifestyles and the risk of hypertension was analyzed by binary logistic regression in 584 subjects using a medical record control study. A retrospective cohort study of 629 hypertensive patients was used to analyze the relationship between the number of unhealthy lifestyles and the risk of the first occurrence of ischemic stroke within 5 years of developing hypertensive disease using Cox proportional risk regression models.ResultsLogistic regression model analysis showed that taking an unhealthy lifestyle as a reference, the OR (95% CI) values of, 2, 3, 4 and 5 unhealthy lifestyle were 4.050 (2.595–6.324), 4 (2.251–7.108), 9.297 (3.81–22.686), and 16.806 (4.388–64.365), respectively. Cox Proportional risk regression model analysis showed that the risk of ischemic stroke within 5 years after developing hypertension was referenced to 5 unhealthy lifestyles, and the HR (95% CI) for 3, 2, and 1 unhealthy lifestyle were 0.134 (0.023–0.793), 0.118 (0.025–0.564), and 0.046 (0.008–0.256), respectively.ConclusionThe number of controllable unhealthy lifestyles in middle-aged and elderly people was positively associated with the risk of hypertension and first ischemic stroke after hypertension, and there was a dose-effect relationship between them. The risk of hypertension and first ischemic stroke within 5 years after hypertension onset increased with the number of unhealthy lifestyles.

Background: Irrational beliefs, maladaptive emotions, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors can adversely affect health status. However, limited research has examined the association between irrational beliefs and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between irrational beliefs and the 10-year CVD incidence among apparently healthy adults, considering the potential moderating or mediating role of particular social and lifestyle factors. Methods: The ATTICA study is a population-based, prospective cohort (2002–2012), in which 853 participants without a history of CVD [453 men (aged 45 ± 13 years) and 400 women (aged 44 ± 18 years)] underwent psychological evaluations. Among other tools, participants completed the irrational beliefs inventory (IBI, range 0–88), a self-reported measure consistent with the Ellis model of psychological disturbance. Demographic characteristics, detailed medical history, dietary, and other lifestyle habits were also evaluated. Incidence of CVD (i.e., coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, or other CVD) was defined according to the International Coding Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria. Results: Mean IBI score was 53 ± 2 in men and 53 ± 3 in women (p = 0.88). IBI score was positively associated with 10-year CVD risk (hazard ratio 1.07, 95%CI 1.04, 1.13), in both men and women, and more prominently among those with less healthy dietary habits and lower education status; specifically, higher educational status leads to lower IBI score, and in conjunction they lead to lower 10-year CVD risk (HR for interaction 0.98, 95%CI 0.97, 0.99). Conclusions: The findings of this study underline the need to build new, holistic approaches in order to better understand the inter-relationships between irrational beliefs, lifestyle behaviors, social determinants, and CVD risk in individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unhealthy lifestyle has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Whereas its association with vascular complications in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes is still uncertain. Methods: A total of 1188 patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes from the Taiwan Diabetes Registry (TDR) data were analyzed. We stratified the severity of unhealthy lifestyle via scoring three factors (sleep duration <7 or >9 h, sit duration ≥ 8h, and meal numbers ≥ with night snack) and analyzed their associations with the development of vascular complications using logistic regression analysis. Besides, we also included 3285 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes as the comparison. Results: Increased numbers of factors that stand for unhealthy lifestyle were significantly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial occlusion disease (PAOD) and nephropathy in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting multiple covariables, having ≥ 2 factors of unhealthy lifestyle remained significant associations with cardiovascular disease and PAOD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–3.69) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.21–5.90), respectively. Among individual factor for unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, we revealed that eating ≥ 4 meals per day with night snack increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and nephropathy after multivariable adjustment (OR of 2.60, 95% CI 1.28–5.30; OR of 2.54, 95% CI 1.52–4.26, respectively). Whereas sit duration for ≥ 8 h per day increased the risk of PAOD (OR of 4.32, 95% CI 2.38–7.84). Conclusion: Unhealthy lifestyle is associated with increased prevalence of macro- and micro-vascular comorbidities in Taiwanese patients with long-duration type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to put forward some evidence-based lessons that can be learned from how to respond to a Pandemic that relate to healthy living behaviours (HLB). A 4-step methodology was followed to conduct a narrative review of the literature and to present a professional practice vignette. The narrative review identified 8 lessons: 1) peer review; 2) historical perspectives; 3) investing in resilience and protection; 4) unintended consequences; 5) protecting physical activity; 6) school closures; 7) mental health; and 8) obesity. As