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Das Hauptproblem des Subventionsrechts stellt dessen Uferlosigkeit dar. Der Förderzweck bleibt meist unbestimmt, obgleich dieser das wichtigste Element jedweder Subvention bildet. Dies gilt auch für den Bereich der nationalen und europäischen Beschäftigungssubventionen. Der hierfür ausgestaltete Förderrechtsrahmen hält dem grundrechtlich verankerten Maßstab einer Zweck-Mittel-Analyse nicht stand. Anhand der Kriterien der Zweck-Mittel-Analyse (Zweckbestimmtheit, Zweckbeschränkung, Zweckklarheit - Verbot der Zweckverschleierung, Zweckkoordination, Zwecknähe, Integrierte Zweck-Mittel-Kontrolle) weist der Autor dies zunächst für die nationale Beschäftigungsförderung i. R. d. SGB III (Arbeitsbeschaffungs-, Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen, Eingliederungszuschüsse) nach. Anschließend erfolgt eine Analyse der nationalen beschäftigungswirksamen Wirtschaftsförderung (ERP-Sondervermögen, Förderung durch die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau bzw. Deutsche Ausgleichsbank, Schiffsbauförderung, die steuerliche Förderung, die Regionalförderung im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe »Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur«). Schließlich bestätigt sich der negative Befund auch im Bereich der europäischen Beschäftigungsförderung (Strukturfonds, Maßnahmen der Europäischen Investitionsbank). Ausgehend von diesem Ergebnis entwickelt Christian Storck einen Ordnungsrahmen für Beschäftigungssubventionen. Grundlage bildet hierfür der Maßstab der Zweck-Mittel-Analyse, der in ein effektives, aufsichtsrechtliches Kontrollsystem integriert werden soll. Die europäische Beihilfenkontrolle, ergänzt durch nationale Instrumentarien, vermag diese Aufgaben zu übernehmen.

Providing original insights into the factors causing early job insecurity in European countries, this book examines the short- and long-term consequences. It assesses public policies seeking to diminish the risks to young people facing prolonged job insecurity and reduce the severity of these impacts.Based on the findings of a major study of nine European countries, this book examines the diverse strategies that countries across the continent use to help young people overcome employment barriers. The authors present recommendations for governments to improve the job market environment and to support young people in finding suitable and stable employment.A vital tool for European policymakers, this book provides new knowledge that will help improve existing policies, at both national and European levels. The detailed analysis of original data collected through innovative methods will prove highly useful to public policy and European studies scholars.Contributors include: M.-L. Assmann, P. Boyadjieva, M. Bussi, I. Dingeldey, O. Hora, M. Horáková, B. Hvinden, C. Hyggen, P. Ilieva-Trichkova, C. Imdorf, M. Karamessini, P. Michon, J. O'Reilly, D. Parsanoglou, S. Sacchi, R. Samuel, M.A. Schoyen, L.P. Shi, T. Sirovátka, G. Stamatopoulou, L. Steinberg, R. Stoilova, M. Symeonaki, A. Yfanti, G. Yordanova

Frist published in 1997, this book aims to answer if European ‘post-national'citizenship provide a practical opening and a conceptual challenge to cope with the diverse and close-circuiting crises of national European social models? What then might a new sphere of European social inclusion look like? This book also provided the first attempt to go well beyond ‘national gridlock'. Old solutions will no longer do. Is new land in sight? With monetary integration almost implemented this is a highly relevant exploration of a central complementary ‘common currency'in Europe's future.

Published in 1999, this text is influenced by two sets of theories, namely regulation theories and theories on social citizenship. Regulation theories are mainly used as an overall guideline - a frame of reference - in the analysis of changed, unchanged and new types of integration and differentiation in working life and its social modes of regulations. The perspective on social citizenship is concentrated on participation in working life - what are the changes in working life (unemployment and non-standard employment) and what are the conditions and the outcome of social regulation? These questions are thematized in two articles and analyzed in chapter 7 which focuses on four welfare state models represented by Portugal, England, the Netherlands and Denmark. The book aims to contribute material on labour market segmentation and social policies to combat labour market marginalization in four countries studies representing typical European welfare state models.

European Social Problems is the first book to examine social issues in Europe from the perspective of the social sciences. It considers many of these social problems following the UK's ‘leave'vote. Key topics examined here include: immigration; multiculturalism and religion; health; inequalities; education; riots and protest; drugs and crime; sexuality. These core issues run as a thread through Europe and are experienced by Europeans themselves as social problems. As such, this text facilitates students'direct engagement with some of the problematic constituents in their own lives. This text is suitable for those studying social policy, sociology, politics, international relations, criminology and education studies. In this way it functions as an accessible ‘reader'for final year undergraduates as well as postgraduate students.

