Search

Given the increasing pressure on water for agricultural irrigation, coupled with unpredictable climate conditions, it is critically important to improve irrigation water management for sustain crop production. Satellite remote sensing (RS)-based approaches are helpful for investigating cost-effectively spatio-temporal variations of irrigation performance at scales ranging from individual fields to the entire scheme level. Using Landsat images within the Python module for the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model, it was investigated the spatiotemporal performance variations of the Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation area during 2020 cropping season. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa), Uniformity of Water Consumption (UWC), and Crop Water Productivity (CWP) performance indicators were evaluated. The results showed that the performance of the Mustafakemalpaşa varied depending on the geographical position in the irrigation area. Our findings highlight the opportunity to improve the uniformity of water consumption in the area. Based on this study, PySEBAL can serve as basis for improved Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation water management in decision support tools.

TARSİM The structures that are built to create suitable environments for growing plants by controlling environmental conditions by artificial means are called greenhouses. Greenhouses should be made in accordance with the characteristics of the geographical and climatic conditions in the regions to be established. Some of the important parameters here are the roof geometry of the greenhouse, the profile thickness to be used, the direction of the greenhouse installation, the geographical terrain and the height of the flooded wall. In our country, where tropical climate characteristics have been observed recently, it has become increasingly common for greenhouse growers to apply for greenhouse insurance against natural disasters. In addition to the severity of the natural disaster, the static resistance properties of the greenhouse are also effective in the amount of damage that occurs in greenhouses in natural disasters. The level of being affected by natural disasters will be different between the greenhouse built by the standards and the greenhouse built without complying with the standards. For this reason, it would be more appropriate to determine the insurance premium value according to the strength characteristics of the greenhouse. In this study, the features of SERAPRO software, which is tried to be developed for projecting and evaluating greenhouses, have been introduced. With the software in question, it will be possible to project the greenhouse with the most suitable construction features and to produce an analysis report showing the status of the existing greenhouses. According to the results of the analysis, it is thought that the greenhouse insurance policies already issued by TARSİM will be charged with more scientific scaling.

All agricultural activities are directly related to the climate. In recent years, temperature increases and changes in precipitation regimes adversely affect the Mediterranean Basin, including Türkiye. While increasing temperatures and irregular precipitation rise the need for irrigation in crop production in some regions, excessive and irregular rainfall in some areas seriously damages production. Nowadays, climate change has been accepted by many climate scientists as a problem that cannot be ignored. In our country, drought is one of the natural disasters that will affect agricultural production the most. In this study, a drought analysis was made for Bursa, one of Türkiye’s important cities in agricultural production. In addition, non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Trend Analyzes were conducted between 1990 - 2019 for precipitation and temperature values. According to the trend analysis results, statistically significant trends could not be reached in the precipitation data; increasing trends were observed in the temperature data. SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) and SPEI (Standardized Precipitation and Evapotanspiration Index) methods were used for drought analysis; although extreme values were reached for the years 1960 – 2019 due to both ways, it was determined that normal drought levels were dominant in general.

In this study, physical and classification characteristics of 10 different soybean grains (Glycine max cv. A-3127, Ataem-7, Dery, Galina, Rubin, S-1, Umut-2002, Vojvodjanka, Yemsoy and Yeşilsoy) in storage moisture content were examined. These physical characteristics such as: average length, weight, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, weight of thousand grains, bulk and true densities, porosity, terminal velocity, rupture force and coefficient of static friction. Results showed that ‘Umut-2002’ variety had highest length (8.07 mm), width (7.00 mm) and heavy (205.2 mg) than the other varieties, while ‘Yeşilsoy’ variety had the highest thickness (5.80 mm) and the roundest (91.4%). The grain variety with the highest bulk density was identified as ‘Dery’. True density and porosity values were observed to be the highest grain variety ‘Ataem-7’. ‘Dery’ variety which is the highest terminal velocity and rupture force value among other varieties. The ‘Rubin’ variety has been found to have the highest static coefficient of friction on all surfaces among all other varieties. Used dendrogram from single linkage nearest neighbour agglomerative cluster analysis which groups ten soybean varieties. Four different clusters of soybean varieties were obtained. The ‘Ataem-7’ variety can be regarded as a separate species from the others.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of two plant density (low: 57000 and high: 95000 plant ha-1 ) and three irrigation levels (all of the water evaporated from a class A pan (Epan): 3/3 Epan, 2/3 Epan, and 1/3 Epan) on the net income of sweet corn. Field experiments were carried out with the Challenger F1 sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) variety in Bursa conditions in the Marmara region of Turkey in 2017. As a result of study, the amount of irrigation water applied to the experimental treatments via a drip irrigation system varied between 148 and 444 mm. Relatively higher average fresh ear yield (20.76 t ha-1 ) was obtained at high plant density under different irrigation levels. On the other hand, the average yield of 3/3 Epan irrigation treatment (22.59 t ha-1 ) under different plant density was found to be statistically higher (P

Nowadays, technology is rapidly evolving. The overuse and adverse effects of fossil fuels have also accelerated the work in the field of renewable energy. Considering that the sun is an endless source of energy, it is inevitable to produce clean and sustainable power. In this case, the use of photovoltaic facilities by small and medium-sized enterprises is also economically effective. To this end, world states constitute various incentive mechanisms. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are commonly used in photovoltaic plants. In this study, considering various incentive mechanisms samples were examined a photovoltaic plant in Turkey. In addition, the technical and economic analysis of electrical energy production from the photovoltaic solar power plant was conducted. In this study, technical and economic analysis of a 23 kW photovoltaic plant to be installed in small and medium enterprises in Bursa province, which is obtained from our country market, has been examined. From the technical point of view, the annual energy production obtained from the plant consisting of monocrystalline panels varied between 28081 kWhyear-1 and 32239 kWhyear-1 and the total energy production obtained during the economic life varied between 617838 kWhxyear-1 and 709250 kWhxyear-1. Annual energy generation from the plant consisting of polycrystalline panels was between 26209 kWhyear-1 and 31886 kWhyear-1 and the total energy production was between 524179 kWhxyear-1 and 637720 kWhyear-1 and less than the monocrystalline plant., Günümüzde teknoloji hızla gelişiyor. Fosil yakıtların aşırı kullanımı ve olumsuz etkileri de yenilenebilir enerji alanındaki çalışmaları hızlandırmıştır. Güneşin sonsuz bir enerji kaynağı olduğu düşünüldüğünde, temiz ve sürdürülebilir enerji üretmek kaçınılmazdır. Bu durumda, fotovoltaik tesislerin küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler tarafından kullanılması da ekonomik olarak etkilidir. Bu amaçla dünya devletleri çeşitli teşvik mekanizmaları oluşturmaktadır. Monokristalin ve polikristalin paneller, fotovoltaik tesislerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çeşitli teşvik mekanizmaları göz önünde bulundurularak Türkiye'deki bir fotovoltaik tesis örnekleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca fotovoltaik güneş enerjisi santralinden elektrik enerjisi üretiminin teknik ve ekonomik analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Bursa ilinde küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerde kurulacak olan 23 kW'lık bir fotovoltaik santralin ülke pazarından temin edilerek teknik ve ekonomik analizi incelenmiştir. Teknik açıdan bakıldığında monokristal panellerden oluşan tesisten elde edilen yıllık enerji üretimi 28081 kWhyıl-1 ile 32239 kWhyıl-1 arasında, ekonomik ömür boyunca elde edilen toplam enerji üretimi ise 617838 kWhxyıl-1 ile 709250 kWhxyıl-1 arasında değişmektedir. Polikristal panellerden oluşan tesisten yıllık enerji üretimi 26209 kWhyıl-1 ile 31886 kWhyıl-1 arasında, toplam enerji üretimi ise 524179 kWhxyıl-1 ile 637720 kWhyıl-1 arasında ve monokristal santrale göre daha az olmuştur.

Bu makale, Béré Benjamin Bantchina'nın yüksek lisans tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Precipitations and discharges are keys data in river watershed studies. In Nilüfer Dam Watershed, the flow values are measured every hour, whereas the cumulative rainfall values are recorded daily by the Public Water Management Department (DSİ). This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Nilüfer Dam Watershed and Synthetic Unit Hydrographs using Geographical Information Systems. The DSI synthetic method, Mockus method, and Snyder synthetic method were used in this study. For these three methods, the results showed a slightly significant difference between the discharge peaks of the resulting unit hydrographs. The highest discharge peak was achieved by the DSI Synthetic method (Qp = 4.40 m3/sec/mm) and the smallest by the Mockus method (Qp = 3.75 m3/sec/mm). The Mockus method achieved the longest basin lag time (Tp = 5.95 hours), and the shortest basin lag time was acquired by the Snyder method (Tp = 4.8 hours). This study suggests using synthetic methods for unit hydrographs determination in watersheds where there is no measured data.

In areas of water scarcity, plant responses to soil water levels should be investigated to improve crop water productivity. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation levels on yield and some yield components using the drip irrigation method of popcorn (Zea mays L. everta R427) in sub-humid climate conditions in western Turkey. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Four different irrigation treatments were studied: 100% (S1, pan-crop coefficient kpc=1.00), 75% (S2, kpc=0.75), 50% (S3, kpc=0.50), and 25% (S4, kpc=0.25) of the evaporation measured in the Class-A pan. The amount of irrigation water applied varied between 126-516 mm, and crop evapotranspiration was between 245-590 mm. While the highest grain yield (486.2 kg da-1) was obtained from the S1 irrigation treatment, followed by S2. The yield decreased owing to the decrease in irrigation level. Thousand-grain weight, ear diameter, ear length, single-ear weight, number of rows per ear, and plant height values in the S1 and S2 irrigation treatments were higher than the S3 and S4. It was concluded that the Class-A pan could be used to schedule popcorn irrigation, and 75% of evaporation from Class-A pan would be enough for irrigation. In this condition, around 25% savings in irrigation water and a 20% decrease in crop evapotranspiration could be achieved. In comparison, a decrease of 6% in grain yield and an enhancement in water productivity could be attained.

