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This paper considers multiprocessor task scheduling in a multistage hybrid flow-shop environment. The objective is to minimize the make-span, that is, the completion time of all the tasks in the last stage. This problem is of practical interest in the textile and process industries. A genetic algorithm (GA) is developed too solve the problem. The GA is tested against a lower bound from the literature as well as against heuristic rules on a test bed comprising 400 problems with up to 100 jobs, 10 stages, and with up to five processors on each stage. For small problems, solutions found by the GA are compared to optimal solutions, which are obtained by total enumeration. For larger problems, optimum solutions are estimated by a statistical prediction technique. Computational results show that the GA is both effective and efficient for the current problem. Test problems are provided in a web site at www.benchmark.ibu.edu.tr/mpt-hfsp. Keywords: multiprocessor tasks: hybrid flow-shops; make-span minimization; genetic algorithms

The prosperity of a firm depends highly on the functional integration of its various departments, and in particular the cooperation between the production and the marketing departments appears to have a large impact on the well-being of a firm. The aim of this study is to model an aggregate production planning problem that considers the production and marketing functions in a simultaneous manner. The developed multi-period, multi-product model with the objective of profit maximization reflects the characteristics of both departments. Demand for each product in each period is generated through the use of demand functions. The advertising efficiency and price of the products are determined within the model. The cash outflow for advertising expenditures is approximated by a quadratic cost function, and the production cost exhibits economies of scale. Also, stockouts are taken into consideration in the form of backlogging. A solution methodology consisting of two phases is developed, and cases displaying some important characteristics are generated and solved in order to test the performance of the proposed model. This methodology incorporates linear mixed integer programming which is embedded in two different search techniques, along with a dynamic programming-based heuristic procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new heuristic approach to the resource constrained project scheduling problem is introduced. This approach, which is called local constraint based analysis (LCBA), is more robust than the dispatching rules found in the literature, since it does not depend on an a priori insight as do the dispatching rules. LCBA consists of the application of local essential conditions which respect the current temporal and resource constraints to generate a necessary sequence of activities at a scheduling decision time point in a single-pass parallel scheduling algorithm. LCBA is a time efficient procedure due to the localized aspect with which the activities arc handled. Only the activities which are schedulable at the current scheduling time are considered for the application of the essential conditions. LCBA is tested against well-known rules from the literature and some recently developed rules. This testing is done using a set of problems of a special design and also a set of optimally solved problems from a recent benchmark in the literature. It is observed that near optimal time efficient solutions are obtained by LCBA and the procedure's performance is considerably better than that of the dispatching rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to make scheduling of AGVs an integral part of the overall scheduling activity in an FMS environment. The sequence-dependent nature of travel times for the deadheading trips between successive loaded trips of the AGVs increases the problem difficulty. The problem is decomposed into two subproblems, and previous work on machine scheduling and vehicle scheduling has been exploited to arrive at an iterative heuristic procedure where makespan is the performance criterion. At each iteration, a new machine schedule, generated by a heuristic procedure, is investigated for its feasibility to the vehicle scheduling subproblem. The operation completion times obtained from the machine schedule are used to construct time windows for each material handling trip, and the second subproblem is handled as a sliding time window problem. A set of problems are solved to analyse the impact of the process times/travel times ratio on the performance of the procedure. The interaction between the layout configuration and the process routes is studied, and two AGV routeing policies are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of budgeting and scheduling of controlled project management schemes were discussed at the 1998 International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling held in Istanbul.

Research is presented describing the study of project management payment scheduling to avoid unbalanced distribution between clients and contractors.

The article focuses on a study which examined the potential neurobehavioral effects of topical alphacypermethrin in rats. The study included 40 adult Wistar rats that were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups were given 100, 200 and 300 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) b.w pyrethroid, while the last group received 70 percent alcohol. During the study period, weekly examination of pain sensitivity, motor coordination, body weights, locomotor activities and catatonia were made, while mortality and clinical signs were observed on a daily basis. The study found no clinical, behavioral and hematological change in rats treated with topical alphacypermethrin.

