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Background: For an economy to live up to expectation in the committee of nations, Information Communication Technology (ICT) entrepreneurship training for employment generation has become a viable intervention. Aim: The purpose of the study is to interrogate the role of ICT entrepreneurship training on employment generation in post-COVID-19 pandemic in Ikeja Local Government, Lagos State. Setting: The study was conducted in Ikeja Local government area of Lagos of Nigeria. Methods: A survey design was adopted for the study. Data were collected from secondary sources, such as extant literature, journal articles, books, government records and newspapers. Primary data were collected from face-to-face interview from six key informants and structured questionnaires distributed. One hundred and eight respondents were randomly sampled. Out of 108 questionnaires administered, 104 questionnaires were returned (96%), while four non-responses were discarded. Frequency distribution method was used for exploratory analysis, while chi-square statistic was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significance level, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17) to analyse and interpret results. Secondary data analysis was adopted to complement empirical analysis. Results: Findings showed that ICT Entrepreneurship training has promoted job creation and reduction of youths’ unemployment in Ikeja Local Government of Lagos State. Conclusion: The study concluded that ICT entrepreneurship training promotes job creation and reduction of youths’ unemployment in Lagos State. Contribution: The study has contributed to a body of knowledge on ICT youths’ entrepreneurship education in Ikeja Local government.

Objectives Since 2015, Finnish disability pension applicants who are rejected or receive a short-term temporary pension have, under certain conditions, also received a preliminary decision for vocational rehabilitation (VR). A key requirement for eligibility is a certain amount of earnings during the previous five years (€34 910.29 in 2017). We exploit this discontinuity to examine the impact of assignment to VR on labor market outcomes. Methods All new disability pension applicants from 2015 to 2017 were included. Fuzzy regression discontinuity design was used to evaluate the impact of assignment to VR on employment, unemployment and earned income two years later among those close to the threshold (+/- €20 000) providing eligibility for the preliminary decision. Arguably, those just below and just above the earnings limit are similar to each other, allowing causal interpretation of the estimates. Results For each of the employment outcomes, we found a modest effect in the expected direction at the income threshold, but there is considerable uncertainty in these findings. On average, exceeding the income limit increased the probability of employment by 7.6 percentage points, but the estimate was far from statistical significance. Unemployment became slightly less common and earned income slightly increased, but the estimates were also clearly statistically non-significant. Conclusions We found no consistent evidence of the impact of assignment to VR on employment outcomes among low-income disability pension applicants. However, given the narrow and specific study population, this should not be taken as evidence of ineffectiveness of VR more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high inequality of income distribution that occurs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province shows that economic development has not succeeded in bringing equity to the community. For this reason, an analysis is needed to determine the factors that inequality of income distribution in order to reduce inequality of income distribution that occurs in the Province of DI Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of economic growth, HDI, Distric/City Minimum Wage, and Unemployment. This research uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of D.I Yogyakarta Province. The data in this research is panel data consisting of cross section data from 5 districs/cities and time series data for 2010-2018. The data analysis used was panel data regression analysis with the Fixed Effect regression model. The results of the regression analysis show that economic growth does not have a significant effect on inequality of income distribution. Meanwhile, HDI, Distric/City Minimum Wages and Unemployment have a significant effect on the inequality of income distribution. HDI has a negative effect, while Distric/City Minimum Wage and Unemployment have a positive effect on inequality of income distributed in the Province of DI Yogyakarta in 2010-2018

Introduction: Unexpected changes such as unemployment are harmful to an individual’s physical and mental health. The aim of this study is to examine the socio-demographic factors affecting the health status of unemployed people in Greece. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Manpower Employment Organization entities in the region of Attica, from June 2016 to September 2017. A random sample of 830 unemployed people participated in the study. A self-completion questionnaire was structured including questions on socioeconomic characteristics, physical health based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and mental health using the CES-D scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS 25. Results: The mean age of participants was 35.8 ± 10.3 years, 66.1% were women and 71.8% was short-term unemployed. The mean VAS before unemployment was 85 ±13.6, which decreased to 68.3 ±23.1 during unemployment (P = 0.001) and 55.2% of the sample suffered from depressive symptoms. As far as the sociodemographic characteristics, women (b = -8,011), predisposed individuals to depression (b = -0.610,) and long-term unemployed (b = -1.541) tended to declare poor physical health. In addition, women (b = 1.795), older people (b = 0.179) and long-term unemployed (b = 2,658) were more likely to present predisposition to depression, while parents (b = -4,511) and those who reported good physical health (b = -0.150) did not show depressive symptoms. Discussion and Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, existence of children and duration of unemployment appeared to significantly influence unemployed individuals’ health status. Policymakers should continuously support unemployed people through the development of innovative labor and unemployment policies as well as the expansion of their health coverage and access to healthcare in order to improve their overall health status.