There are many types of drippers with differentflow path length, flow path shape, filtration surface. EPN delivery performanceof the most commonly used four different types of drippers (in-line short path,in-line long path, in-line cylindrical and on-line button) was examined with adrip irrigation system in laboratory conditions. Under four different pressures(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 bar), EPNs were applied to 1-liter beakers with irrigationsystem and discharged nematodes were counted under a stereomicroscope. Theeffect of pressure on application and EPN mortality were also determined. Theresults showed that there were significant differences between the dischargeratio of EPNs from drippers. Among the four drippers, on-line button dripper sustainedthe highest and fastest discharge ratio. Pressure alone had no significanteffect on delivering EPNs. However, it should be considered that long pressureexposure may harm EPNs. Regarding our results, different irrigation drippershave significantly different effects on EPN discharge ratio. Therefore,optimizing drip irrigation systems for EPN applications may increase theirperformance., Damla sulamada kullanılan damlatıcıların akış yoluuzunluğu, akış yolu şekli, damlatıcı debisi vb. farklı özellikleribulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada damla sulamada yaygın olarak kullanılan dört farklıdamlatıcının (içten geçik kısa akış yollu damlatıcı, içten geçik uzun akışyollu damlatıcı, içten geçik silindir tipli damlatıcı, üstten geçik katifdamlatıcı) EPN uygulamasındaki performansları laboratuvarda kurulan damlasulama sistemiyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Dört farklı basınç altında (0.5, 1, 1.5,2 bar) EPN’ler 1 litrelik beherlere uygulanmış ve beherlerdeki EPN’lersüzülerek mikroskop altında sayılmıştır. Çalışmada basıncın ve uygulamaya veEPN üzerinde ölümcül etkisi de incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde farklıdamlatıcılardan çıkan EPN miktarları arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Denemelerde üstten geçik katif damlatıcı ile yapılan uygulamalardaen fazla ve en hızlı EPN çıkışı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Basıncın tek başına,uygulamaya ve EPN üzerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edilmesinerağmen uzun süreli yüksek basınca maruz kalan EPN’lerin zarar görebileceği gözönünde bulundurulmalıdır. Çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde farklıdamlatıcıların EPN uygulamasında farklı çıkış oranları gösterdiğibelirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle gelecekte damla sulama sistemlerinin EPN uygulamasıüzerine optimize edilmesi ile başarı şansının artacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsünde Ali Vardar'ın danışmanlığında Roza Gül Bencuya tarafından yazılan ''Meeting local energy requirement from wind energy in areas without grid: Northern Mesopotamia" adlı yüksek lisans tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. In this study, it has been investigated whether the electrical energy needs of the agricultural plant, which have minimized their production range due to network deprivation in the Southeastern Anatolia Region (Northern Mesopotamia), can be met locally with small wind turbines to increase their product range. Turkey's largest development project in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), the topography where Tigris and Euphrates Rivers exist was investigated. Data from 24 meteorology stations in nine cities and their speed and direction data, Wind Energy Potential Atlas of the Renewable Energy General Directorate, and satellite images were analyzed simultaneously. In line with the information obtained, the wind characteristics and energy potential of the region have been determined. Also, considering the wind characteristics presence, possible power, and energy values from the small wind turbines that have been chosen as representative are presented. Finally, the capacity factors and the costs of these wind turbines have been compared, and their economic and technical installability has been examined. Bu çalışmada, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde (Kuzey Mezopotamya) şebeke yoksunluğu sebebiyle üretimleri aksayan veya sınırlı kalan tarım tesislerinin elektrik enerji ihtiyaçlarının lokal olarak küçük rüzgar türbinleri ile karşılanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bölge olarak, Türkiye'nin en büyük kalkınma projesi olan Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP) kapsamında olan Dicle ve Fırat nehirlerinin bulunduğu topografya ele alınmıştır. Toplam dokuz şehirdeki 24 meteoroloji istasyonuna ait veriler, Yenilenebilir Enerji Genel Müdürlüğüne ait Rüzgâr Enerjisi Potansiyel Atlası ve uydu görüntüleri eş zamanlı olarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda öncelikle bölgenin rüzgâr karakteristikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca rüzgâr karakteristikleri dikkate alınarak temsili olarak seçilmiş küçük rüzgâr türbinlerinden muhtemel elde edilecek güç ve enerji değerleri ortaya konulmuştur. Son olarak da söz konusu rüzgar türbinlerinin kapasite faktörleri karşılaştırılmış ve ekonomik olarak kurulabilirlikleri irdelenmiştir. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü

In this study, the objective was to find at what rate Bursa province of Turkey, is affected by the climatic process called "climate change" and the impacts of climate change on the potential of renewable energy resources, especially solar energy and wind energy. As a result of analyzes, it is seen that there is significant warming between 1960 and 2017. Especially soil temperatures and solar radiation intensity support this result. As a result of this work, it was determined that the changes in climate parameters for the province of Bursa have significant effects on renewable energy potential. According to the results obtained, there has been an increase of 34.5% in the solar energy potential, of 8.2% in thermal solar energy potential and of 3.6%-6.7 in soil temperature potential depending on the depths. In the wind energy potential, there was a decrease of 75% between 1960-1998 and an increase of 217.1% between 1999-2017. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Bursa ilinin “İklim Değişikliği” adı verilen iklimsel süreçten ne oranda etkilendiği ve iklim değişikliğinin özellikle güneş enerjisi ve rüzgâr enerjisi olmak üzere yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları potansiyeline etkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda 1960 ve 2017 yılları arasında önemli bir ısınma olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle toprak sıcaklıkları ve güneş radyasyonu yoğunluğu bu sonucu desteklemektedir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Bursa ili için iklim parametrelerindeki değişikliklerin yenilenebilir enerji potansiyeli üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, güneş enerjisi potansiyelinde %34.5, ısısal güneş enerjisi potansiyelinde %8.2 ve derinliklere bağlı olarak toprak sıcaklığı potansiyelinde %3.6-6.7 artış olmuştur. Rüzgar enerjisi potansiyelinde 1960-1998 yılları arasında %75 azalma ve 1999-2017 yılları arasında %217.1 artış gözlenmiştir. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü

Bu çalışmada, hayvancılık işletmelerinin yoğun olduğu Kütahya ilinde bulunan süt sığırı işletmelerinin mevcut uygulamadaki atık depolama, değerlendirme ve yönetim sistemleri, işletmelerde oluşan hayvansal atıkların fonksiyonel özellikleri ve çevreye olan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle bölge genelini temsil edebilecek 100 adet süt sığırı işletmesi çalışma materyali olarak seçilmiştir. Önceki çalışmaların sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirmeler yapılarak, süt sığırı hayvancılığının bölgemizdeki geleceği açısından uygulanabilir öneri ve yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Araştırma alanında bulunan işletmelerin gübre yönetimleri incelendiğinde, %66’sında insan gücü ve kürekle toplanan gübre, %80 oranında açıkta yığın olarak uygun olmayan koşullarda bekletilmektedir. İşletmelerin sadece %20’sinde gübre deposu bulunmakta ve araştırma alanı işletmelerinin önemli bir kısmı (%62) yerleşim alanları içinde faaliyet göstermektedir. İşletmelerin %47’si su kaynaklarına çok yakın konumda bulunmakta ve çoğunluğunda gübre toplama ve depolama yöntemleri uygun olmayan koşullarda yapıldığı için ekolojik anlamda potansiyel tehlike unsurları içermektedir. Su, toprak, görüntü ve koku kirliliğinin önlenebilir olması, işletmelerin yerleşim yerlerine, su kaynaklarına yeterli uzaklıkta ve uygun alt yapı ile kurulup işletilmeleri ile mümkün olacaktır. In this study, the waste storage, evaluation and management systems in the current practice, the functional characteristics of the animal wastes formed in the dairy cattle farms in Kütahya province and their effects on the environment were evaluated. Therefore, 100 dairy cattle enterprises located in Kütahya province, where dairy e farms are concentrated and thought to be able to illustrate the region in general, were selected as the study material. Making evaluations together with the results of the previous studies, practical suggestions and approaches for the future of dairy cattle breeding in the region were presented. When the manure management of the dairy cattle operations is examined, in 66% of the manure collected with labor and shovels, 80% of the manure is kept in an open pile under unsuitable conditions. Only 20% of the farms have manure storage and a significant proportion (62%) of the farms are operated within the settlements. Forty seven percent of the enterprises are located very close to the water resources, the majority of them contain ecological potential hazards as manure collection, and storage methods are carried out under unfavorable conditions. Water, soil, image and odor pollution can be prevented by establishing and operating the farms with sufficient infrastructure and sufficient distance to settlements and water resources.