We deal with the approximation properties of a new class of positive linear Durrmeyer type operators which offer a reconstruction of integral type operators including well known Durrmeyer operators. This reconstruction allows us to investigate approximation properties of the Durrmeyer operators at the same time. It is first shown that these operators are a positive approximation process in Lp(ℝ+) . While we are showing this property of the operators we consider the Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness and corresponding K-functional. Then, weighted norm convergence, whose proof is based on Korovkin type theorem on Lp(ℝ+), is given. At the end of the paper we show several examples of classical sequences that can be obtained from the Ibragimov-Gadjiev-Durrmeyer operators.

There are problems in finding a definitive treatment of ischial pressure sores because recurrence is frequently observed. The aim of surgical procedures is to cover the ischial region with stable and durable tissue, which has a good neurovascular supply. If the patient with ischial pressure sores has sensation above L3 level, the sensate gracilis musculocutaneous flap can be used to treat the defect after resection of the decubitis. This treatment was performed in 12 paraplegic patients in whom sensation was absent below the L3 level. The median age of the patients was 32.5 years, with ten males and two females. Four patients had recurrent pressure sores. The average time of follow-up was 8 months. Sensation was assessed with moving finger tip pressure, warm and cold cylinders, two point discrimination and dermal cortical somatosensory-evoked potential tests. Sensation was present in the transferred flap. Although the gracilis myocutaneous flap can also be used as a nonsensory flap for the reconstruction of ischial pressure sores in paraplegic patients under L3 level, the sensate gracilis myocutaneous flap should be chosen primarily when there is sensation over the gracilis region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The posterior tibial slope (PTS) is believed to be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The aim of this study was to reveal the differences in terms of PTS measurements on lateral knee radiographs between ruptured and non-injured cases as well as between males and females in regard to ACL alignment., Methods: The study cohort included 92 patients (61 males and 31 females) with ACL rupture and 101 individuals (59 males and 42 females) who visited the Orthopedics Department but had no ACL injury. PTS measurements on lateral knee radiographs were compared by two blinded reviewers. The results were analyzed in terms of ACL injury and sex differences. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to calculate interobserver agreements., Results: Notably, there was an excellent agreement between the reviewers with regard to PTS measurements. In addition, although a statistically significant difference existed in terms of PTS measurements between the patient and control groups (p < 0.0001), a significant difference was not observed between males and females (p = 0.179)., Conclusion: Lateral knee radiographs are useful for PTS measurements to estimate the risk of ACL injury., (Copyright © 2018 The College of Radiographers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aim: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are one of the sources of adult stem cells being explored for potential use in repairing neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the useful effects of BM-MSCs therapy on the streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in rats., Materials and Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were bilaterally injected intra-cerebroventricularly with streptozotocin (3 mg/kg) for neurodegeneration. Water maze tests were used to monitor spatial learning and memory. One or two intravenous injections of BM-MSCs were administrated to rat via the tail veins. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed for histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry., Results: Streptozotocin group demonstrated a significant increase in escape latency in comparison with both control groups (Sham and Saline), whereas rats treated with BM-MSCs exhibited a decrease in escape latency in comparison with streptozotocin group. The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the mean number of platform crossings did not change in all the groups. BM-MSCs administration improved spatial learning but not memory. However, improvement in neuronal cells in hippocampal CA1 region was only observed in the rats treated with BM-MSCs twice as opposed to the rats treated with BM-MSCs once or with saline., Conclusions: In this study, mesenchymal stem cells therapy failed to improve the streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration like Alzheimer's disease in rats.