The article analyzes the reaction of the West German government to the events of November 9, 1989 in the capital of the GDR. On November 28, Federal Chancellor G. Kohl proposed a conceptual approach to the unification of the two German states, primarily in the economic sphere. Two months later, T. Sarrazin, an employee of the Federal Ministry of Finance, developed on his own initiative a project of the Economic, Monetary and Social Union (EMC), the contract of which was signed in mid-May against the objections of the Bundesbank in mid-May 1990 and comes into force in early July. EMC caused the extremely high transformational costs of the process of rapid entry of the GDR into Germany – in fact economic and political takeover, not unification. The author explores the consequences of economic transformation, the activities of the Privatization authorities and the results of the fundamental restructuring of the East German economy 30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

In Brazil, as in most countries, government strategies have sought to encourage economic growth so as to reduce unemployment and maintain price stability as a deterrent to distributive conflict and rigid inflation, a historically difficult problem to solve in this country. Within this context, the fundamental objective of this article is to discuss the macroeconomic performance of the Brazilian economy during the period between the military dictatorship and the new republic, particularly in relation to inflation, economic growth and unemployment. The main conclusion is that Brazil urgently needs to improve its current economic performance. The federal government must therefore foster public and private investment so that all sectors of the economy may break with the current recession. It must also strengthen mechanisms to control inflation and reduce the risk factor and uncertainty for investors so that they are encouraged to hire labor. This will reduce unemployment and improve the outreach of social protection systems for low-income families. More expressly, it will generate opportunities for the improvement and specialization of certain productive activities so that the country is able to create skilled labor, thereby increasing income and stimulating consumption amongst these future workers.

As Moldova has the purpose to enter the European Union the actual situation in the country is analyzed in this article. The article gives the comparative analysis of the basic parameters of Moldova with the other European Union country-members to define the ways of development of the country in the given direction. Since 1994 relations between Moldova and the European Union have developed on an upward trajectory. The dialogue between the two sides officially started that year with the signing of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), which entered into force in 1998 and provided the basis for cooperation with the EU in political, commercial, economic, legal, cultural fields. EU-Moldova relations have advanced to a higher level in 2009 when the country participated in the Eastern Partnership – an instrument of European policy that favored the signing on 29 May 2013 of the Association Agreement, the document which came to replace previous PCA and that is currently the most important element of the legal framework of Moldova-EU dialogue. But beyond the respective treaties signed, individually, between EU and states that intend to join the European community, there are a number of fundamental requirements3 (criteria), which condition the process of European integration of the state with declared intentions of accession. The aim of the research is to analyze to what extent Moldovan economy meet the requirements of economic alignment with EU standards, achieving a comparative analysis of the main relevant macroeconomic indicators. Research methodology. For analysis were used analysis-synthesis method, comparison method and others. Results of the analysis. Part of the criteria analyzed converge with EU requirements, while the most relevant indicators regarding standards of living show reserves show reserves for future improvement, such as the average wage, the lending rate, the exchange rate of the Moldovan Leu against the major international currencies. There are a number of other indicators such as transparency in the banking system administration, territorial conflicts (Transnistria), etc. which are points of incompatibility with the policy of the European Union.

This article has in view the analysis of labor market development in the South Muntenia region, studied in the concept of sustainable development. The present paper starts from the fact that the role of human capital in economic development is stated in the modern theory of growth. Thus, sustainable development entails raising awareness of labor force on the rational use of limited resources. After a brief presentation of the context of the labor market, we have considered the analysis of the current state economic and social environment in the South Region, with special focus on labor force.