The enhancement of the original content within the package with another similar range of low quality without evidence is the most common problem of the world. The danger in such counterfeit attempts is seriously understood by not just developing countries but also by developed countries as well. Counterfeit contents may lead to the death of people by damaging them and especially engine oil, fuel, cooking oil, fruits, tomato paste, milk etc. Tamper evidence (TE) in industrial containers becomes more critical with the improvement of forgery techniques by unauthorized persons. However, although security measures have been taken against unauthorized persons, an unauthorized person who makes extra-special efforts to remove the original closure mechanism can access the contents of the package before the first user without visible evidence. The user spending a lot of money to buy high-quality product wants to know whether he/she uses the original content or not. Therefore, a closure mechanism that prevents unauthorized persons from removing the actual closure mechanism without any damage to the closure mechanism, or, for such industrial containers, the container piercing mechanism can be used. In this study, a closure mechanism has been developed that prevents unauthorized persons from removing the original closure mechanism without damaging the closure mechanism. Analyzes regarding the first opening guarantee of the relevant closure mechanism have been created. Thus, it is proved that closure mechanism could not be reused in case of any opening due to the permanent deformation it is achieved in the designed closure mechanism. Bir paket içerisindeki orijinal içeriğin başka bir ürün ile değiştirilmesi dünyanın en yaygın sorunudur. Bu tür sahtecilik girişimlerindeki tehlike sadece gelişmekte olan ülkeler tarafından değil, gelişmiş ülkeler tarafından da ciddi bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Özellikle motor yağı, benzin, yemeklik yağ, salça, süt, meyve gibi sahte içerikler, insanlara zarar vererek onların ölümüne sebep olabilmektedir. Endüstriyel kaplardaki kurcalama kanıtı (TE), yetkisiz kişiler tarafından sahtecilik tekniklerinin geliştirilmesiyle daha kritik hale gelmiştir. Ancak, yetkisiz kişilere karşı güvenlik önlemleri alınmış olmasına rağmen, orijinal kapatma mekanizmasının kaldırılması için ekstra özel çaba sarf eden yetkisiz bir kişi, görünür bir delil olmaksızın paketin içeriğine ilk kullanıcıdan önce erişebilmektedir. Yüksek kaliteli ürün satın almak için çok para harcayan kullanıcı, orijinal içeriği kullanıp kullanmadığını bilmek istemektedir. Bu nedenle, yetkisiz kişilerin kapatma mekanizmasına herhangi bir zarar vermeden gerçek kapatma mekanizmasını çıkarmasını önleyen bir kapatma mekanizması veya bu tür endüstriyel kaplar için, konteyner delme mekanizması kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yetkisiz kişilerin kapak mekanizmasına zarar vermeden orijinal kapak mekanizmasını çıkarmasını engelleyen bir kapak geliştirilmiştir. İlgili teminatın ilk açılış garantisine ilişkin analizler gerçekleştirilmiş ve tasarlanan kapakta elde edilen kalıcı deformasyon nedeniyle herhangi bir açılma durumunda kapağın tekrar kullanılamayacağı kanıtlanmıştır.

Türkiye’de süt sığırı işletmelerinin entansif hale gelmesiyle, atık ve kirletici miktarı da artmaktadır. Ruminant hayvanlar olmaları nedeniyle önemli CH₄ (metan) emisyon kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Ayrıca gübre yönetiminden kaynaklanan N₂O emisyonları da atmosferde tehlike oluşturmaktadır. CH₄ ve N₂O gazlarının atmosferde ısıyı absorbe kapasiteleri yüksektir, bu nedenle küresel ısınmaya etkileri üzerinde önemle durulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki mevcut süt sığırı işletmelerinin enterik fermantasyon ve gübre yönetiminden kaynaklanan küresel ısınma potansiyeli ve Bursa ilinin katkısı, IPCC tarafından tanımlanan Tier-1 yöntemi yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Hesaplamalar sonucunda Türkiye’deki süt sığırı işletmelerinin küresel ısınma potansiyeli 53.5 Tg CO₂ ve Bursa’nın potansiyeli ise 0.70 Tg CO₂ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Küresel ısınma potansiyeline en büyük negatif etkiyi N₂O emisyonlarının oluşturduğu görülmüş ve çeşitli önleme önerileri sunulmuştur. In Turkey, as dairy cattle farms become more intensive, there is also an increase in waste and emissions. They are important sources of CH₄ (methane) gas production, mainly because they are ruminant animals. Besides, N₂O emissions from manure management pose a danger to the atmosphere. CH₄ and N₂O gases have a high capacity to absorb heat in the atmosphere, so it is significant to focus on their effects on global warming. In this paper, was estimated global warming potential occur from manure management and enteric fermentation by IPCC Tier-1 was using the method of dairy cattle farms in Bursa and Turkey. Global warming potential calculated as of dairy cattle farms in Turkey 53.5 Tg CO₂ and in Bursa’s potential is 0.70 Tg CO₂. N₂O emissions have observed to have the highest negative impact on global warming potential, and various prevention recommendations are presented.

To maintain grain quality and prevent loss, effective storage systems are required. This study aimed to determine ideal conditions of temperature in storage and mineral composition and technological properties (color, gravimetric, and dimensional) of einkorn wheat seeds during a storage period of 360 days. The experimental design adopted in room conditions with storage duration (initial, 60th, 120th, 180th, 240th, 300th, and 360th days) and temperatures (4 degrees C, 10 degrees C, and 20 degrees C). It was determined that a increasing in the storage temperature decreased Na, Mg, Mn, and Zn contents of the seeds. The storage at 20 degrees C and room conditions caused a decrease in L*, a*, b* and Chroma. Although moisture content fluctuated throughout storage period, it increased at the end of storage period. The best mineral and technological properties of einkorn wheat seeds were obtained with 4 degrees C storage. This temperature was followed by 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, and room conditions, respectively. Practical applications Einkorn wheat are one of the consumed wheats in the world and their quality for consumption is directly related to by storage conditions that alter mineral composition, color, and technological properties. Therefore, this study seeks to present a practical and viable solution for farmers of einkorn wheat so that they can store these grains for long periods, maintaining the quality standards for commercialization. In addition, this study allows the farmers to identify the best duration for commercialization of einkorn wheat grains, which has high added value. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi

In the food and agricultural industries, it is crucial to identify and to choose correct sunflower seeds that meet specific requirements. Deep learning and computer vision methods can help identify sunflower seeds. In this study, a computer vision system was proposed, trained, and tested to identify four varieties of sunflower seeds using deep learning methodology and a regular color camera. Image acquisition was carried out under controlled illumination conditions. An image segmentation procedure was employed to reduce the workload in obtaining training images required for training deep convolutional neural network models. Three deep learning architectures, namely AlexNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet, were investigated for identifying sunflower seeds in this study. Different solver types were also evaluated to determine the best deep learning model in terms of both accuracy and training time. About 4800 sunflower seeds were inspected individually for training and testing. The highest classification accuracy (95%) was succeeded with the GoogleNet algorithm.

The aim of the study was to measure the response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in open field to mulch and different irrigation levels. This study was carried out in Bilecik, Turkey in the growing season of 2017 and 2018. The research was designed as a split plot design with 3 replications. The treatments consist of two mulch [black nylon mulch (M) and no mulch (NM)] and four irrigation levels of pan evaporation (Epan) replenishment [1.00xEpan (I100), 0.75 x Epan (I-75), 0.50xEpan (I-50), 0.25xEpan (I-25)]. As a result of the research, irrigation water level and mulch application was found to have significant effects on some quality criteria. The study shows that pH, fruit puncture resistance, fruit diameter, fruit length and total soluble solids/titration acidity ratio increased with increasing amount of irrigation water. As irrigation water level in mulch application increased, fruit diameter, weight, pH and fruit puncture resistance values increased. Mulch application yielded better results than application without mulch irrespective of irrigation levels.

Gürültü kirliliği sadece insanoğlu için değil hayvanlar için de bir tehdittir. Özellikle kümes hayvanlarında ciddi sağlık problemlerine sebep olmaktadır. Bu problemlerin başında hayvanların psikolojik streslere maruz kalması gelir. Stres, insanlarda olduğu gibi hayvanlar arasında da yaşamı olumsuz etkiler. Ayrıca et ve yumurta tavuklarının verimliliğini ciddi oranda azaltmaktadır. Bunun sonucu olarak da insan vücudunun önemli yapıtaşı olan proteinin kalitesi düşmektedir. Bu çalışmada kümeslerde gürültüye neden olan etkenler ortaya konmaktadır. Bununla beraber gürültünün tavuklar üzerindeki etkiler tartışılmıştır. Gürültünün olumsuz etkileri literatür verileri ile desteklenmiştir, hayvan refahı üzerinde durulmuş ve yapılması gerekenler incelenmiştir. Noise pollution is harmful not only for human beings but also for animals. It causes serious health problems, especially in poultry. One of these problems is the exposure of animals to psychological stresses. Stress affects life negatively among animals as well as humans. It also significantly reduces the efficiency of broiler and egg layer chickens. As a result, it decreases the quality of the protein, an essential building block of the human body. In this study, the factors that cause noise in poultry has revealed. However, the effects of noise on chickens have discussed. The literature data support the adverse effects of noise, animal welfare has emphasized, and the things to be done have examined.