in all probability there will be another Pandemic, it is important that the lessons learned over the last three years in relation to HLB are acted upon. Whilst there will not always be a consensus on what to emphasise, it is important that many evidence-based positions are presented. The authors of this paper recognise that this work is a starting point and that the lessons presented here will need to be revisited as new evidence becomes available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No leisure time physical activity (NO-LTPA) continues to be a leading behavioral driver of poor health outcomes in the United States. The current investigation explores the relationship between, short term, longitudinal changes in social vulnerability and NO-LTPA within the context of culturally distinct U.S. regions., Methods: We merged county-level data on physical inactivity prevalence, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), and the American Nations regional cultures schematic., Results: The prevalence of NO-LTPA was significantly higher: 1) In American Nations Group 1 in both 2020 and 2022; and 2) During 2022 in both American Nation Groups. The overall SVI score was significantly higher in American Nations Group 1 in both 2020 and 2022 but there were no significant differences in either group from 2020 to 2022. There were 1161 U.S. counties (i.e., 37%) that had a decrease in NO-LTPA from 2020 to 2022 (mean reduction = -1.7 ±1.5) compared to 1970 U.S. counties that has no change or an increase in NO-LTPA from 2020 to 2022 (mean increase = 2.0 ±1.6). The difference in 2020 to 2022 change in SVI was statistically significant (-0.8 ±0.50 vs 0.04 ±0.51, P < .001) between counties with a decrease in NO-LTPA compared to those with no change or an increase., Discussion: These current findings indicate the SVI-NO-LTPA crisis within a crisis continues to be a factor in the U.S. The fact that there was a statistical signal between SVI and NO-LTPA change indicates improving the former may likewise improve the latter., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The energy-dense western diet significantly increases the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular episodes, stroke, and cancer. Recently more attention has been paid to the contribution of an unhealthy lifestyle on the development of central nervous system disorders. Exposure to long-lasting stress is one of the key lifestyle modifications associated with the increased prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases. The main goal of the present study was to verify the hypothesis that exposure to chronic stress modifies alterations in the brain proteome induced by the western diet. Female adult rats were fed with the prepared chow reproducing the human western diet and/or subjected to chronic stress induced by social instability for 6 weeks. A control group of lean rats were fed with a standard diet. Being fed with the western diet resulted in an obese phenotype and induced changes in the serum metabolic parameters. The combination of the western diet and chronic stress exposure induced more profound changes in the rat cerebrocortical proteome profile than each of these factors individually. The down-regulation of proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion (Rph3a, Snap25, Syn1) as well as in learning and memory processes (Map1a, Snap25, Tnr) were identified, while increased expression was detected for 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag) engaged in the modulation of the insulin-signaling cascade in the brain. An analysis of the rat brain proteome reveals important changes that indicate that a combination of the western diet and stress exposure may lead to impairments of neuronal function and signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background With increases in inactive lifestyles and mounting pressure for academic excellence in Chinese younger populations, lack of physical activity and increased prevalence of obesity have become a major public health concern in China. The purpose of this study is to provide updated estimates on the prevalence of meeting moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen viewing time guidelines, and overweight and obesity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents, with a secondary aim examining variations in prevalence by sex, grade groupings, and residential location. Methods The study sample came from the 2017 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study, a cross-sectional and national survey of 131,859 students (aged 7 to 19 years) from 986 public schools in China. Measures of MVPA, screen viewing time, and age- and sex-specific overweight and obese body mass index were used to calculate national prevalence estimates of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Results In 2017, 34.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.09–34.11%) of children and adolescents met MVPA guidelines and 65.4% (95% CI, 65.39–65.41%) adhered to screen viewing time guidelines. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.1% (95% CI, 15.09–15.11%) and 10.7% (95% CI, 10.69–10.71%), respectively. Prevalence estimates differed by sex (boys, girls), grade grouping (primary schools, junior middle schools, junior high schools), and residential location (rural, urban). Conclusions There remains a low prevalence of meeting MVPA guidelines and high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. Future efforts should focus on monitoring the trend of these behavioral and health risk factors to inform school policies and programs aimed at increasing physical activity and reducing and preventing obesity in younger populations in China.