Resumen: A lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX se han producido las más profundas transformaciones de la historia regional, impulsadas tanto por factores exógenos como endógenos de toda índole. Se ha pasado de una economía agraria de subsistencia a una economía competitiva de los servicios y del conocimiento, lo que ha supuesto enormes excedentes de mano de obra agraria hasta el final de siglo. Excedentes que fueron engrosando la intensa sangría emigratoria de los sesenta y setenta, que arrastró al 40% de la población regional. Sin embargo, desde comienzos de los ochenta, la población ha tendido a estabilizarse. Pero la emigración ya había provocado un estrangulamiento irreparable en las edades activas y de procreación, un fuerte descenso de la natalidad acentuado por la caída de la fecundidad posteriormente y un profundo envejecimiento. Por otra parte, la retención de los efectivos jóvenes y adultos en sus lugares de origen, junto a otros factores, incrementaron el paro hasta niveles desconocidos, si bien es un fenómeno que se ha conseguido paliar en buena medida en los últimos años del siglo. El futuro se presenta incierto, pues aunque no existe ningún núcleo abandonado, el envejecimiento, la baja natalidad y el paro están hipotecando el desarrollo endógeno de los núcleos rurales de la región.Summary: Along the second half of the 20th century the deepest transformations of the regional history have been produced so much by factors exogenous as endogenous of every kind. It has passed of an agrarian economy of subsistence to a competitive economy of the services and of the knowledge, what has supposed enormous excesses of agrarian unemployment to the end of century. Surplus that enlarged the great volume of emigrant population of the sixties and seventy that supposed the 40% of the regional population. Nevertheless, from beginnings of the eighty, the population is being stabilized. But the emigration already had caused an irreparable strangulation in the active ages and of procreation and a strong descent of the birthrate accentuated by the fall of the fertility and a deep aging. On the other hand, the retention of the young and adult population in its places of origin, next to other factors, it has increased the unemployment to unknown levels, though is a phenomenon that has managed to alleviate itself in good measure in recent years of the century. The future is presented uncertain, therefore although no nucleus abandoned exists, the aging, the low birthrate and the unemployment are mortgaging the endogenous development of the rural nuclei of the region.

The present study pretends to analyze the current economical situation in the area of the NAFTA, considering factors as unemployment which affects the remittances sent to Mexico by compatriots in the United States. The empirical analysis shows the decay of the remittances at national level in 2008 and at the beginning of 2009.

Greece faces a strong economic crisis as a consequence of the public debt problems and the economic adjustment program applied in the Greek economy. One of the main consequences has been the growth of the unemployment. Although studies examined the crisis’ consequences to the Greek economy, no study focused on the regional impact and particularly on the unemployment. Even thought the unemployment grew up considerably during the crisis period, this growth had a different impact within Greek regions; even within the same region, it affected on a different level the regions’ departments. This study examines the growth of the unemployment on a departmental basis and tries to connect it to the department's production specialization. The study examines the period just before and during the crisis period, 2005 to 2012. Results show that departments specialized on tourism and agriculture are less affected than other departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Following the economic changes in Poland, increasing health discrepancies were observed during a period of 20 years, which may be partly attributable to the consequences of unemployment. Aims To assess the association between unemployment, major cardiovascular risk factors and mental health. Methods A cross-sectional study in which data were collected between 2009 and 2010 during preventive health examinations by an occupational medicine service in Gdansk, Poland. Data on blood pressure, resting heart rate, information about smoking habits, body mass index and history of use of mental health services were collected during these assessments. Multiple logistic regression was used during data analysis to adjust for age, gender, education and length of employment. Results Study participants comprised 3052 unemployed and 2059 employed individuals. After adjustment for age, gender, education and number of previous employments, the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension in relation to unemployment was 1.02 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.84–1.23]. There was a statistically significant negative association between being overweight and unemployment (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66–0.99). Smoking was positively associated with unemployment after adjustment for age and sex (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.25–1.67). There was a positive relationship between mental ill-health and unemployment among study participants (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 0.91–4.65), but this was not statistically significant. Conclusions The patterns of major cardiovascular risk factors differed between unemployed and employed individuals in Poland. Our observations suggest employment status is a predictor of specific disease risk profiles; consequently, specific preventive measures are needed in unemployed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uma reflexão acerca das várias dimensões da sociedade moderna ou o que se poderia denominar de modernidade, capazes de constituir formas, técnicas e práticas cada vez mais brutais de violência, desde as mais prosaicas às mais sofisticadas, a ponto de se poder identificar aí uma verdadeira fábrica de violências. Palavras-chave: Violência. Modernidade. Globalização. Nacionalismo. Cultura. Tecnologia. Desemprego. Some considerations about the many dimensions of modern society, or what we could call modernity, that is able to build forms, techniques and practices of a more and more brutal violence, from the most simple to the most sophisticated, up to the point that we could be able to identify a real industry of violence. Keywords: Violence. Modernity. Globalization. Nationalism. Culture. Technology. Unemployment.