Sera yetiştiriciliğinde kaliteli yüksek verimin alınabilmesi bitkilerin gereksinim duyduğu optimum sıcaklıkların sağlanması ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Ancak bu sıcaklıkların sağlanması için gerekli olan enerji maliyetlerinin yüksek olması üreticinin ısıtma konusunda karar vermesini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Çalışmada, polietilen (PE) ve polikarbon (PC) sera örtüsü ve seraların beş farklı sıcaklık derecesinde (16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C ve 20°C) tutulması durumunda gereksinim duyulan ısı gücü, yakıt miktarı ve atmosfere salınan karbondioksit miktarlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, PE serada iç ortam sıcaklık değerinin 16°C de tutulması durumunda gereksinim duyulan ısı gücü gereksinimi, yakıt miktarı ve karbondioksit miktarı sırasıyla 834.93 W m-2 , 157,80 kg m-2 575.46 kg m-2 iken 20°C de 1208.68 W m-2 , 228.44 kg m-2 , 833.06 kg m-2 olarak hesap edilmiştir. PC serada 16°C de gereksinim duyulan ısı gücü gereksinimi, yakıt miktarı ve karbondioksit miktarı sırasıyla 197.66 W m-2 , 37.36 kg m-2 , 136.23 kg m-2 iken 20°C için 321.92 W m-2 , 60.84 kg m-2 , 221.88 kg m-2 olarak hesap edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, üreticilerin farklı örtü malzemesi ve iç sıcaklık değerlerine bağlı olarak birim alan için gerekli olan yakıt miktarlarının önceden belirleyerek üretim ve enerji maliyetleri arasında bir denge oluşturması gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştur. Bunun yanında ekonomik bir yetiştiricilik için ısıtmanın üretim maliyetleri içerisindeki payını azaltıcı önlemler konusunda planlama aşamasında alınması gerekli tedbirler belirtilmiştir. In greenhouse cultivation, obtaining high quality yields is possible by providing optimum temperatures required by plants. However, the high energy costs required to provide these temperatures negatively affect the manufacturer's decision about heating. In the study, it was aimed to determine the required heat energy, fuel amount and carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere in the case of keeping two different greenhouse covers of polyethylene (PE) and Polycarbonate (PC) and greenhouses at five different temperatures (16°C, 17°C, 18°C, 19°C ve 20 °C). In the study, if the indoor temperature value is kept at 16°C in the PE greenhouse, the required heat enery requirement, the amount of fuel and the amount of carbon dioxide are respectively 834.93 W m-2 , 157.80 kg m-2 , 575.46 kg m-2 and at 20°C are respectively 1208.68 W m-2 , 228.44 kg m-2 , 833.06 kg m-2 . The heat energy requirement, fuel amount and carbon dioxide required at 16°C in PC greenhouse are respectively 197.66 W m-2 , 37.36 kg m-2 , 136.23 kg m-2 while at 20°C was calculated 321.92 W m-2 , 60.84 kg m-2 , 221.88 kg m-2 . As a result of the study, the necessity of establishing a balance between production and energy costs was determined by determining the amount of fuel required for the unit area depending on the different cover material and internal temperature values of the manufacturers. In addition, the measures to be taken at the planning stage regarding to decrease the share of heating in the production costs for an economic production are specified.

Ascaroside pheromones stimulate dispersal, a key nematode behavior to find a new food source. Ascarosides produced by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) drive infective juvenile (IJ) emergence from consumed cadavers and dispersal in soil. Without ascarosides from host cadavers, Steinernema feltiae (EPN) reduce dispersal substantially. To determine whether other Steinernema spp. exhibit the same behavior, we compared S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae IJs without host cadaver pheromones. Unlike S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae IJs continued to disperse. However, S. carpocapsae IJs exhibited a temperature-dependent quiescent period. The IJ quiescent period increased at ≤20 °C but did not appear at ≥25 °C. Consistent with this, S. carpocapsae IJ quiescence increased from 30 min to 24 h at ≤20 °C over 60 days. The quiescent period was overcome by dispersal pheromone extracts of their own, other Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Furthermore, S. carpocapsae IJ ambush foraging associated behaviors (tail standing, waving, and jumping) were unaffected by the absence or presence of host cadaver pheromones. For S. feltiae, IJ dispersal declined at all temperatures tested. Understanding the interaction between foraging strategies and pheromone signals will help uncover molecular mechanisms of host seeking, pathogenicity and practical applications to improve the EPN’s efficacy as biocontrol agents.

Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerde bor içeren sulama sularının (kontrol, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 mg L1 ) kırmızı biberin verim ve bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkilerini saptamak amacı ile sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Meyve verimleri, artan sulama suyu bor konsantrasyonlarından önemli oranda etkilenmiştir. Verim parametresi olarak değerlendirilen toz biber ve yaş meyve verimleri, sırasıyla bor konsantrasyonlarının1.5 ve 2.5 mg L-1 kadar yükselmesinden etkilenmemiş, ancak bu düzeylerden sonra artan bor miktarları verim parametrelerini önemi ölçüde düşürmüştür. En yüksek bitki boyu (≤2.5 mg L-1 ), bitki yaş (≤1.5 mg L-1 ) ve kuru ağırlığı (≤2.5 mg L-1 ) düşük düzeyde bor içeren sulama suyu ile sulanmış bitkilerden elde edilmiştir. Ortalama meyve ağırlığı, meyve genişliği ve boyu gibi verim bileşenleri üzerinde yapılan incelemeler, bor uygulamalarının bu karakteristikleri önemli derecede etkilediğini göstermiştir. Bu etkiler 2.5 mg L-1 üzerinde bor içeren uygulamalarda olumsuz yönde gelişmiştir. Buna karşın, sulama suyu bor düzeylerindeki artış; meyvede suda çözünür kuru madde içeriği üzerinde etkili olmuş ve sulama suyu bor miktarı yükseldikçe artış kaydedilmiştir. Diğer meyve karakteristiklerinden dış kabuk parlaklığı ve sarı renk tonu ile bor uygulamaları arasında istatistikîyönde önemli ilişki bulunamamıştır. Buna karşın, 4.5 mg L-1 üzerinde artan sulama suyu bor konsantrasyonları kırmızı renk tonunun azalmasına ve daha açık kırmızı meyve kabuk rengi oluşmasına sebep olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar tümü ile incelendiğinde, biber yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılacak sulama suyu kalitesinin önemli olduğu ve 2.5 mg L-1 ’nin altında bor içeren sulama sularının üretici için önerilebilir uygulama olduğu saptanmıştır. This study was carried out with the purpose of determining the effects of the irrigation waters containing different levels of boron (control, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 mg L-1 ) on the yield and some quality characteristics of spice red pepper under the greenhouse conditions. The fruit yields were significantly affected by the increased boron concentrations in the irrigation water. The powdered pepper yield and fresh fruit yield, considered as the yield parameters, were not affected by the increased boron concentrations up to 1.5 and 2.5 mg L-1 , respectively; however, the increasing irrigation water boron levels above these levels significantly reduced the yield parameters. Among the growth parameters, the highest values for the plant height (≤2.5 mg L1 ), plant fresh (≤1.5 mg L-1 ) and dry weight (≤2.5 mg L-1 ) were obtained from the plants irrigated with the lowboron-content water. The yield components such as the average fruit weight, fruit width and height were also examined and it was found that the boron applications significantly affected these characteristics. The applications containing boron over 2.5 mg L-1 had negative effects on these parameters. The increase in the irrigation water boron levels affected the water soluble dry matter content in the fruit and it increased as the irrigation water boron content increased. There was no statistically significant relationship between the boron applications and other fruit characteristics such as fruit skin brightness and yellow tone. However, the irrigation water boron concentrations above 4.5 mg L-1 resulted in a decrease in the red tone, that is, a lighter red fruit outer shell color. When the results were analyzed as a whole, it was found that the quality of irrigation water was important in pepper cultivation and the irrigation water containing boron concentration below 2.5 mg L-1 was recommended for the producers