Background and Objectives: Migraine has been associated with many comorbidities. However, lifestyle factors and the presence of comorbid diseases have not previously been extensively studied in the same sample. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle factors and comorbid diseases between patients with migraine and migraine‐free controls with subgroup analyses to determine the pathophysiology and possible consequences. Methods: This cross‐sectional study recruited 1257 patients with migraine between the ages of 20 and 65 years from a headache outpatient clinic in Taiwan and 496 non‐migraine controls. All participants completed questionnaires regarding demographics, migraine diagnosis, sleep, headache burden, and medical, pain, and psychiatric conditions. Participants also underwent a structured interview. The associations between comorbidities and migraine were investigated and further stratified by sex and aura. Results: Patients with migraine with aura had an unhealthier lifestyle compared with controls in the form of current smoking status (15.5% [67/431] vs. 11.5% [57/496], p = 0.013). Furthermore, medical‐ (e.g., thyroid disease; 7.2% [91/1257 vs. 2.8% [14/496]; p = 0.006), psychiatric‐ (e.g., depression; 6% [76/1257 vs. 2.6% [13/496]; p = 0.031), and pain‐related (e.g., fibromyalgia; 8% [101/1257 vs. 3.2% [16/496]; p = 0.006) comorbidities were more prevalent in patients compared with controls. Subgroup analyses revealed that chronic migraine, migraine with aura, and female sex were associated with a greater number of significant comorbidities than episodic migraine, migraine without aura, and male patients with migraine, respectively. Conclusion: Individuals seeking treatment for migraine reported greater levels of smoking and medical, psychiatric, and pain conditions than non‐treatment‐seeking healthy controls who were recruited from the community. Understanding the relationship between migraine and comorbid diseases may improve medical care as well as the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food addiction and high impulsivity are common traits in obesity. In accordance with the evidence that time is overestimated in patients with a history of impulsivity and/or drug addiction, we tested the hypothesis that duration is overestimated in obesity. A total of 92 obese participants and 182 healthy controls completed a timing task of visual stimuli. In line with our prediction, obese participants overestimated the duration of the displayed visual stimuli than controls. Our result has potential clinical implications in the field of obesity, as it suggests a potential contribution of this cognitive dysfunction in the emergence and maintenance of obesity-related behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality disorders (PDs) would be associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. To date, however, there have not been sufficient studies on the relationship between them. This study aimed to investigate the association between personality disorders and an unhealthy lifestyle by using an analytical cross-sectional study. We selected 1538 married women based on the multistage cluster sampling method. We used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Apart from descriptive statistics, a one-sample t-test, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling were used. Analysis of the data suggested that negativistic (β= -0.321), schizotypal (β= -0.285), schizoid (β= -0.159), borderline (β= -0.136), melancholic (β= -0.079) PDs had a significant association with an unhealthy lifestyle, respectively. Cluster A personality disorders were prone to an unhealthy lifestyle more than the other two clusters.