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This paper analyses the influence of norms of fairness on wage formation. Fairness is defined by 'real-wage' and 'relative-wage' norms that relate wage offers to workers' own current wage and to the wages of other groups of workers, and, to avoid shirking, firms pay fair wages. The wage norms change endogenously, and the result is hysteresis with respect to both employment and the distribution of wages. An extension of the model that allows 'induced overeducation' may help explain trends in wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to study how many of the individuals with intellectual disability (ID; IQ ≤ 70) in an age cohort were not receiving a disability pension by the age of 34 years and what their life situation was like in terms of employment, education and morbidity. In 2000, the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n = 12 058 live-born) included 129 individuals with ID.The outcome data on employment, education, pensions and morbidity were obtained from national registers.A total of 85.3% (n = 110) of all the individuals with ID were on pension, and 66 of them had severe ID (IQ < 50) and 44 had mild ID (IQ 50–70). Altogether 99 were drawing a pension because of ID, and 11 had a main diagnosis other than ID in the register of Social Insurance Institution. Nineteen individuals with mild ID were not on disability pension. The educational level of those without pension was low, and all whose occupation was known worked in low-level manual trades in the open labour market. During the past 8 years (1993–2000), their employment rate had been lower and unemployment rate correspondingly higher and unemployment periods longer than those of the reference group (IQ > 85 or not measured). As to the morbidity, they had been hospitalized twice more often than those in the reference group and the mean of their hospitalization days was over fourfold.More attention should be paid to the vocational education and supported employment services of individuals with ID to help them to manage as independently as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of individual difference in foraging is used to predict the speed with which unemployed Poles gain employment. Foraging theory assumes an evolved computational mechanism that produces a trade-off between search costs, the amount of preparation individuals foresee as required to achieve an outcome, and whether they deem the outcome worth pursuing. We argue that the expression of this mechanism varies over individuals (as well as situations, the traditional focus of foraging theory) and distinguish between two ideal-type foraging strategies based on the nature of the trade-off. One, called a point strategy, denotes individuals who are willing to incur significant search costs. They characteristically engage in meticulous planning and consider only a few options as worth pursing. The other, called an interval strategy, describes individuals who are typically averse to incurring search costs. They plan in a perfunctory manner and are willing to accept many options as `good enough'. Two hypotheses are tested: (i) Interval strategists find jobs more rapidly than point strategists. (ii) Women, because they incur greater search costs, find jobs less rapidly than men. In addition, we conjectured if women's search costs are sufficiently greater, they may benefit more than men by adopting an interval strategy. Two studies, the first with a convenience sample and the second with a representative national sample, provide strong support for the first hypothesis, reasonable support for the second, and weaker support for our conjecture. A third study demonstrates that in evaluating the attractiveness of a job individuals weigh its features in a fashion consistent with their foraging strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the recent half decade, Japan's suicide rate at approximately 25 deaths per 100 000 people has been one of the highest rates in the world. From the perspective of suicide prevention by restricting access to suicidal means, the aim of the present study was to examine what kind of suicidal method increased during prolonged economic slump. During 21 years (1981–2001), for all suicide victims (5161 cases) the gender, age, and suicide methods were investigated. The yearly full unemployment rate was also used as a representative socioeconomic factor during the same periods in Japan using government statistics, and the relationship between methods of suicide and full unemployment rate was investigated. Pearson's correlation suggested that there was a significant correlation only for hanging rate ( r = 0.736, P < 0.001), but not for the percentages of other methods of suicide. This finding that unemployed persons may have a susceptibility towards certain suicide methods could help in the prevention of suicides. Mental health in Japan should be given more attention, especially for the working population, and social programs offering help should be considered widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christoffersen MN, Poulsen HD, Nielsen A. Attempted suicide among young people: risk factors in a prospective register based study of Danish children born in 1966. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003: 108: 350–358. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2003. In order to prevent suicidal behaviour among adolescents and young adults it would be valuable to know if altering the conditions of their upbringing could reduce their suicidal behaviour. The study surveys possible risk factors. Population-based registers covering children born in Denmark in 1966 at the age span of 14–27 years and their parents for: health, education, family dissolution, suicidal behaviour, substance abuse, criminality and unemployment. A discrete-time proportional hazard modelling was used to analyse the longitudinal observations. First-time suicide attempts were associated with parental psychiatric disorder, suicidal behaviour, violence, child abuse and neglect. Increased risks were also found among adolescents and young adults who suffered from psychiatric disorder or physical handicap, had been legally imprisoned, were addicted to drugs, or without graduation, vocational training or employment. Stigmatization, social exclusion, and mental disorders in the adolescents or young adults and parents increased risks for attempted suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines dynamic asymmetries in United States unemployment using nonlinear time series models and Bayesian methods. The unemployment rate has several properties that an empirical model should account for. The article focuses on the univariate properties of a time series, the unemployment rate that captures some of the most important features of the business cycle. It uses the civilian male--over 20 years old--unemployment rate. It made this choice to minimize the effect of structural changes in the labor market on the analysis. This monthly series starts in 1948. It finds strong statistical evidence in favor of a two-regime threshold auto-regressive model. Empirical results indicate that, once one takes into account both parameter and model uncertainty, there are economically interesting asymmetries in the unemployment rate. One finding of particular interest is that shocks that lower the unemployment rate tend to have a smaller effect than shocks that raise the unemployment rate. This finding is consistent with unemployment rises being sudden and falls gradual.