In this study, Eastern Thrace located in the northwest of Turkey, the southern regions of the Marmara Sea, and Istanbul were selected as the research area. Current energy potential analyzes were performed with the wind speed data in 13 stations determined in the region and the wind characteristics of the region formed the material of the study. In this research, especially small wind turbines and condensing systems that can be integrated into these turbines were discussed. On the basis of regional wind characteristics, the energy quantities of small wind turbines integrated with condensing and without condensing systems were determined. In this context, while a regional average of 252 to 1852 kWh/year energy can be generated from a 2 kW wind turbines with a non-condensing system integrated, it has been determined that 513 to 2085 kWh/year of energy can be generated from wind turbines integrated with A-type condensing systems. 1686 to 3684 kWh/year energy could be generated from wind turbines integrated with B-type condensing systems was determined. A similar situation exists for wind turbines with different power ratings. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin kuzey batısında yer alan doğu Trakya, Marmara denizinin güney bölgeleri ve İstanbul araştırma bölgesi olarak seçilmiştir. Bölgede belirlenen 13 istasyonda rüzgâr hızı verileri ile mevcut enerji potansiyeli analizleri yapılmış ve bölgenin rüzgâr karakteristikleri çalışmanın materyalini oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada özellikle küçük rüzgar türbinleri ve bu türbinlere entegre edilebilecek yoğunlaştırma sistemleri ele alınmıştır. Bölgesel rüzgar karakteristikleri temelinde, yoğunlaştırma sistemleri entegre edilmiş ve entegre edilmemiş durumdaki küçük rüzgar türbinlerinin üretebilecekleri enerji miktarları saptanmıştır. Bu çerçevede yoğunlaştırma sistemi entegre edilmemiş 2 kW gücünde bir rüzgar türbinlerinden bölgesel ortalama olarak 252 ile 1852 kWh/yıl enerji üretilebilirken A-tipi yoğunlaştırma sistemleri ile entegre edilmiş bir rüzgar türbinlerinden 513 ile 2085 kWh/yıl ve B-tipi yoğunlaştırma sistemleri ile entegre edilmiş bir rüzgar türbinlerinden ise 1686 ile 3684 kWh/yıl enerji üretilebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Farklı güç değerlerine sahip rüzgâr türbinleri için de benzer bir durum söz konusudur.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yabancı ot kontrolü için kullanılan bir alev makinesi prototipine entegre edilecek görüntü işleme esaslı, yapay aydınlatmalı bir görüntü alma sistemi geliştirmektir. Ayrıca, düşük maliyetli bir gömülü devre ve kamera (Raspberry Pi 3) kullanan görüntü işleme sisteminin yapay aydınlatmalı görüntü alma odacığının gerekli işletme parametrelerini belirlemek hedeflenmiştir. Görüntü işleme algoritmalarının geliştirilmesi ve sayısal analiz aşamalarında OpenCV açık kaynak kodlu görüntü işleme kütüphanesi ve Python programlama dili kullanılmıştır. Sistem geliştirme aşamalarında geliç (SorghumhalepenseL.), pıtrak (Xanthiumstrumarium L.), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulusarvensis L.) ve köygöçüren (Cirsiumarvense) otlarının bulunduğu bir arazi koşulunda yabancı otların görüntüleri alınmıştır. Dış ortama açık ve yapay aydınlatma sistemiyle alınan görüntülerin histogramları karşılaştırılmıştır. Yabancı ot piksel dağılımları incelenerek ikilileştirme için uygun eşik değerleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, geliştirilen algoritma 20 fps’ye yakın hızlarda hareketli görüntüler üzerinde çalıştırılarak anlık yabancı ot oranlarının belirlenebileceği bulunmuştur. Geliştirilen sistem kullanılarak test görüntülerinde yabancı ot piksel oranı %98’lik bir başarı ile hesaplanabilmiştir. The objective of this study was to develop an image acquisition system, based on artificial lighting and image processing, which could be integrated with a prototype weed flaming machine used for weed control. Additionally, it was aimed to determine the operational parameters of the image acquisition chamber of the artificially illuminated image processing system using a low cost embedded circuit and a camera (Raspberry Pi 3). OpenCV image processing library and Python programming language were used in the development stages of image processing algorithms and numerical analysis. During the system development steps, images of weeds were taken in a field condition with a mixture of various weed species, including Sorghum halepense L., Xanthium strumarium L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Cirsiumarvense. The histograms of the images obtained in the daylight and under the artificially led chamber were compared. The pixel distributions of weeds were studied and the appropriate threshold values were found for binarization. As a conclusion, it was found that, using the system developed, real-time weed rates could be determined by working on live images at about an image acquisition speed of 20 pfs. Using the system developed, it was possible to obtain 98% success in determining the weed pixel percentages using the test images.

WOS:000399595800013 Several physical and chemical characteristics of two buckwheat varieties (commercial buckwheat and the Gune variety) were determined and compared in terms of linear dimensions, length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, aspect ratio, volume, weight of thousand grains, bulk and densities, porosity, terminal velocity, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction, rupture strength, apparent colour of buckwheat varieties, ash, protein, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and minerals (P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, B Cr and Pb) content. Multilinear models for two buckwheat varieties were developed and presented to predict the grain volume. All properties of the varieties that provide useful data to engineers in equipment design and post-harvest technology for the buckwheat grains were statistically different. These differences could be due to the individual characteristics of the varieties, environmental and growth conditions.

The Midwest is one of the most important production areas for corn and soybean worldwide, but also comprises remnants of natural tallgrass prairie vegetation. Future predictions suggest that corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in the Midwest may be limited by precipitation and temperature due to climate change. Cross-biome long-term studies in situ are needed to understand carbon assimilation and impact of climate change on the entire region. In this study, we investigated the differences of gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) among typical (agro-) ecosystems of corn, soybean and tallgrass prairie from eddy flux stations from 2006 to 2015 under contrasting weather conditions. Corn had the highest annual GPP and NEP with 1305 and 327 g Cm-2 yr(-1), while soybean had significantly lower GPP and NEP with 630 and 34 g Cm-2, excluding additional carbon loss by yield. Corn and soybean NEP was linear related (p < 0.05) to leaf area index (LAI), height or phenological stage, confirming the strong link between plant growth and ecosystem carbon balance. Tallgrass prairie had average values of GPP and NEP of 916 and 61 g Cm-2 yr(-1), excluding loss of carbon by annual burning. Thus, prairie GPP and NEP were significantly lower than corn, but significantly higher than soybean. Probably the long fallow period on cropland, which enhanced heterotrophic respiration, and the low carbon assimilation of soybean reduced its overall carbon balance. In total, the corn-soybean agroecosystem acted as a carbon source due to carbon loss by yield removal. Values for GPP and NEP were reflected in inherent water use efficiency (IWUE*) and light use efficiency (LUE) among the agroecosystems. In addition, IWUE*, LUE or GPP of crops and tallgrass prairie were linearly related (p < 0.05) to precipitation, volumetric soil water content (VWC) and maximum air temperature. Air temperature increased IWUE* in both, cropland and prairie vegetation. However, rainfall and VWC affected crops and prairie vegetation differently: while excessive rainfall and VWC reduced GPP or IWUE* in cropland, prairie vegetation GPP and LUE were adversely affected by reduced VWC or precipitation. Future measures of climate change adaption should consider the contrasting effects of precipitation and VWC among the different agro-ecosystems in the Midwestern USA. United States Department of Energy (DOE) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) United States Department of Energy (DOE) - DE-AC05-06OR23100 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education

In this study, the effects of ultrasound pretreatment, air drying temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics of carrot were analyzed. Ultrasound pretreatments were applied to carrot samples of different slice thicknesses with for 0 (control), 20 and 40 minutes. All products were dried in the convection oven with constant air speed 1 m s-1 . The drying times varied from 260 to 110 minutes depending on the varying slice thicknesses, temperatures and the applied ultrasound pretreatments. In order to determine a suitable thin layer model for drying applications, 10 different mathematical models were fitted to the experimental results. The model was selected as the best model with the highest value of R 2 (Regression coefficient), lowest RMSE (Root mean square error) and χ2 (Chi-square). As a result of the statistical evaluation, it was determined that the Midilli et al. model is the most suitable model for explaining the convective drying characteristics of carrot according to other models. Consequently, ultrasound pretreatment can be used as a favorable method for reducing the drying time of the carrots in the convective process.

One of the biggest problems of today's enterprises is the high-value electricity costs. In order to solve this problem, solutions should be developed based on solar energy projects. Moreover, by selling after the self-consumption to the grid can be obtained more profit. This study includes the investigation of the rooftop of broiler plant with solar energy system. As a result, the total energy consumption of the plant was calculated as 46782 kWhyear-1 . To cover the consumption, 508 pieces (250 Watt) polycrystalline solar panels were used. The panels can be generate a total energy of 161536 kWhyear-1 . It is foreseen that a total energy of 114754 kWhyear-1 can be supply to the grid and 15264 $year-1 income can be obtain. The payback period of the system was found 5.9 years.

In this research, thin layer drying characteristics, rehydration ratio and effective moisture diffusivity of apple were investigated using microwave dryer which has intermittent and continuous modes. Drying time varied between 25 and 215 minutes and they declined with the rise in microwave power and reduction in pulsing ratio. In an attempt to pick the optimum thin layer models for the drying applications, 8 mathematical models suited to the experimental results. On the grounds of the statistical tests evaluation, Midilli et al model which represent drying characteristics are optimally suited than other models. The highest rehydration ratio was recorded for the samples dried at 100W continuous mode and the lowest ratio at 300W continuous application. Effective moisture diffusivity values were computed by the 2nd law of Fick and changing between 3.04x10(-9) and 2.53x10(-8) m(2) s(-1). Consequently, the intermittent microwave method could be used as a favorable drying method for obtaining high-quality fruit slices or processing valuable material and continuous microwave drying can be taken as another drying approach for apple samples.

Günümüzde artarak devam eden elektrik enerjisi talebini çoğunlukla fosil yakıtları kullanarak karşılamaktayız. Ancak, bu yöntemin kullanılması ile iletim hatlarının uzunluğundan kaynaklanan kayıplar yaşanmakta, CO2 ve diğer sera gazı emisyonlarının salınımı gerçekleşmekte ve iletim hatlarının işletme ve bakım maliyetinin yüksekliği gibi zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile “Enerjinin tüketildiği yerde üretilmesi” amacıyla Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Amfi derslik binası çatısına PV-SOL yazılımı ile 8 farklı seçenekli senaryo oluşturulmuştur. Tüm senaryolarda sırasıyla en fazla ve en düşük elektrik üretiminin temmuz ve ocak ayında gerçekleştiği, artan güneş panelleri sayısına bağlı olarak şebekeye iletilen toplam güç ve kaçınılan CO2 emisyonu oranının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi tüm binaları dikkate alındığında Amfi derslik binası çatısının güneş elektriği üretimine en uygun yapı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu yöntem üniversitenin tüm ihtiyacını karşılamak adına diğer fakültelerin çatıları içinde geliştirilmelidir. Nowadays, the electricity demand is meeting mostly by using fossil fuels. However, there are difficulties of this method such as the loss of prolongation losses of transmission lines, the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, and the high operating and maintenance costs of transmission lines. With this study, 8 different scenarios were created with the PV-SOL software on the rooftop of the Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Lecture Theater building in order to "produce the place where the energy is consumed". In all scenarios, the highest and lowest electricity production was realized in July and January, respectively. It has been determined that the total power delivered to the grid and the avoided CO2 emissions ratio increase due to the increased number of solar panels. As a result, considering all the buildings of the Uludag University Agricultural Faculty, it was chosen that the roof of the Lecture Theater building is the most suitable for solar electricity production. This method should be developed within the buildings of other faculties in order to meet all the electricity needs of the university.