Personality disorders (PDs) would be associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. To date, however, there have not been sufficient studies on the relationship between them. This study aimed to investigate the association between personality disorders and an unhealthy lifestyle by using an analytical cross-sectional study. We selected 1538 married women based on the multistage cluster sampling method. We used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Apart from descriptive statistics, a one-sample t-test, multivariate analysis, and structural equation modeling were used. Analysis of the data suggested that negativistic (ß= -0.321), schizotypal (ß= -0.285), schizoid (ß= -0.159), borderline (ß= -0.136), melancholic (ß= -0.079) PDs had a significant association with an unhealthy lifestyle, respectively. Cluster A personality disorders were prone to an unhealthy lifestyle more than the other two clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a clustering of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown the influence of an unhealthy lifestyle on the risk of MetS, yet some aspects remain controversial. Aim of the study: to investigate the relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle and the risk of MetS. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using a sample of 181 patients, 54 (29.8%) males and 127 (70.2%) females, aged 59.95±10.8 years. The baseline survey involved the completion of structured questionnaires and clinical examination. Results. Rural environment, lower education level, past smoking, the absence of fruit/vegetables in the diet, carbonated soft drinks, and the consumption of significant amounts of alcohol were risk factors for the MetS. Conclusion. A precise etiology for the MetS remains unclear, but it is known to result from a complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, and socio-economic and environmental factors.

OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy lifestyle (eg, smoking) as well as sleep problems are associated with increased risk of sickness absence, but the financial impact of these associations beyond risk ratios is not well known. We aimed to estimate the additive contribution of lifestyle and sleep problems (risk factors) to direct costs of short-term (7 servings/week for women and >14 servings/week for men); physically inactive [

Purpose: To investigate lifestyle in a population-based sample of long-term (≥ 5 years since diagnosis) young adult cancer survivors (YACSs), and explore factors associated with not meeting the lifestyle guidelines for physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and smoking. Methods: YACSs (n = 3558) diagnosed with breast cancer (BC), colorectal cancer (CRC), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or localized malignant melanoma (MM) between the ages of 19 and 39 years and treated between 1985 and 2009 were invited to complete a mailed questionnaire. Survivors of localized MM treated with limited skin surgery served as a reference group for treatment burden. Results: In total, 1488 YACSs responded (42%), and 1056 YACSs were evaluable and included in the present study (74% females, average age at survey 49 years, average 15 years since diagnosis). Forty-four percent did not meet PA guidelines, 50% reported BMI ≥ 25 and 20% smoked, with no statistically significant differences across diagnostic groups. Male gender, education ≤ 13 years, comorbidity, lymphedema, pain, chronic fatigue, and depressive symptoms were associated with not meeting single and/or an increasing number of lifestyle guidelines. Conclusion: A large proportion of long-term YACSs do not meet the lifestyle guidelines for PA, BMI, and/or smoking. Non-adherence to guidelines is associated with several late effects and/or comorbidities that should be considered when designing lifestyle interventions for YACSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple aetiological pathways and multiple therapeutic targets. This study aims to determine whether atypical depression (AD) characterized by reversed neurovegetative symptoms is associated with a more pernicious course and a different sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity profile than nonatypical depression (nonAD). Methods: Among 157 366 adults who completed the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ), N = 37 434 (24%) met the DSM-5 criteria for probable lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form. Participants reporting both hypersomnia and weight gain were classified as AD cases (N = 2305), and the others as nonAD cases (N = 35 129). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine differences between AD and nonAD in depression features, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, lifetime adversities, psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Results: Persons with AD experienced an earlier age of depression onset, longer, more severe and recurrent episodes, and higher help-seeking rates than nonAD persons. AD was associated with female gender, unhealthy behaviours (smoking, social isolation, low physical activity), more lifetime deprivation and adversity, higher rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic syndrome. Sensitivity analyses comparing AD persons with those having typical neurovegetative symptoms (hyposomnia and weight loss) revealed similar results. Conclusions: These findings highlight the clinical and public health significance of AD as a chronic form of depression, associated with high comorbidity and lifetime adversity. Our findings have implications for predicting depression course and comorbidities, guiding research on aetiological mechanisms, planning service use and informing therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as well as the levels of liver health literacy and association with the health status of people with HCV through the nurse‐led community health development goal of global elimination. Methods: A community‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted between July 2018 and June 2019 in coastal Western Yunlin County, Taiwan. This study was conducted at five townships, and serum HCV antibody (anti‐HCV) screening was used for the identification of potentially infected people by a collaborating local hospital. Results: Of the 1,963 adults from rural areas enrolled in this study, 321 (16.4%) were anti‐HCV positive, 237 (73.8%) reported that they were unaware of their HCV positivity, and none of them were provided information on direct‐acting antiviral agent therapy. The levels of anti‐HCV positivity were higher among female patients (p <.05), elderly people (p <.001), those with a low education level (p <.001), and those from the Sihu Township within Yunlin County (p <.001). Participants with anti‐HCV positivity tended to have lower intakes of vegetables (p <.01) and fruit (p <.05), a greater number of comorbidities (p <.05), as well as a greater incidence of abnormal liver (p <.001) and renal function (p <.001) compared to those with anti‐HCV negativity. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that the presence of HCV infection and a greater number of metabolic syndrome components were associated with poor liver and renal function. Conclusions: These findings showed a high prevalence of HCV infection among adults living in rural areas, who had low literacy levels on hepatitis, unhealthy lifestyles, and abnormal liver and renal function. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians and primary healthcare providers should initiate efforts to increase the levels of liver health literacy by increasing the accessibility to infection confirmation tests and reducing the number of barriers to the reception of antiviral treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study presents the most recent estimates of prevalence of overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children. Demographic differences in these estimates between sexes and resident locales were also examined. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of 116,615 Chinese school children 9 to 17 years of age who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study project. Outcomes were the prevalence of children's overweight (85th ≤ body mass index (BMI)

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with purchasing Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) without a physician’s prescription among adults. Methods Using data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey and National Health Insurance, we identified 16,756 individuals aged 20 years and older. Socio-demographic factors, lifestyle, medical services utilization and health behaviors were compared between people with and without a history of purchasing CHM by calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The one-month prevalence of purchasing CHM without a physician’ prescription was 5.2% in Taiwan. People more likely to purchase CHM included people aged ≥70 years (OR 2.84, 95% CI 2.03-3.99), women (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.48), non-indigenous people (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.29–5.30), and people with an illness not receiving medical care (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.19-3.31). Conclusion The prevalence of purchasing CHM without a physician’s prescription is high in Taiwan and is correlated with factors such as socio-demographics, disease history, and behaviors surrounding the utilization of medical care.