The advanced capitalist countries are undergoing an industrial devolution as remarkable as the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century. The removal of high-paying jobs through automation and geographical migration destroys the main market of the center and precipitates debt crises in newly industrialized countries of the periphery which have followed export-oriented growth policies. This results in a new, internationalized form of the crises of late capitalism and provides a new institutional focus for crisis in the international banks. The paper examines this global process from the perspective of the geography of class struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using structural equation modeling analyses we examined the correlation in levels of depression symptoms within couples to determine whether the underlying mechanism is due to common stressors, empathic reactions, or crossover via social interaction. The analyses were based on two waves of data collection from a sample of 354 male Vietnam veterans, Era veterans (veterans who served elsewhere during the period of the Vietnam War), and nonveterans and from their wives or committed partners. The results demonstrated that the correlation in depression symptoms within couples is due primarily to common stressors and crossover via negative social interaction. Common stressful life events increase depression in both spouses, and this in turn increases social undermining, which further increases depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 1 January 1999, the third and final stage of economic and monetary union (EMU) is scheduled to begin. Assuming that the member states of the European Union (EU) adhere to the terms of the Treaty on European Union, on that day a new European Central Bank will assume full responsibility for defining the monetary policy of the member states that have moved to the third and final stage of EMU and the conversion rates of the currencies of those member states will be irrevocably fixed against each other and against a new currency, the euro. This article examines some of the underlying imperatives and third-stage dilemmas of EMU. After considering some of the reasons why, despite the high costs associated with qualifying for the third stage, most if not all of the member states perceive EMU to be in the national interest, the article considers several of the economic, political, and institutional issues and dilemmas that are likely to confront the participating member states in the third stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic development in Indonesia in the last two decades has increased the dualistic structure of the manufacturing sector in that country, as shown in this study. On the one side, there are a relatively small number of medium and large enterprises which are modern units of production and, on the other side of the spectrum, a large number of small enterprises which are relatively traditional. The study shows that the performance in terms of number of units, employment, value added, productivity and earnings between these two size–groups of enterprises are different. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information on a study that investigates the relationship between white men's marital status in the US and duration of spells of joblessness. The authors' outline a rationale for expecting men's marital status to be related to duration offjoblessness and provide empirical estimates for a sample of 2,851 white men from Washington state followed from approximately ages 16-18 to approximately ages 29-31. Data from the Career Development Study was used to examine the effect of marital status on the duration of joblessness for white men. Results indicate that marital status is a significant predictor of length of time spent without a job. Results also suggest that there may be a direct causal effect associated with being married, although it remains the case that unobserved variation on variables linked to joblessness could explain why married men find jobs more rapidly. Furthermore, results suggest that men's marital status exerts a negative and direct causal influence on length of joblessness.

This study was designed to explore effects of unemployment on stress with rural nonfarm families. Specifically, relationships were analyzed among increases in financial management, increases in financial arguments, and coping resources on stress. Eighty-eight husbands and wives (44 couples) participated in the study. The study determined that increases in financial arguments are more predictive of stress than actual changes in financial management, especially for wives. Avoidance coping was predictive of stress and mediated the relationship between financial arguments and stress for both husbands and wives. Implications for counselors and educators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business cycle forecasting has become an important part of short and medium term economic planning. Such forecasting, however, is often very intricate, as business cycles are not at all periodic, just recurrent. Furthermore, they often include irregular timing and varying amplitudes. When patterns and relationships are very irregular there are no simple reliable business cycle forecasting procedures. In practice there is, somewhere, a limit for business cycle predictability, and it is often worthwhile to asinine empirically the various theoretical regularity assumptions. One important regularity issue concerns the business cycle symmetry assumption. The present paper empirically tests the hypothesis of symmetry around business cycle turning points in some economic time series. Two test procedures are applied. One is based on the analysis of transition probabilities between expansion and recession regimes. The second procedure tests symmetry versus asymmetry through skewness statistics. The analysis is based on detrending through the use of liner deterministic trends as well as by Beveridge-Nelson decompositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]