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the response of red pepper grown in a subhumid climate to different irrigation and nitrogen levels. Open-field trials were conducted in the Marmara Region, Turkey. Plants were subjected to three water levels [full irrigation (FI)=100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and two deficit irrigations (DIs)=66 and 33% ETc restoration] and four levels of N (0, 80, 160, and 240kgNha(-1)) during the 2012, 2013, and 2014 growing seasons. A split-plot experimental design was used. The highest values of biomass and marketable yield (MY) were observed under FI. DI significantly increased the fruit soluble solids content. The biomass yield, MY, and fruit weight significantly improved with increasing nitrogen levels. The 240kgNha(-1) treatment under FI provided the maximum net income. Increasing N supply under DI conditions enhanced the water-use efficiency based on both biomass yield and MY. These results indicate that with respect to the yield, the net income, and the water productivity of red pepper, the FI with a nitrogen supply of 160-240kgha(-1) is recommended for drip irrigated and N-fertigated red pepper under subhumid climate conditions.

St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers with 25 g weight and 2.92 moisture on dry basis were dried in microwave oven using 1000, 850, 750, 650, 500, 350, 160 and 90 W microwave output powers and natural drying as a control, until the moisture fell down to 0.07 on dry basis. Drying processes were completed between 2 and 36 min depending on the microwave powers. The values measured were compared with the obtained data using Page's semi-empirical equations. By increasing the microwave output powers, the effective moisture diffusivity values ranged from 2.70 10-09m2s-1 to 1.54 10-10 m2 s-1. Energy consumption remained constant within the power range of 1000-650 W, whereas 500 and 90 W resulted in significant increase in energy consumption. Mean hypericin content values between natural drying and microwave drying with different microwave power varied between 0.241-0.280 %. Maximum hypericin content was observed natural drying (0.280 %), microwave drying of 850 W (0.278 %) and 750 W (0.277 %). The best quality in terms of hypericin content (0.278 %) was obtained in the drying period with 850 W. Microwave power of 850 W for 150 s which were produced the least energy consumption was only 0.06 kWh.

This research aimed to investigate drying characteristics and quality properties of quince subjected to freeze and convective drying at air temperatures of 45, 55, 65 and 75 degrees C. To determine the best drying model for those techniques, nine thin-layer mathematical models were fitted to the experimental results. The statistical analyses revealed that the Two Term, Midilli et al., Diffusion Approach and Two Term Exponential models were better than the other tested models. The results of the color analyses showed that the drying treatments had an effect on the fresh quince samples, and the color of the freeze dried samples was closest to the color values of the fresh samples. The highest rehydration ratio (2.78) was recorded for the freeze dried samples, and the lowest ratio (2.25) was observed in the samples subjected to convective drying at 75 degrees C. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the freeze dried quince samples were only slightly different from the fresh samples and that the disruption of the structure of the quince samples significantly increased as the convective drying temperature increased. Consequently, freeze drying can be an appropriate method for obtaining good-quality fruit samples.

Humic acid (HA) efficiently enhances the uptake of nutrients of plants, especially on saline soil. In this study, some nutrient contents of onion in response to salinity and HA application were investigated, and effects of HA application on salinity resistance was evaluated. Research plots were established as a randomized factorial design with four replications on a lysimeter and each replication included 10 plants. Plants in the lysimeters were irrigated with tap water (control, EC: 0.3 dS m(-1)) and four different doses of salinized water (EC: 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m(-1)). The HA (0 and 1.0 g kg(-1)) was applied to the soil and mixed with the soil before planting. Increasing the levels of irrigation salinity decreased contents of K, Ca, N, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and B in onion bulbs; increased contents of Na, Cl and Mn. However, the highest content of K, Ca, and N in the bulbs were obtained by HA application under different salinity levels. Similarly, the soil application of HA positively was affected the P, Mg, Fe, Zn, B contents of the bulbs. While contents of Na, Mn, and Cu were not affected by soil application, Cl was decreased. The results showed that application of HA could partially reduce the harmful effects of salt, so HA can be used as an alternative method to improve product performance in saline conditions.

Increasing consumption of fossil energy resources, which has become a general problem of our world, has led to researches on renewable energy sources as an alternative in developed and developing countries. In this article, the integration problems of population, economy, state politics and solar-based renewable energy production that affect the energy production and consumption of developed and developing countries have been addressed. In this study, the total electricity consumption and production in China, India, USA, Germany and Turkey along with the renewable energy and the value of solar energy in electricity production are considered. Among the countries discussed in the study, the share of electricity production of renewable energycan be seen in light of these data that Turkey has the highest values with 32%. Turkey is followed by Germany with 30%, China with 24%, India with 15% and US with 13%.

Bu çalışma, 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mustafakemalpaşa Meslek Yüksekokulu deneme tarlasında, farklı ekim zamanlarının (1 Mayıs, 15 Mayıs, 1 Haziran ve 15 Haziran) dört farklı susam (Sesamum indicum L.) çeşidinin (Boydak, Gölmarmara, Sarısu ve Tanas) tohum verimi ve bazı verim bileşenleri üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki boyu, dal sayısı, bitkide kapsül sayısı, kapsülde tane sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı ve tohum verimi karakterleri incelenmiştir. Ekim zamanları incelenen tüm karakterler üzerinde etkili bulunmuş, aynı şekilde çeşitler arasındaki farklılıklar da bitkide dal sayısı hariç diğer karakterler bakımından önemli bulunmuştur. İki yıllık ortalama sonuçlara göre, en yüksek tohum verimi Gölmarmara çeşidinden 1887.8 kg ha-1 olarak saptanmıştır. Ekim zamanları bakımından ise en yüksek ortalama tohum verimi, 2015 ve 2016 yılları için sırasıyla 15 Mayıs ve 1 Mayıs’ta yapılan ekimlerden elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Bursa ekolojik koşullarında susam ekim zamanının Mayıs ayının ilk iki haftasında yapılması önerilebilir. This research was carried out with aim of determining the effects on sesame seed yield and some yield components of four sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties (Boydak, Golmarmara, Sarisu and Tanas) and four sowing times (1 May, 15 May, 1 June and 15 June) in research field of the Uludag University, Mustafakemalpaşa Vocational School in 2015 and 2016. In the study, plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plants, number of seed per capsules, weight of one thousand seed and seed yield characteristics were examined. While sowing times were effective on all the characters examined, differences between the varieties were found as important for other characters except for the number of branches in the plant. Two years average results indicated that, the highest seed yield was obtained as 1887.8 kg ha-1 from Gölmarmara variety. In terms of sowing times, the highest average seed yield was obtained from sowings of May 15 and May 1 for years of 2015 and 2016, respectively. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the sesame sowing time in the Bursa ecological conditions be done in the first two weeks of May.

Uzaktan algılama, çoğu zaman karar verme ve doğal kaynak gelişiminin izlenmesi alanlarında ekonomik çözümler sunan güvenilir bir yöntemdir. Yüksek mekansal çözünürlüklere sahip uydular sayesinde, bitki örtüsünün mevsimsel ve yıllık değişimlerinin takip edilmesi ve belirlenmesi mümkündür. Uydu görüntüsündeki çeşitli bantlarda bulunan yansıma değerleri kullanılarak, biyomas, aktif fotosentetik radyasyon gibi bazı biyofiziksel parametreleri tahmin etmek için, bitki indeksleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi çiftlik arazisini kapsayan 2013-2017 yılları arasındaki 29 Landsat uydu görüntüsünden yararlanılarak, bitki örtüsü indeksi NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) değerlerinin dağılımının parsel bazlı değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Parsellerdeki NDVI değerlerinin konumsal dağılımını belirlemek için NDVI haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca parsellerde ekili buğday, mısır, ayçiçeği ve yonca ürünlerinin verimleri ile NDVI değerleri arasında istatistiksel bir ilişkinin olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, Ziraat Fakültesi arazisindeki parsellerin nispeten küçük olmasına bağlı olarak, parsel sınırından uzaklaştıkça NDVI değerlerinin değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca parsellerde elde edilen NDVI değerlerinin normal dağılıma uymasına karşın, minimum ve maksimum değerleri arasında önemli farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. Remote sensing is often a reliable method of providing economic solutions in areas of decision-making and natural resource development monitoring. It is possible to monitor and determine the seasonal and annual changes of the vegetation cover courtesy of satellites with high spatial resolutions. Vegetation Index is widely used to estimate some biophysical parameters, such as biomass, active photosynthetic radiation, using reflection values from various bands in the satellite image. This study was aimed to evaluate the vegetation cover index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values by using 29 images of Landsat satellite that cover the farm land of Uludağ University Faculty of Agriculture between 2013-2017. NDVI maps were created to determine the positional distribution of NDVI values in the parcels. In addition, wheat, corn, sunflower and alfalfa yields in parcels and NDVI values were investigated statistically. At the end of the study, it was observed that the NDVI values changed as they moved away from the parcel boundary due to the relatively small parcels in the area of study. In addition, despite the normal distribution of the NDVI values obtained in the parcels, significant differences were observed between the minimum and maximum values.