Premenstrual syndrome is a monthly event of a smaller or larger group of somatic symptoms or neuropsychiatric character in the second half of the menstrual cycle. Described are over 100 different symptoms that may occur in one degree or another, such as the time of the manifest their expression is normally 2 to 10 days before the expected menstruation. On the severity of symptoms accompanying premenstrual syndrome affect a number of behavioral factors such as diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol and stress. Aim: The article presents results conducted its own study that aims to identify behavioral risk factors as predictors of the rate of occurrence of premenstrual syndrome.Materials and methods: A survey was conducted through a direct anonymous survey in the period February-April 2019. A total of 168 women between the age of 15 and 45, with regular menstruation were interviewed, randomly selected and with voluntary participation. The questionnaire was developed specifically for the purpose of the survey. The following were used: documentary and sociological method - direct anonymous questionnaire and statistical methods for analysis and presentation of results.Results and discussion: The analysis of the results shows an increase in the severity of the symptoms accompanying premenstrual syndrome in women leading an unhealthy lifestyle. The majority of the respondents have a poor diet, which deepens the condition. The relative share of women who eat unhealthily is high, preferring to use meat and sugar products daily, rarely fish. The majority of women smoke and a large proportion of those surveyed report that they lack sufficient physical activity. Stress in their daily lives also has a negative effect, exacerbating the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To explore the clustering and influencing factors of unhealthy lifestyles among elderly adults with prediabetes in rural China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yiyang, Hunan Province, China. Through multistage cluster random sampling and an oral glucose tolerance test, we screened 461 elderly adults aged 60 years and older with prediabetes out of 2144 elderly adults who were sampled. The prediabetic adults completed a survey examining four common lifestyle factors: diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use and the ability to acquire diabetes-related knowledge and thereby promote one's own health-diabetes health literacy. The influencing factors were analyzed retrospectively with the Kruskal-Wallis test and ordinal logistic regression. Results: A total of 425 elderly adults completed the survey, of whom 325 were identified with unhealthy lifestyle clustering. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between unhealthy lifestyle clusters by age, gender, marital status, occupation and hyperlipidemia (P < 0.05). Ordinal logistic regression showed that female gender (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15 0.37), personal annual income ≥ 2800 CNY (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38 0.99) and occupation as a worker (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34 0.92) were protective factors against unhealthy lifestyle clustering. An unsatisfactory marital status (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02 2.51) and low diabetes health literacy (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.03 9.81) were risk factors. Conclusion: In total, 76.47% of the prediabetic elderly adults in rural China showed unhealthy lifestyle clusters. Being male and having an unsatisfactory marital status, a low personal annual income, an occupation as a farmer and low diabetes health literacy were the main risk factors for unhealthy lifestyle clustering. More effective interventions should be implemented based on these risk factors to prevent diabetes in rural elderly adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with disabilities have health needs similar to the general population. Smoking and metabolic syndrome have emerged as major cardiovascular risks that contribute to systemic inflammation and mortality. However, few studies have focused on the association between smoking and cardiometabolic risks in adult men with disabilities. Aims: This study explored the prevalence of smoking and its association with cardiometabolic risk and associated factors among male adults with disabilities. Methods: This study was part of a nurse-led health-promotion program designed to examine the health needs in health programs for adults with disabilities. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2013–December 2014, in Chiayi County, Taiwan. Results: Of the total of 964 male participants enrolled in this study, 874 (90.7%) participants had complete data sets. The prevalence of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome were 42%, and 33.3%, respectively. More than half (62.7%) had high blood pressure and 43.5% had central obesity. Compared with non-smokers, smokers tended to engage in less frequent regular exercise (p<0.001), eat fewer vegetables and fruit (p<0.05), and drink less water (p<0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was an independent factor for cardiometabolic risk. Conclusion: The present findings show a high prevalence of cigarette smoking, unhealthy lifestyle, and cardiometabolic risk among adult men with disabilities. Clinicians and primary healthcare providers should reduce the consequences thereof by initiating innovative health promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospective relation of childhood adversity with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of childhood adversity with new-onset CKD and examine the potential modifications by unhealthy lifestyle on this association. A total of 115,453 adults without prior CKD at baseline were included from UK Biobank (2006–2010). Childhood adversity was retrospectively evaluated through online Childhood Trauma Screener in 2016. Six common lifestyle factors