Small hybrid nanoparticles composed of highly biocompatible Ag2S quantum dots (QD) emitting in the near-infrared region and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) are produced in a simple extraction method utilizing ligand exchange mechanism. Hybrid nanoparticles luminesce at the same wavelength as the parent QD, therefore an array of hybrid nanoparticles with emission between 840 and 912nm were easily produced. Such hybrid structures have (1) strong luminescence in the medical imaging window eliminating the autofluoresence of cells as effective optical probes, (2) strong magnetic response for magnetic targeting and (3) good cyto/hemocompatibility. An interesting size dependent cytotoxicity behavior was observed in HeLa and NIH/3T3 cell lines: smallest particles are internalized significantly more by both of the cell lines, yet showed almost no significant cytotoxicity in HeLa between 10 and 25μg/mL Ag concentration but were most toxic in NIH/3T3 cells. Cell internalization and hence the cytotoxicity enhanced when cells were incubated with the hybrid nanoparticles under magnetic field, especially with the hybrid nanoparticles containing larger amounts of SPION in the hybrid composition. These results prove them as effective optical imaging agents and magnetic delivery vehicles. Combined with the known advantages of SPIONs as a contrast agent in MRI, these particles are a step forward for new theranostics for multimode imaging and magnetic targeting., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Agmatine is an endogenous substance, synthesized from l-arginine, and it is proposed to be a new neurotransmitter. Preclinical studies indicated that agmatine may have an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study was organized to investigate plasma agmatine in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy individuals constituted the subjects. Agmatine levels in the plasma were measured using the HPLC method. The S100B protein level, which is a peripheral biomarker for brain damage, was also measured using the ELISA method. While plasma levels of agmatine in patients with schizophrenia were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) compared to those of healthy individuals (control), there were no significant changes in the levels of S100B protein (p = 0.660). An ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis revealed that measuring plasma agmatine levels as a clinical diagnostic test would significantly differentiate between patients with schizophrenia and those in the control group (predictive value: 0.969; p < 0.0001). The predictive value of S100B measurements was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A multiple regression analysis revealed that the age of the patient and the severity of the illness, as indicated by the PANSS score, significantly contributed the plasma agmatine levels in patients with schizophrenia. These results support the hypothesis that an excess agmatine release is important in the development of schizophrenia. The findings also imply that the plasma agmatine level may be a potential biomarker of schizophrenia., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The optimal surgical treatment for Kienböck's disease with stages IIIB and IV remains controversial. A cadaver study was carried out to evaluate the use of coiled extensor carpi radialis longus tendon for tendon interposition and a strip obtained from the same tendon for ligament reconstruction in the late stages of Kienböck's disease., Methods: Coiled extensor carpi radialis longus tendon was used to fill the cavity of the excised lunate, and a strip obtained from this tendon was sutured onto itself after passing through the scaphoid and the triquetrum acting as a ligament to preserve proximal row integrity. Biomechanical tests were carried out in order to evaluate this new ligamentous reconstruction., Results: It was biomechanically confirmed that the procedure was effective against axial compression and distributed the upcoming mechanical stress to the distal row., Conclusion: Extensor carpi radialis longus tendon has not been used for tendon interposition and ligament reconstruction in the treatment of this disease before. In view of the biomechanical data, the procedure seems to be effective for the stabilization of scaphoid and carpal bones.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between the levels of various fatty acids (FA) in the brain and learning indices in aged (22–23 months old) and young (2–3 months old) female Swiss Webster (SW) mice. The mice were classified as “good” or “poor” learners based on their performance in a spatial learning task: the Morris Water Maze. The levels of several FA including palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were measured by gas chromatography in tissue samples from four different brain areas: hippocampus, frontal cortex, striatum and hypothalamus. The results of behavioral tests confirmed a decline in learning skills with age. However, a great individual variation was revealed in learning scores between aged subjects, indicating that biological aging does not always parallel chronological aging. The relative levels of particular fatty acids across the four examined brain structures were very similar. Interestingly, only in the hypothalamus was the DHA omega-3 acid level significantly higher in young mice compared to the old mice. For the remaining brain structures, no significant correlations were found between the DHA level and the animal's age and/or cognitive status. A significant correlation between learning performance and fatty acid levels in the brain was found only for AA in the young mice hippocampus, a structure known to be critical for spatial learning and memory. The AA level was significantly lower in young “good” learners compared to both young “poor” and old “good” learners with young “good” learners showing significantly better performance than the two other groups. These findings contribute to the current debate on the value of DHA supplementation as an effective protective treatment against senile dementia and the potential role of AA in memory deficits.