The recent recession has led to an ongoing crisis in the youth labour market in Europe. This timely book deals with a number of areas related to the context, choices and experiences of young people, the consequences of which resonate throughout their lives. The focus of the contributions to this volume is on issues which, whilst undoubtedly important, have thus far received less attention than they arguably deserve. The first part of the book is concerned with issues related to education and training, covering matters such as the role of monopsony in training, the consequences of over-education, and the quality of educational institutions from primary to tertiary. The second part is primarily concerned with the long-term consequences of short-term choices and experiences including contributions on health-related choices, health consequences later in life, factors affecting the home-leaving decision, as well as an analysis of the increasing intergenerational transmission of inequality; a trend which accelerated during the recession. The last part of the book deals with issues related to youth unemployment and NEET – the direct consequence of the recession. This book contains a number of innovative analyses reporting significant findings that contrast with standard models. Some of the more interesting results directly contradict conventional wisdom on a number of topics from the importance of monopsony in training markets to the importance of transitory income changes on consumption of addictive goods. This book is suitable for those who study labor economics, political economy as well as employment and unemployment.

Comment une « crisette » sur un segment du marché immobilier américain (les subprimes) a-t-elle pu mettre la planète financière internationale sens dessous dessus? Comment cette crise financière « systémique » a-t-elle pu s'accompagner d'une récession qualifiée de Grande Récession? Et cette récession donner lieu à une nouvelle dépression dans une zone euro en proie à la crise de la dette souveraine? C'est à l'ensemble de ces questions que cet ouvrage se propose de répondre, en combinant étroitement analyse économico-politique et Histoire.

This book provides a Europe-wide comparative analysis of the role of civil society organizations active in the field of unemployment and precarity. It illustrates how crucial civil society organizations are for the inclusion of the young unemployed, mainly in two ways: by delivering services and by advocating policy.

Contracting-out Welfare Services focuses on the design and overhaul of welfare-to-work systems around the world in the light of the radical re-design of the welfare system; internationally based authors utilise a national/program case study, considering employment services policy and activation practices. International contributors bring a global comparative perspective to the subject Contributors are all experts in their field, who also draw on a much longer intellectual legacy Uses employment services as a case study to advance understanding in relation to a host of broader principles and concepts Each paper included within the text uses a national/program case study, and each considers employment services policy in general, and activation practices in particular

Travailler est l'un droits fondamentaux de l'homme, car le travail représente l'occasion de l'éveil de celui-ci à sa propre nature. Le Livre de la Genèse affirme que « l'homme a été placé dans le jardin d'Éden pour le travailler et le contempler » et aussi qu'« après la chute, il mangera son pain à la sueur de son front ». Saint Paul ajoute : « Si quelqu'un ne veut pas travailler, qu'il ne mange pas non plus. » Le chômage massif s'oppose à ces incitations. Il déclasse l'homme et peut conduire à la révolte. C'est pourquoi, dans les pays riches d'Europe, les économies sociales de marché ont introduit l'assurance-chômage pour rendre le problème supportable. L'objectif de cet ouvrage est d'aller plus loin, en faisant jouer à cette assurance un rôle beaucoup plus positif qui valorise la capacité de travail des chômeurs et leur donne en tant que tels un rôle actif dans l'activité économique. Pour cela, les auteurs proposent d'utiliser la dynamique des marchés de manière inhabituelle. Leur démarche aboutit à unProtocole Anti-Chômage qu'une action politique hardie pourrait mettre en œuvre avec bonheur. La démarche des auteurs peut sembler modeste, mais la portée du livre ne l'est pas. Car derrière les intentions affichées ici, le véritable objectif est de dire et redire que l'économie est au service de l'homme, non pas au service de certains hommes et non pas l'homme au service de l'économie, alors même qu'il en est l'acteur principal. Robert Lutz est professeur émérite à l'Université de Haute-Alsace. Giles Decock est enseignant dans la même université.

After a first series of policy responses to the 2008–09 crisis aimed at sustaining domestic demand through expansionary packages, most European governments have put in place restrictive policies to reduce their budget deficits. In consequence, a significant number of jobs and wages have been cut in the public sector. These reforms have given rise to waves of protest throughout Europe. The goal of this volume is to study this “public sector shock”.

In the face of high unemployment in Europe for the past thirty years, the unemployed have organized themselves and mobilized at levels ranging from the local to the transnational. This work explores why, when, and how the unemployed move from acquiescence to protest.