including smoking, body mass index, sleep, diet, physical activity and alcohol consumption, were combined into an unhealthy lifestyle score. New-onset CKD was the primary outcome. The average age of participants in the study was 55.3 (SD, 7.7) years, and 39.3% of them were male. During a median follow-up duration of 14.1 years, 1905 participants developed new-onset CKD. Childhood adversity was significantly positively related with the risk of new-onset CKD in dose-response pattern. Each additional type of childhood adversity was associated with a 12% increment in the risk of developing CKD (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)1.12; 95% CI 1.08, 1.16). Among participants with high unhealthy lifestyle score, those with 4–5 types of childhood adversity increased the 1.73-fold risk of incident CKD (95% CI 1.17, 2.54) compared with those free of any childhood adversity. However, no statistically significant interaction was observed between unhealthy lifestyle and childhood adversity for new-onset CKD (P interaction = 0.734). Childhood adversity was significantly associated with an increased risk of new-onset CKD in a dose-response pattern regardless of unhealthy lifestyle. • Childhood adversity is highly prevalent and relates to poor health in late life. • Childhood adversity is a critical risk factor of new-onset CKD in adulthood. • Physical abuse was the strongest type associated with new-onset CKD. • Action of childhood adversity on incident CKD was independent of unhealthy lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a clustering of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many studies have shown the influence of an unhealthy lifestyle on the risk of MetS, yet some aspects remain controversial. Aim of the study: to investigate the relationship between an unhealthy lifestyle and the risk of MetS. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using a sample of 181 patients, 54 (29.8%) males and 127 (70.2%) females, aged 59.95±10.8 years. The baseline survey involved the completion of structured questionnaires and clinical examination. Results. Rural environment, lower education level, past smoking, the absence of fruit/vegetables in the diet, carbonated soft drinks, and the consumption of significant amounts of alcohol were risk factors for the MetS. Conclusion. A precise etiology for the MetS remains unclear, but it is known to result from a complex interaction of genetic, metabolic, and socio-economic and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study presents the most recent estimates of prevalence of overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children. Demographic differences in these estimates between sexes and resident locales were also examined. Methods Cross-sectional analyses of 116,615 Chinese school children 9 to 17 years of age who participated in the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study project. Outcomes were the prevalence of children's overweight (85th ≤ body mass index (BMI) < 95th percentile) and obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) (defined by the Working Group on Obesity in China) and not meeting screen-time viewing recommendations (“not meeting” was defined as more than 2 h per day of viewing activities after school). Analyses were conducted on the whole sample and by school grade cohorts (primary, junior middle, and junior high schools), sex, and residence locales (urban, rural). Results Overall, 14.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.8%–15.0%) of children and adolescents were overweight, 11.9% (95%CI: 11.0%–13.0%) were obese, and 36.8% (95%CI: 34.7%–38.9%) did not meet screen-time viewing recommendations. Across the 3-grade cohorts, boys were more likely to be obese than girls, and primary and junior middle school children living in urban areas were more likely to be obese than those living in rural areas. Primary and junior middle school boys were less likely to meet screen-time recommendations than girls, and junior high school children living in urban areas were less likely to meet screen-time recommendations than school children of the same grades living in rural areas. Conclusion In 2016, the prevalence of obesity among Chinese school children was about 12%, and about 37% of them did not meet screen-time viewing recommendations. The prevalence of obesity and sedentary behavior was generally higher among boys than among girls, and it was higher for children living in urban areas than for those living in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Seafaring is characterized by specific stressors and health risks. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to compare the prevalence of various lifestyle factors between the shipping and home environments, and in addition to test the relations between lifestyle factors, perceived stress on board, and health in seafarers. METHODS: A total of 530 Croatian seafarers participated in an on-line survey. The questionnaire contained requests for demographic data and a set of questions relating to lifestyle, stress on board, physical health symptoms, and mental health. RESULTS: The data showed higher sleep deprivation, higher levels of smoking and unhealthier diet at sea than at home, with prevalence of alcohol consumption and physical exercise being more favourable for the shipping environment. Sleep deprivation, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercise, and smoking are shown as negative correlates of various measures of health. Stress on board was associated with sleep deprivation and unhealthy diet, and with more unfavourable physical and mental health. CONCLUSIONS: The results give practical implications for promoting health in seafarers. Some of the lifestyle factors tested, such as alcohol use, smoking and physical exercise, fall rather under individual control, but others, such as a healthy, balanced diet on board and sleeping hygiene at sea, should be improved by shipping management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]