Tarımsal üretimde bitki deseni, sulama ve gübreleme gibi konularda alınan kararlar, sosyoekonomik koşullar, tarımsal alt yapı olanakları ve teknolojik değişimler doğrultusunda bir yıldan diğerine farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Karacabey Ovası hem Marmara Bölgesi hem de Türkiye için önemli düzeyde tarımsal üretim potansiyeline sahip ovalardan birisidir. Yakın geçmişte ovanın üretim potansiyelinin arttırılmasına yönelik sulama ve arazi toplulaştırması gibi önemli tarımsal alt yapı yatırımları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tarım alanlarının izleme ve değerlendirilmesinde, uzaktan algılama teknikleri, örneklemeye dayalı tekniklere göre, daha etkili, ucuz ve pratiktir. Bu çalışmada, 1990- 2015 yılları arasında Karacabey Ovası’na ait, Landsat 5 TM ve Landsat 8 uydu görüntüleri işlenerek, vejetasyon ve evapotranspirasyon (ET) durumunu temsil eden haritalar hazırlanmıştır. Aynı dönemlere ait görüntüler kendi içerisinde değerlendirilerek, Karacabey Ovası’nda söz konusu zaman diliminde sulama suyu kullanım durumu ve bitkisel üretim desenindeki genel değişimler değerlendirilmiştir. Cropping pattern of agricultural production could be changed from one year to another based on, decisions made about irrigation and fertilization, socio-economic situations, agricultural infrastructure opportunities and technological improvements. Karacabey Plains is one of the important areas of Turkey and Marmara region which have an important agricultural production potential. In order to increase the agricultural production in plains land consolidation and irrigation infrastructure have been re-established. Remote sensing offers more cheaper and practical tools instead of techniques depending on sampling, for agricultural management. In this study, vegetation and evapotranspiration (ET) maps of Karacabey Plains were generated by processing the Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images. By this way, these maps were evaluated to understand the change of cropping pattern and irrigation water usage in Karacabey Plains.

Bu çalışma, tuz stresinin dört kinoa çeşidinin (K-521, Karmen, Rainbow ve Valle) çimlenmesi üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çeşitlerin tuzluluk toleransının dereceleri, altı farklı tuz (NaCl) konsantrasyonuyla (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ve 250 mM) tohum çimlenme döneminde değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, tuz konsantrasyonundaki artış tüm çeşitlerde çimlenme yüzdesi, çimlenme enerjisi ve çimlenme indeksi değerlerini önemli düzeyde (P

An automated solution for maize detasseling is very important for maize growers who want to reduce production costs. Quality assurance of maize requires constantly monitoring production fields to ensure that only hybrid seed is produced. To achieve this cross-pollination, tassels of female plants have to be removed for ensuring all the pollen for producing the seed crop comes from the male rows. This removal process is called detasseling. Computer vision methods could help positioning the cutting locations of tassels to achieve a more precise detasseling process in a row. In this study, a computer vision algorithm was developed to detect cutting locations of corn tassels in natural outdoor maize canopy using conventional color images and computer vision with a minimum number of false positives. Proposed algorithm used color informations with a support vector classifier for image binarization. A number of morphological operations were implemented to determine potential tassel locations. Shape and texture features were used to reduce false positives. A hierarchical clustering method was utilized to merge multiple detections for the same tassel and to determine the final locations of tassels. Proposed algorithm performed with a correct detection rate of 81.6% for the test set. Detection of maize tassels in natural canopy images is a quite difficult task due to various backgrounds, different illuminations, occlusions, shadowed regions, and color similarities. The results of the study indicated that detecting cut location of corn tassels is feasible using regular color images.

This study presents the effects of convective (50 and 75 degrees C), microwave (90 and 160 W) and combined microwave-convective (90 W-50 degrees C, 90 W-75 degrees C, 160 W-50 degrees C and 160 W-75 degrees C) drying methods and vacuum impregnation pretreatment on the drying characteristics, titratable acidity, ash, total sugar, color, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of sliced apple samples. The experiments were conducted with sliced apple samples, with and without vacuum impregnation pretreatment. To select the best thin-layer drying models for the drying treatments, nine mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data and based on the statistical tests used for evaluation, the Midilli et al. model was found to be the best fitted model to describe the drying behaviors of the apple samples. While L* and b* values decreased, a* value increased in dried sliced apple samples compared with fresh samples. In addition, the highest total sugar and antioxidant activity values were obtained when the samples were dried using 90 W microwave power and vacuum impregnation pretreatment.

The expansion of renewable energy sources and developments in this sector are very important for global pollution and sustainability. The world economical wind energy potential is 5 180 TWh/y and prediction is that potential will constitute 20 % of energy consumption claim at 2020. World, Wind Energy has gone a long way in terms of sector progress. In addition to this, the first step of this sector in our country was taken in 1998 with 720 MW project of ARES in Izmir. According to TÜREB 2017 Turkey Wind Energy Statistics Report, wind energy power plant is 6 106.05 MW, licensed installed power is 3 221.05 MW and wind power plant on construction is 861.63 MW. Considering the cumulative increase in installation in recent years, wind energy has gained a special importance in last 10 years of renewable sources. Considering existing investments and economic potential of 20 000 MW for our country would not be too wrong to say sector being novel established. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının yaygınlaşması ve bu sektörlerdeki gelişmeler küresel kirlenme ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından çok önemlidir. Dünya Ekonomik Rüzgâr Potansiyeli 5 180 TWh/yıl ve bu potansiyel 2020 yılı enerji tüketim talebinin %20’sini oluşturacağı öngörülmektedir. Dünya, Rüzgâr Enerjisi sektör ilerlemesi açısından epey yol alınmış olmasına karşın ülkemizde bu sektöre ilk adım 1998 yılında İzmir’de 720 MW’lık ARES projesiyle atılmıştır. TÜREB 2017 Ocak ayı Türkiye Rüzgâr Enerjisi İstatistik Raporu verilerine göre işletmedeki rüzgar enerjisi santrali 6 106.05 MW, lisanslı kurulu güç 3 221.50 MW ve inşa halindeki rüzgâr santral gücü de 861.63 MW olarak paylaşılmaktadır. Kümülatif olarak son yıllardaki kurulum artış ivmesi göz önüne alındığında yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları arasında son 10 yıldaki sektör büyümesi ve yatırımlar ele alınacak olursa rüzgâr enerjisi ayrı bir önem kazanmaktadır. Ülkemiz açısından mevcut yatırımlar ve 20 000 MW’lık ekonomik potansiyel ele alındığında sektörün henüz yeni kurulduğunu anlıyor olduğumuzu söylemek pek yanlış olmaz.

Coriander leaves, which weighs 50 ±0.07 g with moisture of 7.531 ± 0.411 [kg(moisture) kg-1 (dry matter)], were dried using three drying methods, microwave, convective and natural drying. Drying continued until leaves moisture was reduced to 0.102 ± 0.0002 [kg(moisture) kg-1 (dry matter)]. Drying treatments in microwave drying powers were 100, 500 and 1000 W and drying periods lasted 9 – 76 min for microwave drying. While natural drying was lasted for 6 days, convective drying (50°C) was continued for 169 minutes. In this study, measured values of moisture were compared with predicted values obtained from several thin-layer equations. The best model for both 1000 W and 100 W microwave drying was Alibas’s model. Whereas the best model was determined as Verma’s model at 500 W, the most appropriate model was modified Henderson Pabis’s model in convective drying at 50°C. The optimum drying period, color and chlorophyll content were obtained by using the microwave drying at 500 W.

