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Due to their excellent flavour and taste, Pleurotus species, which flourish in temperate and subtropical environments, are well-liked among edible mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms could be grown on a variety of substrates due to their powerful enzymatic properties. Pleurotus sp. grows more easily, more profitably, and more nutrient-densely on a variety of organic waste raw materials and environmental factors. Sterilization of the substrate is one of the most crucial steps in oyster mushroom cultivation. There have been numerous reports of contaminated mushroom substrate. Suitable sterilization techniques must be used on the substrates. There are several treatments for mushroom substrate that can be used to manage the frequent moulds that infest edible mushrooms. Sterilization of the substrate is necessary to get rid of pathogenic and rival microorganisms and to encourage the mycelial growth of the desired mushroom species. The goal of the current study was to identify the best treatment strategy for the chosen substrates. For substrate treatment for Pleurotus florida cultivation, hot water, boiling water, steam sterilization in an autoclave, and chemical treatment methods were used. It was observed that the steam sterilization method was superior to other methods as it supported relatively short spawn run duration, amazing yield, and high biological efficiency.

The around seven rivers running all over the Solapur district and provide water for irrigation, industrial and household purposes. The biochemical analysis of river water indicates that the river water is alkaline in overall Solapur district which comes around an average pH 8.5. Along with the pH around 11 parameters were tested with respect to river waters and we found variations in each parameter. The parameters investigated in the present study are electrical conductivity, total hardness, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, total dissolved solids (Total suspended solids and total solids), nitrate and dissolved oxygen. The present study was primarily focused on the testing of freshwater quality in Solapur city. Based on the survey above sampling sites were selected. The samples were analyzed for physical-chemical parameters following the procedures prescribed in standard methods for the analysis of water and wastewater., Quality D. pH in Drinking-water Background document for development of. pH Drink. 1996; 2:7. 1. Water quality standards μ S / cm. :500. 2. Quality D. Total dissolved solids in Drinking-water Background document for development of Environ Heal. 1996;2. 3. Organization WH. Sulfate in Drinking-water. Guidel Drink water Qual. Published online 2004. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/114. 4. Shepherdson N. The oral interpretation of literature. South Speech J. 1936;1(2):18-21. doi:10.1080/10417943609370625. 5. Eisenbrand G, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R. Nitrate, and nitrite in saliva. Oncology. 1980;37(4):227-231. doi:10.1159/000225441. 6. 7.Graydon J. Dissolved Oxygen Presentation. Published online 2014:1-2.

Continuous rise in application of pesticides in the agro-ecosystems in order to ensure food supply to the ever-growing population is of greater concern to the human health and the environment. Once entered into the agro-ecosystem, the fate and transport of pesticides is determined largely by the nature of pesticides and the soil attributes, in addition to the soil-inhabiting microbes, fauna, and flora. Changes in the soil microbiological actions, soil properties, and enzymatic activities resulting from pesticide applications are the important factors substantially affecting the soil productivity. Disturbances in the microbial community composition may lead to the considerable perturbations in cycling of major nutrients, metals, and subsequent uptake by plants. Indiscriminate applications are linked with the accumulation of pesticides in plant-based foods, feeds, and animal products. Furthermore, rapid increase in the application of pesticides having long half-life has also been reported to contaminate the nearby aquatic environments and accumulation in the plants, animals, and microbes surviving there. To circumvent the negative consequences of pesticide application, multitude of techniques falling in physical, chemical, and biological categories are presented by different investigators. In the present study, important findings pertaining to the pesticide contamination in cultivated agricultural soils; toxicity on soil microbes, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates; effects on soil characteristics; and alleviation of toxicity by bio-based management approaches have been thoroughly reviewed. With the help of bibliometric analysis, thematic evolution and research trends on the bioremediation of pesticides in the agro-ecosystems have also been highlighted.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the arsenite (As III)-induced changes in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120. It was observed that the growth of cyanobacterial decreased with increase in As (III) concentration. The cells exposed to As (III) showed morphological variation (deformity) due to the formation of deeper constrictions in vegetative cells. Strain showed increased heterocyst differentiation (1.6-fold higher) whereas decreased nitrogenase activity at the concentration of 40 ppm As (III). The activities of NR, NiR, urease and GS decreased with increase in As (III) concentrations and attained their minimum levels at 40 ppm of As (III). The Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity increased with increase in As (III) concentration and attained its about 2.72-fold higher level at 40 ppm of As (III). In contrast, sharp decline in Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity (28%) was recorded at 1 ppm of As (III) over untreated control. The rates of photosynthetic O2 evolution and respiration decreased with increase in As (III) concentration and attained its minimal level at 40 ppm of As (III). Therefore, this study highlighted arsenite regimes efficiently correlated with behavioral changes in consort with strain.