It is now well established that genetic polymorphisms impairing the DNA repair capacity can disrupt the genomic integrity and potentially modulate individual's susceptibility to various cancers. In this study, we investigated the possible association of X-ray repair cross-complimenting group 1 (XRCC1) Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp variants with the risk of incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Turkish population comprised of 190 healthy controls and 167 ALL patients. For Arg399Gln polymorphism, the heterozygous (Arg/Gln) and homozygous mutant (Gln/Gln) genotypes were significantly more common in the ALL patients than the controls (OR: 1.6, p=0.04). Particularly, the Gln399Gln genotype significantly increased the risk of disease up to 2.0-fold (OR: 2.0, p=0.04). Besides, Gln399Gln genotype has been found to be associated with considerably increased risk of ALL among females (OR=2.9, p=0.03). In case of codon 194 polymorphism, no significant associations have been found with risk of childhood ALL. In addition, none of the combinations of XRCC1 codon 194 and 399 polymorphisms have been found to be significantly associated with childhood ALL risk. In the scope of this study, we have also showed that the co-presence of XRCC1 codon 399 and CYP2E1*5B and *6 polymorphisms (data for CYP2E1 polymorphisms drawn from previously published study conducted in our lab) in the same individuals considerably increased the risk for childhood ALL to 3.7-fold with borderline significance (p=0.049). The observed combined effect was considerably more prominent among females (OR=17.4, p=0.001) and need to further investigation. This is the first study showing combined associations of XRCC1 399Gln, CYP2E1*5B and *6 alleles with the risk of development of childhood ALL., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In mammalian brain, agmatine is an endogenous amine that is synthesized through the decarboxylation of l-arginine by arginine decarboxylase. It has been proposed as a new neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. It was shown that agmatine had some beneficial effects in animal models of opioid and alcohol addiction. Locomotor stimulant properties of drugs such as ethanol, caffeine, nicotine and amphetamine have been linked to their addictive properties. The present study investigates the effects of agmatine on caffeine-induced locomotor activity both in male and female mice. Adult Swiss Webster mice were used in the study. Locomotor activity was measured for 30min immediately following caffeine (2.5, 5, 10 and 20mg/kg, i.p.) or saline treatments. Agmatine (5, 10 and 20mg/kg, i.p.) were injected 20min before caffeine (2.5 and 5mg/kg, i.p.) administration. In both sexes, agmatine (5-20mg/kg) were also tested for ability to depress or stimulate locomotor activity in the absence of caffeine. Caffeine (5mg/kg) induced a significant increase in locomotor activity of both male and female mice. There was no significant difference in the locomotor-activating effects of caffeine between male and female mice. Agmatine blocked the caffeine (5mg/kg)-induced locomotor stimulation dose dependently in male but not female mice. Agmatine had not any effect on the lower dose (2.5mg/kg) of caffeine in both sexes. These results suggest that agmatine has sex-related inhibitory effects on caffeine-induced locomotor activity in Swiss Webster mice, and male mice are more sensitive than the females to the effect of agmatine.

Increased serum insulin levels and reduced peripheral insulin activities seen in insulin resistance syndrome are associated with age-dependent cognitive impairment and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (SAD), suggesting a disturbance in the insulin signalling system in the brain and possibly being one of the causes of dementia. Therefore, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced animal may be an appropriate model for the investigation of SAD and related dementia. This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of Curcumin (CUR), a neuroprotective agent, on intracerebroventricular (ICV) STZ-induced cognitive impairment in rats. For this purpose, adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally ICV injected with STZ (3 mg/kg). An artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was given to the control group (SHAM) instead of STZ on days 1 and 3. Learning and memory performance were assessed using the "passive avoidance task" and the "Morris water maze test". After confirmation of acquisition impairment with these tests, the STZ group was divided into two subgroups: STZ + vehicle (Vh) and STZ + CUR. The rats in the SHAM and STZ + Vh groups were administered intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml Vh and the rats in the STZ + CUR group were treated intraperitoneally with CUR (300 mg kg(-1) day(-1) in Vh) for 10 days starting from the 25th day after STZ injection. The Morris water maze test was reapplied on the 35th day after STZ injection and all of the rats were sacrificed on day 36 for quantitation of IGF-1 and for histopathological evaluation. Rats in the STZ + CUR group were found to have a higher performance in cognitive tests than rats in the STZ + Vh group (P < 0.01). In parallel with the cognitive tests, IGF-1 levels were decreased in all of the STZ-injected groups (1.78 +/- 0.34) compared to the SHAM group (3.46 +/- 0.41). In contrast, CUR treatment significantly increased IGF-1 levels (P < 0.001). The degree of neuronal loss decreased after CUR treatment compared to the SHAM group (P < 0.02). These results clearly indicate that CUR treatment is effective in reducing the cognitive impairment caused by STZ in rats, and may be a potential therapeutic agent for altering neurodegeneration in SAD.

Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) gene shows genetic polymorphisms that vary markedly in frequency among different ethnic and racial groups. We studied the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of three CYP2E1 polymorphisms: CYP2E1*5B (RsaI/PstI RFLP, C-1053T/G-1293C SNP, rs2031920 /rs3813867), CYP2E1*6 (DraI RFLP, T7632A SNP, rs6413432), and CYP2E1*7B (DdeI RFLP, G-71T SNP, rs6413420) by PCR/RFLP technique in a sample of 206 healthy subjects representing Turkish population. CYP2E1*5B polymorphism analysis yielded the genotype distribution as 96.12% for *1A/*1A (c1/c1), and 3.88% for *1A/*5B (c1/c2). The genotype frequencies for CYP2E1*6 polymorphism were found as 83.98% for *1A/*1A (T/T), 15.53% for *1A/*6 (T/A) and 0.49% for *6/*6 (A/A). For CYP2E1*7B (G-71T) polymorphism, the genotype frequencies were determined to be 86.89% for *1A/*1A (G/G), 12.62% for *1A/*7B (G/T) and 0.49% for *7B/*7B (T/T). Accordingly, the allele frequencies for *5B, *6 and *7B were 1.94, 8.25, and 6.80%, respectively. The genotype distributions of CYP2E1*5B and *6 in Turkish population were similar to those in other Caucasian populations, while differed significantly from East Asian populations. Recently, a novel and functionally important CYP2E1*7B polymorphism was identified in the promoter region. There have been few studies and limited data on CYP2E1*7B polymorphism frequency in the world and, so far, no information has been available for Turkish population. The genotype frequencies of CYP2E1*7B in Turkish population were found to be similar to those of other Caucasian populations. Population studies like this could be useful in assessing the susceptibility of different populations to chemical-induced diseases, including several types of cancer.

6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) is an essential anticancer drug used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms are the major determinants of interindividual differences in the severe toxicity or efficacy of 6MP. Four variant alleles, TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT*3B, and TPMT*3C, are responsible over the 80% of low or undetectable enzyme activity. The frequencies of these variants were investigated among 106 children with ALL in Turkish population. TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C were the only deficiency alleles detected in Turkish population with an allele frequency of 0.9% for both. While *3C allele frequency in Turkish population was found to be very similar to Asian and other Caucasian populations, *3A allele frequency was significantly (P < 0.05) lower. So far, studies showed that the genetic polymorphisms of other drug metabolizing enzymes like CYP2E1, CYP1A1, GSTM1/ T1 in Turkish population were similar to Caucasian populations. However, we found that the distribution of TPMT polymorphisms in Turkish population was significantly lower than those in other Caucasians like British, French, and Italian whereas the distributions of TPMT variants were found to be very similar to Kazak population which is also Caucasian in ethnic origin. In this study, the clinical histories of the patients in the sample population were also examined, retrospectively. The patients with heterozygous or homozygous mutant genotypes had developed severe neutropenia and infection during 6MP therapy. The study provides the first data on the frequency of common TPMT variants in the Turkish population, based on analysis of pediatric patients with ALL.