It is often argued that the cost of social equity is less economic growth, highlighting the supposed trade-off between these two goals. The crisis that erupted in 2008, which was preceded by rising social inequalities, has shown that this is simply not the case. In fact, if properly designed, equity-enhancing policies can also promote prosperity and reduce the risk of future crises. The aim of the Studies on Growth with Equity series is to show how such policy complementarities can be achieved. This study provides the latest trends on the employment situation in EU countries and examines the labour market reforms adopted by various governments. Employment remains depressed in the majority of Eurozone countries and a further 4.5 million jobs may be lost, questioning the primacy of fiscal goals as the backbone of the policy strategy. Addressing the jobs crisis in the Eurozone requires, first, repairing the financing system urgently; second, promoting growth and jobs, taking into account initial country conditions, including through well designed investment and income policies, effective employment programmes, notably youth guarantees, realistic fiscal plans to support jobs while meeting deficit goals in the medium term; and third, greater policy coordination in the Eurozone to support the common currency. A jobs pact is vital for the stability of the Eurozone as a single currency area.

This book provides a novel approach to unemployment as a contested political field in Europe and examines the impact of welfare state regimes, conceived as political opportunity structures specific to this field, public debates and collective mobilizations in unemployment politics.

Increasing labour market flexibility is at the top of the European agenda. A new and challenging view is a lack of mobility in the labour market may arise from rigidities in the housing market. The research in this book has been inspired by the intriguing hypothesis put forward by Andrew Oswald that homeownership may be a hindrance to the smooth working of the labour markets, as homeowners tend to be less willing to accept jobs outside their own region. This book brings together leading economists from across Europe to analyse the interaction between housing markets and labour markets. In the EU homeownership rates have been on the increase, often as a result of government policies, making the barriers that homeownership creates in terms of labour mobility increasingly important. This book shows on the one hand, at the individual level, that homeownership limits the likelihood of becoming unemployed and increases the probability of finding a job once unemployed. On the other hand, the transaction costs inherent in the housing market and homeownership hamper job-to-job changes and increase unemployment at the country level. This insight provides a clear policy message to European policymakers: reform in the housing market, aimed at lowering transaction costs and providing less generous subsidies for homeowners could be an effective instrument for reducing unemployment and improving labour market flexibility.

This book studies the coexistence of inflation and unemployment in a monetary union. The focus is on how to reduce the associated loss. The primary target of the European central bank is low inflation in Europe. The primary target of the German government is low unemployment in Germany. And the primary target of the French government is low unemployment in France. The European central bank has a quadratic loss function. The same applies to the German government and the French government. The key questions are: To what extent can the sequential process of monetary and fiscal decisions reduce the loss caused by inflation and unemployment? Is monetary and fiscal cooperation superior to the sequential process of monetary and fiscal decisions? The present book is part of a larger research project on European Monetary Union, see the references given at the back of the book. Some parts of this project were presented at the World Congress of the International Economic Association, at the International Conference on Macroeconomic Analysis, at the International Institute of Public Finance, and at the International Atlantic Economic Conference. Other parts were presented at the Macro Study Group of the German Economic Association, at the Annual Meeting of the Austrian Economic Association, at the Göttingen Workshop on International Economics, at the Halle Workshop on Monetary Economics, at the Research Seminar on Macroeconomics in Freiburg, at the Research Seminar on Economics in Kassel, and at the Passau Workshop on International Economics.

Examining recent policy responses to social exclusion in the US, France, Denmark, the UK, and at the EU level since 1997, Daguerre argues that the development of active labour market policies is not the answer and that the reforms are indicative of a shift towards conditional welfare. The book is based on in-depth interviews with key policy makers.

Die Untersuchung vermittelt ein umfassendes Bild über die gemeinschaftsrechtliche Koordinierung von Leistungen bei Arbeitslosigkeit durch die Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 1408/71 und deren Reformbedürftigkeit und -perspektiven. Die zentrale Frage ist dabei, ob es gelungen ist, sowohl die Freizügigkeit als auch mitgliedstaatliche Interessen und Kompetenzen in angemessener Form zu berücksichtigen und in Einklang zu bringen. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt zeigt die Autorin den gemeinschaftsrechtliche Rahmen der Koordinierung von Leistungen bei Arbeitslosigkeit aufund beleuchtet die Arbeitslosigkeit als soziales Risiko in Europa. Sie unterzieht die bestehenden Regelungen der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 1408/71, ihre Anwendung auf das deutsche Arbeitsförderungsrecht und die Rechtsprechung des EuGH einer kritischen Untersuchung und zeigt mögliche Verbesserungen der europarechtlichen Koordinierung von Leistungen bei Arbeitslosigkeit im Hinblick auf die gemeinschaftsrechtlichen und nationalen Wege zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit auf. Am Ende steht der Vorschlag einer verbesserten Koordinierungsregelung und eine Bewertung der Regelungen der neuen Koordinierungsverordnung.