Sürdürülebilir tarımın temel ilkelerinden biri doğal bitki besin maddeleri kullanımına ağırlık verilmesidir. Bu da genellikle hayvan gübresi ile sağlanmaktadır. Azot bakımında zengin olan sıvı hayvan gübresi, ülkemizde maalesef yararlanılmadan hendek ve akarsulara bırakılmaktadır. Sıvı hayvan gübresinin depolanmasına ilişkin bilgi eksikliği ve yasal mevzuatların yetersizliği, hayvan çiftliklerinin yakınındaki arazilere aşırı gübre uygulamasına ve çevrenin yoğun bir şekilde kirletilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Yer altı ve yüzey sularının kirliliği, başta çiftlikler olmak üzere tüm yakın bölgelerdeki insan ve hayvan sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bundan dolayı, hayvancılık işletmelerinin uygun sıvı gübre depolarına sahip olmaları önemlidir. Depolarda bekletilen sıvı gübre, sıvı dağıtıcı tanklarla tarım arazilerine toprağın ve bitkinin ihtiyacı doğrultusunda verilebilmelidir. Bu amaçla, son yıllarda katı gübre dağıtma römorkları ve sıvı gübre dağıtma tankları imalatı ve ithalatında büyük artışlar olmuştur. Bu çalışmada traktörle çekilir tip 8000 L kapasiteli arkadan çarpma plakalı dağıtımlı yerli üretim bir sıvı gübre dağıtma makinası kullanılmıştır. Yapılan tarla çalışmalarında makinanın üç farklı ilerleme hızındaki (3, 6 ve 9 km/h) çalışma zamanları, efektif iş başarıları, gübreleme debileri, gübreleme kapasiteleri (ton/ha ve ton/h), patinaj oranları gibi parametreler belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, makinanın 6 km/h ilerleme hızında efektif çalışma zamanı, efektif iş başarısı, birim alandaki gübreleme kapasitesi ve birim zamandaki gübreleme kapasitesi sırasıyla 0.19 h/ha, 5.26 ha/h, 17.5 ton/ha ve 126.0 ton/h bulunmuştur. One of the basic principles of sustainable agriculture is to an emphasis on the use of natural plant nutrients. This is generally provided by the animal manure. Liquid animal manure, which is rich in nitrogen, is unfortunately thrown into ditches and rivers without making use of it in our country. Lack of information regarding the liquid animal manure storage and the inadequacy of legal regulations cause the excessive manure applications and the intense environmental pollution on lands near the animal farms. Pollution of groundwater and surface water threatens the human and animal health in all nearby regions, especially the farms. Therefore, the fact that livestock plants have appropriate liquid manure storages is important. The liquid manure kept in storages should be able to be spread on agricultural lands with liquid spreader tanks according to the need of soil and plant. For this purpose, in recent years, there have been massive increases in manufacture and importation of solid manure spreading trailers and liquid manure spreading tanks. In this study, a domestic manufactured, tractor pulled type, rear-flapper spreading, and liquid manure spreader tank with a capacity of 8000 L was used. In the field studies carried out, parameters at different three feed rates (3, 6 and 9 km/h) of the machine were determined such as the operating time, effective operation achievements, manuring flow rates, manuring capacities (tons/ha and tons/h) and spinning rates. According to the obtained results, the effective operating time at 6 km/h feed rate, the effective operation achievements, the manuring capacity per unit area and the manuring capacity per unit of time were observed as 0.19 h/ha, 5.26 ha/h, 17.5 tons/ha and 126.0 tons/h, respectively.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Bursa ilinin 2010 ve 2015 yılları arasındaki mekanizasyon düzeyini belirleyerek, Türkiye ortalama değerleriyle karşılaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla bu yıllara ait tarımsal istatistiksel değerler kullanılarak, bir ülkenin ve bölgenin tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan, tarımsal alana düşen traktör gücü (kWha-1), traktör1000 ha-1, ha traktör-1, ekipman sayısı traktör-1 ve ekipman ağırlığı traktör-1 değerleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda 2015 yılında tarımsal alana düşen traktör gücü Türkiye için 2,22 kWha-1 iken Bursa için 6,48 kWha-1 olarak, tarımsal alanın 1000ha’ına düşen traktör sayıları Türkiye için 51,67 traktör1000ha-1, Bursa için 150,78 traktör1000ha-1 traktör başına düşen tarımsal alan Türkiye için 19,35 haTraktör-1 Bursa için 6,63 hatraktör-1 traktör başına düşen ekipman sayıları Türkiye için 4,61 adet traktör-1 Bursa için 4,46 adet traktör-1 ve traktör başına düşen ekipman ağırlığı ise Türkiye için 2,799 tontraktör-1 Bursa için 4,032 tontraktör-1, olarak bulunmuştur. Bu verilerin ışığında Bursa ilinin mekanizasyon düzeyinin Türkiye ortalamasından çok yüksek bir değerde olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. The purpose of this study is to compare the mechanization level of the city of Bursa between the years of 2010 and 2015 and to compare it to the average levels of Turkey. For this purpose, by using values of agricultural statistics, the values of tractor power (kWha-1), tractor1000 ha-1 , ha tractor-1, equipment number tractor-1 and equipment weight tractor -1 are attempted to be determined which are used to determine the agricultural mechanization level of a country and region. In the outcome of the study, in 2015 while the tractor power per agricultural area for Turkey was 2,22 kWha-1, it was 6,48 kWha-1 for Bursa, tractor number for the 1000ha of agricultural land for Turkey was 51,67 tractor1000ha-1, for Bursa it was 150,78 tractor1000ha-1, when the values of agricultural area per tractor are analyzed, for Bursa it was 6,63 hatractor-1, as for the average of Turkey, it was 19,35 hatractor-1, when the values of equipment numbers per tractor are analyzed, for Bursa it was 4,46 pieces tractor-1, for Turkey, it was at 4,61 pieces tractor-1 value, the weight of equipment per tractor for Bursa was 4,032 tonstractor-1, as for the average of Turkey, it was determined to be 2,799 tonstractor-1. Under the light of this data, it is possible to say that the level of mechanization for Bursa was far higher than the average of Turkey.

This study analysed the convective (60, 70 and 80° C), microwave (120 and 350 W) and freeze drying methods in terms of their effects on the drying characteristics, colour, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of kiwi slices. Nine different mathematical models were applied to experimental data to achieve the most accurate calculation for drying curves. The Midilli et al. and Wang and Singh models proved to be the most suitable at explaining the drying kinetics of kiwi samples as compared to other models according to the statistical tests. Each drying method was significantly affected by colour parameters (L*, a*, b*, C, α and ΔE). The dried samples exhibited respectively 5–49 % and 10–47 % less TPC and antioxidant capacity compared to the fresh sample. According to the correlation analysis conducted between TPC and antioxidant capacity for kiwi slices, there is a positive correlation (R 2 = 0.7796). Microwave dried samples at 120 W particularly had the lowest TPC and antioxidant capacity. Freeze drying method yielded the closest values with respect to colour values, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity to those of fresh samples when compared to the other methods.

In this study, color and microstructure changes of tomato samples were investigated after microwave (90, 160, 350, and 500W), convective (50 and 75 degrees C), and microwave-convective (90W-50 degrees C, 90W-75 degrees C, 160W-50 degrees C, and 160W-75 degrees C) drying treatments using a laboratory microwave-convective oven. The combined microwave-convective drying decreased the drying time required when compared to drying with either convective or microwave drying alone. The color of the samples dried at 50 degrees C was closest to the fresh samples compared to other drying conditions. All color values of fresh tomato were affected by drying. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that disruption of the tomato samples significantly elevated with increasing drying temperature or microwave power level.

Higher concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in animal barns can negatively affect production and health of animals and workers. This paper focuses on measurements of summer concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a naturally ventilated laying henhouse located at an egg production facility in Bursa region, western Turkey. Also, indoor and ambient environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity were measured simultaneously with pollutant gas concentrations. The average NH3 concentrations during summer of 2013 was 8.05 ppm for exhaust and 5.42 ppm for inlet while average CO2 concentration was 732 ppm for exhaust and 625 ppm for inlet throughout summer. The overall minimum, average and maximum values and humidity were obtained as 16.8 degrees C, 24.72 degrees C, and 34.71 degrees C for indoor temperature and 33.64%, 63.71%, and 86.18% for relative humidity. The lowest exhaust concentrations for NH3 and CO2 were 6.98 ppm and 609 ppm, respectively. They were measured in early morning at the maximum diurnal ventilation rate in July 2013 and August 2013. The highest concentrations were 10.58 ppm for NH3 and 904 ppm for CO2 recorded in the afternoon when the ventilation rate was the lowest in June 2013.

Mallow leaves (Malva sylvestris L.) with initial moisture of 5.02 +/- 0.003 on dry basis (82.5% on wet basis) were dried using three different drying methods, microwave, convective and vacuum. The leaves that weigh 75 g each were dried until their moisture fell down to 0.10 +/- 0.005 on dry basis (approximately 9% on wet basis). The following drying levels were used in each of the drying processes: 6.67, 8.67, 10, 11.33 W g(-1) microwave power density; 50, 75, 100 and 125 degrees C for convective drying; and 3, 7 kPa at 50 and 75 degrees C for vacuum drying. Drying periods ranged from 6-10, 26-150 and 38-130 min. for microwave, convective and vacuum drying, respectively. Effective moisture diffisuvities ranged from 2.04403 10(-10)-3.63996 10(-12) m(2) s(-1), 1.70182 10(-11)-1.10084 10(-10) m(2) s(-1) and 1.85599 10(-11)-5.94559 10(-10) m(2) s(-1) for microwave, convective and vacuum drying, respectively. According to ascorbic acid content and color parameters, the best microwave power density was found 10 W g(-1) with a drying period of 6.5 min.

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and nitrogen on yield, quality, and water productivity of processing tomato grown in clay-loam soil. Three water levels of pan evaporation (E-pan) replenishment applied via drip irrigation (1.00 x E-pan, 0.75 x E-pan, and 0.50 x E-pan) and four N application rates with fertigation (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N.ha(-1)) were tested in the sub-humid climate conditions of Turkey during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The highest marketable yields were observed with full irrigation (1.00 x E-pan) for each season. Decreasing irrigation rate generally improved dry matter, total soluble solids, total sugars, titratable acidity, lycopene and total carotene, and decreased fruit NO3-N content and fruit total protein content slightly. The highest water productivity was obtained with a moderate soil water deficit (0.75 x E-pan). The 180 kg N.ha(-1) fertilization rate produced the highest values for marketable yield, fruit size, total soluble solids yield, NO3-N, and total protein content. Increasing N rate also increased the values of fruit total sugars and titratable acidity. Increasing both irrigation and N levels increased the NO3-N and protein contents. The higher lycopene and total carotene values were obtained in the treatments of 60 and 120 kg N.ha(-1). Increasing N supply improved the water productivity with the 3 irrigation application ratios. Considering the quantity and quality for the processing and water productivity, the 0.75 x E-pan irrigation regime and a 120 or 180 kg.ha(-1) nitrogen supply can considered optimal.

Grape leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) weighing 50 g (±0.08) with a moisture of 4.08 kg(moisture) kg−1(dry matter) (75.35% wb) were dried using three different drying methods: microwave, air and combined microwave-air. Drying continued until the leaf moisture decreased to 0.14 (±0.01) kg(moisture) kg−1(dry matter) (9.07% (±0.20) wb). Drying periods lasted 5–11, 30–70 and 1.5–6 min for microwave, air and combined microwave-air drying, respectively, depending on the drying level. In this study, measured values of moisture were compared with values of predicted obtained from several thin-layer equations; the Alibas Model was found to have the best fit. The optimum drying period, color and ascorbic acid content were obtained by using the combined microwave-air drying method with the optimum combination of 500 W of microwave power at a temperature of 75°C.