Background/aims: The molecular etiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is likely to involve interactions between environmental factors and genetic make up. Understanding these interactions between various predisposing genes for the risk of developing childhood leukemia is of considerable importance. CYP2E1 is a susceptible gene in this respect, especially for its capacity to bioactivate many procarcinogens including benzene and N-nitrosodimethylamine. The CYP2E1 gene possesses several polymorphisms in humans, and among them, CYP2E1*5B and *6 have been shown to be associated with increased risks of several chemical-induced diseases. There are limited and contradictory data on the association between the CYP2E1*5B variant allele and childhood ALL, and none on such associations of CYP2E1*6 and*7B variant alleles. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of CYP2E1*5B, *6 and *7B alleles, alone or in combination, with the risk of incidence of childhood ALL in a Turkish population., Methods: The genotypes for both polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques on 207 healthy controls and 168 patients., Results: Neither locus was associated with the occurrence of childhood ALL. On the other hand, when both CYP2E1*5B and *6 alleles were considered together, the risk of childhood ALL increased significantly (2.9-fold; OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-8.5; p < 0.05). Moreover, the presence of at least 2 variant alleles of any combination increased the risk significantly 3.9 times, suggesting a combined effect (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.4-11.0)., Conclusion: Individuals carrying combinations of CYP2E1*5B, *6 and *7B variants together are likely associated with the risk of developing childhood ALL., (Copyright 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Fat grafts are used for soft-tissue augmentation of various anatomic regions, most frequently for the improvement of facial contours. Resorption of the graft is the main problem, and several different procedures have been described to minimize this phenomenon. Using 25 New Zealand rabbits, the behavior of fat grafts in a highly vascularized recipient site was studied. The recipient sites prepared on the backs of the rabbits were divided into four regions. A capsule formation with silicone sheet application was accomplished in two of these recipient areas before the transplantation of the fat grafts. Fat grafts were placed in the other two recipient areas without any prior preparation. We prepared two types of fat tissue; in one the lobular structure was preserved and in the other it was manually crushed and rinsed with lactated Ringer's solution. The fat tissues with preserved lobular structure were placed in area I and area III. Manually crushed and rinsed fat tissues were placed in area II and area IV. In areas III and IV, a capsule formation with silicone sheet had been accomplished 3 weeks before grafting. Biopsy samples were obtained from these sites at the end of the first, third, sixth, and tenth months. Our aim was to observe the histologic fate of fat tissue in different recipient areas. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the fat grafts in areas with silicone sheet indicated significant differences in the resorption time of the fat grafts; however, it was concluded that the significant resorption of the transplanted autologous fat tissue grafts at the end of the first year was an inevitable consequence of fat grafting.

Temporoparietal fascia constitutes a very important structural unit from both an aesthetic and a reconstructive surgical point of view. A histologically supported anatomic study was conducted for the reappraisal of the anatomic relationships and clinical application potentials of the data obtained. Anatomy of the temporoparietal fascia was investigated on 20 sides from 10 cadavers. After dissections, necropsies were obtained to demonstrate histologic features of the temporoparietal fascia. The outer part of the temporoparietal fascia is continuous with the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in the inferior border and with orbicularis oculi and frontalis muscles in the anterior border. Therefore, plication of the temporoparietal fascia can increase tightness of the SMAS, orbicularis oculi, and frontalis muscle in rhytidectomy. The frontal branches of facial nerve were noted to course parallel to the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery, lying deeper to the temporoparietal fascia within the innominate fascia. In the view of these findings, conventional subfascial dissection, which is performed to protect frontal branches of the facial nerve, is not reasonable during the temporal part of rhytidectomy. Careful subcutaneous dissection just under the hair follicles is more appropriate to avoid nerve injury and also provides excellent exposure of the temporoparietal fascia for plication in rhytidectomy with protection of the auriculotemporal nerve and the superficial temporal vessels. Furthermore, two layered structures of the temporoparietal fascia are very suitable to insert a framework into the temporoparietal fascia for ear reconstruction to eliminate some of the shortcomings of Brent's technique. A thin muscle layer was also noted within the outer part of the temporoparietal fascia below the temporal line; the term "temporoparietal myofascial flap" would, therefore, be more accurate than "temporoparietal fascial flap." Finally, the innominate fascia and the deep temporal fascia can be elevated with the two layers of the temporoparietal myofascial flap to obtain a well-vascularized, four-layered myofascial flap based on the superficial temporal vessels. This multilayered flap can be used to reconstruct all defects when fine, pliable, thin, multilayered flaps are required.