Pour combattre le chômage chaque État s'ingénie à élaborer des dispositifs qui aggravent toujours un peu plus la condition même des chômeurs : diminution des allocations, mise en place de mesures d''activation'qui contraignent les chômeurs à accepter des travaux souvent précaires et mal rémunérés. Etudier le chômage revient à s'interroger sur la place du travail dans un monde en profonde mutation, à mesurer le poids de l'Europe dans la politique économique et sociale des Etats, à questionner la position des syndicats sur ce qui apparaît comme l'un des fléaux majeurs du XXI° siècle.

Zagler investigates the interaction between changes in the level of unemployment and changes in the economic rate of growth. It asks, both in theory and in evidence, whether a change in the growth rate of the economy will affect the level of unemployment which the economy experiences and whether a decline in the level of unemployment will foster or deteriorate the growth performance of the economy.

Keynesian economists have continually highlighted the crucial role of effective demand and capital investment in determining the level of unemployment. However, this vital insight has been conspicuous by its absence in recent mainstream debates on the causes of the rise of unemployment in Europe. The dominant explanation of unemployment - the NAIRU theory - implies that wages are'too high'and holds changes in labor market institutions responsible for the rise in unemployment. Given that wage shares have been falling for more than two decades and unemployment rates have remained high, it is surprising that this explanation has yet to be properly challenged. This book offers a long overdue and refreshing Keynesian approach to the rise of European unemployment. It critically discusses the NAIRU theory and presents econometric evidence to assess the relative importance of capital investment and labor market institutions. The author also explores the reasons for the slowdown in capital accumulation, and is able to establish a clear link between changes in the financial sector, changes in corporate governance and investment expenditures.This insightful theoretical and empirical analysis of mainstream and heterodox approaches to unemployment deserves a wide readership amongst academics, economists, graduate students and policymakers in the fields of labour market theory and policy, post Keynesian economics and macroeconomics. It will also make a substantial contribution to the on-going and highly pertinent debate on the economic, political and social problem of unemployment.

It is often argued that European welfare states, with regulated labour markets, relatively generous social protection and relatively high wage equality, have become counter-productive in a globalised and knowledge-intensive economy. Using in-depth, comparative and interdisciplinary analysis of employment, welfare and citizenship in a number of European countries, this book challenges this view. It provides: an overview of employment and unemployment in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century; a comprehensive critique of the idea of globalisation as a challenge to European welfare states; detailed country chapters with new and previously inaccessible information about employment and unemployment policies written by national experts. Europe's new state of welfare is essential reading for students and teachers of social policy, welfare studies, politics and economics.

'In association with European Institute for Asian Studies.'

In the last 25 years, Europe has experienced a reduction in growth and an explosion in unemployment. At a time when this and the continuing existence of the welfare state are top of the European agenda, it has become increasingly popular to blame the globalization of the world economy for current problems. This book provides the first comprehensive set of studies on the impact of trade with developing countries on the European labour market. It argues that the evidence does not point to trade with developing countries as a major cause of European unemployment. Instead, technological change and domestic policy choices are the main causal factors. As a result, the contributors argue against protectionist trade polices, whose benefits to employment would be limited at best, but whose risk to world growth due to trade wars is immense. The next ten years are a critical period for European integration and expansion: Trade and Jobs in Europe will be of crucial importance to all those at the heart of the current debate: advisers, policy-makers, and researchers alike.

Drawing on three fields of economics (international, labour, and development), this study shows that expansion of North-South trade in manufactures has had a far greater impact on labour markets than earlier work suggested. In the South, unskilled workers have benefited most from this trade, but in the North, the gains have been concentrated on skilled labour, while unskilled workers have suffered falling wages and rising unemployment. This decline in the economic position of unskilled workers has increased inequality, and aggravated crime and other forms of social erosion, on both sides of the Atlantic. The failure of Northern governments to recognize that trade with the South has these adverse side-effects, and to take appropriate counter-measures, has fuelled the rise of protectionism - the worst possible response, which slows economic progress in both regions. The best solution for the longer term in the North is more investment in education, to raise the supply of skilled labour. However, the benefits of this investment will emerge slowly. During the next one or two decades, Professor Wood argues, other measures are also urgently needed to boost the demand for, and incomes of, unskilled workers.

This book, edited by S.G.B. Henry and Dennis J. Snower, examines the high unemployment that has plagued five European countries- France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom- for more than a decade. Its methodology focuses on the mechanisms that prevent employers and employees from adjusting promptly to changing market opportunities. Chief among these mechanisms are outdated economic structures, the power of labor unions, rising nonwage labor costs, and the disparity between unemployed workers and available jobs. Although cross-country differences indicate that there is no common cause for joblessness in Europe, the book discusses a unique characteristic of the European labor market- that unemployment not only rises during recessions, but does not fall when economic weaknesses are overcome.